Volume 165 Treatises 118: Offical Posts 5

職官五

Official Posts, Part Five

○大理寺鴻臚寺司農寺太府寺國子監少府監將作監軍器監都水監司天監

○ The Court of Judicial Review; the State Ceremonial Bureau; the Court of the National Granaries; the Court of the Imperial Treasury; the Imperial Academy; the Directorate for Imperial Manufacturers; the Directorate of Imperial Construction; the Directorate for Arms; the Directorate of Waterways; and the Directorate of Astronomy

【大理寺】舊置判寺一人，兼少卿事一人。建隆二年，以工部尚書竇儀判寺事。凡獄訟之事，隨官司決劾，本寺不復聽訊，但掌斷天下奏獄，送審刑院詳汔，同署以上於朝。詳斷官八人，以京官充，〈（國初，大理正、丞、評事皆有定員，分掌斷獄。其後，擇他官明法令者，若常參官則兼正，未常參則兼丞，謂之詳斷官。舊六人，後加至十一人，又去兼正、丞之名。咸平二年始定置。）〉法直官二人，以幕府、州縣官充，改京官則為檢法官。

[Court of Judicial Review] The court formerly had one chief adjudicator, who also performed the work of a vice-director. In 962, Dou Yi, Minister of Works, was appointed to preside over the court. All litigation was decided by whichever office had jurisdiction; the court no longer held hearings itself. It only ruled on prison cases reported from across the empire, forwarded them to the Office of Reviewing Punishments for thorough review, and jointly signed and submitted the findings at court. There were eight detailed-adjudication officers, all drawn from the capital bureaucracy, (At the founding of the dynasty, the court's rectifiers, assistants, and reviewers each had fixed quotas and shared responsibility for deciding cases. Later, officials from other offices who knew the law were chosen: regular court attendees doubled as rectifiers, and those not in regular attendance doubled as assistants. These posts were called detailed-adjudication officers. There had been six such officers; the number was later raised to eleven, and the concurrent titles of rectifier and assistant were dropped. Their establishment was fixed by regulation in 999.) Two statute specialists were drawn from prefectural staffs and local officials; on promotion to the capital bureaucracy they became examining judges.

元豐官制行，置卿一人，少卿二人，正二人，推丞四人，斷丞六人，司直六人，評事十有二人，主簿二人。卿掌折獄、詳刑、鞫讞之事。同職務分左右：天下奏劾命官、將校及大辟囚以下以疑請讞者，隸左斷刑，則司直、評事詳斷，丞議之，正審之。若在京百司事當推治或特旨委勘及係官之物應追究者，隸右治獄，則丞專推鞫。蓋少卿分領其事，而卿總焉。凡刑獄應審議者，上刑部。被旨推鞫及情犯重者，卿同所隸官請封奏裁。若獄空或斷絕，則御史按實以聞。分案十有一，置吏六十有九。

Under the Yuanfeng reforms, the court was staffed with one director, two vice-directors, two rectifiers, four investigation assistants, six adjudication assistants, six judicial inspectors, twelve reviewers, and two registrars. The director oversaw case decisions, punishment review, and the examination of charges. The same duties were split into left and right branches. Cases from across the empire—impeachments of commissioned officials and officers, and capital offenders and below who sought judgment on doubtful points—fell to the Left Division for Adjudicating Punishments. Judicial inspectors and reviewers made detailed rulings, assistants deliberated, and rectifiers conducted final review. Matters of the capital offices requiring investigation, cases specially commissioned by edict, and official property subject to recovery belonged to the Right Division for Managing Prisons, where assistants conducted investigation and interrogation. The vice-directors each headed one branch, while the director held overall authority. All criminal cases requiring deliberation were referred to the Ministry of Justice. When cases were ordered for investigation or the offense was grave, the director and the officials under him submitted sealed memorials for the throne's decision. If the prisons stood empty or adjudication ceased, the censorate verified the facts and reported to court. The court had eleven case sections and sixty-nine clerical posts.

先是舊制，大理寺讞天下奏案而不治獄。熙寧五年，增詳斷官二為十員。七年，置詳斷習學官十四，詳覆習學官六。九年，詔以「京師官寺，凡有獄皆係開封府司錄司及左右軍巡三院，囚逮猥多，難於隔訊，又暑多瘐死，因緣流滯，動涉歲時。稽參故事，宜屬理官，可復置大理獄。」始命崔台符為知卿事，蹇周輔、楊汲為少卿，各舉丞及檢法官。初，神宗謂國初廢大理獄非是，以問孫洙，洙對合旨，至是，命官起寺，十七日而成。元豐二年手詔：「大理寺近舉墜典，俾治獄事，推輪規摹，皆以義起，不少寬假，必懷顧忌，稽留弊害，無異前日。宜依推製院及御史臺例，不供報糾察司。」三年，詔依舊供報。凡官屬依御史臺例，謁有禁。又詔糾察司察訪本寺斷徒以上出入不當者，索案點檢。五年，詔毋以大理寺官為試官。六年，又詔：「凡斷公案，先上正看詳當否，論難改正，簽印注日，然後過議司覆議；如有批難，具記改正，長貳更加審定，然後判成錄奏。」又刑部言：「應吏部補授大理寺左斷刑官，先與刑部、大理寺長貳同議可否，然後注擬。仍取經試得循資以上人充，正闕以丞補，丞闕以評事補。」詔刑部、吏部同著為令。八年，詔大理寺推斷事應奏及上尚書省者，更不先申本曹。

Under the earlier system, the Court of Judicial Review ruled on cases reported from across the empire but did not run its own prison. In 1072, two detailed-adjudication officers were added, bringing the total to ten. In 1074, fourteen trainees in detailed adjudication and six trainees in detailed review were appointed. In 1076, an edict declared: "In the capital, every office with a prison funnels detainees through the Kaifeng recorder's office and the three military patrol wards. The numbers held are so large that proper separate interrogation is impossible, and in summer many prisoners suffocate. Cases linger and often take more than a year to resolve. Precedent shows that such cases should fall to the judicial offices; the Court of Judicial Review's prison should be restored." Cui Taifu was first appointed acting director, with Jian Zhoufu and Yang Ji as vice-directors; each recommended assistants and examining judges. Earlier, Emperor Shenzong had said that abolishing the court's prison at the dynasty's founding was a mistake and had questioned Sun Zhu, whose answer matched the emperor's view. Now officials were ordered to rebuild the court, and the work was finished in seventeen days. In 1079, the emperor wrote in his own hand: "The Court of Judicial Review has lately revived abandoned institutions and been put in charge of prison affairs. Its investigative standards are strict and allow little latitude; officials are bound to hesitate, and the delays and abuses of detention are no better than before. It should follow the precedent of the Investigation and Adjudication Office and the Censorate and not file reports with the Inspection Office." In 1080, an edict restored the former reporting requirement. All court officials were subject, like censors, to restrictions on outside visits. The Inspection Office was also ordered to investigate improper admissions and releases in penal-servitude cases and above, and to demand the files for review. In 1082, an edict forbade appointing court officials as examination officers. In 1083, another edict ordered: "For every decided case, the ruling is first sent to the rectifier to check whether it is sound; after debate, correction, signature, seal, and dating, it passes to the deliberation office for review; any objections are recorded and corrected, the chief and vice officials conduct a further review, and only then is the judgment finalized and memorialized." The Ministry of Justice also proposed: "Before the Ministry of Personnel appoints Left Division adjudication officers, the Ministry of Justice and the court's chief and vice officials should jointly assess the candidate's fitness, and only then should the appointment proceed. Only candidates who had passed examinations and qualified for routine promotion should be used; rectifier vacancies were to be filled from assistants, and assistant vacancies from reviewers." An edict ordered the ministries of Justice and Personnel to codify these rules jointly. In 1085, an edict ruled that court investigations and rulings requiring memorialization or submission to the Secretariat no longer needed prior approval from the home bureau.

元祐元年，以右治獄勘斷公事全少，並左右兩推為一司。三年，三省請罷右治獄，依三司舊例置推勘檢法官於戶部，從之。又詔大理寺並置長貳。四年，從刑部請，改本寺條，任大理官失斷徒已上五人或死罪二人，不在選限。〈（舊條，失斷徒已上三人或死罪一人。）〉紹聖元年，詔斷刑獄官依元豐元年選試法。二年，復置右治獄，置官屬如元豐製。左右推事有翻異者互送，再有異者，朝廷委官審問，或送御史臺治之。元符元年，應大理寺、開封府承受內降公事，不得奏請移送。又詔應奏斷公事，依開封府專條，不許諸處取索。

In 1086, because the Right Division had almost no investigative work, the left and right investigation offices were merged into a single bureau. In 1088, the Three Departments asked to abolish the Right Division and, following the old Three Offices precedent, place investigation and examining judges in the Ministry of Revenue; the request was approved. An edict also required that the court always maintain both a chief and a vice director. In 1089, at the Ministry of Justice's request, the court's rules were revised: officials who misjudged five or more penal-servitude cases, or two capital cases, were exempt from selection restrictions. (Under the old rule, the threshold had been three penal-servitude misjudgments or one capital misjudgment.) In 1094, an edict required punishment-adjudication officials to be appointed under the Yuanfeng selection and examination rules of 1078. In 1095, the Right Division was restored with staffing identical to the Yuanfeng arrangement. When the left and right investigation offices reached conflicting findings, cases were transferred between them; if conflict persisted, the court assigned officials to review the matter or referred it to the Censorate. In 1098, the court and Kaifeng prefecture were forbidden to memorialize for transfer of cases assigned by internal edict. Memorialized adjudication cases were also placed under Kaifeng's special rules, and other offices were forbidden to demand the files.

崇寧四年，詔大理寺官諸司輒奏辟者，以違制論。政和二年，詔法官任滿，擇職事修舉、人材可錄者奏舉再任，仍許就任關升，理本等資序。五年，依熙、豐故事，復置習學公事四員，長、貳立課程，正、丞同指教。宣和七年，評事以上並差試中刑法人。又詔大理寺、開封府承受公事依法斷遣，不得乞降特旨。中興並省官寺，惟大理寺不並。

In 1105, an edict declared that any office that memorialized to poach court officials would be prosecuted for violating regulations. In 1112, when judicial officials completed their terms, those who had performed well and showed merit were recommended for reappointment and allowed in-place promotion at their proper rank. In 1115, following Xining and Yuanfeng precedent, four trainee posts were restored; the chief and vice directors set the curriculum, and rectifiers and assistants taught together. In 1125, all reviewers and higher posts were filled from candidates who had passed the penal-law examination. The court and Kaifeng prefecture were also ordered to decide cases according to law and not seek special imperial edicts. After the Restoration, government courts were consolidated, but the Court of Judicial Review alone was left intact.

紹興初，詔正與丞並堂除。評事闕，則委本寺長、貳選擇應格人赴刑部議定，申朝廷差填。如無應格，即選諳習刑法人權充。又立比較法以懲差失。隆興二年，評事鞏衍言：「評事檢斷，躬自節案。親書斷語，最為勞若。」詔增置，以八員為額。淳熙末，嚴寺官出謁之禁，以防請托、漏泄之弊。紹熙初，除試中刑法評事八員外，司直、主簿選用有出身曾曆任人，各兼評事係銜。將八評事已擬斷文字，分兩廳點檢。或有未安，則述所見與長、貳商量。慶元四年，定逐委仲月定日斷絕之法。嘉定八年，申嚴紹熙指揮，重司直、主簿之選，增選試取人數以勸法科。

Early in the Shaoxing era, rectifiers and assistants were both appointed by direct court selection. When reviewer posts fell vacant, the chief and vice directors chose qualified candidates, sent them to the Ministry of Justice for approval, and memorialized the throne for appointment. If no qualified candidate was available, someone versed in penal law was appointed acting reviewer. A comparative-assessment system was also introduced to penalize mistakes. In 1164, reviewer Gong Yan reported: "In examining and ruling on cases, reviewers personally abridge the dossiers. They personally draft the judgment language, which is the most arduous part of the work." An edict increased the staff, fixing the quota at eight reviewers. Late in the Chunxi era, restrictions on court officials' outside visits were tightened to prevent lobbying and leaks. Early in the Shaoxi era, aside from the eight reviewers who had passed the penal-law examination, judicial inspectors and registrars were drawn from degree-holders with prior service, each also holding reviewer titular rank. Draft judgments prepared by the eight reviewers were split between two halls for review. If anything seemed unsound, they stated their views and consulted the chief and vice directors. In 1198, a rule fixed the middle day of each month as the deadline for concluding assigned cases. In 1215, Shaoxi rules were re-enforced, greater care was taken in appointing judicial inspectors and registrars, and more examination places were opened to encourage study of penal law.

左斷刑分案三：曰磨勘，掌批會吏部等處改官事；曰宣黃，掌凡斷訖命官指揮；曰分簿，掌行分探諸案文字。設司有四：曰表奏議，掌拘催詳斷案八房斷議獄案，兼旬申月奏；曰開拆；曰知雜；曰法司。又有詳斷案八房，專定斷諸路申奏獄案等。又有敕庫，掌收管架閣文書。吏額；胥長一人，胥史三人，胥佐三十人，貼書六人，楷書十四人。〈（隆興共減七人。）〉右治獄分案有四：曰左右寺案，掌斷訖公事案後收理追贓等；曰驅磨，掌驅磨兩推官錢、官物、文書；曰檢法，掌檢斷左右推獄案並供檢應用條法；曰知雜。又有開拆、表奏二司；有左右推，主鞫勘諸處送下公事及定奪等。吏額；前司胥史一人、胥佐九人，表奏司一人、貼書三人，左右推胥史二人、胥佐八人、般押推司四人、貼書四人。〈（隆興共減五人。）〉

The Left Division for Adjudicating Punishments had three case sections. The Audit section handled batch reviews of rank changes submitted by the Ministry of Personnel and other offices; the Imperial Yellow section handled directives for commissioned officials after cases were concluded; and the Distribution Ledger section distributed and searched case documents. Four bureaus were also established. The Memorial Presentation and Deliberation bureau supervised the eight detailed-adjudication chambers, made ten-day and monthly reports, the Opening and Unsealing bureau, the General Affairs bureau, and the Legal Bureau. There were also eight detailed-adjudication chambers devoted exclusively to circuit memorials and similar prison cases. An edict archive stored shelved documents. Clerical quota: one clerical chief, three clerical scribes, thirty clerical assistants, six document attachers, and fourteen copyists. (In Longxing, seven posts were cut.) The Right Division for Managing Prisons had four case sections. The Left and Right Court Cases section, after cases were decided, handled recovery of stolen goods and related matters; the Audit and Verification section audited funds, official goods, and documents of the two investigation offices; the Statute Examination section reviewed investigation cases and supplied applicable statutory provisions; and the General Affairs section. It also had Opening and Unsealing and Memorial Presentation bureaus; and left and right investigation offices that interrogated cases sent from other offices and made final determinations. Clerical quota: for the front bureau, one clerical scribe and nine assistants; for Memorial Presentation, one officer and three document attachers; for left and right investigation, two clerical scribes, eight assistants, four transport clerks, and four document attachers. (In Longxing, five posts were cut.)

【鴻臚寺】舊置判寺事一人，以朝官以上充。元豐官制行，置卿一人，少卿一人，丞、主簿各一人。卿掌四夷朝貢、宴勞、給賜、送迎之事，及國之凶儀、中都祠廟、道釋籍帳除附之禁令，少卿為之貳，丞參領之。凡四夷君長、使價朝見，辨其等位，以賓禮待之，授以館舍而頒其見辭、賜予、宴設之式，戒有司先期辦具；有貢物，則具其數報四方館，引見以進。諸蕃封冊，即行其禮命。若崇義公承襲，則辨其嫡庶，具名上尚書省。其周嵩、慶、懿陵廟，命官以時致享，若凶儀之節，宗室以服，臣僚以品，辨其喪紀而詔奠臨賻贈之制。禮儀成服，則卿掌讚導之儀，葬則預戒有司具鹵簿儀物。分案四，置吏九。其官屬十有二：往來國信所，掌大遼使介交聘之事。都亭西驛及管幹所，掌河西蕃部貢奉之事。禮賓院，掌回鶻、吐蕃、党項、女真等國朝貢館設，及互市譯語之事。懷遠驛，掌南蕃交州，西蕃龜茲、大食、于闐、甘、沙、宗哥等國貢奉之事。中太一宮、建隆觀等各置提點所，掌殿宇齋宮、器用儀物、陳設錢幣之事。在京寺務司及提點所，掌諸寺葺治之事。傳法院，掌譯經潤文。左、右街僧錄司，掌寺院僧尼帳籍及僧官補授之事。同文館及管勾所，掌高麗使命。已上並屬鴻臚寺。中興後，廢鴻臚不置，並入禮部。

[State Ceremonial Bureau] The bureau formerly had one chief commissioner, filled by a capital official of appropriate rank. Under the Yuanfeng reforms, the bureau was staffed with one director, one vice-director, one assistant, and one registrar. The director oversaw foreign tribute missions, banquets, grants, and ceremonial reception; state mourning rites; capital shrines and temples; and rules governing additions to Buddhist and Daoist registers. The vice-director assisted him, and the assistant shared administrative leadership. When foreign rulers or envoys came for audience, their rank was determined and they were received with guest ritual. Lodgings were assigned, and the forms for audience, leave-taking, grants, and banquets were issued, with orders to relevant offices to prepare everything in advance; if tribute goods were presented, their quantities were reported to the Four Quarters Hostel and the envoys were led in to present them at court. For enfeoffment patents issued to foreign rulers, the bureau carried out the prescribed ritual commands. When the Duke of Chongyi title was inherited, legitimacy of succession was determined and the names were submitted to the Secretariat. For the Zhou, Song, and Yi imperial tomb temples, commissioned officials made seasonal offerings. For mourning ceremonies, imperial clansmen and officials were classified by mourning garment and rank, and rules for imperial condolence visits and funeral gifts were proclaimed. When mourning rites were complete, the director guided the ceremonial proceedings; for burials, relevant offices were ordered in advance to prepare the funeral procession and ritual objects. The bureau had four case sections and nine clerical posts. It had twelve subordinate offices. The Incoming and Outgoing State Credentials Office handled Liao envoy missions and diplomatic exchanges; the Duting West Hostel and its management office handled tribute from Hexi tribal peoples; the Court of Ceremonial Guests managed lodging for Uyghur, Tibetan, Tangut, Jurchen, and other tribute missions and provided interpreters for border markets; the Cherishing the Distant Hostel handled tribute from Jiaozhi and from Kucha, the Arab lands, Khotan, Ganzhou, Shazhou, Zongge, and other western states; the Central Supreme Unity Palace, Jianlong Abbey, and similar institutions each had oversight offices managing halls, fasting palaces, ritual vessels, displays, and monetary offerings; the Capital Temple Affairs Office and its oversight offices handled repairs of temples in the capital; the Scripture Transmission Court translated and polished Buddhist scriptures; the Left and Right Street Monastic Registry Offices maintained temple registers and appointed monastic officials; the Hall of Common Script and its management office handled Goryeo missions; all of the above fell under the State Ceremonial Bureau. After the Restoration, the bureau was abolished and its functions were merged into the Ministry of Rites.

【司農寺】舊置判寺事二人，以兩製、朝官以上充；主簿一人，以選人充。掌供藉田九種，大中小祀供豕及蔬果、明房油，與平糶、利農之事。

【Court of the National Granaries】 The court formerly had two chief commissioners, filled by edict drafters and capital officials of appropriate rank; and one registrar, filled by a selected appointee. It supplied the nine crops for the sacred field, pigs, fruits, and vegetables for state sacrifices, oil for the bright chamber, and oversaw grain price stabilization and agricultural welfare.

元豐官制行，始正職掌，置卿、少卿、丞、主簿各一人。卿掌分儲委積之政令，總苑囿庫務之事而謹其出納，少卿為之貳，丞參領之。凡京都官吏祿廩，辨其精粗而為之等；諸路歲運至京師，遣官閱其名色而分納於倉庚，槁秸則歸諸場，歲具封樁、月具見存之數奏聞；給兵食則進呈糧樣，因出納而受賂刻取者，嚴其禁；有負欠者，計其虧數上於倉部。凡諸路奏雨雪之闕與過多者皆籍之。凡苑囿行幸排比及薦饗進禦、頒賜植藏之物，戒有司先期辦具。造麹糵、儲薪炭以待給用。天子親耕藉田，有事於先農，則卿奉耒耜，少卿率屬及庶人以終千畝。分案六，置吏十有八。

Under the Yuanfeng reforms, its proper duties were restored, with one director, one vice-director, one assistant, and one registrar. The director managed policies for grain storage and reserves, oversaw imperial parks and warehouses, and supervised receipts and disbursements. The vice-director assisted him, and the assistant shared administrative leadership. Capital officials' grain rations were graded by quality; annual grain shipments from the circuits were inspected, sorted by type, and distributed to granaries, with straw sent to fodder yards; yearly sealed-stock reports and monthly inventory reports were submitted to court; grain samples were submitted when issuing soldiers' rations, and bribery or exactions during receipts and disbursements were strictly forbidden; deficits were calculated and reported to the Granary Bureau. All circuit reports on rain and snow shortages or excesses were recorded. For imperial park visits, offerings to the throne, and distribution of stored produce, relevant offices were ordered to prepare everything in advance. Malt and yeast were produced and fuel and charcoal stored for use. When the emperor personally plowed the sacred field and performed rites to the First Farmer, the director bore the plow and hoe, and the vice-director led staff and commoners to complete the thousand mu. The court had six case sections and eighteen clerical posts.

初，熙寧二年，置製置條例司，立常平斂散法，遣諸路提舉官推行之。三年五月，詔製置司均通天下之財，以常平新法付司農寺，增置丞、簿，而農田水利、免役、保甲等法，悉自司農講行。初以太子中允呂惠卿判司農寺，改同判寺胡宗愈為兼判。四年，以御史知雜鄧綰判寺，曾布同判，詔諸路提舉常平官課績，田寺考校升絀，管幹官令提舉司保明，計功賞之。六年，以司農間遣屬官出視諸路，力有不給，乃置幹當公事官，以葉康直等四人為之。七年，本寺言：「所主行農田水利、免役、保甲之法，措置未盡，官吏推行多違法意，欲榜諭官私，使人陳述，有司違法，從寺按察。」九年，以幹當公事官所至輒用喜怒，罷之，從熊本請也。元豐四年，減丞一，主簿三。官制行，寺監不治外事，司農事舊職務悉歸戶部右曹。

In 1069, the Regulatory Reform Office was established, the Ever-Normal grain policy was introduced, and circuit commissioners were dispatched to implement it. In May 1070, an edict ordered the Regulatory Office to balance the empire's finances. The Ever-Normal policy was assigned to the Court of the National Granaries, which gained additional assistants and registrars and took charge of implementing the farmland, waterworks, corvée exemption, and baojia laws. Lü Huiqing was first appointed to head the court, and co-adjudicator Hu Zongyu was made concurrent adjudicator. In 1071, Censor Deng Wan was appointed to head the court, with Zeng Bu as co-head. Circuit Ever-Normal commissioners were evaluated for performance, the court ranked them for promotion or demotion, and managing officials were certified and rewarded by merit. In 1073, because the court could not adequately inspect the circuits, four managing-public-business officers were appointed, including Ye Kangzhi. In 1074, the court reported: "The farmland, waterworks, corvée exemption, and baojia policies are not yet fully implemented, and local officials often violate their intent. We propose posting notices so the public may report violations, which the court will investigate." In 1076, the managing-public-business officers were abolished because they abused their authority, following Xiong Ben's request. In 1081, one assistant and three registrars were cut. Under the new bureaucratic system, the court no longer handled external affairs; its former duties reverted to the Right Section of the Ministry of Revenue.

元祐三年，詔司農寺置長、貳。五年，以本寺主簿兼檢法。八年，復置提轄修倉所；紹聖元年，詔罷官屬，以其事歸將作監。四年，罷主簿，添丞一員。

In 1088, an edict required the court to maintain chief and vice directors. In 1090, the court's registrar was also made statute examiner. In 1093, the Oversight Office for Granary Repair was restored; In 1094, its subordinate offices were abolished and their functions transferred to the Directorate of Imperial Construction. In 1097, the registrar post was abolished and one assistant added.

政和六年，浙西諸州各置排岸一員，從兩浙運副應安道請也。所隸官屬凡五十，倉二十有五，掌九穀廩藏之事，以給官吏、軍兵祿食之用。凡綱運受納及封樁支用，月具數以報司農。草場十有二，掌受京畿芻秸，以給牧監飼秣。排岸司四，掌水運綱船輸納雇直之事。園苑四：玉津、瑞聖、宜春、瓊林苑，掌種植蔬蒔以待供進，修飭亭宇以備遊幸宴設。下卸司，掌受納綱運。都麹院，掌造麹，以供內酒庫酒醴之用，及出鬻以收其直。水磨務，掌水磑磨麥，以供尚食及內外之用。內柴炭庫，掌諸薪炭，以給宮城及宿衛班直軍士薪炭席薦之物。炭場，掌儲炭以供百司之用。

In 1116, each prefecture in western Zhejiang appointed one berth superintendent, at the request of Ying Andao, transport vice-commissioner of the two Zhe circuits. It had fifty subordinate offices. Twenty-five granaries stored the nine grains to supply rations for officials and troops. Monthly reports on transport intake and sealed-stock disbursements were submitted to the court. Twelve fodder yards received straw from the capital region to supply the pasture directorates. Four berth superintendent offices handled hire payments for waterborne grain transport. Four imperial gardens—Jade Ford, Auspicious Sage, Pleasant Spring, and Jade Grove—cultivated produce for court presentation and maintained pavilions for imperial tours and banquets. The Unloading Office received incoming transport shipments. The Metropolitan Malt Office produced malt for the inner wine stores and sold surplus malt for revenue. The Water Mill Office ground wheat by water mill for the imperial kitchen and other court needs. The Inner Fuel and Charcoal Store supplied the palace and guard units with fuel, charcoal, mats, and straw. The Charcoal Yard stored charcoal for government offices.

建炎三年，罷司農寺，以事務並隸倉部。紹興三年，復置丞二員。凡有合行事務，申戶部施行。四年，復置寺，仍置卿、少。十年，復置簿。隆興元年，並省主簿一員。明年，詔如舊制。乾道三年，詔糧綱有欠，從本寺斷遣監納，情理重者，大理寺推勘。分案五，南北省倉、草料場、和糴場隸焉。監倉官分上、中、下界，司其出納。諸場皆置監官。外有監門官，交量則有檢察斛麵官，綱運下卸有排岸司官，各分其事以佐本寺。豐儲倉所，置監官二員，監門官一員。初，紹興以上供米餘數，樁管別廩，以為水旱之助，後又增廣收糴，淳熙間，命右司為之提領，後以屬檢正，非奉朝廷指揮不許支撥。別置赤曆，提領官結押，不許袞同司農寺收支經常米數。凡外州軍起到樁管米，從司農寺差官盤量，據納到數報本所樁管。監官、監門官遇考任滿，所屬批書外，仍於本所批書，視其有無欠折，以定其功過。在外，則鎮江、建康亦置倉焉。

In 1129, the court was abolished and its functions merged into the Granary Bureau. In 1133, two assistant posts were restored. All matters requiring action were submitted to the Ministry of Revenue for implementation. In 1134, the court was restored with director and vice-director. In 1140, the registrar post was restored. In 1163, one registrar post was cut in the consolidation. The following year, an edict restored the former staffing. In 1167, when grain shipments showed deficits, the court ordered supervised repayment; serious cases were referred to the Court of Judicial Review. It had five case sections overseeing the northern and southern provincial granaries, fodder yards, and harmonized-purchase yards. Granary supervisors were divided into upper, middle, and lower jurisdictions and managed receipts and disbursements. All yards had supervising officials. Gate supervisors, grain-inspection officials for delivery and measurement, and berth superintendent officials for unloading each handled distinct duties to assist the court. The Abundant Storage Granary had two supervising officials and one gate supervisor. Beginning in Shaoxing, surplus tribute grain was stored in a separate granary as a reserve against flood and drought, and procurement was later expanded. In Chunxi, the Right Office oversaw it; later oversight passed to the Reviewing Rectifier, and disbursement required explicit court authorization. A separate red register was kept under the overseeing official's seal and could not be commingled with the court's routine grain accounts. Reserve grain arriving from outer prefectures and armies was inventoried by officials dispatched by the court, and received amounts were reported to the reserve office. When supervising and gate officials completed their terms, besides endorsement by their home office, the reserve office also endorsed their records, judging performance by whether deficits occurred. Granaries were also established at Zhenjiang and Jiankang.

【太府寺】舊置判寺事一人，以兩製或帶職朝官充；同判寺一人，以京朝官充。凡廩藏貿易、四方貢賦、百官奉給，時皆隸三司，本寺但掌供祠祭香幣、帨巾、神席，及校造斗升衡尺而已。

【Court of the Imperial Treasury】 The court formerly had one chief commissioner, filled by an edict drafter or an incumbent capital official; and one co-commissioner, filled by a capital official. Granary storage, trade, tribute, and official salaries then belonged to the Three Offices; the court only supplied ritual incense and silks, napkins, and divine mats, and calibrated weights and measures.

元豐官制行，始正職掌，置卿、少卿各一人，丞、主簿各二人。卿掌邦國財貨之政令，及庫藏、出納、商稅、平淮、貿易之事，少卿為之貳，丞參領之。凡四方貢賦之輸於京師者，辨其名物，視其多寡，別而受之。儲於內藏者，以待非常之用；頒於左藏者，以供經常之費。凡官吏、軍兵奉祿賜予，以法式頒之，先給曆，從有司檢察，書其名數，鉤覆而後給焉。供奉之物，則承旨以進，審奏得晝，乃聽除之。若春秋授軍衣，則前期進樣，定其頒日，畿內將校營兵支請，月具其數以聞。凡商賈之賦，小賈即門征之，大賈則輸於務。貨之不售者，平其價鬻於平淮，乘時賒貸，以濟民用；若質取於官，則給用多寡，各從其抵。歲以香、茶、鹽鈔募人入豆穀實邊。即京都闕用物，預報度支。凡課入，以盈虧定課最、行賞罰。大祀，晨祼則卿置幣，奠玉則入陳玉帛，餘祀供其帨巾。分案九，置吏六十有五。

Under the Yuanfeng reforms, its proper duties were restored, with one director, one vice-director, two assistants, and two registrars. The director managed state finance, treasuries, receipts and disbursements, commercial tax, price stabilization, and trade. The vice-director assisted him, and the assistant shared administrative leadership. Tribute and taxes delivered to the capital were identified, counted, and accepted separately. Goods stored in the Inner Treasury were reserved for extraordinary needs; goods issued to the Left Treasury supplied routine expenses. Official and military salaries and grants were issued by statute: registers were prepared, inspected by relevant offices, cross-checked, and only then disbursed. Tribute goods were presented on imperial order and disbursed only after memorial review and approval. For spring and autumn military clothing, samples were submitted in advance and distribution dates fixed. Monthly reports on requests from capital-region officers and garrison troops were submitted to court. Small merchants paid gate taxes; large merchants paid at the market office. Unsold goods were sold at stabilized prices through the Price-Stabilization Office, and timely credit was extended to aid the public; when goods were pawned to the government, disbursements matched the collateral value. Each year incense, tea, and salt certificates were used to recruit grain deliveries to the border. Shortages in the capital were reported in advance to the Department of Budget. Tax surpluses and deficits determined performance ratings and rewards and punishments. At great sacrifices, the director placed silks for the morning libation, presented jade and silks for the jade offering, and supplied napkins for other rites. The court had nine case sections and sixty-five clerical posts.

元祐初，以倉部郎官印發文鈔，三年，復歸本寺。又詔太府置長、貳。五年，令長貳每月分巡所轄庫務。元符元年，增置丞一員。三年，改市易案為平淮，其市易務亦如之。崇寧中，置藥局七所，添丞一員點檢。宣和三年減罷。靖康元年，詔內外官司局所依熙寧法，錢物並納左藏庫，凡省一百五所。又詔戶部、太府寺長貳當職官及本庫官吏俸錢，候在京官吏支散並足，方許支給，從戶部尚書梅執禮之請也。

Early in Yuanyou, Granary Bureau officials issued document certificates; in 1088, that function reverted to the court. An edict also required the court to maintain chief and vice directors. In 1090, the chief and vice directors were ordered to inspect subordinate treasuries monthly in rotation. In 1098, one assistant was added. In 1100, the Market Exchange section and offices were renamed Price Stabilization. During Chongning, seven medicine bureaus were established and one assistant was added to inspect them. In 1121, they were abolished. In 1126, an edict ordered all government offices, following Xining practice, to deposit funds in the Left Treasury, abolishing 105 offices in all. Salaries for Ministry of Revenue and Treasury officials and treasury clerks were also ordered withheld until capital officials had been fully paid, at the request of Minister of Revenue Mei Zhili.

所隸官司二十有五：左藏東西庫，掌受四方財賦之入，以待邦國之經費，給官吏、軍兵奉祿賜予。舊分南北兩庫，政和六年修建新庫，以東西庫為名。西京、南京、北京各置左藏庫、內藏庫，掌受歲計之餘積，以待邦國非常之用。奉宸庫，掌供內庭，凡金玉、珠寶、良化賄藏焉。祗候庫，掌受錢帛、器皿、衣服，以備傳詔頒給及殿庭賜予。元豐庫，掌受諸路積剩及常平錢物，凡封樁者皆入焉。〈（神宗常憤契丹倔強，慨然有恢復幽燕之志，聚金帛內帑，自製四言詩一章，曰：「五季失國，獫狁孔熾。藝祖造邦，思有懲艾。爰設內府，基以募士，曾孫保之，敢忘闕誌。」每庫以詩一字目之，儲積皆滿。又別置庫，賦詩二十字，分揭於庫，曰：「每虔夕惕心，妄意遵遺業，顧予不武姿，何日成戎捷。」微宗朝，又有崇寧庫、大觀庫。）〉布庫，掌受諸道輸納之布，辨其名物，以待給用。茶庫，掌受江、浙、荊湖、建、劍茶茗，以給翰林諸司及賞賚、出鬻。雜物庫，掌受內外雜輸之物，以備支用。糧料院，掌以法式頒廩祿，凡文武百官、諸司、諸軍奉料，以卷淮給。審計司，掌審其給受之數，以法式驅磨。都商稅務，掌收京城商旅之算，以輸於左藏。汴河上下鎖、蔡河上下鎖，掌舟船木筏之征。都提舉市易司，掌提點貿易貨物，其上下界及諸州市易務、雜買務、雜賣場皆隸焉。市易上界，掌斂市之不售、貨之滯於民用者，乘時貿易，以平百物之直。市易下界，掌飛錢給券，以通邊糴。雜買務，掌和市百物，凡宮禁、官府所需，以時供納。雜賣場，掌受內外幣餘之物，計直以待出貨，或淮折支用。榷貨務，掌折博斛斗、金帛之屬。交引庫，掌給印出納交引錢鈔之事。抵當所，掌以官錢聽民質取而濟其緩急。和劑局、惠民局，掌修合良藥，出賣以濟民疾。店宅務，掌管官屋及邸店，計置出僦及修造之事。石炭場，掌受納出賣石炭。香藥庫，掌出納外國貢獻及市舶香藥、寶石之事。

It had twenty-five subordinate offices. The Eastern and Western Left Treasury stores received revenue from across the empire for routine state expenses and paid salaries and grants to officials and troops. They had formerly been divided into northern and southern stores; in 1116 new stores were built and renamed the Eastern and Western stores. The Western, Southern, and Northern Capitals each had Left Treasury and Inner Treasury stores that received fiscal surpluses for extraordinary state needs. The Imperial Attendance Store supplied the inner court and stored gold, jade, pearls, gems, and other fine goods and tribute gifts. The Attendant Service Store received money, silk, vessels, and clothing for edict distribution and palace grants. The Yuanfeng Store received circuit surpluses and Ever-Normal funds; all sealed reserves were deposited there. (Emperor Shenzong often resented Khitan intransigence and burned with the ambition to recover You and Yan. He amassed gold and silk in the inner treasury and composed a four-line poem: "The Five Dynasties lost the realm; the northern foe ran rampant. The Founding Emperor built the state, resolved to punish and restrain the foe. He established the inner treasury to fund recruitment of warriors; let posterity guard it—how dare we forget the unfinished mission." Each store took one character from the poem as its name, and every store was filled to capacity. He also established separate stores, wrote a twenty-character poem, and posted its lines at each store: "Each night I guard my heart with reverent care, rashly hoping to fulfill the legacy left me; unmartial as I am, on what day shall I win the field?" In Huizong's reign, the Chongning and Daguan stores were also added.) The Cloth Store received cloth tribute from the circuits, identified each type, and held it for disbursement. The Tea Store received tea from Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Jing-Hu, Jianzhou, and Jiannan for Hanlin offices, grants, and sale. The Miscellaneous Goods Store received assorted tribute goods from across the empire for routine disbursement. The Grain Rations Office issued stipends by statute to civil and military officials, offices, and armies, dispensing rations according to register rolls. The Audit Office verified disbursement figures and audited accounts against statutory requirements. The Metropolitan Commercial Tax Office collected merchant taxes in the capital and remitted them to the Left Treasury. The Bian and Cai canal locks collected tolls on boats and rafts. The Metropolitan Market Exchange Office supervised trade; its upper and lower jurisdictions and the market exchange, purchase, and sales offices in the prefectures were all subordinate to it. The Market Exchange Upper Jurisdiction bought unsold and slow-moving goods and traded them opportunely to stabilize market prices. The Market Exchange Lower Jurisdiction issued flying-money coupons to facilitate border grain procurement. The Miscellaneous Purchase Office bought goods in the market and supplied the palace and government offices on schedule. The Miscellaneous Sales Field received surplus goods from across the empire, priced them for sale, or approved them for offset disbursement. The Monopoly Goods Office handled exchange of grain, gold, silk, and related goods. The Exchange Note Store printed and managed the issue and redemption of exchange notes and paper money. The Pawn Office lent official funds against pledges to relieve public hardship. The Compounding Bureau and the Beneficent Bureau compounded medicines and sold them to treat public illness. The Shops and Residences Office managed government buildings and shops, handling rentals and repairs. The Coal Yard received and sold coal. The Spices and Drugs Store managed foreign tribute and maritime spices, drugs, and gems.

建炎詔罷太府寺，以其所掌職務撥隸金部。紹興元年，復以章億守太府寺丞，措置印給茶鹽鈔引，續添置丞二員。四年，復置卿、少各一員。十年，復置主簿。十一年，詔交引庫書押鈔引寺丞兩員。遇合推賞。各與減磨勘二年。尋詔三丞一體行之。隆興元年，並省主簿一員，明年如舊制，設案七，以序次分管。監交案，隨逐丞簿赴左藏庫監交看驗綱運錢物。中興後，所隸惟有糧料院、審計司、左藏東西庫、交引庫、祗候庫、和劑局、惠民局如前製所置。左藏南庫，〈（係樁）〉管御前激賞庫改。以侍從官提領，又置提轄檢察官一員，編估局、打套局，〈（二局係揀選市舶香藥雜物等第，會其直以待貿易。）〉寄樁庫，掌發賣香藥、匹帛，拘其直歸於左藏南庫。置監官提領二人。

In 1127 an edict abolished the Court of the Imperial Treasury and transferred its functions to the Gold Bureau. In 1131 Zhang Yi was again appointed assistant director of the Court of the Imperial Treasury to organize printing and issuance of tea and salt notes, and two more assistant posts were added. In 1134 the director and vice-director were restored. In 1140 the registrar post was restored. In 1141 an edict assigned two court assistant directors to sign note certificates at the Exchange Note Store. When promotions were recommended, each received a two-year reduction in tenure review. An edict soon extended the same benefit to all three assistants. In 1163 one registrar post was cut; the following year the former staffing was restored with seven case sections dividing duties in order. The Supervised Handover Section accompanied assistants and registrars to the Left Treasury to inspect incoming cord shipments of funds and goods. After the Restoration its subordinates were only the Grain Rations Office, Audit Office, Eastern and Western Left Treasury stores, Exchange Note Store, Attendant Service Store, and the Compounding and Beneficent Bureaus, as under the earlier system. The Left Treasury Southern Store, (sealed reserve) was renamed from the Imperial Reward Store. It was led by an attendant official, with an inspector-in-charge and the Appraisal Bureau and Packing Bureau, (The two bureaus graded maritime spices and miscellaneous goods and assessed their value for trade.) The Deposited Reserve Store sold spices and silk, remitting the proceeds to the Left Treasury Southern Store. Two supervising officials were appointed to oversee it.

【國子監】舊置判監事二人，以兩製或帶職朝官充，凡監事皆總之。直講八人，以京官、選人充，掌以經術教授諸生，〈（舊以講書為名，無定員。淳化五年，判監李至奏為直講，以京朝官充。其後，又有講書、說書之名，並以幕職、州縣官充。其熟於講說而秩滿者，稍遷京官。皇祐中，始以八人為額，每員各專一經，並選擇進士並《九經》及第之人，相參薦舉。）〉丞一人，以京朝官或選人充，掌錢穀出納之事。主簿一人，以京官或選人充，掌文簿以勾考其出納。〈（舊制，祭酒闕，始置判監事。）〉監生無定員。〈（並有蔭及京畿人，初隸監授業，後補監生；或隨屬遊官，以久離本貫，不克赴鄉薦，而文藝可稱，亦許隸補試。廣文教進士，太學教《九經》、《五經、》《三禮》、《三傳》學究，律學館教明律，餘不常置。）〉

【Imperial Academy】 The academy formerly had two chief commissioners, filled by edict drafters or incumbent capital officials, who oversaw all directorate affairs. Eight lecturers-in-chief, drawn from capital officials and selectees, taught students the classics, (They had formerly been called lecturers on books, with no fixed quota. In 994 Chief Commissioner Li Zhi memorialized to rename the post lecturer-in-chief and fill it with capital officials. Later the titles lecturer on books and expounder on books also appeared, filled by staff and local officials. Those skilled in lecturing who completed their terms were gradually promoted to capital official rank. In Huangyou the quota was fixed at eight, each lecturer specializing in one classic and chosen from jinshi and 《Nine Classics》 graduates by joint recommendation.) One assistant, drawn from capital officials or selectees, managed receipts and disbursements. One registrar, drawn from capital officials or selectees, kept records and audited receipts and disbursements. (Under the old system, chief commissioners were established only when the Director's post was vacant.) Directorate students had no fixed quota. (Some held hereditary privilege or came from the capital region; they first studied at the directorate and were later enrolled as students; traveling officials long absent from home who could not seek local recommendation but showed literary promise were also permitted to enroll and take trial examinations. Broad Learning instructed jinshi candidates; the Imperial College taught 《Nine Classics》, 《Five Classics》, 《Three Rites》, and 《Three Commentaries》 specialists; the Law Institute taught statutory law; other schools were not regularly maintained.)

元豐官制行，始置察酒、司業、丞、主簿各一人，太學博士十人，〈（舊係國子監直講，元豐三年，詔改為太學博士，每經二人。）〉正、錄各五人，武學博士二人，律學博士、正各一人。

Under the Yuanfeng reforms, one Director, one Vice-Director, one assistant, and one registrar were established, along with ten Imperial College doctors, (Formerly Imperial Academy lecturers-in-chief; in 1080 an edict renamed them Imperial College doctors, with two assigned to each classic.) There were five rectifiers and five registrars, two Military College doctors, and one Law College doctor and one rectifier.

【祭酒】掌國子、太學、武學、律學、小學之政令，司業為之貳，丞參領監事。凡諸生之隸於太學者，分三舍。始入學，驗所隸州公據，以試補中者充外舍。齊長、諭月書其行藝於籍。行謂率教不戾規矩，藝謂治經程文，季終考於學諭，次學錄，次學正，次博士，然後考於長貳。歲終校定，具注於籍以俟覆試，視其校定之數，參驗而序進之。凡私試，孟月經義，仲月論，季月策。公試，初場以經義，次場以論、策。試上舍如省試法。凡內舍行藝與所試之等俱優者，為上舍上等，取旨命官；一優一平為中，以俟殿試；一優一否或俱平為下，以俟省試。唯國子生不預考選。凡課試、升黜、教導之事，長、貳皆總焉。車駕幸學，則率官屬諸生班迎，即行在距學百步亦如之。凡釋奠於先聖、先師及武成王，則率官屬諸生共薦獻之禮。歲計所隸三舍生升降多寡之數，以為學官之殿最賞罰。

【Director of the Directorate】 The Director managed the Directorate, Imperial College, Military College, Law College, and Primary School. The Vice-Director assisted him, and the assistant shared administrative oversight. Students attached to the Imperial College were divided into three dormitories. On entry, students verified their state credentials; those who passed the placement examination entered the outer dormitory. Dormitory heads and instructors recorded each student's conduct and academic performance monthly. Conduct meant obeying school rules; learning meant classical composition. Each quarter students were examined by the instructor, registrar, rectifier, and doctor, and finally by the chief and vice directors. At year's end evaluations were recorded in the register pending re-examination, and students were promoted in order according to their scores. Private examinations tested classical interpretation in the first month, discourse in the second, and policy questions in the third. Public examinations tested classical interpretation in the first session and discourse and policy questions in the second. Upper-dormitory examinations followed provincial examination rules. Inner-dormitory students with excellent conduct, learning, and examination scores ranked in the upper dormitory and received direct imperial appointment; one excellent and one average score placed a student in the middle rank, eligible for the palace examination; one excellent and one failing score, or both average, placed a student in the lower rank, eligible for the provincial examination. Only Directorate students were exempt from the examination selection process. The chief and vice directors oversaw examinations, promotions and demotions, and instruction. When the emperor visited the academy, the Director led officials and students in formal welcome; the same ceremony was observed when the imperial residence was within one hundred paces of the academy. For offerings to the Sage, former teachers, and the Martial Accomplishment King, the Director led officials and students in the joint presentation rites. Each year the numbers of promotions and demotions among the three dormitories determined school officials' merit ratings and rewards or punishments.

博士，掌分經講授，考校程文，以德行道藝訓導學者。正、錄，掌舉行學規，凡諸生之戾規矩者，待以五等之罰，考校訓導如博士之職。職事學錄五人，掌與正、錄通掌學規。學諭二十人，掌以所授經傳諭諸生，直學四人，掌諸生之籍及幾察出入。凡八十齊，齋置長、諭各一人，掌表率齋生，凡戾規矩者，糾以齊規五等之罰，仍月考齋生行藝，著於籍。武學博士、學諭各二人，掌以兵書、弓馬、武藝訓誘學者。律學博士二人，掌傳授法律及校試之事。小學，置職事教諭二人，掌訓導及考校責罰。學長二人，掌充齒位、糾不如儀者。集正二人，掌籍諸生名氏，糾程課不逮者。

Doctors lectured on assigned classics, graded essays, and instructed students in virtue, conduct, and scholarship. Rectifiers and registrars enforced school rules, imposing five grades of punishment on violators and sharing the doctors' examination and instructional duties. Five duty registrars shared enforcement of school regulations with the rectifiers and registrars. Twenty instructors expounded the classics assigned to them; four direct learners maintained student registers and supervised comings and goings. There were eighty dormitories, each with a head and instructor who set an example, imposed five grades of dormitory punishment on rule-breakers, and monthly recorded students' conduct and learning. Two Military College doctors and two instructors taught military texts, archery, horsemanship, and martial arts. Two Law College doctors taught law and administered examinations. The Primary School had two duty instructors who supervised instruction, examinations, and discipline. Two student prefects managed seating order and corrected breaches of ritual propriety. Two record rectifiers maintained student rolls and flagged those falling behind in coursework.

熙寧初，詔用經術取士，廣闊黌舍。分為三學，增置生徒，總二千八百人。隸籍有數，給食有等，庫書有官，治疾有醫。分案八，置吏十。元豐三年，詔自今奏舉太學博士，先以所業進呈。五年，詔國子監官差承務郎以上，闕即差選人充正官，立行、守、試請奉法。八年，詔罷太學保任同罪法。

Early in Xining an edict mandated selection of officials by classical learning and a major expansion of academy facilities. The academy was divided into three schools, enrollment was expanded, and the total reached 2,800 students. Enrollment rolls were fixed, rations were graded by rank, the library had its own officials, and medical care was provided. Eight administrative desks were set up and ten clerks were appointed. In 1080 an edict required that nominees for Imperial College doctor first submit their scholarly work for review. In 1082 an edict required Imperial Academy officials to hold the rank of Gentleman for Court Service or higher; vacancies were filled by selectees as regular appointees, and salary rules were set for provisional, acting, and trial posts. In 1085 an edict abolished the Imperial College rule holding guarantors liable for the same offense as those they recommended.

元祐元年，詔太學每歲公試，以司業、博士主之，如春秋補試法。左司諫王嚴叟言：「太學生補中人，乞並許應舉，罷一年之限。」詔國子監立法。又詔給事中孫覺、秘書少監顧臨、崇政殿說書程頤、國子監長貳看詳修立國子監條例。又詔置《春秋》博士一員，二年，增司業一員。又詔內外學官選年三十以上曆任人充。三年，詔國子監置長貳。四年，詔太學正、錄依熙寧法，選上舍生充，闕則以內舍生。五年，殿中侍御史岑象求言：「國子監無叩問師資之益，學官不以訓導為己任，補試伺察不嚴，有假手之弊。」詔禮部相度以聞，本部言：「生員遇有請益，許見長貳。仍詔生員以所納齊課於講堂上指諭，並委博士逐月巡所隸齋，詢考生員所業。凡私試不鎖宿，欲令不罷講說。」從之。

In 1086 an edict mandated annual public examinations at the Imperial College, presided over by the Vice-Director and doctors under the same rules as the spring and autumn supplementary exams. Wang Yansou of the Left Remonstrance Bureau said: "Imperial College students who pass the supplementary exam should be allowed to sit for the civil service examinations immediately, without the one-year waiting period." The court ordered the Imperial Academy to draft regulations. The court also ordered Supervising Secretary Sun Jue, Vice Director of the Secretariat Gu Lin, Chongzheng Hall Lecturer Cheng Yi, and the Imperial Academy's chief and vice directors to review and draft new academy regulations. The court also established one doctor of the 《Spring and Autumn Annals》; in 1089 one additional Vice-Director was added. The court also required that school officials inside and outside the capital be drawn from incumbent officials aged thirty or above. In 1088 an edict restored chief and vice director posts at the Imperial Academy. In 1089 an edict restored the Xining practice of appointing Imperial College rectifiers and registrars from upper-dormitory students, with inner-dormitory students filling vacancies. In 1090 Palace Attendant Censor Cen Xiangqiu said: "Students at the Imperial Academy gain little from consulting their teachers; school officials neglect instruction; supplementary exams are poorly supervised; and ghostwriting is rampant." The Ministry of Rites was ordered to study the matter and report back; it proposed that students seeking instruction be allowed to consult the chief and vice directors. The court also required students to present submitted coursework for review in the lecture hall and assigned doctors to inspect their dormitories monthly and examine students' progress. Private examinations would no longer require overnight confinement, so that regular instruction would not be interrupted." The proposal was approved.

紹聖元年，監察御史劉拯言：「太學復行元豐中三舍推恩注官、免省試、免解試之制。夫舊法欲行，必先嚴考察。請自今太學長貳、博士、正錄，選學行純備、從所推服者為之，有弛慢不公，考察不實，則重加譴責。差職掌長諭改正如元豐舊制。」從之。又詔：「內外學官非製科、進士出身及上舍生入官者，並罷。」又詔：「太學正、錄依元豐舊制，各置五人。」又詔：「太學三舍生並依元豐學製，重行考察，依舊條推恩。」左司諫翟思言：「元豐《太學令》訓迪糾禁亦具矣，今追復經義取士，乞令有司看詳，依舊頒行。」詔送國子監，又詔：「內外學官選進士出身及經明行修人。」又詔學官並召試，國子監長貳、台諫官、外監司皆許薦舉。三年，司業龔原言：「公試依元豐舊制，以長貳監試，輪差博士五員考試，乞朝廷更差官五員參考。」從之。元符元年，詔有官人許入太學充監生，毋過四十人。三年，復置《春秋》博士。〈（崇寧元年省罷。）〉

In 1094 Investigating Censor Liu Zheng said: "The Imperial College has restored the Yuanfeng three-dormitory system of preferment, direct appointment, and exemption from provincial and qualifying examinations. For an old system to work, evaluation must first be rigorously enforced. He asked that Imperial College chiefs, vice directors, doctors, rectifiers, and registrars hereafter be chosen for pure learning and conduct that students respect, with heavy penalties for negligence, bias, or false evaluation. The assignment of duty officers, dormitory heads, and instructors should be restored to the Yuanfeng system." The proposal was approved. Another edict dismissed all school officials inside and outside the capital who were not special-decree or jinshi graduates and had not entered office through the upper dormitory." The court also restored the Yuanfeng quota of five rectifiers and five registrars at the Imperial College." The court also ordered Imperial College students in all three dormitories to follow the Yuanfeng system, with rigorous evaluation and preferment under the old rules." Zhai Si of the Left Remonstrance Bureau said: "The Yuanfeng 《Imperial College Statutes》 already provide full rules for instruction and discipline; now that New Text classicism has been restored for recruitment, he asked the responsible offices to review and reissue them." The matter was referred to the Imperial Academy; the court also ordered that school officials be chosen from jinshi graduates and men recommended for classics mastery and virtuous conduct." School officials were also required to pass a summons examination; the Imperial Academy's chief and vice directors, censorial officials, and external supervisory commissioners were all authorized to recommend candidates. In 1096 Vice-Director Gong Yuan said: "Public exams follow the Yuanfeng system, with the chief and vice directors supervising and five doctors assigned in rotation to grade them; he asked the court to appoint five additional officials to assist." The proposal was approved. In 1098 an edict allowed incumbent officials to enroll at the Imperial College as directorate students, up to a maximum of forty. In 1100 the doctor of the 《Spring and Autumn Annals》 was restored. (Abolished in 1102.)

崇寧元年，宰臣蔡京言：「有詔天下皆興學貢士，以三舍考選法遍行天下，聽每三年貢入太學。上合試仍別為考，分為三等，若試中上等，補充太學上舍，試中中等、下等者，補充內舍，餘為外舍生，仍建外學於國之南，待其歲考行藝，升之太學。其外學官屬：司業一人，丞一人，博士十人，學正五人，學錄五人；職事人係學生充；學錄五人，學諭十人，直學二人，齋長、齋諭各一人。外舍生三千人，太學上舍一百人，內舍三百人，候將來貢試到合格者，即上合以二百人、內舍以六百人為額。處上舍、內舍於太學，處外舍於外學。外學置齋一百，講堂四，每齋三十人。太學自訟齋移於外學。諸路貢士並入外學，候依法考選校試合格，升之太學為上舍、內舍生。見為太學外舍生，依舊在太學，候外學成日取旨。外學並依太學敕、令、格、式。」從之。二年，罷《春秋》博士。三年，詔辟雍置司成、司業各一員。四年，詔：「辟雍待四方貢士，在國之郊，太學教養上舍生，在王城之內，內上既殊，高下未倫；辟雍有司成在侍郎之次，國子有祭酒、司業列於卿、少，事體不順，合行厘正。」改辟雍司成為太學司成，總國子監及內外學事，凡學之事，皆許專達。仍立學官謁禁。

In 1102 Chief Councillor Cai Jing said: "An edict has ordered schools established empire-wide and tribute scholars sent up; the three-dormitory examination system should be applied everywhere, with tribute scholars admitted to the Imperial College every three years. Upper-dormitory candidates would be separately examined and ranked in three grades: the top grade entered the Imperial College upper dormitory, the middle and lower grades entered the inner dormitory, and the remainder became outer-dormitory students; an Outer Academy was established south of the capital, where students would be promoted to the Imperial College after annual evaluation of conduct and learning. The Outer Academy staff comprised one Vice-Director, one assistant, ten doctors, five rectifiers, and five registrars; duty officers were drawn from the student body; five registrars, ten instructors, two direct scholars, and one dormitory head and one dormitory instructor for each dormitory. Outer-dormitory enrollment was set at 3,000, the Imperial College upper dormitory at 100, and the inner dormitory at 300; once enough qualified tribute examinees were available, the upper dormitory quota would rise to 200 and the inner dormitory to 600. The upper and inner dormitories were housed in the Imperial College; the outer dormitory was housed in the Outer Academy. The Outer Academy had one hundred dormitories and four lecture halls, with thirty students per dormitory. The Imperial College's Hall of Self-Reproach was transferred to the Outer Academy. Tribute scholars from all circuits entered the Outer Academy first and, once they passed the prescribed examinations and evaluations, were promoted to the Imperial College as upper- or inner-dormitory students. Current Imperial College outer-dormitory students remained where they were until the Outer Academy was completed and the court issued further orders. The Outer Academy was governed by the same edicts, statutes, precedents, and regulations as the Imperial College." The proposal was approved. In 1103 the doctor of the 《Spring and Autumn Annals》 was abolished. In 1104 an edict established one Director of Studies and one Vice-Director at Piyong. In 1105 an edict noted: "Piyong, in the capital suburbs, receives tribute scholars from all directions, while the Imperial College within the royal city nurtures upper-dormitory students; though inner and upper ranks are distinct, their relative standing is not properly ordered; Piyong's Director of Studies ranked below Vice Ministers, while the Imperial Academy's Director and Vice-Director stood among Grandees and Vice Grandees—an improper arrangement that required correction." Piyong's Director of Studies was renamed Imperial College Director of Studies, with authority over the Imperial Academy and all inner and outer schools; he was empowered to memorialize directly on all academic affairs. Rules were also established forbidding school officials from receiving private visits.

大觀元年，置國子博士四員，國子正、錄各二員。太學、辟雍博士共置二十員，國子、太學每經一員，辟雍二員。從薛昂之請也。三年，詔諸路贍學餘錢並起發充在京學事支用。四年，詔省國子、辟雍博士五員，太學命官學錄一員，辟雍二員，國子命官正、錄及命官直學、國子監書庫官等官，並省罷，依紹聖格，毋用謄錄。政和元年，詔兩學博士、正、錄依舊制選試，朝廷除授。七年，新提舉河東路學事王格言：「崇寧初，建辟雍於郊，以處貢士及外舍生，立太學於國，以處上舍、內舍。由州、郡而貢之辟雍，由辟雍而升之太學。法行之初，上、內舍之選未眾，故外舍有校定者留太學，無校定者出辟雍。比年上、內舍人日增，而太學又有國子隨行親及小學生，人數已多，居處迫隘，乞以外舍生有無校定，並居辟雍，升補上、內舍乃入太學。」從之。八年，詔兩博士、正、錄並諸州教授兼用元豐試法，仍止試一經。吏部具到元豐法：進士第一甲，或省試十名內，或府、監發解五名內，或太學公、私試三名內，或季試兩次為第一人，或上舍、內舍生，或曾充經論以上職掌，或投所業乞試，並聽試，入上等注博士，中下等注正、錄，即人多闕少，原注諸州教授者聽。

In 1107 four Imperial Academy doctors were established, along with two rectifiers and two registrars. Twenty doctors were established for the Imperial College and Piyong combined: one per classic at the Imperial Academy and Imperial College, and two at Piyong. This followed a memorial from Xue Ang. In 1109 an edict ordered surplus school-support funds from all circuits forwarded to cover educational expenses in the capital. In 1110 five Imperial Academy and Piyong doctor posts were cut, along with one appointed Imperial College registrar and two at Piyong; appointed rectifiers, registrars, direct scholars, and Imperial Academy library officials were all abolished; under Shaosheng precedents, copying clerks were no longer employed. In 1111 an edict restored the old practice of selecting doctors, rectifiers, and registrars at both academies by examination and appointing them by imperial order. In 1117 Wang Ge, newly appointed to supervise school affairs in Hedong Circuit, said: "When Chongning reforms began, Piyong was built in the suburbs for tribute scholars and outer-dormitory students, and the Imperial College in the capital for the upper and inner dormitories. Scholars were sent up from prefectures and commanderies to Piyong, and from Piyong promoted to the Imperial College. Early in the system's operation, upper- and inner-dormitory places were still scarce, so evaluated outer-dormitory students remained in the Imperial College while unevaluated ones went to Piyong. In recent years upper- and inner-dormitory enrollment had grown, and the Imperial College also housed directorate attendants and primary school students; quarters were overcrowded; he asked that all outer-dormitory students, evaluated or not, reside at Piyong and enter the Imperial College only upon promotion to the upper or inner dormitories." The proposal was approved. In 1118 an edict required doctors, rectifiers, and registrars at both academies and prefectural instructors to be selected under the Yuanfeng examination system, testing only one classic. The Ministry of Personnel submitted the Yuanfeng rules: first-rank jinshi, top ten provincial graduates, top five prefectural qualifiers, top three on Imperial College public or private exams, twice-first in quarterly exams, upper- and inner-dormitory students, former classic-discourse duty officers, and those submitting work for examination were all eligible; upper-grade passers were appointed doctors, middle- and lower-grade passers rectifiers and registrars; where candidates outnumbered posts, appointees originally slated for prefectural instructor posts were also accepted.

宣和三年，詔罷天下三舍，太學以三舍考選，開封府及諸路以科舉取士。州學未行三舍以前，應置學宮及養士去處，依元豐舊制。太學生並撥填舊額，辟雍正額入太學者，撥入額外，依舊制遇填闕。諸內舍上等校定人願入太學者，與免補試。辟雍官屬並罷。又詔國子博士、正、錄改充太學正、錄。七年，臣僚言：「熙、豐間，博士未嘗除代，近年以來，席未暖而代者已至當從正、錄第進。新除太學博士胡世將、周利建乞改除正、錄，候將來升為博士。」從之。

In 1121 an edict abolished the three-dormitory system empire-wide; the Imperial College alone retained three-dormitory selection, while Kaifeng and the circuits returned to civil examination recruitment. Prefectural schools that had not yet adopted the three-dormitory system were to follow Yuanfeng arrangements for school buildings and student support. Imperial College students were reassigned to existing quotas; Piyong regular-quota students entering the Imperial College were placed on supplemental rolls and filled vacancies under the old rules. Inner-dormitory students with upper-grade evaluations who wished to enter the Imperial College were exempted from the supplementary exam. All Piyong staff posts were abolished. The court also ordered Imperial Academy doctors, rectifiers, and registrars reassigned as Imperial College rectifiers and registrars. In 1125 officials noted: "Under the Xi and Feng reforms, doctors were not rapidly replaced; recently successors arrived before incumbents had settled in; doctors should advance through rectifier and registrar ranks in order. The newly appointed Imperial College doctors Hu Shijiang and Zhou Lijian asked to be reassigned as rectifiers and registrars pending future promotion to doctor." The request was approved.

靖康元年，諫議大夫馮澥言：「朝廷罷元祐學術之禁，不專王氏之學，《六經》之旨，其說是者取之，今學校或主一偏之說，執一偏之見，願詔有司考校，敢私好惡去取，重行黜責。」又詔太學博士替成資闕。

In 1126 Remonstrance and Policy Grandee Feng Xi said: "The court has lifted the Yuanyou ban on rival scholarly schools and no longer enforces Wang Anshi's learning alone; whichever interpretation of the 《Six Classics》 is sound should be accepted; yet some schools still cling to partisan doctrines; he asked that responsible offices investigate, and that officials who let private bias govern teaching be severely punished." The court also ruled that vacated Imperial College doctor posts would count as regular seniority vacancies.

建炎三年，詔國子監並歸禮部。未幾，詔復養生徒，置博士。紹興十二年，置祭酒、司業各一人。十三年，太學成，增置博士、正、錄。參用元祐、紹聖監學法，修立監學新法。詔國子博士、正、錄通治諸齋。學官闕，從本監選舉。其後，監學博士、正、錄增減不齊，兼攝並置不一。至隆興以後，正、錄不兼權，祭酒、司業並置，復書庫官；又定國子博士一員，太學博士三員，正、錄共四員，學官之制始定。淳熙四年，置監門官一員，兼管石經閣，以不厘務使臣充，以後相承不改。

In 1129 an edict placed the Imperial Academy under the Ministry of Rites. Soon afterward an edict restored student enrollment and reestablished doctor posts. In 1142 one Director and one Vice-Director were appointed. In 1143, when the Imperial College was completed, additional doctors, rectifiers, and registrars were appointed. Drawing on Yuanyou and Shaosheng academy regulations, new directorate school rules were drafted. An edict required Imperial Academy doctors, rectifiers, and registrars to oversee all dormitories jointly. Vacant school official posts were filled by selection within the directorate. Thereafter the numbers of directorate doctors, rectifiers, and registrars fluctuated, and concurrent acting appointments varied. From the Longxing era onward, rectifiers and registrars no longer held concurrent acting posts; both Director and Vice-Director were maintained, and library officials were restored; The establishment was fixed at one Imperial Academy doctor, three Imperial College doctors, and four rectifiers and registrars combined—the school official system was finally settled. In 1177 one gate-keeper official was appointed, also overseeing the Stone Classics Pavilion, filled by an unattached commissioner—a practice thereafter unchanged.

【武學】慶曆三年，詔置武學於武成王廟，以阮逸為教授。八月，罷武學，以議者言「古名將如諸葛亮、羊祜、杜預等，豈專學係、吳」故也。熙寧五年，樞密院言：「古者出師受成於學，文武弛張，其道一也，乞復置武學。」詔於武成王廟置學。元豐官制行，改教授為博士，紹興十六年，詔修建武學，武博、武諭以兵書、弓馬、武藝誘誨學者。紹興二十六年，詔武學博士、學諭各置一員，內博士於文臣有出身或武舉出身曾預高選棄，其學諭差武學人，後又除文臣之有出身者。

【Military College】 In 1043 an edict established the Military College at the Temple of King Wucheng, appointing Ruan Yi as instructor. In the eighth month the Military College was abolished after critics argued that great generals such as Zhuge Liang, Yang Hu, and Du Yu had not mastered only Sun Wu and Wu Qi. In 1072 the Bureau of Military Affairs argued: "In antiquity armies received consecration at the academy before marching; civil and military arts were two expressions of one Way; it asked that the Military College be restored." An edict reestablished the school at the Temple of King Wucheng. Under the Yuanfeng reforms the instructor title became doctor; in 1146 an edict ordered the Military College rebuilt; military doctors and instructors taught military texts, archery, horsemanship, and martial arts. In 1156 one military doctor and one instructor were established; the doctor was drawn from credentialed civil officials or military examination graduates who had ranked highly; instructors were first assigned from Military College personnel, and later credentialed civil officials were also appointed.

【宗學】元豐六年，宗室令鑠乞建宗學，詔從之，既而中輟，建中靖國元年復置。崇寧初，立月書、季考法。南渡初，建學。嘉定更新置四齋，後再增三齋。宗學博士，舊諸王宮大、小學教授也。至道元年，太宗將為皇侄等置師傅，執政謂環衛之官非新王比，當有降，乃以教授為名。咸平初，遂命諸王府官分兼南、北宅教授。南宮者，太祖、太宗諸王之子孫處之，所謂睦親宅也。崇寧五年，又改稱某王宮宗子博士，位國子博士之上。靖康之亂，宗學遂廢。紹興四年，始復置諸王宮大小學教授二員，隆興省其一。喜定九年十二月，始復置宗學，改教授為博士，又置宗學諭一員，並隸宗正寺，在太常博士之下，諭在國子正之上，奉給、賞典依國子博士及正例，於是宗室疏遠者皆得就學。旋有旨復存諸王宮大小學教授一員。

【Clan Academy】 In 1083 imperial clansman Commandant Ling petitioned to establish a Clan Academy; the court approved, but the project was soon halted and restored in 1101. Early in the Chongning era monthly progress records and quarterly examinations were instituted. After the court fled south, the academy was reestablished. During the Jiading restoration four dormitories were added, and three more were added later. The Clan Academy doctor had formerly been the instructor of the great and small schools in the princely palaces. In 995, when Emperor Taizong prepared to appoint tutors for his imperial nephews, the chief ministers argued that Imperial Guard officers could not be ranked on a par with newly enfeoffed princes and deserved a lower appointment; the post was therefore styled instructor. Early in the Xianping era princely palace officials were ordered to serve concurrently as instructors of the Southern and Northern Residences. The Southern Palace housed the sons and grandsons of the princes of Taizu and Taizong; it was what was called the Kindred-kin Residence. In 1106 the post was renamed clan-son doctor of the princely palace in question, ranking above Imperial Academy doctors. The Clan Academy was abolished in the upheaval of Jingkang. In 1134 two instructors for the great and small schools of the princely palaces were restored; in 1163 one post was cut. In December 1216 the Clan Academy was restored; instructors became doctors, and a Clan Academy instructor was added. All posts were placed under the Court of Imperial Clan Affairs, below Court of Imperial Sacrifices doctors but with the instructor above Imperial Academy rectifiers. Salaries and honors followed Imperial Academy doctor and rectifier precedents, and distant clansmen were at last able to enroll. Soon afterward an edict restored one instructor for the great and small schools of the princely palaces.

【書庫官】淳化五年，判國子監李誌言：「國子監舊有印書錢物所，名為近俗，乞改為國子監書庫官。」始置書庫監官，以京朝官充。掌印經史群書，以備朝廷宣索賜予之用，及出鬻而收其直以上於官。元豐三年省。中興後，並國子監入禮部。紹興十三年，復置一員；三十一年，罷。隆興初，詔主簿兼書庫。乾道七年，復置一員。

【Library Official】 In 994 Imperial Academy chief commissioner Li Zhìyán said: "The Imperial Academy long maintained an office for book printing, funds, and supplies under a rather inelegant name; I ask that it be renamed the Imperial Academy library official." The court then established library supervisory officials, filled by capital officials. The office printed the classics, histories, and other books for court distribution and bestowal, and also sold copies and remitted the proceeds to the treasury. The post was abolished in 1080. After the court's restoration south, the Imperial Academy was placed under the Ministry of Rites. In 1143 one post was restored; in 1161 it was abolished again. Early in the Longxing era an edict assigned library duties to the registrar. In 1171 the post was restored.

【少府監】舊制，判監事一人。以朝官充。凡進禦器玩、后妃服飾、雕文錯彩工巧之事，分隸文思院、後苑造作所，本監但掌造門戟、神衣、旌節，郊廟諸壇祭玉、法物，鑄牌印諸記，百官拜表案、褥之事。凡祭祀，則供祭器、爵、瓚、照燭。

【Directorate for Imperial Manufacturers】 Under the old system there was one chief commissioner. The post was filled by a court official. Imperial curios, empress and consort dress, and fine inlaid craftwork fell to the Literary Refinement Court and the Rear Garden Manufactories; the directorate itself made gate halberds, spirit vestments, banners and staffs, sacrificial jades and ritual objects for suburban and temple rites, cast plaques and seals, and the desks and cushions used when officials presented memorials. For sacrifices it supplied ritual vessels, goblets, libation cups, and candles.

元豐官制行，始置監、少監、丞、主簿各一人。監掌百工伎巧之政令，少監為之貳，丞參領之。凡乘輿服御、寶冊、符印、旌節、度量權衡之制，與夫祭祀、朝會展采備物，皆率其屬以供焉。庀其工徒，察其程課、作止勞逸及寒暑早晚之節，視將作匠法，物勒工名，以法式察其良窳。凡金玉、犀象、羽毛、齒革、膠漆、材竹，辨其名物而考其制度，事當損益，則審其可否，議定以聞。少府所掌，舊有主名，其工作之事，則監自親之。

When the Yuanfeng reforms took effect, the directorate was given one director, vice-director, assistant, and registrar. The director oversaw policy for all skilled crafts; the vice-director assisted him, and the assistant shared administrative duties. Its subordinates supplied imperial carriage fittings, seals and registers, tallies and seals, banners and staffs, standards of measure, and all regalia and equipment for sacrifices and court assemblies. It organized artisans, monitored quotas and the balance of work and rest through the seasons, followed construction craftsmen's standards, required artisans' names to be marked on finished goods, and judged quality against the regulations. It catalogued gold, jade, rhinoceros horn, ivory, feathers, hides, lacquer, glue, timber, and bamboo, reviewed their specifications, and when changes were needed assessed feasibility, settled policy, and reported to the throne. Each function under the directorate had long had a designated name; in actual production the director personally supervised the work.

熙寧中，已厘歸有司，官制行，皆復舊。元豐元年，工部言：「文思院上下界諸作工料條格，該說不盡，功限例各寬剩，乞委官檢照前後料例功限，編為定式。」從之。又詔：「文思監官除內侍外，令工部、少府監同議選差。」崇寧三年，詔：「文思院兩界監官，立定文臣一員、武臣二員。並朝廷選差，其內侍幹當官並罷。」

During the Xining reforms these functions had been reassigned to other offices; under the Yuanfeng system they were all restored. In 1078 the Ministry of Works reported: "Material rules for the upper and lower divisions of the Literary Refinement Court are incomplete, and work quotas are uniformly too generous; please appoint officials to review past and present material and quota precedents and codify them." The request was approved. The court also ordered: "Except for inner attendants, Literary Refinement supervisors were to be chosen jointly by the Ministry of Works and the Directorate for Imperial Manufacturers." In 1104 an edict ordered: "For the Literary Refinement Court's two divisions, one civil and two military supervisors were fixed. All were appointed by the court, and the inner-attendant managers were abolished."

分案四，置吏八。所隸官屬五：文思院，掌造金銀、犀玉工巧之物，金采、繪素裝鈿之飾，以供輿輦、冊寶、法物凡器服之用。綾錦院，掌織紝錦繡，以供乘輿凡服飾之用。染院，掌染絲枲幣帛。裁造院，掌裁制服飾。文繡院，掌纂繡，以供乘輿服御及賓客祭祀之用，〈（崇寧三年置，招繡工三百人。）〉

The directorate had four sections and eight clerks. It oversaw five subordinate offices. The Literary Refinement Court made gold, silver, rhinoceros horn, and jade craftwork, gold filigree, painted silk, and inlay ornament for carriages, seals and registers, ritual objects, and court accoutrements. The Damask and Brocade Court wove damask and embroidery for all imperial dress and adornment. The Dyeing Court dyed silk, hemp, and fabrics. The Cutting and Tailoring Court cut and made garments and adornments. The Literary Embroidery Court produced embroidery for imperial use and for guests and sacrifices, (established in 1104 with three hundred embroiderers recruited.)

舊置南郊祭器庫監官二人，太廟祭器法物庫監官二人，掌祠祭器服之名物，各有專典。旌節官二人，鑄印篆文官二人。諸州鑄錢監監官各一人。以上並屬少府監。

It formerly had two supervisors for the Southern Suburb sacrificial vessels storehouse and two for the Imperial Ancestral Temple sacrificial vessels and ritual objects storehouse, each with specialized regulations for ritual vessels and vestments. There were two banner-and-staff officials and two seal-casting and seal-script officials. Each prefectural coin-casting office had one supervisor. All of the above came under the Directorate for Imperial Manufacturers.

【將作監】舊制，判監事一人，以朝官以上充。凡土木工匠之政、京都繕修隸三司修造案，本監但掌祠祀供省牲牌、鎮石、炷香、盥手、焚版幣之事。

【Directorate of Imperial Construction】 Under the old system there was one chief commissioner, filled by a court official of sixth rank or higher. Policy for builders and craftsmen and capital repairs belonged to the Three Departments' Construction Section; the directorate itself only supplied provincial sacrificial-animal plaques, anchor stones, incense, hand-washing vessels, and tablet-offerings and silks for sacrifices.

元豐官制行，始正職掌。置監、少監各一人，丞、主簿各二人。監掌宮室、城郭、橋梁、舟車營繕之事，少監為之貳，丞參領之，凡土木工匠板築造作之政令總焉。辨其才幹器物之所須，乘時儲積以待給用，庀其工徒而授以法式；寒暑蚤暮，均其勞逸作止之節。凡營造有計帳，則委官覆視，定其名數，驗實以給之。歲以二月治溝渠，通壅塞。乘輿行幸，則預戒有司潔除，均布黃道。凡出納籍帳，歲受而會之，上於工部。熙寧初，以嘉慶院為監，其官屬職事，稽用舊典，已而盡追復之。元祐七年，詔攽將作監修成《營造法式》八年，又詔本監營造檢計畢，長貳隨事給限，丞、簿覆檢。無符元年，三省言：「將作監主簿二員，乞將先到任一員改充幹當公事。候成資替罷。」從之。崇寧五年，詔將作監，應承受前後特旨應副外，路並府、監修造差撥人工物料，遵執無豐條格，不得應副。宣和五年，詔罷營繕所歸將作監。

Under the Yuanfeng reforms its proper functions were at last restored. It was given one director and one vice-director, two assistants, and two registrars. The director oversaw palaces, walls, bridges, boats, and chariots and all construction and repair; the vice-director assisted him, the assistant shared duties, and all building policy was centralized under the directorate. It determined required materials, stockpiled supplies in season, organized artisans, and issued work regulations; and through heat and cold, dawn and dusk, balanced work and rest. When construction accounts were submitted, officials reviewed them, fixed quantities, verified the figures, and issued supplies accordingly. Each year in the second month it cleared drains and channels. Before imperial tours it ordered the responsible offices to clean the route and prepare the imperial roadway. Receipt and issue accounts were reconciled annually and submitted to the Ministry of Works. Early in the Xining era the Jiaqing Court served temporarily as headquarters; its staff and duties followed old precedents, but the full establishment was soon restored. In 1092 an edict ordered the directorate to complete the 《Building Standards》; in 1093 another edict required that once construction plans and accounts were finished, the chief and vice directors set deadlines case by case while assistants and registrars reviewed them. In 1098 the Three Departments reported: "Of the directorate's two registrars, we ask that the one with earlier seniority be reassigned as manager of official business. The post would lapse once he qualified for regular promotion." The request was approved. In 1106 the directorate was ordered that apart from special imperial orders, no circuit, prefecture, or sub-directorate request for construction labor or materials could be honored unless it complied with Yuanfeng regulations. In 1123 the Construction and Repair Office was abolished and its functions restored to the directorate.

分案五，置吏二十有七。所隸官屬十：修內司，掌宮城、太廟繕修之事。東西八作司，掌京城內外繕修之事。竹木務，掌修諸路水運材植及抽算諸河商販竹木，以給內外營造之用。事材場，掌計度材物，前期樸斫，以給內外營造之用。麥<麥>場，掌受京畿諸縣夏租<麥><麥戈>，以給圬墁之用。窯務，掌陶為磚瓦，以給繕營及瓶缶之器。丹粉所，掌燒變丹粉，以供繪飾。作坊物料庫第三界，掌儲積材物，以備給用。退材場，掌受京城內外退棄材木，掄其長短有差，其曲直中度者以給營造，餘備薪爨。簾箔場，掌抽算竹木、蒲葦，以供簾箔內外之用。

The directorate had five sections and twenty-seven clerks. It oversaw ten subordinate offices. The Internal Repairs Office maintained the palace city and the Imperial Ancestral Temple. The Eastern and Western Eight Works Offices handled repairs inside and outside the capital. The Bamboo and Timber Office arranged waterborne timber from the circuits and assessed river trade in bamboo and timber for construction. The Materials Yard calculated material needs and rough-cut timber in advance for construction. The Wheat Bran Yard received summer-tax wheat bran and chaff from capital-region counties for plastering work. The Kiln Office produced bricks, tiles, and pottery for construction and storage vessels. The Cinnabar and Powder Office processed pigments for painting and decoration. The Third Division of the Workshop Materials Storehouse stockpiled materials for issue. The Reclaimed Timber Yard collected discarded timber from the capital, sorted it by size, issued straight usable pieces for construction, and kept the rest for fuel. The Matting and Screen Yard assessed bamboo, timber, and rushes for mats and screens.

建炎三年，詔將作監並歸工部。紹興三年，復置丞，仍兼總少府之事。十年，置主簿一員。十一年，詔依司農、太府寺，置長、貳一員。隆興初，宮室無所營繕，職務簡省，百工器用屬之文思院，以隸工部；本監惟置丞一員，餘官虛而不除。乾道以後，人材甚多，監、少、丞、簿無闕，凡台省之久次與郡邑之有聲者，悉寄俓於此，自是號為儲才之地，而營繕之事，多俾府尹、畿漕分任其責焉。

In 1129 the directorate was placed under the Ministry of Works. In 1133 an assistant was restored and also oversaw Directorate for Imperial Manufacturers affairs. In 1140 one registrar was appointed. In 1141, following the Courts of the National Granaries and Imperial Treasury, one chief and one vice chief were appointed. Early in the Longxing era, with little palace construction, duties were reduced; craft production was assigned to the Literary Refinement Court under the Ministry of Works; the directorate kept only one assistant, leaving the other posts unfilled. After the Qiandao era the directorate was fully staffed with talented men; senior capital officials and distinguished local officers were given nominal appointments there, and it became known as a talent reserve. Construction and repair were largely delegated to prefectural governors and capital transport commissioners.

【軍器監】國初，戎器之職領於三司胄案，官無專職。熙寧六年，廢胃案，乃按唐令置監，以從官總判，元豐正名，始置監、少監各一人，丞二人，主簿一人。監掌監督繕治兵器什物，以給軍國之用，少監為之貳，丞參領之。凡利器以法式授工徒，其弓矢、干戈、甲胄、劍戟戰守之具，因其能而分任之，量用給材，旬會其數以考程課，而輸於武庫，委遣官詣所隸檢察。凡用膠漆、筋革、材物必以時，課百工造作，勞逸必均，歲終閱其良否多寡之數，以詔賞罰。器成則進呈便殿，俟閱試而頒其樣式於諸道。即要會州建都作院分造器械，從本監比較而進退其官吏焉，元祐三年，省丞一員，紹聖中復置。政和三年，應御前軍器監所頒降軍器樣製，非長、貳當職官不得省閱，及傳寫漏泄，論以違制。

【Directorate for Arms】 Early in the dynasty military equipment was handled by the Three Departments' Armor Section, with no dedicated office. In 1073 the Armor Section was abolished and a directorate was established on the Tang model under an overall commissioner; under Yuanfeng it received its formal name and was given one director, one vice-director, two assistants, and one registrar. The director supervised the manufacture and repair of weapons and equipment for army and state use; the vice-director assisted him, and the assistant shared administrative duties. Artisans received weapon specifications by regulation; bows, shields, armor, swords, and other offensive and defensive gear were assigned by skill; materials were issued as needed; output was tallied every ten days against quotas; finished goods went to the military storehouse; and inspectors were sent to subordinate offices. Glue, lacquer, sinew, hides, and materials had to be used on schedule; artisans were assigned work with balanced labor; and at year's end quality and quantity were reviewed to determine rewards and punishments. Finished weapons were presented in the Convenience Hall; after inspection and testing, their patterns were issued to the circuits. The directorate also coordinated prefectures and capital workshops in divided production and used comparisons to promote or dismiss its officials. One assistant was cut in 1098 and restored during the Shaosheng era. In 1113 the armament patterns issued by the Imperial Front Directorate for Arms could be examined only by its chief and vice directors on active duty; unauthorized copying or disclosure was punished as a violation of imperial orders.

分案五，置吏十有三，所隸官屬四：東西作坊，掌造兵器、旗幟、戎帳、什物，辨其名色，謹其繕作，以輸於受藏之府，兵校工匠，其役有程，視精粗利鈍以為之賞罰。作坊物料庫，掌收鐵錫、羽箭、油漆之屬。皮角場，掌收皮革、筋角，以供作坊之用。南渡置御前軍器所，建炎三年，詔軍器監並歸工部，東西作坊、都作院並入軍器所。紹興三年，復置丞一員，令工部相度合管職事歸之。十一年，詔復置長、貳各一員。十四年，以朝奉大夫趙子厚守軍器監，宗室為寺監長、貳自此始。

The directorate had five sections and thirteen clerks and four subordinate offices. The Eastern and Western Workshops made weapons, banners, military tents, and gear, catalogued types and colors, supervised production, and delivered goods to storehouses. Officers and craftsmen worked to fixed quotas, with rewards and punishments based on workmanship. The Workshop Materials Storehouse stored iron, tin, feathered arrows, lacquer, paint, and similar supplies. The Hide and Horn Yard collected hides, leather, sinew, and horn for the workshops. After the court fled south an Imperial Front Armaments Office was established. In 1129 the Directorate for Arms was placed under the Ministry of Works, and the Eastern and Western Workshops and Capital Manufactories were merged into the Armaments Office. In 1133 one assistant was restored and the Ministry of Works was ordered to return appropriate duties to the directorate. In 1141 one chief and one vice chief were restored. In 1144 Grandee for Court Audience Zhao Zihou was appointed director; from this appointment imperial clansmen began serving as chiefs and vice chiefs of directorates.

隆興初，詔置造軍器，已有軍器所隸工部，本監惟置丞一員。乾道五年，復置少監及簿，六年，以少監韓玉往建康點檢物馬，以奉使軍器少監為名。是年，復置監一員。淳熙初元，詔戎器非進入毋輒出所，由是呈驗浸省。二年，錢良臣以少監總領淮東財賦；八年，沈揆復以監長行。諸監長貳自是始許總餉外帶，然二人實初兼版曹職事。嘉定十四年，岳珂獨以軍器監總餉淮東。是後，戎所、作坊已備官於下，宥府、起部並提綱於上，監居其間，事務稀簡，特為儲才之所焉。

Early in the Longxing era armament manufacture was assigned to the Armaments Office under the Ministry of Works, and the directorate kept only one assistant. In 1169 the vice-director and registrar were restored; in 1170 Vice-Director Han Yu went to Jiankang to inspect supplies and horses as Envoy Vice-Director for Arms. That same year the director's post was restored. Early in 1174, an edict forbade removing weapons from the depot unless they had been formally received as tribute, and presentation and inspection were gradually reduced. In 1175, Vice-Director Qian Liangchen took overall charge of Huaidong revenue; and in 1181 Shen Kui again served as acting director. From then on, directors and vice-directors were allowed to oversee supply while holding other posts, though both men had initially combined Board of Works duties. In 1221 Yue Ke alone, as director of the Directorate for Arms, took overall charge of Huaidong supplies. Thereafter armories and workshops below had their own officials, while the Armaments Office and Construction Bureau held authority above. The directorate stood between them with light duties and became chiefly a place to groom talent.

【都水監】舊隸三司河渠案，嘉祐三年，始專置監以領之。判監事一人，以員外郎以上充，同判監事一人，以朝官以上充；丞二人，主簿一人，並以京朝官充。輪遣丞一人出外治河埽之事，或一歲再歲而罷，其有諳知水政，或至三年。置局於澶州，號曰外監。

【Directorate of Waterways】 It had formerly belonged to the Three Offices' River Works section; in 1058 a separate directorate was established to oversee waterworks. One chief commissioner, filled by an outer-court official of appropriate rank, and one co-commissioner, filled by a capital official; two assistants and one registrar, all drawn from the capital bureaucracy. One assistant was rotated out to manage dikes and revetments, usually for one or two years, though experts in water administration might serve up to three. An office was established at Dazhou, called the Outer Directorate.

元豐正名，置使者一人，丞二人，主簿一人。使者掌中外川澤、河渠、津梁、堤堰疏鑿浚治之事，丞參領之。凡治水之法，以防止水，以溝蕩水，以澮寫水，以陂池瀦水。凡江、河、淮、海所經郡邑，皆頒其禁令。視汴、洛水勢漲涸增損而調節之。凡河防謹其法禁，歲計茭揵之數，前期儲積，以時頒用，各隨其所治地而任其責。興役以後月至十月止，民功則隨其先後毋過一月，若導水溉田及疏治壅積為民利者，定其賞罰。凡修堤岸、植榆柳，則視其勤惰多寡以為殿最。南、北外都水丞各一人，都提舉官八人，監埽官百三十有五人，皆分職蒞事；即幹機速，非外丞所能治，則使者行視河渠事。

Under the Yuanfeng reforms the title was regularized, with one commissioner, two assistants, and one registrar. The commissioner oversaw rivers, lakes, canals, ferries, bridges, dikes, and dredging and repair throughout the empire; assistants shared administrative leadership. Water was managed by holding it back with dikes, draining it through ditches, conducting it away through channels, and storing it in ponds and reservoirs. Its regulations were issued to all prefectures and districts along the Yangzi, Yellow River, Huai, and coastal routes. The levels of the Bian and Luo rivers were monitored and regulated. River defense regulations were strictly enforced. Annual quotas of rush and fascine materials were calculated, stockpiled in advance, and issued on schedule, with each office responsible for its jurisdiction. Labor service ran from the intercalary month through the tenth month; civilian labor was limited to one month by priority. Rewards and punishments were set for projects that channeled irrigation water or cleared blockages for public benefit. Performance in repairing dikes and planting elms and willows was rated by diligence and output. There were one southern and one northern outer waterways assistant, eight overall promotion officials, and 135 dike-revetment supervisors, each handling distinct duties; when urgent matters arose that outer assistants could not handle, the commissioner inspected river and canal affairs in person.

元豐八年，詔提舉汴河堤岸司隸本監。先是，導洛入汴，專置堤岸司。至是，亦歸之有司。元祐四年，復置外都水使者。五年，詔南、北外都水丞並以三年為任。七年，方議回河東流，乃詔河北、京西漕臣及開封府界提點，各兼南、北外都水事，紹聖元年罷。元符三年，詔罷北外都水丞，以河事委之漕臣；三年，復置。重和元年，工部尚書王詔言，乞選差曾任水官諳練者為南、北兩外丞，從之。宣和三年，詔罷南、北外都水丞司，依元豐法，通差文武官一員。

In 1085 an edict placed the Bian River Dike Office under this directorate. Earlier, when the Luo River was channeled into the Bian, a separate dike office had been established. Now it too reverted to the regular bureaucracy. In 1089 the outer waterways commissioner was restored. In 1090 three-year terms were fixed for the southern and northern outer waterways assistants. In 1092, as debate over returning the Yellow River to its eastern course began, Hebei and Jingxi transport commissioners and the Kaifeng boundary intendant were each ordered to combine outer waterways duties; the arrangement was abolished in 1094. In 1100 the northern outer waterways assistant was abolished and river affairs entrusted to transport commissioners; and in 1103 the post was restored. In 1118 Minister of Works Wang Shao requested that experienced former water officials be appointed as the southern and northern outer assistants; the request was approved. In 1121 the southern and northern outer waterways offices were abolished and, following Yuanfeng practice, one civil or military official was assigned in rotation.

分案七，置吏三十有七。所隸有：街道司，掌轄治道路人兵，若車駕行幸，則前期修治，有積水則疏導之。

The directorate had seven case sections and thirty-seven clerical posts. Subordinate offices included the Streets Office, which commanded road maintenance troops, made repairs before imperial tours, and drained standing water.

建炎三年，詔都水監置使者一員。紹興九年，復置南、北外都水丞各一員，南丞於應天府，北丞於東京置司。十年，詔都水事歸於工部，不復置官。

In 1129 an edict restored one commissioner for the Directorate of Waterways. In 1139 southern and northern outer waterways assistants were restored, the southern based at Yingtian prefecture and the northern at the Eastern Capital. In 1140 waterways affairs reverted to the Ministry of Works and the posts were not restored.

【司天監】監少監丞主簿春官正夏官正中官正秋官正冬官正靈台郎保章正挈壺正各一人。掌察天文祥異，鍾鼓漏刻，寫造曆書，供諸壇祀察告神名版位畫日。監及少監闕，則置判監事二人。〈（以五官正充。）〉禮生四人，曆生四人，掌測驗渾儀，同知算造三式。元豐官制行，罷司天監，立太史局，隸秘書省。

【Directorate of Astronomy】 The staff comprised one director, one vice-director, assistants, a registrar, the directors of the Spring, Summer, Center, Autumn, and Winter offices, an observatory officer, a keeper of the seals, and a clepsydra officer, one of each. It observed celestial omens, managed bells, drums, and water clocks, drafted calendars, and supplied spirit name tablets, ritual positions, and selected dates for altar sacrifices. When the director and vice-director posts were vacant, two acting commissioners were appointed. (filled by the five office directors.) Four ritual clerks and four calendar clerks operated the armillary sphere and jointly calculated the three calendrical systems. Under the Yuanfeng reforms, the Directorate of Astronomy was abolished and the Grand Astrologer Bureau was established under the Secretariat.

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