1
樞密院宣徽院三司使翰林學士院侍讀侍講崇政殿說書諸殿學士諸閤學士諸修撰直閤東宮官王府官
Bureau of Military Affairs; Bureau of Palace Attendants; Commissioner of the Three Commissions; Hanlin Academy; Readers-in-Waiting and Lecturers-in-Waiting; Lecturer at the Hall for Veneration of Governance; Academicians of the Various Halls; Academicians of the Various Pavilions; Various Compiler and Direct Attendant posts; Eastern Palace offices; Princely Establishment offices
2
樞密院
Bureau of Military Affairs
3
掌軍國機務、兵防、邊備、戎馬之政令，出納密命，以佐邦治。 凡侍衛諸班直、內外禁兵招募、閱試、遷補、屯戍、賞罰之事，皆掌之。 以升揀、廢置揭帖兵籍； 有調發更戍，則遣使給降兵符。 除授內侍省官及武選官，將領路分都監、緣邊都巡檢使以上。 大事則稟奏，其付授者用宣； 小事則擬進，其付授者用劄。 先具所得旨，關門下省審覆。 面得旨者為錄白，批奏得畫者為畫旨，並留為底。 惟以白紙錄送，皆候報施行。 其被御寶批旨者，即送門下省繳覆。 應給誥者，關中書省命詞。 即事幹大計，造作、支移軍器，及除都副承旨、三衙管軍、三路沿邊帥臣、太僕寺官，文臣換右職，仍同三省取旨。
It oversaw state military affairs, troop defense, frontier preparedness, and policies on warhorses and mounts, receiving and issuing secret orders to assist in governing the realm. It handled recruitment, examinations, promotions, reassignments, garrison duty, and rewards and punishments for every guard shift of the Imperial Bodyguard and for all inner and outer forbidden troops. It promoted and selected personnel, abolished or established posts, and maintained posted registers of military rolls; when troops were mobilized for rotational garrison duty, it sent envoys to issue military tallies. It appointed officials of the Directorate of Palace Attendants and military-selection officials, along with circuit-level commanders and above—regional supervisors, frontier chief inspection commissioners, and the like. Major matters were reported to the throne; assignments for their execution used proclamations (xuan); Minor matters were drafted for submission; assignments for their execution used documents (zha). It first recorded the received imperial intent and referred the matter to the Chancellery for review. Intent received in audience was recorded as "recorded white"; memorials approved with the imperial brush were "drawn intent"; both were kept on file as master copies. Only plain-paper records were forwarded; nothing took effect until confirmation was reported back. Documents bearing the imperial seal and brush approval were sent immediately to the Chancellery for surrender and review. When formal letters of appointment were required, the Secretariat was asked to draft the commission text. Matters touching major policy, the manufacture and transfer of military equipment, and appointments of chief and deputy chief secretaries, commanders of the Three Commands, frontier commanders on the three circuits, Director of the Imperial Stud officials, or civil officials moved to military rank still required joint approval with the Three Departments.
4
宋初，循唐、五代之制，置樞密院，與中書對持文武二柄，號為「二府」。 院在中書之北，印有「東院」、「西院」之文，共為一院，但行東院印。 而職事條目頗多。 神宗初政，迺省其務之細者歸之有司，而增置審官西院，專領閤門祗候以上至諸司使差遣。 官制行，隨事分隸六曹，專以本兵為職，而國信、民兵、牧馬總領，仍舊隸焉。 舊分四房，曰兵，曰吏，曰戶，曰禮，至是釐正，凡分房十。 其後，又增支馬、小吏二房。
Early in the Song, following Tang and Five Dynasties practice, the Bureau of Military Affairs was established. Together with the Secretariat it held the civil and military handles of power, known as the "Two Offices." The bureau stood north of the Secretariat. Its seal bore "Eastern Office" and "Western Office," though it was a single bureau; only the Eastern Office seal was used in practice. Its roster of duties was nevertheless extensive. When Shenzong first took power, minor tasks were trimmed and returned to the proper offices, while the Western Office for Review of Appointments was added to handle assignments from Gatehouse ushers up through bureau commissioners. Under the new official system, duties were parceled out to the Six Ministries as appropriate; the bureau focused on core military affairs, while overall charge of diplomatic credentials, militia, and horse husbandry remained under it. It had formerly been split into four chambers—Military, Personnel, Household, and Rites—now reorganized into ten chambers in all. Later two more chambers were added: Support for Horses and Junior Clerks.
5
凡房十有二：曰北面房，掌行河北、河東路吏卒，北界邊防、國信事。 曰河西房，掌行陝西路、麟、府、豐、嵐、石、隰州、保德軍吏卒，西界邊防、蕃官。 曰支差房，掌行調發軍，湖北路邊防及京東、京西、江、淮、廣南東路吏卒，遷補殿侍，選親事官。 曰在京房，掌行殿前步軍司事，支移兵器，川陝路邊防及畿內、福建路吏卒，軍頭、皇城司衛兵。 曰教閱房，掌行中外校習，封樁闕額請給，催督驛遞及湖南路邊防。 曰廣西房，掌行招軍捕盜賞罰，廣南西路邊防及兩浙路吏卒。 而禁軍轉員，則各隨其房之所領兵額治之。 曰兵籍房，掌行諸路將官差發禁兵、選補衛軍文書。 曰民兵房，掌行三路保甲、弓箭手。 曰吏房，掌行差將領武臣知州軍、路分都監以上及差內侍官文書。 曰知雜房，掌行雜務。 曰支馬房，掌行內外馬政並坊院監牧吏卒、牧馬、租課。 曰小吏房，掌行兩省內臣磨勘功過敘用，大使臣已上歷任事狀及校尉以上改轉遷遣。 吏三十有八：逐房副承旨三人，主事五人，守闕主事二人，令史十三人，書令史十五人。 元祐既創支馬、小吏二房，增令史為十四人，書令史十九人，創正名貼房十八人。 大觀增逐房副承旨為五人，創守闕書令史三人，增正名二十八人。
There were twelve chambers in all. The Northern Frontier Chamber handled clerks and soldiers of the Hebei and Hedong circuits, northern frontier defense, and diplomatic credentials. The Hexi Chamber handled clerks and soldiers of Shaanxi Circuit and of Lin, Fu, Feng, Lan, Shi, Xi, and Sui prefectures and Baode Army, western frontier defense, and frontier tribal officials. The Mobilization Chamber handled troop mobilizations, Hubei frontier defense, clerks and soldiers of Jingdong, Jingxi, Jianghuai, and eastern Guangnan circuits, promotion of palace attendants, and selection of personal-service officers. The Capital Chamber handled the Palace Front Metropolitan Infantry Command, weapons transfers, Sichuan-Shaanxi frontier defense, clerks and soldiers in the capital region and Fujian Circuit, and soldiers of the Military Commanders and Imperial City offices. The Training Chamber handled drill and review at court and in the provinces, requests to fill sealed shortfalls in quotas, courier relay supervision, and Hunan frontier defense. The Guangxi Chamber handled rewards and punishments for recruiting troops and capturing bandits, Guangnan West frontier defense, and clerks and soldiers of the Two Zhe circuits. Rotation of forbidden troops fell to whichever chamber held the relevant troop quota. The Military Rolls Chamber handled documents dispatching forbidden troops in the circuits and selecting and filling palace guard units. The Militia Chamber handled community militia and archer corps in the Three Circuits. The Personnel Chamber handled appointments of military commanders as prefects, regional supervisors and above, and inner-palace attendants. The Miscellaneous Affairs Chamber handled miscellaneous business. The Support for Horses Chamber handled horse administration inside and outside the capital, clerks and soldiers of stud farms and pasturage offices, horse husbandry, and pasture rents. The Junior Clerks Chamber handled merit review and appointments of inner attendants in the Two Departments, service records of grand emissaries and above, and transfers of commandants and above. Clerks totaled thirty-eight: three deputy chief secretaries per chamber, five clerks-in-chief, two reserve clerks-in-chief, thirteen clerks, and fifteen document clerks. After Yuanyou added the Support for Horses and Junior Clerks chambers, clerks rose to fourteen, document clerks to nineteen, and eighteen properly titled registry clerks were created. Under Daguan, deputy chief secretaries per chamber rose to five, three reserve document clerks were added, and properly titled posts to twenty-eight.
6
中書、密院既稱「二府」，每朝奏事，與中書先後上殿。 慶曆中，二邊用兵，知制誥富弼建言，邊事係國安危，不當專委樞密。 仁宗以為然，即詔中書同議。 諫官張方平亦言中書宜知兵事，乃以宰相呂夷簡、章得像並兼樞密使。 熙寧初，滕甫言：「中書、密院議邊事，多不合。 趙明與西人戰，中書賞功，而密院降約束； 郭逵修堡柵，密院方詰之，而中書以下褒詔。 願大臣凡戰守、除帥，議同而後下。」 神宗善之。 元祐四年，知樞密院安燾以母憂去職，樞密院官偶獨員。 諫議大夫梁燾、司諫劉安世言：「國朝革五代之弊，文、武二柄，未嘗專付一人，乞依故事命大臣兼領。」 靖康元年，知樞密院事李綱言：「在祖宗之時，樞密掌兵籍、虎符，三衙管諸軍，率臣主兵柄，各有分守，所以維持軍政，萬世不易之法。 自童貫以領樞密院事為宣撫使，既主兵權，又掌兵籍、虎符，今日不可不戒。 乞將團結到勤王正兵並付制置使，行營司兵付三衙。」 從之。
Once styled the "Two Offices," the Secretariat and Military Bureau reported at court in turn, one mounting the hall before or after the other. During Qingli, with war on both frontiers, Drafting Academician Fu Bi argued that frontier affairs touched the realm's safety and should not rest solely with the Military Bureau. Emperor Renzong agreed and ordered the Secretariat to join in deliberation. Remonstrance official Zhang Fangping likewise urged that the Secretariat should know military affairs; Grand Councillors Lü Yijian and Zhang Dexiang were therefore made concurrent commissioners of military affairs. Early in Xining, Teng Fu said: "When the Secretariat and Military Bureau discuss frontier affairs, they often disagree. When Zhao Ming fought the Westerners, the Secretariat rewarded his merit while the Military Bureau sent restrictive orders; when Guo Kui repaired fortifications, the Military Bureau was still investigating him even as the Secretariat issued a commendatory edict. Let great ministers agree on warfare, defense, and commander appointments before any order is issued." Shenzong approved. In Yuanyou 4, An Tao, commissioner of the Military Bureau, left on mourning for his mother, leaving the bureau with only one senior official for a time. Remonstrance Grandee Liang Tao and Investigating Censor Liu Anshi said: "Our dynasty reformed Five Dynasties abuses; civil and military power have never been given to one man alone—we ask that a great minister head the bureau concurrently, as in past practice." In Jingkang 1, Li Gang, commissioner of military affairs, said: "Under the ancestors the Military Bureau held military rolls and tiger tallies, the Three Commands directed the armies, and leading ministers held the military handle—each with its own charge, the unchanging law of military government for all time. Since Tong Guan held the bureau while serving as pacification commissioner, wielding both military authority and the rolls and tallies, that must not be allowed now. Let loyal troops mobilized for the throne be placed under the disposition commissioner, and campaign troops under the Three Commands." The court agreed.
7
樞密使知院事同知院事樞密副使簽書院事同簽書院事
Commissioner of Military Affairs; Director of the Bureau; Associate Director; Vice Commissioner; Signing Secretary of the Bureau; Associate Signing Secretary
8
樞密使、知院事，佐天子執兵政，而同知、副使、簽書為之貳。 凡邊防軍旅之常務，與三省分班稟奏； 事幹國體，則宰相、執政官合奏； 大祭祀則迭為獻官。
The commissioner and director assisted the Son of Heaven in military government; associate directors, vice commissioners, and signing secretaries served as deputies. Routine frontier and military business was reported in rotation with the Three Departments; matters touching the body politic were jointly memorialized by the grand councillor and executive officials; at major sacrifices they alternated as offering officials.
9
國初，官無定制，有使則置副，有知院則置同知院，資淺則用直學士簽書院事。 熙寧元年，文彥博、呂公弼為使，韓維、邵亢為副使。 時陳升之三至樞府，神宗欲稍異其禮，乃以為知院事。 於是知院與使、副並置。 元豐五年，將改官制，議者欲廢密院歸兵部。 帝曰：「祖宗不以兵柄歸有司，故專命官以統之，互相維制，何可廢也？」 於是得不廢。 帝又以樞密聯職輔弼，非出使之官，乃定置知院、同知院二人，使、副悉罷。 元祐初，復置簽書院事，仍以樞密直學士充。 同簽書樞密院事，治平末，以殿前都虞候郭逵為之，又以逵判渭州。 帝初即位，中丞王陶、御史呂景等皆言之。 逵歸，改除宣徽南院使、知鄆州，自是不復置。 政和六年，以內侍童貫權簽書樞密院河西、北面房事。 七年，貫宣撫陝西、河東北三路，帶同簽書樞密院。 既而詔元豐官制即無同簽書樞密院事，改為權領樞密院。 然簽書院事，元豐亦未嘗置。 宣和元年，詔童貫領樞密院事，後復以鄭居中為之。
At the founding, offices were not fixed: a commissioner had a deputy, a director an associate director, and junior men served as signing secretaries as Hanlin Academicians. In Xining 1, Wen Yanbo and Lü Gongbi were commissioners; Han Wei and Shao Kang vice commissioners. Chen Shengzhi had entered the bureau three times; the emperor wished to vary the ritual slightly and made him director. Director, commissioner, and deputy were therefore all in place together. In the fifth year of Yuanfeng, as the official system was to be reformed, some proposed abolishing the bureau and returning military affairs to the Ministry of War. The emperor said: "Our ancestors did not place the military handle in the regular offices but appointed special officials with mutual checks—how can that be abolished?" So it was not abolished. He also held that the bureau assisted governance rather than serving as an envoy post; he fixed two directors and associate directors and abolished commissioners and deputies entirely. Early in Yuanyou the post of Signing Secretary was restored, again filled by direct Hanlin Academicians. Associate Signing Secretary: late in Zhiping, Palace Front chief adjutant Guo Kui was appointed and also assigned to govern Weizhou. When the emperor first took the throne, Vice Censor-in-Chief Wang Tao and Investigating Censor Lü Jing and others all objected. When Kui returned he was made commissioner of the Southern Palace Attendants Bureau and prefect of Yanzhou; the post was never restored. In Zhenghe 6 the inner attendant Tong Guan was made acting Signing Secretary for the Hexi and Northern Frontier chambers. In the seventh year Guan pacified Shaanxi and the three northeastern circuits as concurrent Associate Signing Secretary. An edict then noted that Yuanfeng had no Associate Signing Secretary and changed his title to Acting Head of the Military Bureau. Signing Secretary itself had never been established under Yuanfeng either. In Xuanhe 1 Tong Guan was ordered to head the bureau; later Zheng Juzhong was appointed as well.
10
建炎初，置御營司，以宰相為之使。 四年，罷，以其事歸樞密院機速房，命宰相范宗尹兼知樞密院。 紹興七年，詔：「樞密本兵之地，事權宜重。 可依故事置樞密使，以宰相張浚兼之。」 又詔立班序立依宰相例。 其後或兼或否。 至開禧，以宰臣兼使，遂為永制。 使與知院，同知、副使，亦或併除，其簽書、同簽書並為端明殿學士，恩數特依執政，或以武臣為之，亦異典也。
Early in Jianyan the Imperial Camp Office was established with the grand councillor as commissioner. In the fourth year it was abolished and its duties returned to the bureau's Rapid Affairs Chamber; Grand Councillor Fan Zongyin was ordered to serve concurrently as director. In Shaoxing 7 an edict said: "The Military Bureau is the seat of military affairs; its authority ought to be weighty. Let the post of commissioner be restored per precedent, with Grand Councillor Zhang Jun holding it concurrently." Another edict fixed court precedence on the grand councillor's model. Thereafter it was sometimes held concurrently and sometimes not. By Kaixi, with the chief minister holding the commission concurrently, this became permanent practice. Commissioner, director, associate, and vice were sometimes appointed together; signing secretaries were usually Terminal Bright Hall Academicians with executive perquisites, or occasionally military men—an exceptional arrangement.
11
都承旨副都承旨
Chief Secretary; Deputy Chief Secretary
12
掌承宣旨命，通領院務。 若便殿侍立，閱試禁衛兵校，則隨事敷奏，承所得旨以授有司，蕃國入見亦如之。 檢察主事以下功過及遷補之事。 都承旨，舊用院吏遞遷。 熙寧三年，始以東上合門使李評為之，又以皇城使李綬為之副，更用士人自評、綬始。 是月，詔都承旨、副都承旨見樞密使、副如合門使禮。 五年，以同修起居注曾孝寬兼都承旨，參用儒臣自孝寬始。 元豐四年，客省使張誠一為都承旨。 都承旨復用武臣，自誠一始。 元祐初，復以文臣為都承旨。 其後以待制充。 元符三年，王師約為都承旨，左司諫陳瓘言：「神考以文臣為都承旨，其副則參求外戚武臣之可用者。 今師約未曆邊任，擢置樞屬掾文臣之位，甚非神考設官之意。」 至崇寧以後，專用武臣。
They received and proclaimed imperial orders and directed overall bureau business. When attending in the side hall or reviewing forbidden guard troops, they reported as required and transmitted received intent to the proper offices; the same applied when foreign states came to audience. They inspected merit and faults of clerks-in-chief and below and handled promotions and reassignments. The chief secretary had formerly been promoted in turn from bureau clerks. In Xining 3, Eastern Upper Gatehouse usher Li Ping was first appointed, with Imperial City commissioner Li Shou as deputy—scholar-officials were first used from Ping and Shou onward. That month an edict ordered chief and deputy chief secretaries to observe toward commissioners and deputies the same ritual as Gatehouse ushers. In the fifth year, Co-revising Academician for the Diary Zeng Xiaokuan was made concurrent chief secretary—mixed appointment of scholar-officials began with Xiaokuan. In the fourth year of Yuanfeng, Guest Reception Commissioner Zhang Chengyi was chief secretary. Military officials were again used as chief secretaries, beginning with Chengyi. Early in Yuanyou scholar-officials were again made chief secretaries. Thereafter awaiting commissioners filled the post. In Yuanfu 3, Wang Shiyue was chief secretary; Left Remonstrance Censor Chen Guan said: "Shenzong used scholar-officials as chief secretaries and sought capable military affines for the deputy. Shiyue has never served on the frontier yet is raised to a scholar-official clerk post in the bureau—far from Shenzong's intent in establishing the office." From Chongning onward only military officials were used.
13
建炎四年，高宗在會稽，以武臣辛道宗為都承旨，頗用事。 紹興元年，道宗既免，乃詔依元祐職制，都承旨以兩制為之。 如未曾任侍從之人，即依權侍郎法，又或加學士、待制、修撰貼職。 乾道初，再用武臣，自張說始。 淳熙九年，都承旨復用士人，自蕭燧始。 副都承旨文、武通除。
In Jianyan 4, when Gaozong was at Kuaiji, military official Xin Daozong was chief secretary and wielded considerable influence. In Shaoxing 1, after Daozong was removed, an edict restored the Yuanyou system: the chief secretary was to be drawn from the Two Drafts. Those who had never served as palace attendants followed the rule for acting vice ministers; sometimes titles such as academician, awaiting commissioner, compiler, or registry clerk were added. Early in Qiandao military officials were again appointed, beginning with Zhang Yue. In Chunxi 9 scholar-officials again held the chief secretary post, beginning with Xiao Sui. Deputy chief secretaries could be drawn from either civil or military ranks.
14
檢詳官
Examining Officer
15
熙寧四年置，視中書檢正官。 元豐初，定以三員，及改官制，罷之。 建炎三年，復置檢詳兩員，敘位在左、右司之下。 紹興二年減一員。
Established in Xining 4, modeled on the Secretariat's examining officers. Early in Yuanfeng the post was fixed at three; under the reformed official system it was abolished. In Jianyan 3 two examining officers were restored, ranking below the Left and Right Bureaus. In Shaoxing 2 one post was eliminated.
16
計議官
Planning Officer
17
四員。 建炎四年，罷御營使司，併歸樞密院為機速房。 隨司減罷屬官，置幹辦官四員，詔並改為計議官。 至紹興十一年減罷。
Four posts. In Jianyan 4 the Imperial Camp Office was abolished and merged into the Military Bureau as the Rapid Affairs Chamber. Subordinate posts of the dissolved office were cut; four handling officers were set up and by edict renamed Planning Officers. By Shaoxing 11 they were abolished.
18
編修官
Compiling Officer
19
隨事置，無定員，以本院官兼者，不入銜。 熙寧三年，以王存、顧臨等同編修經武要略，兼刪定諸房例冊。 初擬都、副承旨提舉，神宗謂存等皆館職，不欲令承旨提舉，詔改為管幹。 紹聖四年，編修刑部、軍馬司事，令都、副承旨兼領。 政和七年，編修北邊條例，又別置詳覆官。
Appointed as tasks required without fixed quota; concurrent bureau officials did not carry the title on the roster. In Xining 3, Wang Cun, Gu Lin, and others jointly compiled Essentials of Military Institutions and revised the precedent registers of the various chambers. At first chief and deputy secretaries were to direct it; Shenzong said Cun and the others held academy posts and should not answer to the secretaries, and ordered the role retitled "supervising." In Shaosheng 4, compilation of Ministry of Justice and Horse and Military Bureau affairs was placed under joint charge of the chief and deputy secretaries. In Zhenghe 7 northern frontier regulations were compiled and a separate detailed review officer was appointed.
20
講議司
Deliberation Office
21
監三省、樞密院門
Supervisors of the gates of the Three Departments and Military Bureau
22
舊係差小使臣及內侍官充。 嘉定六年，詔以曾經作縣、通判資序人充。 小使臣省罷，內侍官改以三省、樞密院門機察官繫銜。
Formerly filled by dispatched junior envoys and inner-palace attendants. In Jiading 6 an edict required appointees to have served as county magistrate or transit intendant. Junior envoys were eliminated; inner attendants were retitled with the concurrent post of gate inspector of the Three Departments and Military Bureau.
23
主管三省、樞密院架閤文字一員，嘉定八年置，以選人、京朝官通差。 三省、樞密院激賞庫三省、樞密院激賞酒庫
One officer in charge of archive documents of the Three Departments and Military Bureau, established in Jiading 8, filled by rotation from selection and capital officials. Reward Treasury of the Three Departments and Military Bureau; Reward Wine Treasury of the Three Departments and Military Bureau
24
監官各二人。 〈（初以武臣，嘉泰末，始易以選人。）〉 二庫並因紹興用兵，創以備邊； 後兵罷，專以備堂、東兩廚應幹宰執支遣。 若朝廷軍期急速錢物金帶，以備激犒； 諸軍將帥告命綾紙，以備科撥調遣等用。 省、院、府吏胥之給，亦取具焉。
Two supervising officers each. (At first military officials; at the end of Jiatai selection officials were first used.) Both treasuries were created during Shaoxing's wars to prepare the frontier; after fighting ended they supplied only the Hall and Eastern kitchens for grand councillors and executive officials. When the court needed urgent cash, goods, or gold belts for military deadlines, they were kept for prompt rewards; silk paper for commanders' commissions was kept for allocation and dispatch. Stipends for Department, bureau, and office clerks were also drawn from them.
25
御營使提舉修政局制國用使都督諸路軍馬
Imperial Camp Commissioner; Commissioner for Government Renewal; Commissioner for State Revenue; Commander-in-Chief of Military Affairs in All Circuits
26
中興，多以宰相兼領兵政、財用之事，而執政同預焉。 因事創名，未久遄罷，可以不書。 以其關宰相設施，因記其名稱本末附見焉。
After the restoration, grand councillors often concurrently directed military and fiscal affairs, with executive officials participating. Titles were created for particular occasions and soon abolished and need not be recorded. Because they concern grand councillors' arrangements, their names and origins are recorded here for reference.
27
建炎元年，置御營司，以宰相為之使，仍以執政官兼副使。 其屬有參贊軍事，以侍從官兼； 提舉一行事務，以大將兼。 其將佐有都統制及五軍統制以下官。 初以總齊行在軍中之政。 三年，詔御營使司止管行在五軍營砦事務，其餘應幹邊防措置等事，釐正歸三省、樞密院。 四年，詔自今宰相兼知樞密院事，罷御營使。 時臣僚言：「宰相之職，無所不統。 本朝沿五代之制，政事分為兩府，兵權付於樞密，比年又置御營使，是政出於三也。 請罷御營司，以兵權付之密院，而以宰相兼知，庶幾可以漸議兵政。」 故罷使及官屬，以其事歸密院，為機速房。 至紹興二十九年九月，詔：「祖宗舊制，樞密院即無機速房，合行減罷。」 〈（紹興三十一年，金主亮來攻，帝將臨江視師。 其冬，以和義郡王楊存中為御營宿衛使，兵罷復免。 明，孝宗即位，又以御營使命之。 然但自名一司，掌殿前忠勇等軍，非復建炎之比，未幾而。 存中非宰執，附見於此。）〉
In Jianyan 1 the Imperial Camp Office was established with the grand councillor as commissioner and executive officials as deputy commissioners. Its staff included a military affairs adviser, filled by palace attendants; and an officer directing all traveling business, filled by a major general. Its officers included a commander-in-chief and commanders of the five armies and below. At first it coordinated military affairs at the traveling court. In the third year an edict limited the office to the five armies' camps at the traveling capital; other frontier business returned to the Three Departments and Military Bureau. In the fourth year an edict ordered the grand councillor to concurrently direct the Military Bureau and abolished the Imperial Camp commissioner. Officials then said: "The grand councillor's duty embraces everything. Our dynasty follows Five Dynasties practice: civil affairs split between two offices and military power to the Military Bureau; recently an Imperial Camp commissioner was added—policy issued from three sources. Abolish the Imperial Camp Office, return military power to the bureau, and let the grand councillor hold it concurrently so military affairs may gradually be deliberated. The commissioner and staff were abolished and their duties returned to the bureau as the Rapid Affairs Chamber. By Shaoxing 29.9 an edict said: "Under ancestral precedent the Military Bureau had no Rapid Affairs Chamber; abolish it." (In Shaoxing 31 the Jin ruler Wanyan Liang attacked; the emperor was about to cross the Yangzi to direct the army. That winter Prince of Heyi Yang Cunzhong was made Imperial Camp guard commissioner; when fighting ceased the post was abolished again. When Xiaozong took the throne the Imperial Camp commission was again conferred. Yet it was only a name for one office directing the Palace Front Loyal and Brave Army—not comparable to Jianyan—and before long it ended. Cunzhong was not a chief minister or executive; recorded here for reference.)
28
紹興二年，詔置修政局，令百官條具修車馬、備器械，命右相秦檜提舉，參知政事同領之。 其下有參詳官一人，侍從為之，參議官二人，檢討官四人，卿郎為之； 如講議司故事。 三月而罷局。
In Shaoxing 2 an edict established the Government Renewal Bureau, ordering officials to submit plans for vehicles, equipment, and arms; Right Vice Grand Councillor Qin Hui was commissioner with participating executive officials. Under it were one detailed review officer from palace attendants, two deliberation officers, and four examination officers from ministers and court gentlemen; following the Deliberation Office precedent. The bureau was abolished after three months.
29
乾道二年，詔：「理財之要，裕財為重，自今宰相可帶兼制國用使，參政可同知國用事。」 〈（先是，臣僚言：「近以宰相兼樞密使，蓋欲使宰相知兵也。 宰相今雖知兵，而財穀出入之原，宰相猶未知也。 望法李唐之制，委宰相兼領三司使職事，財穀出納之大綱，宰相領之於上，而戶部治其凡。」 故有是命。）〉 五年二月，罷國用司。 八年，詔：「官制已定，丞相事無不統，所有國用一司，與參知政事並不兼帶。」 嘉泰四年，詔遵孝宗典故，宰相兼國用使，參知政事同知國用事，仍於侍從、卿監中擇二人充屬官。 右丞相陳自強兼國用使，參知政事兼知樞密院事費士寅、參知政事張嚴兼同知國用事。 〈（以兵部侍郎薛叔似兼參計官，太府卿陳景思同參計官。 先是，臣僚言：「今日財計，非錢穀不足可憂，而滲漏日滋之為可慮也。 周家以塚宰制國用，而唐亦以宰相兼領度支，是知財賦國家之大計，其出入之數有餘、不足，為大臣者皆所當知，庶可節以制度，關防欺隱。 宜略仿祖宗遺意，命大臣兼提領天下財賦。」 從之。）〉 陳自強罷，亦廢。
In Qiandao 2 an edict said: "In managing finances, enriching revenue is paramount; henceforth the grand councillor may concurrently serve as Commissioner for State Revenue and participating executives as Associate Commissioners." (Earlier officials said: "Recently the grand councillor was made concurrent Military Commissioner so he would know military affairs. Though he now knows military affairs, the source of grain and cash he still does not know. Follow Tang practice: let the grand councillor hold the Three Commissions commissioner's duties, leading revenue and disbursement above while the Ministry of Revenue handles routine matters. Hence this order.) In the fifth year, second month, the State Revenue Office was abolished. In the eighth year an edict said: "With the official system fixed, the chief minister embraces all duties; the State Revenue Office and participating executives shall no longer hold concurrent titles. In Jiatai 4 an edict followed Xiaozong's precedent: the grand councillor as Commissioner for State Revenue and participating executives as Associates, with two subordinates from palace attendants and director commissioners. Right Vice Grand Councillor Chen Ziqiang as Commissioner for State Revenue; Participating Executive and Concurrent Military Director Fei Shiyin and Participating Executive Zhang Yan as Associates. (Vice Minister of War Xue Shusi as concurrent planning officer; Director of the Imperial Treasury Chen Jingsi as associate planning officer. Earlier officials said: "Today's fiscal planning need not worry that money and grain are insufficient, but that daily leakage is the concern. Zhou used the chief minister to control state revenue; Tang had grand councillors head the Revenue Bureau—fiscal revenue is a great state matter; surplus or deficit is what great ministers ought to know to regulate systems and prevent fraud. Broadly follow ancestral intent and order great ministers to take overall charge of revenue under Heaven. The court assented.) When Chen Ziqiang was dismissed, the office was also abolished.
30
紹興五年，制以左通議大夫、尚書左僕射、同中書門下平章事兼知樞密院事趙鼎，左政奉大夫、尚書右僕射、同中書門下平章事兼知樞密院事張浚都督諸路軍馬。 未幾，浚暫往江上措置邊防，至七年秋廢罷。 其餘宰臣、執政開府於外者，別載於篇。
In Shaoxing 5, Left Provisional Grandee Zhao Ding and Left Political Grandee Zhang Jun, both concurrent grand councillors and military directors, were made Commanders-in-Chief of Military Affairs in All Circuits. Before long Zhang Jun went to the river frontier to arrange border defense; by the seventh year's autumn the post was abolished. Other chief ministers and executives who opened offices abroad are recorded in their own sections.
31
編修敕令所提舉 〈（宰相兼。）〉 同提舉 〈（執政兼。）〉 詳定 〈（侍從官兼。）〉
Office for Compiling Statutory Commands; Commissioner (Held concurrently by the grand councillor.) Associate Commissioner (Held concurrently by executive officials.) Detailed Determination (Held concurrently by palace attendants.)
32
刪定官 〈（就職事官內差兼。）〉 掌裒集詔旨，纂類成書。 紹興十二年罷。 乾道六年，復置詳定一司敕令所，以右丞相虞允文提舉，參知政事梁克家同提舉。 淳熙十五年省罷，紹熙二年復置局。 慶元二年，復置提舉，以右丞相余端禮兼，同提舉以參知政事京鏜兼，仍以編修敕令所為名。
Revising Officer (Appointed concurrently from among active-duty officials.) They collected imperial edicts and compiled them into books. Abolished in Shaoxing 12. In Qiandao 6 the Detailed Determination Office for Statutory Commands was restored, with Right Grand Councillor Yu Yunwen as commissioner and Participating Executive Liang Kejia as associate. Abolished in Chunxi 15; the bureau was restored in Shaoxi 2. In Qingyuan 2 the commissioner was restored; Right Grand Councillor Yu Duanli and Participating Executive Jing Tan as associate; the name Office for Compiling Statutory Commands was retained.
33
宣徽院宣徽南院使北院使
Bureau of Palace Attendants; Commissioner of the Southern Bureau of Palace Attendants; Commissioner of the Northern Bureau
34
掌總領內諸司及三班內侍之籍，郊祀、朝會、宴饗供帳之儀，應內外進奉，悉檢視其名物。 舊制，以檢校為使，或領節度及兩使留後，闕則樞密副使一人兼領二使，亦有兼樞密副使、簽書樞密院者。 南院資望比北院頗優，然皆通掌，止用南院印，二使共院而各設廳事。 其吏史則有都勾押官、勾押官各一人，前行三人，後行十二人，分掌四案：一曰兵案，二曰騎案， 〈（主賜群臣新史，及掌諸司使至崇班、內侍供奉官、諸司工匠兵卒之名籍，及三班而下遷補、假故、鞫劾之事。）〉 三曰倉案， 〈（掌春秋及聖節大宴、節度使迎授恩賜、上元張燈、四時祠祭及契丹朝貢、內廷學士赴上，並督其供帳，內外進奉視其名物，教坊伶人歲給衣帶，專其奏覆。）〉 四曰胄案。 〈（掌郊祀、御殿、朝謁聖容、賜酺國忌供帳之事，諸司使副、三班使臣別籍分產，司其條制，頒諸司工匠休假之。）〉 故事，與參知政事、樞密副使、同知樞密院事以先後入敘位。 熙寧四年，詔位參政、樞副、同知下，著為令。 九年，詔：「今後遇以職事侍殿上，或中書、樞密院合班問聖體，及非次慶賀，並特序二府班。」 官制行，罷宣徽院，以職事分隸省、寺，而使號猶存。
It directed all inner offices and registers of the Three Ranks of inner attendants, oversaw protocols for suburban sacrifices, court assemblies, and banquets, and inspected names and items of all tribute presented at court and from the provinces. Under the old system a probationary commissioner served, or held a military commission and two acting regional posts; if vacant, one Military Bureau vice commissioner held both commissions; some also held vice commissioner and Signing Secretary. The Southern Bureau outranked the Northern, yet both directed affairs jointly; only the Southern seal was used; the two commissioners shared one bureau but each had separate offices. Its clerks included one chief checking officer and one checking officer, three forward and twelve rear clerks, divided among four sections: first Military, second Cavalry, (granting new histories to ministers; registers of bureau commissioners through honored class, tribute-office inner attendants, office craftsmen and soldiers; for the Three Ranks and below, promotion, leave, and investigation.) third Granary, (spring and autumn and sacred-festival banquets; reception and favors for military commissioners; Lantern Festival lighting; seasonal sacrifices; Khitan tribute; inner-court academicians attending the throne; supervising provisions; inspecting tribute items; annual robes and belts for Music Bureau performers; reporting thereon.) fourth Armor. (suburban sacrifice, imperial hall, audience before the sacred image, feast grants and national-mourning provisions; separate registers of deputy commissioners and Three Rank envoys for property division; regulating rules; craftsmen's leave.) By precedent they took precedence with participating executives, Military Bureau vice commissioners, and associate directors according to order of entry. In Xining 4 an edict placed them below participating executives, vice commissioners, and associates, fixed as statute. In Xining 9 an edict said: "When attending the throne on business, or when the Secretariat and Military Bureau jointly inquire after the emperor, and at extraordinary congratulations, the Two Offices shall have special precedence. When the official system took effect the bureau was abolished and duties divided among departments and directorates, but commissioner titles remained.
35
初，吏部尚書王拱辰治平中知大名府，神宗即位，拜太子少保。 明年，檢校太傅，改宣徽北院使，尋遷南院，立班序位視簽樞。 元豐六年，拱辰除武安軍節度使再任，自此遂罷使名不復除。 獨太子少師張方平許依舊領南院使致仕。 哲宗即位，始遷太子太保而罷使名。 元祐三年，復置南、北院使，儀品恩數如舊制。 六年，以馮京為南院使，而方平亦復使名。 中書舍人韓川言：「祖宗設此官，禮均二府，以待勳舊，未嘗帶以致仕。 且宣徽，武官也； 宮保，文官也，不宜混并。」 不聽。 方平亦固辭不拜。 七年，馮京亦以使致仕。 紹聖三年，議者言官名雖復，而無所治之事，乃罷之。 南渡以後，不復再置。
At first Minister of Personnel Wang Gongchen was Daming prefect in Zhiping; when Shenzong took the throne he was made Junior Tutor of the Heir Apparent. The next year, as probationary Grand Mentor, he became Northern Bureau commissioner, soon Southern Bureau commissioner, with precedence equal to Military Bureau Signing Secretary. In the sixth year of Yuanfeng Gongchen was reassigned as Wu'an military commissioner; thereafter the commissioner title was abolished and never restored. Only Junior Tutor Zhang Fangping was permitted to retire while retaining Southern Bureau commissioner per old practice. When Zhezong took the throne he was promoted to Grand Guardian of the Heir Apparent and the commissioner title dropped. In Yuanyou 3 Southern and Northern Bureau commissioners were restored with ritual standing and perquisites as before. In the sixth year Feng Jing became Southern Bureau commissioner and Fangping also recovered the title. Drafting Academician Han Chuan said: "The ancestors established this office with ritual equal to the Two Offices to honor meritorious elders; it was never conferred for retirement. Moreover Palace Attendants is a military office; Grand Guardian is a civil office—they ought not be combined. The court did not heed this. Fangping also firmly declined. In the seventh year Feng Jing also retired with the commissioner title. In Shaosheng 3 critics said the title was restored but there were no duties, and it was abolished. After the move south it was never established again.
36
三司使使副使判官鹽鐵使度支使戶部使三部副使三部判官
Commissioner of the Three Commissions; Commissioner; Vice Commissioner; Administrative Judge; Salt and Iron Commissioner; Revenue Commissioner; Household Commissioner; Vice Commissioners of the Three Departments; Administrative Judges of the Three Departments
37
三司之職，國初沿五代之制，置使以總國計，應四方貢賦之入，朝廷之預，一歸三司。 通管鹽鐵、度支、戶部，號曰計省，位亞執政，目為計相。 其恩數廩祿，與參、樞同。 太平興國八年，分置三使。 淳化四年，復置使一員，總領三部。 又分天下為十道：曰河南，河東，關西，劍南，淮南，江南東、西，兩浙，廣南。 在京東曰左計，京西曰右計，置使二員分掌。 俄又置總計使判左、右計事，左、右計使判十道事，凡干涉計度者，三使通議之。 五年，罷十道左右計使，復置三部使。 咸平六年，罷三部使，復置三司一員。 關正使，則以給、諫以上權使事。
At the founding the Three Commissions followed Five Dynasties practice: a commissioner oversaw state accounts; all tribute from the four quarters and court disbursements were unified under it. It jointly administered Salt and Iron, Revenue, and Household, styled the Planning Department, ranking below executives and called the Planning Chancellor. Its perquisites and salary matched participating executives and Military Bureau commissioners. In Taiping Xingguo 8 three commissioners were separately established. In Chunhua 4 one commissioner was restored to head all three departments. The realm was again divided into ten circuits: Henan, Hedong, Guanxi, Jiannan, Huainan, Jiangnan East and West, Two Zhe, and Guangnan. Within the capital Jingdong was Left Planning and Jingxi Right Planning, with two commissioners for each. Soon a chief planning commissioner judged Left and Right Planning, and Left and Right commissioners judged the ten circuits; all planning matters were jointly deliberated by the three commissioners. In the fifth year the ten-circuit Left and Right planning commissioners were abolished and the three department commissioners restored. In Xianping 6 the three department commissioners were abolished and one Three Commissions post restored. When the chief commissioner was vacant, a drafting or remonstrance official of fifth rank or above acted as commissioner.
38
一人，以兩省五品以上及知制誥、雜學士、學士充。 亦有輔臣罷政出外，召還充使者。 使闕，則有權使事； 又闕，則有權發遣公事。 掌邦國財用之大計，總鹽鐵、度支、戶部之事，以經天下財賦而均其出入焉。 〈（凡奏事及大事悉置案，奏牒常事止署案。 太平興國初，以賈琰為三司副使，七年，以侯陟、王明同判三司，遂省副使。）〉 鹽鐵，掌天下山澤之貨，關市、河渠、軍器之事，以資邦國之用。 度支，掌天下財賦之數，每歲均其有無，制其出入，以計邦國之用。 戶部，掌天下戶口、稅賦之籍，榷酒、工作、衣儲之事，以供邦國之用。
One post, filled by Two Departments officials of fifth rank or above and drafting, miscellaneous, and regular academicians. Sometimes a supporting minister leaving office was recalled to fill the commissioner post. When the commissioner was vacant, an acting commissioner was appointed; if still vacant, an acting dispatcher of public business was appointed. He directed the great plan of state revenue, overseeing Salt and Iron, Revenue, and Household to manage revenue under Heaven and balance receipts and disbursements. (For memorials and major affairs a full file was set up; routine matters required only endorsement on the file. Early in Taiping Xingguo Jia Yan was vice commissioner; in the seventh year Hou Zhi and Wang Ming were joint administrative judges and the vice commissioner was eliminated.) Salt and Iron directed goods of mountains and marshes, pass markets, canals, and military equipment to supply the state. Revenue directed the numbers of revenue under Heaven, each year balancing surplus and deficit and controlling disbursement for state use. Household directed population and tax registers, wine monopolies, crafts, and clothing stores to supply the state.
39
副使以員外郎以上歷三路轉運及六路發運使充。
Vice Commissioner: filled by officials above registrar who had served as three-circuit transit or six supply-route commissioners.
40
判官以朝官以上曾歷諸路轉運使、提點刑獄充。
Administrative Judge: filled by capital officials who had served as circuit transit commissioners or judicial intendants.
41
三部副使
Vice Commissioners of the Three Departments
42
各一人，通簽逐部之事。 〈（舊以員外郎以上充。 端拱初，省。 淳化三年復置，又省。 至道初，又置。 真宗即位，副使遷官，遂罷之。 咸平六年復置。）〉
One each, jointly endorsing their department's affairs. (Formerly filled by officials above registrar. Early in Duan Gong it was eliminated. Restored in Chunhua 3 and again eliminated. Restored again early in Zhidao. When Zhenzong took the throne vice commissioners were promoted and the post abolished. Restored again in Xianping 6.)
43
三部判官
Administrative Judges of the Three Departments
44
各三人，分掌逐案之事。 〈（舊以朝官充。 國初承舊制，每部判官一人。 乾德四年，三部各置推官一人。 太平興國三年，諸案置推官或巡官，以朝官充。 四年，三司止置判官一人、推官三人。 及分十道，二計各置判官一人。 五年，廢十道，三部各置判官二人。）〉 三部各有孔目官一人，都勾押官一人，勾覆官四人。
Three each, directing their section's affairs. (Formerly filled by capital officials. At the founding the old system placed one judge per department. In Qiande 4 each department gained one investigating officer. In Taiping Xingguo 3 each section gained an investigating or inspecting officer filled by capital officials. In the fourth year the Three Commissions had only one judge and three investigating officers. When the ten circuits were divided, each planning office had one judge. In the fifth year the ten circuits were abolished and each department had two judges.) Each department had one summary clerk, one chief checking officer, and four checking review officers.
45
鹽鐵分掌七案：一曰兵案， 〈（掌衙司軍將、大將、四排岸司兵卒之名籍，及庫務月帳，吉凶儀制，官吏宿直，諸州衙吏、胥吏之遷補，本司官吏功過，三部胥吏之名帳及刑獄，造船、捕盜、亡逃絕戶資產、禁錢。 景德二年，併度支案為刑案。）〉 二曰胄案， 〈（掌修護河渠、給造軍器之名物，及軍器作坊、弓弩院諸務諸季料籍。）〉 三曰商稅案，四曰都鹽案，五曰茶案，六曰鐵案， 〈（掌金、銀、銅、鐵、硃砂、白礬、綠礬、石炭、錫、鼓鑄。）〉 七曰設案。 〈（掌旬設節料齋錢、餐錢、羊豕、米麵、薪炭、陶器等物。）〉
Salt and Iron was divided into seven sections: first Military, (registers of yamen officers, great generals, and Four Pier Landing soldiers; storehouse monthly accounts; ritual; night watch; provincial clerk promotion; office officials' merit and fault; three departments' clerk registers and punishments; shipbuilding; bandit capture; absconded households and assets; banned coin. In Jingde 2 the Revenue section was merged into Punishments.) second Armor, (maintaining canals and rivers; military equipment supplied; Military Equipment Workshop, Crossbow Bureau, and various services' seasonal registers.) third Commercial Tax, fourth Salt Monopoly, fifth Tea, sixth Iron, (gold, silver, copper, iron, cinnabar, white and green alum, coal, tin, and bell casting.) seventh Provision. (decennial feast provisions, festival money, meals money, sheep and swine, rice and flour, fuel and charcoal, pottery, and the like.)
46
度支分掌八案：一曰賞給案， 〈（掌諸給賜、賻贈例物、口食、內外春冬衣、時服、綾、羅、紗、縠、綿、布、靴、席、紙、染料，市舶、權物務、三府公吏。）〉 ，二曰錢帛案， 〈（掌軍中春冬衣、百官奉祿、左藏錢帛、香藥榷易。）〉 三曰糧料案， 〈（掌三軍糧料、諸州芻粟給受、諸軍校口食、御河漕運、商人飛錢。）〉 四曰常平案， 〈（掌諸州平糴。 大中祥符七年，置主吏七人。）〉 五曰發運案， 〈（掌汴河廣濟蔡河漕運、橋樑、折斛，三稅。）〉 六曰騎案， 〈（掌諸坊監院務飼養牛羊、馬畜及市馬等。）〉 七曰觔斗案， 〈（掌兩京倉廩屯積，計度東京糧料，百官祿； 粟廚料。）〉 八曰百官案。 〈（掌京朝幕職官奉料、祠祭禮物、諸州驛料。）〉
Revenue was divided into eight sections: first Reward and Grant, (grants and bestowals, funeral gifts and standard items, rations, inner and outer seasonal clothing, damask, gauze, yarn, crepe, cotton, cloth, boots, mats, paper, dyes, maritime trade, monopoly offices, and three metropolitan office clerks.) , second Cash and Silk, (army seasonal clothing, officials' salaries, Left Storehouse cash and silk, spiced medicine monopoly trade.) third Grain and Fodder, (three armies' grain and fodder, provincial fodder receipt and issue, military school rations, Grand Canal transport, merchants' flying cash.) fourth Ever-Normal, (ever-normal granaries in the provinces. In Dazhong Xiangfu 7, seven chief clerks were established.) fifth Transport, (Bian, Guangji, and Cai Canal transport, bridges, grain conversion, and the three taxes.) sixth Cavalry, (raising cattle, sheep, horses, and livestock at stud farms and service offices and market horse purchases.) seventh Grain-Measure, (granary stockpiles of the two capitals, planning Eastern Capital grain supplies, officials' salaries; grain and kitchen supplies.) eighth All-Officials. (salaries of capital and staff officials, sacrificial gifts, and provincial courier-station supplies.)
47
戶部分掌五案：一曰戶稅案， 〈（掌夏稅。）〉 二曰上供案， 〈（掌諸州上供錢帛。）〉 三曰修造案， 〈（掌京城工作及陶瓦八作、排岸作坊、諸庫簿張，勾校諸州營壘、官廨、橋樑、竹木、排筏。）〉 四曰曲案， 〈（掌榷酤、官曲。）〉 五曰衣糧案， 〈（掌勾校百官諸軍諸司奉料、春冬衣、祿粟、茶、鹽、鞋醬、傔糧等。）〉 三部諸案，並與本部都孔目官以下分掌。
Household was divided into five sections: first Household Tax, (summer tax.) second Tribute Supply, (tribute cash and silk from the provinces.) third Construction, (capital construction, Eight Crafts of pottery and tile, Pier Landing workshops, storehouse registers, and auditing provincial fortifications, offices, bridges, bamboo, timber, and rafts.) fourth Yeast, (wine monopoly and official yeast.) fifth Clothing and Rations, (auditing salaries of all officials, armies, and offices, seasonal clothing, salary grain, tea, salt, shoes, sauce, and attendant rations.) All three departments' sections were administered jointly with each department's chief summary clerks and below.
48
三部勾院判官各一人，以朝官充。 掌勾稽天下所申三部金穀百物出納帳籍，以察其差殊而關防之。 鹽鐵院、度支院、戶部院勾覆官各一人。
Each department's audit court had one judge, filled by a capital official. They audited accounts from across the realm of cash, grain, and goods disbursed by the three departments, inspected discrepancies, and enforced controls. Each audit court had one checking review officer.
49
都磨勘司，端拱九年置。 判司官一人，以朝官充。 掌覆勾三部帳籍，以驗出入之數。
The Chief Audit Office was established in Duan Gong 9. One judge, filled by a capital official. It re-audited the three departments' account books to verify receipts and disbursements.
50
都主轄支收司， 〈（淳化三年置。）〉 判司官以判磨勘司官兼。 掌官物已支未除之數，候至所受之處，附籍報所由司而對除之。 天下上供物至京，即日奏之，納畢，取其鈔以還本州。
Chief Receipt and Disbursement Office, (established in Chunhua 3.) the judge concurrently held the Chief Audit Office. It tracked goods disbursed but not yet cleared; when they reached the receiver, entries were attached, reported, and offset. Tribute arriving at the capital was reported the same day; when intake was complete, the receipt returned to the home province.
51
拘收司， 〈（咸平四年置。）〉 以判磨勘司兼掌。 凡支收財利未結絕者，籍其名件而督之。
Collection Enforcement Office, (established in Xianping 4.) held concurrently by the Chief Audit judge. All unsettled revenue and goods were registered by name and supervised.
52
都理欠司， 〈（雍熙二年，三部各置理欠，有勾簿司，景德四年廢。）〉 判司官一人，以朝官充。 掌理在京及天下欠負官物之籍，皆立限以促之。
Chief Arrears Office, (In Yongxi 2 each department had an arrears office and account-book office; abolished in Jingde 4.) One judge, filled by a capital official. It handled registers of official-goods arrears at the capital and throughout the realm, all with collection deadlines.
53
都憑由司，以判都理欠司官兼，掌在京官物支破之事。 凡部支官物，皆覆視無虛謬，則印署而還之，支訖，復據數送勾而銷破之。
Chief Voucher Office, held by the Chief Arrears judge, directed capital disbursements of official goods. All departmental disbursements were reviewed; if sound, sealed and returned; after disbursement, numbers went to audit for cancellation.
54
開拆司，判司官一人，以朝官充。 掌受宣敕及諸州申牒之籍，發放以付三部，兼掌發放、勾鑿、催驅、受事。
Opening and Sorting Office: one judge, filled by a capital official. It received edicts and provincial memorials, distributed them to the three departments, and directed distribution, checking, urging, and receipt.
55
發放司，掌受三司帖牒而下之。 〈（太平興國年中置。）〉 勾鑿司，掌勾校三部公事簿帳。
Distribution Office directed receipt of the three departments' posted documents. (established in the Taiping Xingguo era.) Checking Office audited the three departments' public account books.
56
催驅司，掌督京城諸司庫務末帳，京畿倉場庫務月帳憑由送勾，及三部支訖內外奉祿之事。
Urging Office supervised capital offices' end accounts, capital-region granary monthly vouchers, and three departments' salary disbursements.
57
受事司，掌諸處解送諸色名籍，以發付三部。
Receipt Office received registers from all places for dispatch to the three departments.
58
衙司管轄官二人，以判開拆司官及內侍都知、押班充。 掌大將、軍將名籍，第其勞而均其役使。
Two yamen supervisory officers, filled by the Opening judge and inner attendant director and duty officer. They directed great generals' and military officers' registers, ranked labor, and equalized assignments.
59
勾當公事官二員，以朝官充。 掌分左右廂檢計、定奪、點檢、覆驗、估剝之事。 三司推勘公事一人，以京朝官充。 掌推劾諸部公事。
Two public-business handling officers, filled by capital officials. They directed inspection, determination, checking, re-verification, and appraisal of the left and right wings. One investigating public-business officer, filled by a capital official. Directed investigation of all departments' public business.
60
勾當諸司、馬步軍糧料院官各一人，以京朝官充。 掌文武官諸司、諸軍給受奉料，批書券曆，諸倉庫案驗而稟賦之。
One handling officer each for all offices and the Infantry and Cavalry Army Rations Office, filled by capital officials. They directed civil and military salaries, wrote vouchers, and after storehouse verification reported for disbursement.
61
勾當馬步軍專勾司官一人，以京朝官充。 〈（舊以三班。）〉 掌諸軍兵馬逃亡收並之籍，諸司庫務給受之數，審校其欺詐，批曆以送糧料院。
One dedicated infantry and cavalry checking officer, filled by a capital official. (formerly filled from the Three Ranks.) Directed deserter recovery registers, storehouse disbursement numbers, examined fraud, and endorsed registers to the Rations Office.
62
以上並屬三司使。 元豐官制行，罷三司使並歸戶部。
All the above were subordinate to the Commissioner of the Three Commissions. When the Yuanfeng official system took effect, the commissioner was abolished and duties returned to the Ministry of Revenue.
63
翰林學士院翰林學士承旨翰林學士知制誥直學士院翰林權直學士院權直
Hanlin Academy; Hanlin Academician Recipient of Edicts; Hanlin Academician; Drafting Academician; Direct Academy; Hanlin Acting Direct; Academy Acting Direct
64
掌制、誥、詔、令撰述之事。 凡立后妃，封親王，拜宰相、樞密使、三公、三少，除開府儀同三司、節度使，加封，加檢校官，並用制； 賜大臣太中大夫、觀察使以上，用批答及詔書； 餘官用敕書； 布大號令用御札； 戒勵百官、曉諭軍民用敕榜； 遣使勞問臣下，口宣。 凡降大赦、曲赦、德音，則先進草； 大詔命及外國書，則具本取旨，得畫亦如之。
They directed composition of ordinances, patents, edicts, and orders. Establishing empresses, enfeoffing princes, appointing grand councillors and military commissioners, the Three Dukes and Three Minors, Grand Preceptor, military commissioners, and additional honors used ordinances; granting great ministers Grandee of Palace and observation commissioners and above used written replies and edict documents; other officials used commission documents; great proclamations used imperial letters; admonitions to officials and proclamations to armies and people used edict placards; dispatching envoys to console ministers used oral edicts. For great amnesties, partial amnesties, and grace edicts, a draft was submitted first; for great edict commissions and foreign letters, the original was prepared for intent; approved drafts were drawn likewise.
65
凡拜宰相及事重者，晚漏上，天子御內東門小殿，宣召面諭，給筆札書所得旨。 稟奏歸院，內侍鎖院門，禁止出入。 夜漏盡，具詞進入； 遲明，白麻出，閤門使引授中書，中書授舍人宣讀。 其餘除授並御札，但用御寶封，遣內侍送學士院鎖門而已。 至於赦書、德音，則中書遣吏持送本院，內侍鎖院如除授焉。 凡撰述皆寫畫進入，請印署而出，中書省熟狀亦如之。 若已畫旨而未盡及舛誤，則論奏貼正。 凡宮禁所用文詞皆掌之。 乘輿行幸，則侍從以備顧問，有獻納則請對，仍不隔班。 凡奏事用榜子，關白三省、樞密院用諮報，不名。
For appointing a grand councillor and weighty matters, after the evening watch the emperor held court at the inner east gate small hall, instructed face to face, and gave brush and paper to record intent. Returning to the academy, inner attendants locked the gate and forbade exit. When the night watch ended, the text was submitted; at dawn white hemp emerged; the Gatehouse usher delivered it to the Secretariat for the drafter to proclaim. Other appointments used imperial letters sealed with the treasure and sent by inner attendants to lock the academy. Amnesty and grace edicts were delivered by Secretariat clerks and the gate was locked as for appointments. All compositions were written, drawn, and submitted for seal; Secretariat approvals were the same. If drawn but incomplete or erroneous, a memorial corrected it. All palace literary texts were under their charge. On imperial travel they attended for consultation; submissions requested audience without skipping formation. Memorials used placards; notification to the Three Departments and Military Bureau used reports without personal names.
66
凡初命為學士，皆遣使就第宣詔旨召入院。 上日，敕設會從官，宥以樂。 元豐中，始命佩魚，自蒲宗孟始。 見執政議事則繫、靴，蓋與侍從異禮也。 政和三年，強淵明請以前後所被旨及案例，修為本院敕令格式。 五年，御書摛文堂榜賜學士院。 靖康元年，吳幵等奏：「大禮鎖院，麻三道以上，係雙學士宿直分撰，乞依故事。」 從之。
On first appointment, an envoy proclaimed the edict at the residence and summoned entry. On the first day an edict ordered a gathering of attendant officials with music. In Yuanfeng they were first ordered to wear fish pendants, beginning with Pu Zongmeng. When meeting executives for discussion they wore belt and boots—ritual differing from other attendants. In Zhenghe 3, Qiang Yuanming requested prior intents and cases be compiled into academy statutory commands and formats. In the fifth year the emperor wrote the hall name "Drawing Forth Literature" and bestowed it on the academy. In Jingkang 1, Wu Bian and others said: "For great ritual academy lock-in with three or more white-hemp documents, two night-duty academicians should divide drafting per precedent." The court agreed.
67
承旨，不常置，以學士久次者為之。 凡他官入院未除學士，謂之直院； 學士俱闕，他官暫行院中文書，謂之權直。 自國初至元豐官制行，百司事失其實，多所釐正，獨學士院承唐舊典不改。 乾道九年，崔敦詩初以秘書省正字兼翰林權直。 淳熙五年，敦詩再入院，議者以翰林乃應奉之所，非專掌制誥之地，更為學士院權直。 後復稱翰林權直，然亦互除不廢，權、正或至三人。
Recipient of Edicts was not regularly established; the longest-serving academician held it. When another official entered before academician appointment, he was called Direct of the Academy; when all academicians were vacant, another official temporarily handled documents as Acting Direct. From the founding until Yuanfeng, the hundred offices lost true functions and much was corrected; only the academy followed Tang precedent unchanged. In Qiandao 9, Cui Dunshi was first Hanlin Acting Direct as Secretariat Rectifier. In Chunxi 5, Dunshi re-entered; critics said Hanlin was for attendance, not solely patents, and the title became Academy Acting Direct. Later it was again Hanlin Acting Direct, with mutual appointment continuing; acting and regular sometimes reached three.
68
翰林侍讀學士
Hanlin Reader-in-Waiting Academician
69
充宮觀兼侍讀：元豐八年五月，資政殿大學士呂公著兼侍讀，提舉中太乙宮兼集禧觀公事。 七月，韓維兼侍讀，提舉中太乙宮。 元祐元年，端明殿學士范鎮致仕，提舉中太乙宮兼集禧觀公事，兼侍讀，不赴。 六年，馮京兼侍讀，充太乙宮使。 未幾，乞致仕，不允，仍免經筵進讀。 中興以來，如朱勝非、張浚、謝克家、趙鼎、万俟离並以萬壽觀使兼侍讀。 隆興元年，張燾以萬壽觀、湯思退以醴泉觀並侍讀。 乾道五年，劉章以佑神觀兼焉。
Palace attendant concurrently Reader: the eighth year of Yuanfeng.5, Grandee Lü Gongzhu was Reader-in-Waiting, directing Central Supreme Unity and Chiji Blessed Celebration abbeys. In the seventh month Han Wei was concurrent Reader-in-Waiting, directing Central Supreme Unity Palace. In Yuanyou 1, Fan Zhen retired, directing the abbeys, concurrent Reader-in-Waiting, without attending. In the sixth year Feng Jing was concurrent Reader-in-Waiting as Supreme Unity commissioner. He soon requested retirement; denied, but excused from classics-hall lecturing. Since the restoration, Zhu Shengfei, Zhang Jun, Xie Kejia, Zhao Ding, and Wan Qixie were Longevity Abbey commissioners concurrently Readers. In Longxing 1, Zhang Zhao was Longevity and Tang Situo Sweet Spring commissioner, both Readers. In Qiandao 5, Liu Zhang was You Spirit Abbey commissioner concurrently.
70
臺諫兼侍讀：自慶曆以來，臺丞多兼侍讀，諫長未有兼者。 紹興十二年春，万俟离以中丞、羅汝楫以諫議始兼侍讀，自後每除言路，必兼經筵矣。
Censorate and Remonstrance concurrently Reader: since Qingli, censor deputies often held it; remonstrance chiefs had not. In Shaoxing 12 spring, Wan Qixie and Luo Ruji were first concurrent Readers; thereafter remonstrance posts included the classics hall.
71
翰林侍講學士
Hanlin Lecturer-in-Waiting Academician
72
咸平二年，國子祭酒邢昺為侍講學士。 其後，又以馬宗元為侍講，不加別名，但供職而已。 景德四年，以翰林侍講學士邢昺知曹州，侍講學士外使自昺始。 故事，自兩省、臺端以上兼侍講，元祐中，司馬康以著作佐郎兼侍講，時朝議以文正公之賢，故特有是命。 紹興五年，范沖以宗卿、朱震以秘少並兼，蓋殊命也。 乾道六年，張栻始以吏部員外郎兼。 蓋中興後，庶官兼侍講者，惟此三人。 若紹興二十五年張扶以祭酒、隆興二年王佐以檢正、乾道七年林憲以宗卿入經筵，亦兼侍講者。 蓋扶本以言路兼說書就升其秩，佐時攝版曹，憲嘗為右史且有舊例，故稍優之。
In Xianping 2, Chancellor Xing Bing was Lecturer-in-Waiting academician. Later Ma Zongyuan was Lecturer-in-Waiting without separate title, merely performing duties. In Jingde 4, Xing Bing was made Caozhou prefect—the first external Lecturer-in-Waiting assignment. By precedent Two Departments and censorate chiefs held concurrent Lecturer-in-Waiting; in Yuanyou Sima Kang as Assistant Compiler received a special order for his father's virtue. In Shaoxing 5, Fan Chong and Zhu Zhen were concurrent—exceptional appointments. In Qiandao 6, Zhang Shi was first concurrent as Personnel registrar. Since the restoration, only these three lower officials held concurrent Lecturer-in-Waiting. Zhang Fu, Wang Zuo, and Lin Xian also entered as concurrent Lecturers-in-Waiting under special circumstances. Fu rose from expositor via remonstrance; Zuo acted on Revenue; Xian had been right historian with old precedent.
73
宮觀兼侍講：國初自元豐以來，多以宮觀兼侍讀。 乾道七年，寶文待制胡銓除提舉佑神觀兼侍講。 是日，以宰執進呈，虞允文奏曰：「胡銓早歲士節甚高，不宜令其遽去朝廷。」 帝曰：「銓固非他人比，且除在京宮觀，留侍經筵。」 故有是命。
Palace abbey concurrent Lecturer: from the founding through Yuanfeng many abbey commissioners were concurrent Readers. In Qiandao 7, Hu Quan was You Spirit Abbey director concurrent Lecturer-in-Waiting. Presented to chief ministers, Yu Yunwen said: "Hu Quan's early integrity was very high; he should not be hurried from court." The emperor said: "Quan is not like others; give him a capital abbey and keep him at the classics hall." Hence this order.
74
崇政殿說書
Expositor at the Hall for Veneration of Governance
75
觀文殿大學士
Grandee of the Hall for Observing Culture
76
學士之職，資望極峻，無吏守，無職掌，惟出入侍從備顧問而已。 觀文殿即舊延恩殿，慶曆七年更名。 皇祐元年，詔：「置觀文殿大學士，寵待舊相，今後須曾任宰相，乃得除授。」 時賈昌朝由使相右僕射、觀文殿大學士判尚書都省。 觀文殿置大學士，自昌朝始。 三年，詔班在觀文殿學士之前六尚書之上。 自是曾任宰相者，出必為大學士。 熙寧中，韓絳宣撫陝西、河東，得罪罷守本官。 四年，用明堂赦，授觀文殿學士。 宰相不為大學士，自絳始。 中興後，非宰相而除者，自紹興二十年秦熹始。 熹知樞密院、郊祀大禮使，禮成，以學士遷，且視儀揆路，非典故也。 乾道四年，汪澈舊以樞密使為學士遷。 九年，王炎以樞密使為西川安撫使除。 至慶元間，趙彥逾自工部尚書為端明殿學士，直以序遷至焉。 曾為宰相而不為大學士者，自紹興元年范宗尹始。
The academician post had lofty standing, no clerks or fixed duties—only attending as companion for consultation. The Hall for Observing Culture was the old Extended Grace Hall, renamed in Qingli 7. In Huangyou 1 an edict established Grandee of Observing Culture for former chancellors; only ex–grand councillors could be appointed. Jia Changchao was envoy-grand councillor, Right Vice Works, Grandee judging the Chief Directorate. Grandee of Observing Culture began with Changchao. In the third year formation was fixed before Observing Culture academicians and above the Six Ministries. Thereafter ex–grand councillors on leaving were always made Grandee. In Xining, Han Jiang pacified Shaanxi and Hedong, was faulted and returned to his original post. In the fourth year, by Bright Hall amnesty, he was made Observing Culture academician. A grand councillor not made Grandee began with Jiang. After the restoration, non–grand councillor appointment began with Qin Xi in Shaoxing 20. Xi directed the Military Bureau and great ritual; when complete he was promoted from academician with chief-minister ritual—not precedent. In Qiandao 4, Wang Che was promoted from military commissioner to academician. In the ninth year, Wang Yan was appointed from military commissioner and Sichuan pacification commissioner. By Qingyuan, Zhao Yanyu rose from Minister of Works to Terminal Bright Hall academician by seniority. Ex–grand councillors not made Grandee began with Fan Zongyin in Shaoxing 1.
77
觀文殿學士
Observing Culture Academician
78
觀文殿本隋煬帝殿名，國初，為文明殿學士。 慶曆七年，宋庠言：「文明殿學士稱呼正同真宗諡號，兼禁中無此殿額，其學士理自當罷，乞擇見今正朝或秘殿以名學士易之。」 乃詔改為紫宸殿學士，以參知政事丁度為之。 時學士多以殿名為官稱，丁遂稱曰「丁紫宸」。 八年，御史何郯以為紫宸不可為官稱，於是改延恩殿為觀文殿，即殿名置學士，仍以度為之。 自後非曾任執政者弗除。 熙寧中，王韶以熙河功，元豐中，王陶以宮僚，雖未歷二府，亦除是職，蓋異恩也。 然韶猶兼端明殿、龍圖學士云。
Observing Culture was originally an Emperor Yang hall; at the founding it was Civilization Hall academician. In Qingli 7, Song Gong said the title matched Zhenzong's posthumous name and no such hall existed—the post should be abolished and renamed. It was changed to Purple Forbidden Hall academician, with Ding Du appointed. Academicians used the hall name as title; Ding was called "Ding Purple Forbidden." In the eighth year, He Shao objected; Extended Grace became Observing Culture and Du was appointed. Thereafter only ex-executives were appointed. In Xining, Wang Shao and Wang Tao were appointed without Two Offices service—exceptional favor. Yet Shao still held Terminal Bright and Dragon Diagram concurrently.
79
資政殿大學士
Grandee of the Hall for Assisting Governance
80
資政殿在龍圖閣之東序。 景德二年，王欽若罷參政，真宗特置資政殿學士以龐之，在翰林學士下。 十二月，復以欽若為資政殿大學士，班文明殿學士之下，翰林學士承旨之上。 資政殿置大學士，自欽若始。 自欽若班翰林承旨上，一時以為殊寵。 祥符初，向敏中以前宰相再入為東京留守，復加此職。 自是訖天聖末，二十餘年不以除人。 明道元年，李迪知河陽召還，始再命之。 景祐四年，王曾罷相，復除。 三十年間除三人，皆前宰相也。 宋庠罷參知政事，仁宗眷之厚，因加此職。 自欽若後，非宰相而除者，惟庠一人。 康定二年，右正言梁適請遵先朝故事，定以員數。 於是詔大學士置二員，學士三員。 紹興十年，鄭億年歸自偽齊，除資政殿，二年加大學士，許出入如二府儀。 億年未嘗秉政。 十五年，秦熹自翰林學士承旨為資政，詔立班恩數同執政。 十六年，秦檜弟梓以端明卒於湖州，進大資致仕，恤典同參政。 是後，從臣自端明視政府而序進者，遂為常矣。
Assisting Governance lay east of Dragon Diagram Pavilion. In Jingde 2, Wang Qinruo left executive office; Zhenzong established Assisting Governance academician below Hanlin. In the twelfth month Qinruo was Grandee, below Civilization Hall and above Hanlin Recipient. Grandee of Assisting Governance began with Qinruo. From Qinruo above Hanlin Recipient, it was considered exceptional favor. Early in Xiangfu, Xiang Minzhong re-entered as Eastern Capital commissioner with this post. Until Tiansheng end, over twenty years, no appointments. In Mingdao 1, Li Di was recalled from Heyang and appointed. In Jingyou 4, Wang Zeng left the premiership and was appointed. In thirty years three were appointed—all former grand councillors. Song Gong left participating executive office; Renzong added this post. After Qinruo, only Gong among non–grand councillors. In Kangding 2, Liang Shi requested quotas per precedent. Two Grandees and three academicians were fixed. In Shaoxing 10, Zheng Yinian returned from pseudo-Qi as Assisting Governance academician; in year 2 Grandee with Two Offices ritual. Yinian had never held power. In the fifteenth year, Qin Xi from Hanlin Recipient became Assisting Governance equal to executives. In the sixteenth year, Qin Gui's brother Zi died as Terminal Bright; Grandee retirement with executive condolence. Thereafter advancement from Terminal Bright toward government became routine.
81
端明殿學士
Terminal Bright Hall Academician
82
端明殿即西京正衙殿也。 後唐天成元年，明宗即位之初，四方書奏，命樞密使安重誨進讀，懵於文義。 孔循獻議，始置端明殿學士，命馮道、趙鳳俱以翰林學士充，班在翰林學士上。 後有轉改，止於翰林學士內選任。 初如三館例，職在官下； 趙鳳轉侍郎，諷任圜特移職在官上，後遂為故事。 宋太宗初，以程羽為之，後隨殿名改為文明殿學士。 慶曆中，改為紫宸，後又改為觀文。 明道二年，改承明殿為端明殿，復置端明殿學士，以翰林侍讀學士宋綬為之，在翰林學士之下。 自明道訖元豐，無前執政為之者，僅以待學士之久次者。 元豐中，以前執政為之，自曾孝寬始； 以見任執政為之，自王安禮始。 政和中，嘗改為延康殿。 建炎二年，都省言：延康殿學士舊係端明殿學士。 詔依舊。 後拜簽樞者多領焉。
Terminal Bright was the Western Capital main hall. In Later Tang Tiancheng 1, An Chonghui read memorials but was ignorant of literary meaning. Kong Xun proposed Terminal Bright academicians; Feng Dao and Zhao Feng were appointed above Hanlin. Later selection was only from Hanlin. At first like the Three Institutes, post ranked below office; Zhao Feng as vice minister moved post above office, becoming precedent. Early Taizong, Cheng Yu held it; later renamed Civilization Hall academician. In Qingli Purple Forbidden, then Observing Culture. In Mingdao 2, Illuminated Hall became Terminal Bright; Song Shou was appointed below Hanlin. From Mingdao through Yuanfeng, only long-serving awaiting academicians. In Yuanfeng former executives were appointed, beginning with Zeng Xiaokuan; incumbent executives, beginning with Wang Anli. In Zhenghe it was briefly Extended Health Hall. In Jianyan 2, the Chief Directorate said Extended Health was formerly Terminal Bright. An edict ordered restoration of the old name. Later many Signing Secretaries of the Military Bureau held it concurrently.
83
總閤學士直學士
Chief Pavilion Academician; Direct Academician
84
宋朝庶官之外，別加職名，所以厲行義、文學之士。 高以備顧問，其次與論議、典校讎。 得之為榮，選擇尤精。 元豐中，修三省、寺監之制，其職並罷，滿歲補外，然後加恩兼職。 直龍圖閣、省、寺監掌貳補外，或領監司、帥臣則除之； 待制、雜學士、給諫以上補外則除之。 係一時恩旨，非有必得之理。 元祐二年，詔復增館職及職事官並許帶職，尚待二年加直學士，中丞、侍郎、給捨、諫議通及一年加待制。 紹聖三年，詔職事官罷帶職，非職事之官仍舊。 中興後，學士率以授中司、列曹尚書、翰林學士之輔外者，權尚書、給諫、侍郎則帶直學士、待制焉。
Beyond regular Song officials, additional titles encouraged men of conduct and literary learning. The highest prepared them for consultation; the next joined deliberation and collation. To obtain them was honor; selection was especially strict. In Yuanfeng these posts were abolished; after a year officials were assigned outside, then given honorary concurrent titles. Direct Dragon Diagram and provincial or directorate deputies assigned outside, or leading transit or commands, received them; awaiting commissioner, miscellaneous academician, and drafting and remonstrance officials assigned outside received them. These were temporary grace grants, not necessarily obtainable. In Yuanyou 2 academy posts were restored with concurrent titles; two years for Direct, one year for vice censor, vice minister, drafting, and remonstrance for awaiting commissioner. In Shaosheng 3 active-duty officials lost concurrent titles; others remained. After the restoration, academicians went to Six Ministry deputies and Hanlin assistants; acting ministers and drafting officials received Direct or awaiting commissioner.
85
龍圖閣學士直學士待制
Dragon Diagram Pavilion Academician; Direct Academician; Awaiting Commissioner
86
大中祥符中建。 在會慶殿西偏，北連禁中，閤東曰資政殿，西曰述古殿。 閤上以奉太宗御書、御製文集及典籍、圖畫、寶瑞之物，及宗正寺所進屬籍、世譜。 有學士、直學士、待制、直閤等官。
Established in Dazhong Xiangfu. West of Celebratory Assembly Hall, north to the forbidden palace; east Assisting Governance, west Pursuing Antiquity. Above the pavilion were Taizong's writings, classics, paintings, treasures, and clan registers from the Clan Court. There were academicians, direct academicians, awaiting commissioners, and direct attendants.
87
學士，大中祥符三年置，以杜鎬為之，班在樞密直學士上。 六年，詔結銜在本官之上。
Academician: established Dazhong Xiangfu 3 with Du Hao, above Military Bureau Direct Academician. In the sixth year combined title was fixed above the original office.
88
直學士，景德四年置，以杜鎬為之，班在樞密直學士下。 祥符六年，詔結銜在本官之上。
Direct Academician: Jingde 4 with Du Hao, below Military Bureau Direct. In Xiangfu 6 combined title was fixed above the original office.
89
待制，景德元年置，以杜鎬、戚綸為之，並依舊充職。 四年，詔班在知制誥下，並赴內殿起居。 自改官制，為學士初復之職，或知制誥平出除之。
Awaiting Commissioner: Jingde 1 with Du Hao and Qi Lun, continuing former duties. In the fourth year formation was below Drafting Academician with inner hall attendance. Under the reformed system this was the initial restored academician post, or on leaving drafting.
90
天章閣學士直學士待制
Heavenly Writings Pavilion Academician; Direct Academician; Awaiting Commissioner
91
天禧四年建。 在會慶殿之西，龍圖閣之北。 明年，仁宗即位，修天章閣畢，以奉安真宗御制。 東曰群玉殿，西曰蕊，北曰壽昌殿，南曰延康殿。 內以桃花文石為流桮之所。 以在位受天書祥符，改曰天章，取為章於天之義。 天聖八年置待制。 慶曆七年，又置學士、直學士。 又有侍講。 學士，慶曆七年初置，在龍圖閣學士之下。 學士罕以命人，迄仁宗世，纔王贄一人。 秦堪自顯謨閣進直天章閤，以稱呼非便辭。 詔改龍圖，自是天章不為帶職。 王曮直學士，慶曆七年，初置天章閣直學士，在龍圖閣直學士之下。 待制，天聖八年初置。 寓直於秘閣，與龍圖遞宿，尋命范諷鞠詠充職。 中興後，圖籍、符瑞、寶玩之物，若國史、宗正寺所進屬籍，獨藏於天章閣，祖宗御容、潛邸旌節亦安奉焉。
Established in Tianxi 4. West of Celebratory Assembly Hall, north of Dragon Diagram Pavilion. When Renzong took the throne, the pavilion was completed for Zhenzong's compositions. East Jade Cluster, west Pistil Pearl, north Longevity Prosperity, south Extended Health. Within, peach-blossom stone was the floating-cup place. Because the reign received Heavenly Writings under Xiangfu, it was renamed Heavenly Writings—manifest in Heaven. Awaiting Commissioner established in Tiansheng 8. In Qingli 7 academician and direct academician were established. There was also Lecturer-in-Waiting. Academician: Qingli 7, below Dragon Diagram. Rarely appointed; through Renzong only Wang Zan. Qin Kan advanced from Illustrious Exposition to Direct Heavenly Writings and declined as inconvenient. Changed to Dragon Diagram; Heavenly Writings was no longer concurrent. Wang Yan: Qingli 7 Heavenly Writings Direct was established below Dragon Diagram Direct. Awaiting Commissioner: Tiansheng 8. Resident duty at Secret Pavilion, alternating with Dragon Diagram; Fan Feng and Ju Yong appointed. After the restoration, books, talismans, histories, and registers were kept at Heavenly Writings with ancestral portraits.
92
寶文閣學士直學士待制
Treasured Literature Pavilion Academician; Direct Academician; Awaiting Commissioner
93
閤在天章閣之東西序，群玉、蕊珠殿之北。 即舊壽昌閤，慶曆改曰寶文。 嘉祐八年，英宗即位，詔以仁宗御書、御集藏於閤，命王珪撰記立石。 治平四年，神宗即位，始置學士、直學士、待制，恩賜如龍圖。 英宗御書附於閤。
East and west of Heavenly Writings, north of Jade Cluster and Pistil Pearl. Old Longevity Prosperity; renamed Treasured Literature in Qingli. Jiayou 8 Yingzong housed Renzong's writings; Wang Gui composed an inscription. Zhiping 4 Shenzong established posts with Dragon Diagram favors. Yingzong's writings were appended.
94
學士，治平四年初置，以呂公著兼。 直學士，治平四年初置，以邵必為之。 待制，治平四年初置。
Academician: Zhiping 4 with Lü Gongzhu concurrent. Direct: Zhiping 4 with Shao Bi. Awaiting Commissioner: Zhiping 4.
95
顯謨閣學士直學士待制
Illustrious Exposition Pavilion Academician; Direct Academician; Awaiting Commissioner
96
元符元年，曾布、鄧洵仁各申請建閤。 詔翰林學士、中書舍人撰閤名五以聞，遂建閤藏神宗御集，以顯謨為名。 徽宗建中靖國元年，詔以顯謨閣為熙明閤，仍置學士、直學士、待制； 續奉旨，仍以顯謨為額。 崇寧元年，詔顯謨閣學士、直學士、待制如三閤故事，序位在寶文閤學士、直學士、待制之下。 學士、直學士、待制，並建中靖國元年置。
Yuanfu 1, Zeng Bu and Deng Xunren requested a pavilion. Hanlin and drafting academicians submitted five names; pavilion housed Shenzong's works as Illustrious Exposition. Jianzhong Jingguo 1 renamed to Bright Enlightenment with posts; Illustrious Exposition name was retained. Chongning 1 fixed posts below Treasured Literature like the three pavilions. All established in Jianzhong Jingguo 1.
97
徽猷閣學士直學士待制大觀二年，初建徽猷閣，以藏哲宗御集。 置學士、直學士、待制等官。
Splendid Virtue Academician; Direct; Awaiting Commissioner. Daguan 2 built for Zhezong's works. Academician, direct, and awaiting commissioner were established.
98
敷文閣學士直學士待制紹興十年置。 藏徽宗聖制，置學士等官。
Spreading Culture Academician; Direct; Awaiting Commissioner. Shaoxing 10. It housed Huizong's compositions; posts were established.
99
煥章閤學士直學士待制淳熙初建。 藏高宗御制。 十五年，置學士等官。
Resplendent Seal Academician; Direct; Awaiting Commissioner. Early Chunxi. It housed Gaozong's compositions. In the fifteenth year posts were established.
100
華文閤學士直學士待制慶元二年置。 藏孝宗御制，置學士等官。
Flowering Culture Academician; Direct; Awaiting Commissioner. Qingyuan 2. It housed Xiaozong's compositions; posts established.
101
寶謨閤學士直學士待制嘉泰二年置。 藏光宗御制，置學士等官。
Treasured Exposition Academician; Direct; Awaiting Commissioner. Jiatai 2. It housed Guangzong's compositions; posts established.
102
寶章閤學士直學士待制寶慶二年置。 藏寧宗御制，置學士等官。
Treasured Seal Academician; Direct; Awaiting Commissioner. Baoqing 2. It housed Ningzong's compositions; posts established.
103
顯文閤學士直學士待制咸淳元年置。 藏理宗御制，置學士等官。
Manifest Culture Academician; Direct; Awaiting Commissioner. Xianchun 1. It housed Lizong's compositions; posts established.
104
集英殿修撰
Assembled Talent Hall Compiler
105
國初，有集賢殿修撰、直龍圖閣、直秘閣三等。 政和六年，始置集英殿修撰、右文殿修撰、秘閣修撰。 舊制，貼職無雜壓，至是因增置，乃定為雜壓。 其集英修撰，中興後以寵六曹權侍郎之補外者，下待制一等。
At the founding: Assembled Talent compiler, Direct Dragon Diagram, Direct Secret Pavilion. Zhenghe 6 established Assembled Talent, Right Culture, and Secret Pavilion compilers. Concurrent titles had no mixed precedence; additions fixed it. After the restoration Assembled Talent compiler honored acting vice ministers outside, below awaiting commissioner.
106
右文殿修撰
Right Culture Hall Compiler
107
元佑元年，許內外官帶貼職。 紹聖二年，詔職事官罷帶職，易集賢殿學士為修撰。 政和六年，以集賢院無此名，其見任集賢院修撰並改為右文殿修撰，次於集英殿修撰，為貼職之高等。
Yuanyou 1 permitted concurrent registry titles. Shaosheng 2 abolished active-duty concurrent titles; Assembled Talent academician became compiler. Zhenghe 6 renamed to Right Culture compiler below Assembled Talent.
108
秘閣修撰政和六年置，以待館閣之資深者，仍多由直龍圖閤遷焉。
Secret Pavilion Compiler: Zhenghe 6 for senior academy staff, often from Direct Dragon Diagram.
109
直龍圖閣
Direct Dragon Diagram Pavilion
110
祥符九年，以馮元為太子中允、直龍圖閣，直閤之名始此。 凡館閣之久次者，必選直龍圖閣，皆為擢待制之基也。 中興後，凡直閤為庶官任藩閫、監司者貼職，各隨高下而等差之。
Xiangfu 9 Feng Yuan was Direct Dragon Diagram—origin of Direct Attendant. Long academy service led to Direct Dragon Diagram, basis for awaiting commissioner. After the restoration Direct Attendant registry for provincial officials followed rank.
111
直天章閣至直顯文閤並同。
Direct Heavenly Writings through Direct Manifest Culture were the same.
112
東宮官太子太師太傅太保太子少師少傅少保
Eastern Palace: Grand Tutor, Mentor, Guardian; Junior Tutor, Mentor, Guardian
113
國初，師傅不常設。 仁宗升儲，置三少各一人。 參政李昉兼掌賓客。 及升首相，遂進少傅，此宰相兼宮僚之始也。 丁謂兼少師，馮拯兼少傅，曹利用兼少保，是時實為東宮官，餘多以前宰執為致仕官。 若太子太師、太傅、太保，以待宰相官未至僕射者，及樞密使致仕，亦隨本官高下除授。 太子少師、少傅、少保，以待前執政，惟少師非經顧命不除。 若因遷轉，則遞進一官，至太師即遷司空。 天禧末，皇太子同聽政，乃以首相兼少師。 自後神宗、欽宗、孝宗、光宗在東宮，皆不置。 開禧三年，史彌遠自詹事入樞府，乃進兼賓客。 已而太子侍立，遂以丞相錢象祖兼太子少傅。 明年，景獻太子立，象祖兼少師，彌遠以右相兼少傅。 未幾，彌遠丁內艱，像祖亦去位。 又明年，彌遠起復，遂兼進少師。 景定元年，度宗升儲，以賈似道為少師。
At the founding tutors were not regularly established. When Renzong was heir, three juniors were established. Li Fang concurrently directed palace guests. On becoming chief minister he became Junior Mentor—grand councillors as palace officials began. Ding Wei, Feng Zheng, and Cao Liyong were true palace offices; others were retired chancellors. Grand posts awaited grand councillors not yet Vice Directors and retired military commissioners. Junior posts awaited former executives; Junior Tutor required testamentary appointment. On transfer one rank advanced; at Grand Tutor one became Minister of Works. At Tiansheng end the heir heard government; chief minister was concurrent Junior Tutor. Thereafter for Shenzong, Qinzong, Xiaozong, and Guangzong as heirs, none were established. In Kaixi 3, Shi Miyuan from palace director entered the Military Bureau and became concurrent palace guest. When the heir attended, Qian Xiangzu was concurrent Junior Mentor. Prince Jingxian was established; Xiangzu Junior Tutor, Miyuan Junior Mentor. Miyuan mourned; Xiangzu left office. The next year Miyuan resumed and became concurrent Junior Tutor. Jingding 1, Duzong as heir, Jia Sidao Junior Tutor.
114
太子賓客
Palace Guest of the Heir Apparent
115
至道元年建儲，初置賓客二人，以他官兼。 天禧四年，參政任中正、樞副錢惟演、參政王曾並兼太子賓客，執政兼東宮官始此。 中興後不置。 開禧三年，景獻太子立，始以執政兼賓客，後復省。 景定元年，度宗升儲，以朱熠、皮龍榮、沈炎並兼賓客。
Zhidao 1 two guests were appointed, filled concurrently. Tiansheng 4 Ren Zhongzheng, Qian Weiyan, and Wang Zeng were concurrent guests—executives as palace officials began. After the restoration it was not established. Kaixi 3 Prince Jingxian: executives concurrent guests; later abolished. Jingding 1 Zhu Yi, Pi Longrong, and Shen Yan were concurrent guests.
116
太子詹事
Director of the Eastern Palace
117
太子左庶子右庶子左諭德右諭德
Left and Right Subordinates; Left and Right Moral Instructors
118
舊制不常設。 儲闈之建，隨宜制官，以備僚寀，多以他官兼領。 仁宗、神宗升儲，庶子、諭德各置二人。 欽宗升儲，置一人。 紹興三十二年，孝宗以建王立為皇太子，置庶子、諭德各一人，除右虛左。 乾道元年及七年，各置一人。 開禧三年，景獻太子立，初除左虛右，明年，左右始並置。
Under the old system not regularly established. When the heir's residence was built, offices were created as needed, often concurrent. Renzong and Shenzong as heirs: two subordinates and two instructors each. Qinzong as heir: one of each. Shaoxing 32 Xiaozong as heir: one subordinate and one instructor, right filled, left vacant. Qiandao 1 and 7: one each. Kaixi 3 Prince Jingxian: left vacant, right filled; next year both.
119
太子侍讀侍講
Heir Apparent Reader-in-Waiting and Lecturer-in-Waiting
120
神宗升儲，始置各一人。 乾道、淳熙、開禧，各依故事並置。 乾道七年，禮部太常寺言：「討論東宮開講并節朔賀慶、辭謝禮儀。 宮僚講讀，無已行故事，當依放講筵，少殺其禮。 每遇講讀，詹事以下至進讀官上堂，並用賓禮參見，依官職序坐。 皇太子正席，講讀官迭起如延英儀，講罷復位。 節朔不受宮僚參賀； 元日、冬至，詹事以下箋賀。 謝辭，初如常見之禮。 後離位致詞，復位就坐，茶湯罷。 詹事初上，參見皇太子，拜，皇太子答拜。 庶子等初上，參見，皇太子受拜。 庶子、諭德及講讀官雖有坐受之禮，止是五禮新儀所載； 兼逐日致拜之禮，近例皆已不行，或遇合致拜日，更合參酌天禧、至道故事施行。」 〈（按天禧二年九月五日，左庶子張士遜等言：「臣等日詣資善堂參見皇太子，得令升階列拜，然後跪受，望令皇太子坐受參見。」 詔不許。 至道元年，皇太子每見太子賓客，必先拜，迎送常降階及門。）〉 並從之。
Shenzong as heir: one of each first established. Qiandao, Chunxi, and Kaixi followed precedent. Qiandao 7 Rites said: "Discuss Eastern Palace lectures and festival ritual. Palace lecturing has no precedent; follow classics hall with reduced ritual. At lecture the director through reading officers use guest ritual and rank seating. The heir sits main seat; readers rise as at Yanying and return. On festivals palace officials do not receive congratulations; on New Year and winter solstice the director and below submit felicitations. For thanks and leave, initially ordinary audience. Later leaving position to speak, returning, tea ended. Director's first attendance: bow, heir returns bow. Subordinates on first attendance: heir receives bow. Seated reception was in Five Rites but daily bows were not practiced; on bowing days consult Tiansheng and Zhidao precedents." (Tiansheng 2.9.5 Zhang Shisun said: "We attend at Venerating Goodness, ascend and bow then kneel—we hope the heir may sit to receive audience." Edict: not permitted. Zhidao 1 the heir bowed first to the guest; on seeing off descended to the gate.) All were approved.
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太子中舍人舍人
Heir Apparent Central and Regular Attendants
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至道、天禧各置一人。 神宗、欽宗升儲，並如舊置。 嘉定初，除二人。 慶元以中舍人在舍人上。
One each in Zhidao and Tiansheng. Shenzong and Qinzong as heirs: as before. Early Jiading: two appointed. In Qingyuan central ranked above regular.
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資善堂翊善贊讀直講說書皇太子宮小學教授資善堂小學教授
Hall for Venerating Goodness: Companion; Praise Reader; Direct Expositor; Expositor; Eastern Palace and Venerating Goodness primary professors
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翊善、贊讀、直講皆舊制。 說書而下，中興以後增置。
Companion, Praise Reader, and Direct Expositor were old institutions. Expositor and below were added after the restoration.
125
資善堂自仁宗為皇子時，為肄業之所，每皇子出就外傅，選官兼領。 元豐八年，哲宗初開講筵，詔講讀官日赴資善堂，以雙日講讀，仍輪一員宿直。 又詔三省、樞密院、講讀、修注官錫宴於資善堂。 政和元年，定王、嘉王出就資善堂聽讀，詔宰執就見。 靖康元年，詔皇太子出就外傅，就資善堂置學舍，令國子監供監書。 紹興五年，孝宗封建國公，出就資善堂聽講。 先是，宰臣趙鼎得旨於宮門內造書院，至是始成，以為資善堂。 命儒臣為直講、翊善，悉如資善故事。 尋用趙鼎言，以左史范沖充翊善，右史朱震充贊讀，時稱極選。 帝曰：「朕令國公見沖、震必設拜，蓋尊重師傅，不得不如此。」 紹興十二年，建國公出就外第。 及紹興三十年，由普安郡王為皇子，進封建王。 時皇孫皆就傅，以校書郎王十朋為小學教授。 紹興三十二年，孝宗即位，詔三皇子位各置說書官一員，又置贊讀、直講一員。 淳熙七年，皇孫英國公始就傅，詔置皇太子宮小學教授一員。 十六年，光宗即位，皇子進封嘉王，置王府贊讀、翊善、直講各一員。 慶元六年，景獻太子為福州觀察使，詔令資善堂授書，置小學教授二員。 開禧元年，進封榮王，仍開資善堂，置贊讀、直講、說書官各一員，又置翊善一員。 度宗升儲，並置翊善、贊讀等官。
Venerating Goodness when Renzong was prince was for study; external tutors held it concurrently. the eighth year of Yuanfeng Zhezong opened lecture: officers attended on alternate days with night duty. Three Departments, Military Bureau, and reading officers feasted at Venerating Goodness. Zhenghe 1 Princes Ding and Jia attended; chief ministers received audience. Jingkang 1 heir to external tutors; Venerating Goodness school; National University supplied texts. Shaoxing 5 Xiaozong as Prince of Jian attended at Venerating Goodness. Zhao Ding had built an academy; now completed as Venerating Goodness. Confucian Direct Expositor and Companion followed precedent. Fan Chong Companion and Zhu Zhen Praise Reader—supreme selection. The emperor said the state prince must bow to Chong and Zhen out of respect for teachers. Shaoxing 12 the state prince moved out. Shaoxing 30 from Pu'an to prince, advanced to Jian. Imperial grandsons studied with Wang Shipeng as primary professor. Shaoxing 32 one expositor per prince rank plus Praise Reader and Direct Expositor. Chunxi 7 Prince of England: one Eastern Palace primary professor. Year 16 prince became Jia with Praise Reader, Companion, and Direct Expositor. Qingyuan 6 Prince Jingxian: Venerating Goodness with two primary professors. Kaixi 1 Prince of Glory: Venerating Goodness with reading officers and Companion. Duzong as heir: all reading posts established.
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主管左、右春坊事
Director of Left and Right Spring Palace Affairs
127
二人，以內臣兼； 同主管左、右春坊事二人，以武臣兼； 承受官一人，以內侍充。 仁宗、神宗升儲，並置。 中興後，置官並同。
Two, filled by inner attendants; two co-directors by military officials; one receiving officer by inner attendant. Renzong and Shenzong as heirs: all established. After the restoration posts were the same.
128
太子左、右衛率府率副率左、右司御率府率副率左、右清道率府率副率左、右監門率府率副率左、右內率府率副率
Heir Apparent Guards; Rate Commanders; Imperial Carriage; Clear Way; Gate Watch; Inner Rate Commanders
129
親王府傅長史司馬諮議參軍友記室參軍王府教授小學教授
Princely Establishment: Tutor; Chief Administrator; Marshal; Advisory Officer; Friend; Record Officer; Professor; Primary Professor
130
傅及長史、司馬，有其官而未嘗除。 太平興國八年，諸王出閤，楚王府置諮議參軍二員，翊善一員； 陳王府置諮議、翊善各一員； 韓王、冀王、益王置翊善各一員。 後又置記室及諸王府侍講一員。 並以常參官兼充。 〈（其後，多不置諮議，翊善、記室或止一員。）〉 大中祥符九年，仁宗初封壽春郡王，置友二員，亦以常參官兼充。 天禧二年，進封升王，友遷諮議，仍置記室一員。 又皇姪皇孫侍教、南北伴讀無定數。 〈（至道初，太宗以皇親子孫就講學，欲置侍講之職，中書言：「按唐太宗改諸王侍讀為奉諸王講讀，今皇孫、皇姪皆環衛之職，請以教授為名。」 從之。 選京朝官通經者充。 其後又令王府記室、翊善、侍講分兼南北宅教授。 大中祥符二年，又有侍教之名，自是南北院或有伴讀。）〉 凡諸宮皆有教授，初無定員。 是年，英宗以宗室自率府副率已上八百餘人，奉朝請者四百餘人，而教官纔六員，乃詔增置教授官：凡皇族年三十已上者百一十三人，置講書四員； 年二十以上者百十三人，置講書四員； 年十五已上者三百九人，增置教授五員； 年十四已下者，別置小學教授十二員； 并舊六，為二十七員，以分教之。 其子弟不率教，俾教授官、本位尊長具名申大宗正司，量行戒責。 教授官不職，大宗正司密訪以聞。 舊制，親賢宅置講書，紹興十二年，改為府教授，掌教親賢宅南班宗子。 淳熙十二年，詔建魏惠憲王府，置小學教授二員，以館職兼充，掌訓皇孫。 既長，趨朝謁，則不以小學名，而講習如故。 自後皇姪、皇孫皆置教授。
Tutor, chief administrator, and marshal existed but were never appointed. Taiping Xingguo 8 Chu establishment: two advisory officers, one companion; Chen: one advisory and one companion; Han, Ji, and Yi: one companion each. Later record officers and one lecturer per establishment. All filled by regular capital officials. (Later advisory was often omitted; companion and record sometimes one.) Dazhong Xiangfu 9 Renzong as Shouchun: two friends by capital officials. Tiansheng 2 Prince of Sheng: friends became advisory with one record. Imperial nephews and grandsons had tutors and companion readers without fixed number. (Zhidao Taizong wished lecturing; Secretariat said use professor for grandsons and nephews. Approved. Capital classicists were selected. Later record, companion, and lecturer held north-south professorships. Dazhong Xiangfu 2 tutoring appeared; north-south courts sometimes had companion readers.) Every palace had professors without fixed quota. Yingzong said over eight hundred clan, six instructors—edict increased: 113 age thirty and above, four lecturers; 113 age twenty and above, four lecturers; 309 age fifteen and above, five professors; under fourteen, twelve primary professors; with six old, twenty-seven total. Disobedient sons were reported to the Great Clan Court for discipline. Negligent professors were secretly investigated. Old practice Noble Residence lecturers; Shaoxing 12 establishment professors for south-wing clan. Chunxi 12 Prince Hui establishment: two primary professors from academy. When grown they attended court without primary school name but study continued. Thereafter imperial nephews and grandsons all had professors.