Volume 167 Treatises 120: Offical Posts 7

職官七

Official Posts, Part Seven

○大都督府製置使宣諭使宣撫使總領留守經略安撫使發運使都轉運使招討使招撫使撫諭使鎮撫使提點刑獄提舉常平茶馬市舶等職提舉學事提點開封府界公事提舉河北糴便司經制邊防財用提舉解鹽保甲三白渠弓箭手等職府州軍監諸軍通判幕職諸曹等官諸縣令丞簿尉鎮砦官廟令丞簿總管鈐轄路分都監諸軍都統製巡檢司監當官

○ [This section covers] the Great Area Command; Pacification Commissioners; Imperial Commissioners for Proclamation; Pacification Commissioners; General Controllers; Military Governors; Frontier Pacification Commissioners; Transport Commissioners; Directors of Transport; Pacification-and-Suppression Commissioners; Reconciliation Commissioners; Soothing-and-Proclamation Commissioners; Pacification-and-Restraint Commissioners; Judicial Intendants; Intendants for Ever-Normal Granaries, the Tea and Horse Trade, maritime trade, and related offices; Intendants for Schools; Intendants for Kaifeng Prefecture boundary affairs; Intendants for the Hebei Grain-Purchase Convenience Office; Commissioners for border-defense finance; Intendants for Jiezhou salt, baojia militia, the Sanbai Canal, archers, and related posts; prefectural, circuit, army, and supervisory officials; military-circuit controllers; secretariat and bureau staff; county magistrates, assistants, registrars, and constables; fortified-town and stockade officials; temple magistrates and clerks; overall commanders, controllers, route sub-commanders, army commanders-in-chief, inspectors, and supervisory officials.

大都督府都督府長史左右司馬錄事參軍司戶、司法、司士、司理、文學參軍助教大都督及長史掌同牧、尹，親王為節度則大都督領之；庶姓為節度則長史領之。端拱初，越王為威武軍節度、福州大都督府長史。淳化五年，吳王為淮南節度、揚州大都督府長史，翰林學士張洎草制，再表援引典故，宰相言：「越王已為長史。」上曰：「業已差誤，異日有除，並改正之。」至道後，因移鎮，遂為大都督。闕則置知府事一人，同次府。通判一人，京朝官充。司馬不厘務。舊制，凡都督州建官如上。南渡後，以見任宰相充都督，次有同都督，有督視軍馬，多執政為之，雖名稱略同，然掌總諸路軍馬，督護諸將，非舊制比也。

The Great Area Command and the Area Command had a Chief Administrator, Left and Right Vice Administrators, a Registrar, an Administrative Aide, and aides for revenue, judicial affairs, personnel, case review, literature, and instruction. The Great Area Commander and the Chief Administrator performed the same functions as the prefect and the magistrate; when an imperial prince held the military governorship, the Great Area Commander took the lead. When someone outside the imperial clan held the military governorship, the Chief Administrator took charge instead. Early in the Duangong era (988–989), the Prince of Yue was appointed military governor of the Weiwu Army and Chief Administrator of the Fuzhou Great Area Command. In 994, the Prince of Wu was named military governor of Huainan and Chief Administrator of the Yangzhou Great Area Command. When Hanlin Academician Zhang Ji drafted the edict and cited precedent again in a follow-up memorial, the chief councilor objected: "The Prince of Yue had already been made Chief Administrator." The emperor replied: "The mistake has already been made. From now on, whenever such appointments are issued, correct them all at once." After the Zhidao era (995–997), transfers of military commands led to the title of Great Area Commander being used instead. When the post was vacant, an official was appointed to manage prefectural affairs, on the same footing as in a secondary prefecture. There was one Controller-General, always a capital official. The Vice Administrator had no administrative duties. Under the earlier regulations, every area-command prefecture was staffed as described above. After the court moved south, the sitting chief councilor usually served as Area Commander; there were also Co-Area Commanders and Inspectors of Armies and Horses, typically drawn from the governing council. The titles sounded much the same, but these posts commanded troops across entire circuits and directed the generals—nothing like the old prefectural arrangement.

初，紹興二年，呂頤浩首以左僕射出都督江、淮、兩浙、荊湖諸軍事，置司鎮江。其後，趙鼎、張浚、湯思退皆以宰相兼之。熙浩還朝，孟庾始以參知政事為權同都督代，後落「權」字。趙鼎先以知樞密院事為都督川陝、荊襄諸軍事，其後與浚並相，並帶兼都督諸路軍馬入銜，未幾，浚獨被旨江上視師，置都督行府，行移文安，並依三省體式，其召赴行在，以其事分隸三省、樞密院。思退初以左相出都督，時楊存中即以太傅、寧遠軍節度使同都督，思退不行，就以楊存中充都督，非宰執而為都督自存中始。

The practice began in 1132, when Lü Yihao became the first sitting Left Vice Director to take the field as Area Commander over the Yangzi, Huai, two Zhe circuits, and Jing-Hu, with his headquarters at Zhenjiang. Later Zhao Ding, Zhang Jun, and Tang Situi all combined the post with their service as chief councilors. When Lü Yihao returned to the capital, Meng Yu was first named Acting Co-Area Commander in his place while serving as Vice Councilor; the word "Acting" was later removed from the title. Zhao Ding had first served as Director of the Bureau of Military Affairs while commanding Sichuan-Shaanxi and Jing-Xiang. When he and Zhang Jun later shared the chief councilorship, both added the title of Concurrent Area Commander over armies and horses in all circuits. Soon afterward Zhang Jun alone was ordered to inspect troops along the Yangzi. He set up a traveling Area Command headquarters and issued orders to the Pacification Commission in the same format used by the Three Departments. When he was recalled to the temporary capital, his responsibilities were split between the Three Departments and the Bureau of Military Affairs. When Tang Situi was first dispatched as Left Chief Councilor to serve as Area Commander, Yang Cunzhong was simultaneously named Co-Area Commander in his capacity as Grand Mentor and military governor of the Ningyuan Army. Situi never took up the post, and Yang Cunzhong was appointed Area Commander in his place—the first person outside the governing council to hold that title.

三十一年，葉義問以知樞密院事督視江、淮、荊襄軍馬，明年，汪澈以參知政事、湖北、京西路督視軍馬，執政為督視於是見焉。王之望辭同都督，有曰：「朝廷於兩淮，前以二大將為招撫使，後以二從臣為宣諭使，憂其不相統攝，則以宰相為都督，欲事權歸一也，此可以見朝廷開府之意。」凡簽廳文字，並依尚書左右司、樞密院檢詳房體式。設屬：諮議軍事、參謀、參議，並以從官充；書寫機宜文字、幹辦官、準備差遣，前後員數不一。開禧用兵，或以簽樞督視，或以元樞代之，或以參知政事督視四川軍馬，然皆未有底績而罷。

In 1161 Ye Yiwen, as Director of the Bureau of Military Affairs, was sent to inspect troops in the Yangzi, Huai, and Jing-Xiang regions. The following year Wang Che, as Vice Councilor, inspected troops in Hubei and the Jingxi Circuit. From then on, governing-council members regularly held inspector posts. When Wang Zhiwang declined the Co-Area Command, an official remarked: "On the two Huai fronts the court first sent two senior generals as Reconciliation Commissioners, then two palace officials as Imperial Commissioners for Proclamation, worried that neither pair could coordinate the other. It then named a chief councilor Area Commander so that authority would rest in one place. That shows why the court opened a command headquarters in the first place." All paperwork from the command secretariat followed the formats used by the Left and Right Sections of the Department of State Affairs and the Review Office of the Bureau of Military Affairs. The staff included Military Counselors, Staff Officers, and Staff Advisers, all drawn from the ranks of palace attendants; along with clerks for confidential documents, handling officials, and reserve dispatchers, whose numbers changed over time. During the Kaixi campaigns (1206–1208), a Deputy Director of the Bureau of Military Affairs might inspect the armies, a former Director might take his place, or a Vice Councilor might be sent to inspect Sichuan troops—yet none of these appointments produced lasting results before they were ended.

製置使不常置，掌經畫邊鄙軍旅之事。政和中，熙、秦用兵，以內侍童貫為之。仍兼經略使。靖康初，會諸路兵解太原之圍，姚古、解潛相繼為河東、河北製置使，皆無功而罷。中興以後置使，掌本路諸州軍馬屯防扞禦，多以安撫大使兼之，亦以統兵馬官充；地重秩高者加製置大使，位宣撫副使上，〈（紹興三年，趙鼎始為江西製置大使，其後席益帥潭，李綱帥江西，呂頤浩帥湖南，皆領製置大使。開禧，丘崈、何澹亦然。）〉或置副使以貳之。〈（呂頤浩充江、浙製置使，陳彥文、程千秋副使。胡舜除沿江都製置使，工羲叔副使。趙鼎為江西製置大使，岳飛為製置使，每事會議，或急速則施行，許報大使照應。）〉

The Pacification Commissioner was not a standing office; he was charged with planning frontier military affairs. During the Zhenghe era (1111–1118), when the court campaigned in Xi and Qin, the eunuch Tong Guan was appointed Pacification Commissioner. He also held the concurrent title of Frontier Commissioner. Early in the Jingkang crisis (1126), when armies from every circuit were gathered to relieve Taiyuan, Yao Gu and then Xie Qian served as Pacification Commissioners for Hedong and Hebei, but both were removed after accomplishing nothing. After the restoration the office was revived to direct garrison defense across a circuit's prefectures. It was usually held concurrently by the Grand Pacification Commissioner, though commanders of armies and horses could also fill it; in important regions with senior appointees the title was elevated to Grand Pacification Commissioner, ranking above the Deputy Pacification Commissioner, (In 1133 Zhao Ding became the first Grand Pacification Commissioner of Jiangxi; later Xi Yi commanded Tan, Li Gang commanded Jiangxi, and Lü Yihao commanded Hunan, each with the grand commissioner title. During Kaixi, Qiu Jun and He Dan held the same title.) A deputy commissioner was sometimes appointed as his second-in-command. (Lü Yihao served as Pacification Commissioner for Jiang and Zhe, with Chen Yanwen and Cheng Qianqiu as deputies.) Hu Shun was named Overall Pacification Commissioner along the Yangzi, with Gong Yishu as his deputy. Zhao Ding was Grand Pacification Commissioner of Jiangxi while Yue Fei served as Pacification Commissioner; they consulted on every matter, though in emergencies Yue Fei could act immediately and report to the Grand Commissioner for coordination.)

初，建炎元年，詔令安撫使、發運、監司、州軍官，並聽製置司節制，其後，議者以守臣既帶安撫，又兼製置，及許便宜，權之要重，擬於朝遷，於是詔止許便宜製置軍事，其他刑獄、財賦付提刑、轉運，後又詔諸路帥臣並罷製置使之名。惟統兵官如故。隆興以後，或置或省。開禧間，江、淮、四川並置大使，休兵後，獨成都守臣帶四安撫、製置使，掌節制御前軍馬、官員升改放散、類省試舉人、銓量郡守、舉辟邊州守貳，其權略視宣撫司，惟財計、茶馬不預。又有沿海製置使，以明州守臣領之』然其職止肅清海道、節制水軍，非四川比。大使置屬參謀、參議、主管機宜、書寫文字各一員。幹辦公事三員。準備將領、差遣、差使各五員，餘隨時勢輕重而增損焉。

In 1127 an edict placed Pacification Commissioners, transport officials, circuit supervisors, and prefectural and army officers under the Pacification Commission's control. Critics soon argued that frontier governors already held pacification duties, also served as Pacification Commissioners, and enjoyed discretionary powers so broad they rivaled the central government. The court then limited discretionary authority to military planning alone, leaving criminal justice and revenue to judicial intendants and transport officials, and later abolished the Pacification Commissioner title for circuit commanders altogether. Only commanders of armies retained the title. After the Longxing era (1163–1164) the office was created or abolished as circumstances required. During Kaixi grand commissioners were posted to the Yangzi, Huai, and Sichuan fronts. After hostilities ended, only the Chengdu governor combined four pacification and pacification-commissioner titles. He controlled imperial-front troops, handled promotions and dismissals, supervised provincial-examination candidates, evaluated prefects, and recommended deputies for border prefectures—powers nearly equal to a Pacification Commission headquarters, though fiscal planning and the tea-and-horse trade remained outside his remit. There was also a Coastal Pacification Commissioner, held by the defending official of Ming Prefecture, but his duties were limited to securing sea lanes and directing the navy—nothing like the Sichuan post. The Grand Commissioner had one Staff Officer, one Staff Adviser, one Director of Confidential Affairs, and one Document Clerk. There were three Handling Officials for Public Affairs. There were five reserve generals, five dispatchers, and five envoys; other posts were added or cut as circumstances demanded.

宣諭使掌宣諭德意，不預他事，歸即結罷。紹興元年，詔秘書少監傅崧卿充淮南東路宣諭使，此其始也。二年，分遣御史五人，宣諭東南諸路，戒其興獄，責其不當，督捕盜賊，皆欲專一布惠以為民。其後，右司範直方宣諭川、陝，察院方庭實宣諭三京，均此意。及新復陝西樓炤以簽書樞密院事往永興宣諭，就令招撫盜賊，鄭剛中為川、陝宣諭使，許按察官吏，汪澈為湖北。京西宣諭使，仍節制兩路軍馬，自是使權益重，而使事始不專。三十二年，虞允文、王之望相繼充川、陝宣諭使，皆預軍政，共權任殆亞於宣撫。其後，錢端禮、吳芾皆以侍從出膺斯寄，事畢結局。官屬軍兵，視其所任事之輕重，為賞之厚薄焉。開禧間，薛叔似、鄧友龍、吳獵皆因饑荒盜賊及平逆亂後，往敷德意，亦並以從官行。

The Imperial Commissioner for Proclamation conveyed the court's benevolent message, handled no other business, and closed the commission upon returning to the capital. In 1131 the court appointed Vice Director of the Secretariat Fu Songqing Imperial Commissioner for Proclamation of Eastern Huainan Circuit—the first such appointment. The next year five censors were sent to proclaim the court's message across the southeastern circuits, warning officials against abusive prosecutions, holding them accountable for misconduct, and pressing them to capture bandits—the aim throughout being to show the people a single, benevolent policy. Later Fan Zhifang of the Right Section carried the message to Sichuan and Shaanxi, and Fang Tingshi of the Investigation Bureau to the three capitals, all with the same intent. When Shaanxi was newly recovered, Deputy Secretary Lou Zhao went to Yongxing to proclaim the court's message and was also ordered to reconcile bandits. Zheng Gangzhong served as Imperial Commissioner for Sichuan and Shaanxi with authority to investigate officials, and Wang Che was appointed for Hubei. Wang Che also became Imperial Commissioner for the Jingxi Circuit while controlling troops in both circuits. From then on the commissioner's authority grew, and the office was no longer limited to proclamation alone. In 1162 Yu Yunwen and then Wang Zhiwang served as Imperial Commissioners for Sichuan and Shaanxi, both taking part in military administration; together their powers nearly matched those of a Pacification Commissioner. Later Qian Duanli and Wu Fu, both palace attendants, undertook the same missions and closed their commissions when the work was done. Officials, staff, and soldiers were rewarded according to how demanding their assignments had been. During Kaixi, Xue Shusi, Deng Youlong, and Wu Lie were sent to spread the court's benevolent message after famine, banditry, and the suppression of rebellion, all traveling as palace attendants.

宣撫使不常置，掌宣布威靈、撫綏邊境及統護將帥、督視軍旅之事，以二府大臣充。治平末，命同簽書樞密院郭逵宣撫陝西。三年，夏兵犯順，以參知政事韓絳為陝西宣撫使，繼即軍中拜相，仍舊領使。政和中，遣內侍童貫為陝西、河東宣撫使，又兼河北。宣和三年，睦寇方臘作亂，移貫宣撫淮、浙，賊平依舊。靖康初，種師道提兵入衛京城，為京畿、河東北宣撫使，凡勤王之師屬焉。及會諸道兵救太原，又以知樞密院李綱宣撫河東、北兩路。中興初，張浚以知樞密院事、孟庚以參知政事、李綱以前宰相，皆出宣撫，浚又加「處置」二字入銜。〈（時為川、陝、京西、湖北路。）

The Pacification Commissioner was not a standing office. He proclaimed imperial authority, pacified the frontier, directed the generals, and supervised the armies, and was always a senior minister of the Two Departments. At the end of the Zhiping era (1064–1067) Deputy Secretary Guo Kui was ordered to pacify Shaanxi. Three years later, when Xia forces attacked Shun, Vice Councilor Han Jiang was named Pacification Commissioner of Shaanxi. He was soon promoted to chief councilor while still in the field and kept the commission. During Zhenghe the eunuch Tong Guan was sent as Pacification Commissioner of Shaanxi and Hedong, and later of Hebei as well. In 1121, when rebels from Mu and Fang La rose, Tong Guan was transferred to pacify Huai and Zhe; after the rebellion was crushed he returned to his former post. Early in the Jingkang crisis Zhong Shidao marched to defend the capital as Pacification Commissioner of the Capital Region and northeastern Hedong, with every relief army placed under his command. When armies from every route gathered to relieve Taiyuan, Director Li Gang was also named Pacification Commissioner of Hedong and Hebei. Early in the restoration Zhang Jun, as Director of the Bureau of Military Affairs, Meng Yu, as Vice Councilor, and Li Gang, as a former chief councilor, all took pacification commissions; Zhang Jun also added the word "Disposition" to his title. (At that time his commission covered Sichuan, Shaanxi, Jingxi, and Hubei.)

紹興元年，詔以淮南守臣多闕，百姓未能復業，分命呂頤浩、朱勝非、劉光世皆以安撫大使兼宣撫使。武臣非執政而為宣撫使，實自光世始。二年，李光又以吏部尚書加端明殿學士，為壽春等州宣撫使。自是韓世忠、張俊、吳玠、岳飛、吳璘皆以武臣充使，王似亦以從官由副使而升正使焉。三十二年，張浚復以少傅依前觀文殿大學士充江淮東、西路宣撫使。乾道三年，虞允文依舊知樞密院事充四川宣撫使。五年，王炎除四川宣撫使，依舊參知政事。開禧間，以從官出宣撫江、淮、湖北、京西等處不一。其屬有參謀官，係知州資序人，與提刑敘官；參議官，係知州資序人，與轉運判官敘官；機宜幹辦公事。並依發運司主管文字敘官。凡宰執帶三省、樞密院事出使，行移文字紥六部，六部行移即具申狀。如從官任使、副，合申六部，六部行移即用公牒。

In 1131 an edict noted that many Huainan posts were vacant and the people had not yet returned to their livelihoods, and separately appointed Lü Yihao, Zhu Shengfei, and Liu Guangshi as Grand Pacification Commissioners who also held pacification commissions. Liu Guangshi was the first military official outside the governing council to hold a pacification commission. The next year Li Guang, Minister of Personnel and Academician of the Duanming Hall, was named Pacification Commissioner of Shouchun and neighboring prefectures. Thereafter Han Shizhong, Zhang Jun, Wu Jie, Yue Fei, and Wu Lin all held pacification commissions as military men, and Wang Si rose from deputy to full commissioner while serving as a palace attendant. In 1162 Zhang Jun returned as Junior Tutor and continuing Grand Academician of the Guanwen Hall to serve as Pacification Commissioner of Eastern and Western Jiang-Huai. In 1167 Yu Yunwen, while continuing as Director of the Bureau of Military Affairs, was named Pacification Commissioner of Sichuan. In 1169 Wang Yan was appointed Pacification Commissioner of Sichuan while retaining his post as Vice Councilor. During Kaixi palace attendants were dispatched on pacification commissions to the Yangzi, Huai, Hubei, Jingxi, and other fronts in varying combinations. His staff included a Staff Officer, drawn from officials qualified at prefectural-magistrate rank and ranked with the judicial intendant; a Staff Adviser, likewise at prefectural-magistrate qualification and ranked with the transport vice commissioner; and a Confidential Affairs Handling Official. All were ranked according to the Transport Commission's document director. When a chief councilor bearing Three Departments and Bureau of Military Affairs titles went into the field, his orders went to the Six Ministries, which in turn issued documents accompanied by formal memorials. When a palace attendant served as commissioner or deputy, he reported to the Six Ministries, which issued orders by official dispatch.

宣撫副使不常置，掌貳使事。宣和末，王師伐燕、命少保蔡攸充。靖康初，會兵救太原，又次資政殿學士劉韐為之。建炎三年，周望宣撫兩浙，以太尉郭仲荀副之。其後，福建韓世忠、川陝吳玠）〉皆有此授。紹興間，張浚宣撫川、陝，將召歸，命從臣王似、盧法原為之副；王似除使，盧法原仍副之。亦有不置使而置副，如胡世將之於川、陝，岳飛之於荊、襄，楊沂中之於淮北，皆止以副使為名。飛後以功始落「副」字。亦有身為正使兼領副使，如開禧三年，安丙充利州西路宣撫使兼四川宣撫副使。

The Deputy Pacification Commissioner was not a standing office; he assisted the commissioner. At the end of Xuanhe, when the imperial army marched on Yan, Junior Guardian Cai You was appointed deputy commissioner. Early in Jingkang, when armies gathered to relieve Taiyuan, Academician Liu Ni of the Zizheng Hall was next appointed. In 1129 Zhou Wang pacified the two Zhe circuits, with Grand Marshal Guo Zhongxun as his deputy. Later Han Shizhong in Fujian and Wu Jie in Sichuan-Shaanxi received the same appointment) All received this appointment. During Shaoxing, when Zhang Jun pacified Sichuan and Shaanxi and was about to be recalled, palace attendants Wang Si and Lu Fayuan were named his deputies; Wang Si was promoted to commissioner while Lu Fayuan remained deputy. Sometimes only a deputy was appointed without a full commissioner, as with Hu Shijiang in Sichuan-Shaanxi, Yue Fei in Jing-Xiang, and Yang Yizhong north of the Huai, all holding only the deputy title. Yue Fei later earned the removal of the word "Deputy" from his title through merit. In some cases the full commissioner also held the deputy title, as in 1207 when An Bing served as Pacification Commissioner of Lizhou West Circuit while also serving as Deputy Pacification Commissioner of Sichuan.

宣撫判官不常置，掌讚使務。熙寧中，命直舍人呂大防為之。實上幕也。紹興中，張浚初以便宜命劉子羽為副，其後張宗元、呂祉亦為之。十年，楊沂中以太尉為淮北宣撫副使，劉琦以節度使為判官，禮抗權均，猶轉運使、副、判官之比。詔行移文字同其擊銜，宣判之名同，而先後輕重異焉。

The Pacification Commission Adjudicator was not a standing office; he assisted the commissioner. During the Xining reforms (1068–1077) Direct Attendant Lü Dafang was appointed adjudicator. In practice he was a senior staff officer. During Shaoxing Zhang Jun first named Liu Ziyu deputy under discretionary authority; Zhang Zongyuan and Lü Zhe later held the same post. In 1140 Yang Yizhong, as Grand Marshal, served as Deputy Pacification Commissioner north of the Huai while Liu Qi, as military governor, served as adjudicator; in ceremony and authority they stood on equal footing, like a transport commissioner, vice commissioner, and adjudicator. An edict required their documents to carry the same joint titles and proclamation names, though precedence and authority still differed.

總領四人。掌措置移運應辦諸軍錢糧，以朝臣充，仍帶幹階、戶部等官。朝廷科撥州軍上供錢米，則以時拘催，歲較諸州所納之盈虧，以聞於上而賞罰之。初，建炎間，張浚出使川、陝，用趙開總領四川財賦，置所擊銜，總領名官自此始。其後大軍在江上，間遣版曹或太府、司農卿少卿調其錢糧，皆以總領為名。

There were four General Controllers. They arranged the transport and supply of funds and grain for all armies, were drawn from the court bureaucracy, and usually held additional titles such as Director of Ranks or in the Ministry of Revenue. When the court allocated tribute funds and grain from prefectures and armies, they pressed for timely delivery, compared each year's payments against quotas, reported the results to the throne, and recommended rewards or punishments. The office dates to the Jianyan crisis (1127–1130), when Zhang Jun was sent to Sichuan-Shaanxi and appointed Zhao Kai to oversee Sichuan finances as General Controller, establishing the formal title from which the named post derives. Afterward, while the main armies camped on the Yangzi, the court sometimes dispatched officials from the Ministry of Revenue or from the Imperial Treasury or Granaries to allocate their funds and grain, always under the title of General Controller.

紹興十一年，收諸帥之兵改為御前軍，分屯諸處，乃置三總領，以朝臣為之，仍帶專一報發御前軍馬文字。蓋又使之預聞軍政，不獨職餉饋而已。其序位在轉運副使之上，鎮江諸軍錢糧，淮東總領掌之；鄂州、荊南、江州諸軍錢糧，湖廣總領掌之；建康、池州諸軍錢糧，淮西總領掌之。十五年，復置四川總領，凡興元、興州、金州諸軍錢糧，四川總領掌之。其官屬有幹辦公事、準備差遺。〈（四川又有主管文字二員。）〉淮東西有分差糧料院、審計司、審計以通判權。榷貨務、都茶場、御前封樁甲仗庫、大軍倉、大軍庫、贍罕酒庫、市易抵當庫、惠民藥局。湖廣有給納場、〈（屬官兼。）〉分差糧料院、審計院、〈（通判兼。）〉御前封樁甲仗庫、大軍倉庫、贍軍酒庫。四川有分差糧料院、審計院、〈（屬官兼。）大軍倉庫、撥發船運官、贖藥庫、糴買場。

In 1141 the court absorbed the commanders' troops into imperial-front armies posted across the regions and established three General Controllers, all court officials who also held sole authority to issue mobilization orders for those armies. They were also to take part in military administration, not merely oversee rations and supplies. They ranked above Deputy Transport Commissioners. The Huaidong General Controller managed funds and grain for the armies at Zhenjiang; the Huguang General Controller managed funds and grain for the armies at Ezhou, Jingnan, and Jiangzhou; and the Huaixi General Controller managed funds and grain for the armies at Jiankang and Chizhou. In 1145 the Sichuan General Controller was restored to manage funds and grain for the armies at Xingyuan, Xingzhou, and Jinzhou. The staff included handling officials and reserve dispatchers. (Sichuan also had two document supervisors.) Huaidong and Huaixi had Grain-Ration Subdividing Offices and Audit Offices, whose audits were handled by acting circuit intendants. These included the Monopoly Goods Office, the Directorate of Tea Markets, the Imperial-Front Sealed Arms Storehouse, major army granaries and storehouses, an army-provisions wine storehouse, a market-exchange pawn office, and a public welfare pharmacy. Huguang had receiving-and-delivery stations, (Held concurrently by subordinate officials.) Grain-Ration Subdividing Office, Audit Office, (Held concurrently by the circuit intendant.) the Imperial-Front Sealed Arms Storehouse, major army storehouses, and army-provisions wine storehouses. Sichuan had a Grain-Ration Subdividing Office, an Audit Office, (Held concurrently by subordinate officials.) It also had major army storehouses, shipping dispatch officials, medicine-redemption storehouses, and grain-purchase stations.

淳熙元年，詔委諸路州軍通判，專一主管拘催逐州錢米，起發赴所，本所每半年比較，以行賞罰。紹熙二年，以淮西總領所言，定知州、通判展減磨勘法：十分欠二展二年，數足減二年。吏額：淮東九人，淮西、湖廣十人，四川二十人。

In 1174 an edict made every circuit intendant responsible for collecting and forwarding his prefecture's funds and grain; the General Controller's office compared results every six months and recommended rewards or punishments. In 1191, acting on a report from the Huaixi General Controller, the court fixed rules for extending or shortening merit review for prefects and circuit intendants: a two-tenths shortfall on a ten-tenths quota extended review by two years, and meeting the quota shortened it by two years. Clerk quotas were nine for Huaidong, ten each for Huaixi and Huguang, and twenty for Sichuan.

留守副留守舊制，天子巡守、親征，則命親王或大臣總留守事。建隆元年，親征澤、潞，以樞密使吳廷祚為東京留守，其西、南、北京留守各一人，以知府兼之。西京河南，南京應天，北京大名。）〉留守管掌宮鑰及京城守衛、修葺、彈壓之事，畿內錢穀、兵民之政皆屬焉。政和三年，資政殿大學士鄧洵武言：「河南、應天、大名府號陪京，乞依開封製，正尹、少之名。」從之。宣和三年，詔河南、大名少尹依熙守舊制，分左右廳治事；應天少尹一員。及三京司錄，通管府事。南渡初，其東京、北京並置留守，以開封、大名知府兼，又以掌兵官為副留守。其後，河南復，南京、西京置留守。紹興四年，帝將親征，以參知政事孟庾為行宮留守，奏差主管書寫機宜文字官一員。幹辦官二員。淮備差遣、差使各三員，使臣五十員，又置留司台官一員。五年，罷局。其後，秦檜為行宮留守，援例置官。

Under the old system for Garrison Commissioners and Deputy Garrison Commissioners, when the emperor toured the realm or led a campaign in person, an imperial prince or senior minister was appointed to oversee garrison affairs. In 960, during the emperor's campaign in Ze and Lu, Privy Council Director Wu Tingzuo became Garrison Commissioner of the Eastern Capital. The Western, Southern, and Northern capitals each had one garrison commissioner, filled concurrently by the prefect. The Western Capital at Henan, the Southern Capital at Yingtian, and the Northern Capital at Daming.) The Garrison Commissioner held the palace keys and oversaw the capital's defense, upkeep, and public order; within the metropolitan district he also controlled revenue, grain, and civil-military administration. In 1113, Privy Counselor Deng Xunwu of the Hall for Assisting Governance memorialized: "Henan, Yingtian, and Daming are styled companion capitals. I ask that their titles of Chief Intendant and Vice Intendant be regularized on the Kaifeng model. The request was approved. In 1121 an edict required Vice Intendants at Henan and Daming to follow the old garrison-commissioner practice and govern from separate left and right halls; Yingtian had one Vice Intendant. Each of the Three Capitals also had a Chief Recorder who oversaw prefectural administration. Early in the southward retreat, garrison commissioners were established at the Eastern and Northern capitals, held concurrently by the Kaifeng and Daming prefects, with military officers as deputies. Later, after Henan was recovered, garrison commissioners were also established at the Southern and Western capitals. In 1134, as the emperor prepared to take the field in person, Vice Councilor Meng Yu was made Garrison Commissioner of the traveling palace and memorialized to appoint one chief clerk for confidential military documents. There were two handling officials. There were three reserve dispatchers and three reserve envoys each, fifty military commissioners, and one Retained-Court censor was also appointed. In 1135 the office was abolished. Later, when Qin Hui served as Garrison Commissioner of the traveling palace, he invoked precedent to restore the staff.

經略安撫司經略安撫使一人，以直秘閣以上充，掌一路兵民之事。皆帥其屬而聽其獄訟，頒其禁令，定其賞罰，稽其錢穀、甲械出納之名籍而行以法。若事難專決，則具可否具奏。即幹機速、邊防及士卒抵罪者，聽以便宜裁斷。帥臣任河東、陝西、嶺南路，職在綏禦戎夷，則為經略安撫使兼都總管以統製軍旅，有屬官典領要密文書，奏達機事。河北及近地，則使事止於安撫而已，其屬有幹當公事、主管機宜文字、淮備將領、淮備差使。

The Pacification Commission was headed by one Circuit Pacification Commissioner, an official of Privy Archives rank or higher who managed both military and civilian affairs throughout the circuit. He commanded his staff, heard lawsuits, issued prohibitions, fixed rewards and punishments, audited registers of revenue, grain, and arms, and enforced the law. When he could not decide a matter alone, he memorialized the throne with both options. On urgent military matters, frontier defense, and capital offenses by soldiers, he could act at discretion. In Hedong, Shaanxi, and Lingnan, where circuit commanders were charged with pacifying frontier peoples, they served as Circuit Pacification Commissioner and Overall Commander, with subordinates handling confidential documents and reporting urgent affairs. In Hebei and nearby regions the commissioner's duties were limited to pacification; his staff included handling officials, chief clerks for confidential documents, reserve generals, and reserve envoys.

元祐元年，詔陝西河東經略安撫、都總管司，自元豐四年後，應緣軍興添置官屬並罷。又詔罷經略安撫司幹當官。二年，詔沿邊臣僚奏請事，並先赴經略司詳度以聞。元符元年，詔經略司遇軍興差發軍馬，具數關報走馬承受。崇寧二年，熙河蘭會經略王厚奏：「溪哥城乃古積石軍，今當為州，乞以李忠為守，置河南安撫司。」從之。四年，置河東、陝西諸路招納司，並隸經略司。五年，詔河東同管幹沿邊安撫司公事，許歲赴闕奏事一次。政和四年，詔移京西路安撫於河南府，京東路安撫於應天府。宣和二年，詔瀘州守臣帶潼川府、夔州路兵馬都鈐轄、瀘南沿邊路兵馬都鈐轄、瀘南沿邊安撫使。又詔罷置輔郡內潁昌府帶京西路安撫使。三年，詔杭、越州、江寧府、洪州守臣並帶安撫使。六年，詔瀘州止帶主管瀘南沿邊安撫司公事。仍差守臣。七年，詔河陽、開德守臣並帶管內安撫使。

In 1086 an edict abolished every office added since 1081 to the Shaanxi-Hedong Pacification and Overall Commander Commissions for wartime service. Another edict abolished the Pacification Commission's handling officials. In 1087 an edict required frontier officials to send memorials first to the Pacification Commission for review before forwarding them to court. In 1098 an edict required the Pacification Commission, when mobilizing troops in wartime, to report the numbers to the circuit's Mobile Recipient. In 1103, Wang Hou, Pacification Commissioner of Xidao-Lan-Hui, memorialized: "Xige Stockade is the old Jishi Army post and should become a prefecture. I request Li Zhong as prefect and the establishment of a Henan Pacification Commission. The request was approved. In 1105 Recruitment Commissions were established on the Hedong and Shaanxi circuits, all subordinate to the Pacification Commissions. In 1108 an edict allowed the Hedong official who concurrently managed frontier pacification affairs to report at court once each year. In 1114 an edict moved the Jingxi West Circuit Pacification Commission to Henan Prefecture and the Jingdong East Circuit Pacification Commission to Yingtian Prefecture. In 1120 an edict made Luzhou's defending official concurrently commander of Tongchuan and Kuizhou armies and horses, commander of Lunan frontier-route armies and horses, and Lunan Frontier Pacification Commissioner. Another edict abolished the concurrent Jingxi West Circuit Pacification Commissioner title held by Yingchang Prefecture, an auxiliary commandery. In 1121 an edict made the defending officials of Hangzhou, Yuezhou, Jiangning Prefecture, and Hongzhou all concurrent Pacification Commissioners. In 1124 an edict restricted Luzhou to the title of Supervisor of Lunan Frontier Pacification Affairs. Defending officials were still appointed. In 1127 an edict made the defending officials of Heyang and Kaide concurrent In-Circuit Pacification Commissioners.

舊制，安撫總一路兵政，以知州兼充，太中大夫以上，或曾曆侍從乃得之，品卑者止稱主管某路安撫司公事。中興以後，職名稍高者出守，皆可兼使，如係二品以上，即稱安撫大使。廣東、西、荊南、襄陽仍舊制加「經略」二字。凡帥府皆帶馬步軍都總管。建炎初，李綱請於沿河、沿淮、沿江置帥府。以文臣為安撫使帶馬步軍都總管，武臣一員為之副，許便宜行事，辟置僚屬、將佐，措置調發惟轉輸屬之漕使。其後，沿江三大使司辟置過多，邊報稍寧，詔加裁定。參謀、參議官、主管機宜文字、主管書寫機宜文字各一員。幹辦公事二員。文臣淮備差遣、武臣準備差使、準備將領各以五員為額，其餘諸路或隨地輕重而損益焉。餘從省罷。後以諸路申請，或置或省不一。

Under the old system the Pacification Commissioner commanded a circuit's military affairs while serving concurrently as prefect. The post required the rank of Grandee of Palace Attendance or higher, or prior service in the inner court; lower-ranking appointees only styled themselves supervisors of pacification affairs. After the restoration, senior officials sent out as prefects could all hold the commissioner title; those of second rank or higher were styled Pacification Grand Commissioner. Guangdong, Guangxi, Jingnan, and Xiangyang still retained the prefix "Circuit Pacification" under the old system. Every command prefecture also carried the title Overall Commander of Infantry and Cavalry Armies. Early in the Jianyan crisis, Li Gang proposed establishing command prefectures along the Yellow River, the Huai, and the Yangzi. Civil officials would serve as Pacification Commissioners and Overall Commanders of Infantry and Cavalry, with one military officer as deputy. They could act at discretion, appoint staff and subordinate generals, while only transport remained under the transport commissioner. Later, because the three major Yangzi headquarters had recruited too many staff and frontier reports had eased, an edict imposed limits. Each headquarters was limited to one Military Counselor, one Staff Adviser, one chief clerk for confidential military documents, and one chief clerk for writing confidential documents. There were two handling officials. Civil reserve dispatchers, military reserve envoys, and reserve generals were each capped at five posts, while other circuits adjusted the numbers according to local importance. All other posts were abolished as redundant. Later, as individual circuits petitioned, offices were added or cut inconsistently.

淳熙二年，詔揚州、廬州、荊南、襄陽、金州、興元、興州分為七路，每路委文臣一員充安撫使以治民，武臣一人充都總管以治兵。其逐路都總管職事，且令帥臣依舊帶行，候正官到日交割。慶元二年，詔利州西路安撫司於興州置司，令都統製兼。五年，臣僚言：「遴選帥才，除嘗任執政外，兩製從官必曾經作郡、庶官必曾任憲漕實有治績者。」從之。惟廣南東、西兩路則帶經略、安撫使。紹興五年。令襄陽守臣、湖北帥司各帶經略、安撫使，後罷，惟二廣如故。

In 1175 an edict divided Yangzhou, Luzhou, Jingnan, Xiangyang, Jinzhou, Xingyuan, and Xingzhou into seven routes, each with a civil Pacification Commissioner to govern civilians and a military Overall Commander to govern troops. For the time being, incumbent circuit commanders were to retain their concurrent Overall Commander titles on each route until the regular appointees arrived to take over. In 1196 an edict placed the Lizhou West Circuit Pacification Commission at Xingzhou, to be held concurrently by the army commander-in-chief. In 1199 officials memorialized: "In choosing commanders, aside from former governing-council members, drafting officials and inner-court attendants must have served as prefects, and regular officials must have served as fiscal or judicial commissioners with proven records. The request was approved. Only the Eastern and Western Guangnan circuits retained both Circuit Pacification and Pacification Commissioner titles. In 1135. Orders made Xiangyang's defending official and Hubei's command headquarters each bear Circuit Pacification and Pacification Commissioner titles; the arrangement was later abolished, leaving only the two Guangnan circuits unchanged.

走馬承受諸路各一員。隸經略安撫總管司，無事歲一入奏，有邊警則不時馳驛上聞。然居是職者惡有所隸，乃潛去「總管司」字，冀以擅權。熙寧五年，帝命正其名，鑄銅記給之。仍收還所用奉使印。崇寧中，始詔不隸帥司而輒預邊事，則論以違制。大觀中，詔許風聞言事。政和五年詔：「諸路走馬承受體均使華，邇來皆貪賄賂，類不舉職，是豈設官之意？其各自勵，以稱任使。或蹈前失，罰不汝赦。」明年七月，改為兼訪使者。宣和五年詔：「近者諸路廉訪官，循習違越，附下罔上，凡邊機皆先申後奏，且侵監司、淩州縣而預軍旅、刑獄之事，復強買民物，不償其直，招權怙勢，至與監司表裏為惡。自今猶爾，必加貶竄。」靖康初，罷之。依祖宗舊制，復為走馬承受。

Each circuit had one Mobile Recipient. Subordinate to the Pacification and Overall Commander Commissions, they reported to court once a year in peacetime and rode relay mounts to report urgently when frontier alerts arose. Yet incumbents resented subordination and quietly dropped the words "Overall Commander Commission" from their titles, hoping to claim independent authority. In 1072 the emperor ordered the title corrected and had bronze seals cast and issued. The mission seals previously in use were also recalled. During the Chongning era (1102–1106) an edict first declared that preempting frontier affairs without subordination to the command headquarters would be treated as a violation of regulations. During the Daguan era (1107–1110) an edict permitted reporting on hearsay. An edict of 1115 declared: "Mobile Recipients in every circuit should embody the dignity of imperial envoys, yet lately they have all taken bribes and generally neglected their duties. Is this what the office was meant for? Each of you must strive anew to merit your appointment. If anyone repeats past failures, punishment will not spare you. The following year, in the seventh month, the title was changed to Concurrent Investigation Envoy. An edict of 1123 declared: "Recently the investigation envoys in every circuit, following corrupt practice, have deceived superiors and trapped subordinates. They report frontier matters to superiors before memorializing the throne, encroach on supervisory officials, bully prefectures and counties, interfere in military and penal affairs, forcibly buy from the people without fair payment, monopolize power, and even collude with supervisory officials in wrongdoing. From now on, anyone who still behaves thus will certainly be dismissed and exiled. At the start of the Jingkang crisis (1126) the office was abolished. Under the ancestral system it was restored as Mobile Recipient.

發運使副判官掌經度山澤財貨之源，漕淮、浙、江、湖六路儲廩以輸中都，而兼製茶鹽、泉寶之政，及專舉刺官吏之事。熙寧初，輔臣陳升之、王安石領製置三司條例，建言：「發運使實總六路之出入，宜假以錢貨，繼其用之不給，使周知六路之有無而移用之。凡上供之物，皆得徙貴就賤，用近易遠，令預知在京倉庫之數所當辦者，得以便宜蓄買以待上令，稍收輕重斂散之權歸於公上，則國用可足，民財不匱矣。」從之。既又詔六路轉運使弗協力者宜改擇，且許發運使薛向自辟其屬。又令舉真、楚、泗守臣及兼提舉九路坑冶、市舶之事。元祐中，詔發運使兼製置茶事。至崇寧三年，始別差官提舉茶鹽。

The Director of Transport, his deputy, and the judicial intendant oversaw revenues from mountains and marshes, shipped stored grain from the Huai, Zhe, Yangzi, and lake routes to the capital, managed tea, salt, and coinage policy, and were charged exclusively with impeaching officials. Early in the Xining reforms, chief ministers Chen Shengzhi and Wang Anshi, heading the Commission to Organize Fiscal Regulations of the Three Departments, proposed that the Director of Transport, who already controlled receipts and disbursements across the six circuits, be given working capital to cover shortfalls, learn what each circuit held, and move resources where they were needed. Tribute goods could be routed from expensive to cheap markets and from distant to nearby sources; with advance notice of what the capital storehouses required, the director could buy and stockpile at discretion until ordered otherwise, gradually restoring to the throne control over price levels and the flow of goods—enough to fill the treasury without draining the people. The court approved. An edict followed ordering replacement of any uncooperative circuit transport commissioners among the six circuits and authorizing Director Xue Xiang to recruit his own staff. The court also called for nominations to the prefectures of Zhen, Chu, and Si, with concurrent responsibility for mining, smelting, and maritime trade across nine circuits. Under Yuanyou, the Director of Transport was also made commissioner for tea affairs. In 1104 separate officials were first appointed to supervise tea and salt.

政和二年，罷轉般倉，六路上供米徑從本路直達中都，以發運司所拘綱船均給六路。宣和初，詔：「發運司視六路豐歉和糴上供，乃祖宗舊制，曩緣奸吏侵用糴本，遂壞良法。自今每歲加糴一百萬石，同年額輸京。」三年，方臘初平，江、浙諸郡皆未有常賦，乃詔陳亨伯以大漕之職經制七路財賦，許得移用，監司聽其按察。於是亨伯收民間印契及鬻糟醋之類為錢凡七色，是後州縣有所謂經制錢，自亨伯始。

In 1112 relay granaries were abolished: each circuit sent tribute grain straight to the capital, and the Transport Bureau's convoy boats were divided evenly among the six circuits. Early in Xuanhe an edict recalled that the Transport Bureau's custom of gauging harvests across the six circuits and buying grain accordingly for tribute had been ancestral practice, but corrupt clerks had embezzled purchase funds and wrecked a sound institution. Henceforth an extra million shi were to be purchased each year and delivered to the capital within the same quota year. In 1121, with Fang La newly suppressed and Jiangsu-Zhejiang still without stable tax yields, Chen Hengbo was charged—as chief transport commissioner—to manage finances across seven circuits, with authority to reallocate funds and with circuit supervisors subject to his inspection. Hengbo then raised money through seven levies, including fees on private land deeds and on the sale of lees and vinegar; the so-called "regulated funds" later collected by prefectures and counties began with him.

六年，詔復轉般倉，命發運判官盧宗原措置，尋以靖康之難，迄不能復。渡江後，惟領給降糴本，收糴米斛，廣行儲積，以備國用。紹興二年，用臣僚言省罷。以其職事分委漕臣。八年，戶部復言廣糴儲積之便，再置經制發運使，〈（並理經制司財賦，故名。）〉以微猷閣待制程邁充使，專掌糴事。邁上疏，以租庸、常平、鹽鐵、鼓鑄各分於諸司而總於戶部，發運使無所用之。固辭不行。九年，遂廢發運司，以戶部侍郎梁汝嘉為經制使，檢察中外失陷錢物，與催未到綱運、措置糴買、總領常平為職。未幾，復以臣僚言，分其責於逐路監司。乾道六年復置，以戶部侍郎史正誌為兩浙、京、湖、淮、廣、福建等路都大發運使。是冬，以奏課誕謾貶。並廢其職。

In 1126 relay granaries were ordered restored and Transport Judicial Intendant Lu Zongyuan was told to organize them, but the Jingkang debacle intervened and they were never re-established. After the court moved south, the office merely issued purchase capital, bought grain, and built up reserves for state use. In 1132, on officials' recommendation, the bureau was abolished to cut costs. Its duties were parcelled out among circuit transport commissioners. In 1138 the Ministry of Revenue again argued for expanded grain purchase and storage, and the Regulated Director of Transport was reinstated, (Also managing Regulated Bureau finances, hence the name.) Chen Mai, a Weiyou Pavilion awaiting-orders official, was appointed commissioner with sole charge of grain purchase. Mai memorialized that land tax, equalization granaries, salt and iron, and coinage were already split among agencies and summed under the Ministry of Revenue, leaving a Director of Transport no real work. He refused firmly and never took office. In 1139 the Transport Bureau was abolished and Vice Minister Liang Rujia became Regulated Commissioner, responsible for auditing missing funds, chasing overdue convoys, organizing purchases, and supervising equalization granaries. Soon afterward, at officials' urging, those duties were split again among circuit supervisors. In 1170 the office returned: Vice Minister Shi Zhengzhi was named Grand Director of Transport for Liang-Zhe, Jinghu, Huai, Guang, and Fujian. That winter he was demoted for falsifying his accounts. The post was abolished with him.

都轉運使轉運使副使判官掌經度一路財賦，而察其登耗有無，以足上供及郡縣之費。歲行所部，檢察儲積，稽考帳籍，凡吏蠹民瘼，悉條以上達，及專舉刺官吏之事。熙寧初，詔河東、河北、陝西三路漕臣許乘傳赴闕，留毋過浹日。既又詔三路漕臣，令自辟屬各二員，以京朝官曾曆知縣者為之。二年，詔川、陝、閩、廣七路除堂選守臣外，委轉運司依四選例立格就注，免赴選，具為令。元豐初，詔河北、淮南、京東、京西及陝右雖各析為兩路，許依未析時通治兩路之事，錢穀聽其移用。元祐初，司馬光請漕臣除三路外，餘路毋得過二員。其屬官溢員亦省之。紹聖中，詔淮、浙、江、湖六路上供米，計其近遠分三限，自季冬至明年八月，以次輸足。大觀中，陝西漕臣以四員為額。政和中，又詔陝西以三員。熙、秦兩路各二員。宣和初，又詔陝西以都漕兩員總治於長安，而漕臣三員分領六路。

Grand circuit transport commissioners, transport commissioners, vice commissioners, and judicial intendants managed a circuit's revenues, tracked surpluses and shortfalls, and ensured enough funds for tribute and for prefectural and county expenses. Each year they toured their circuits, checked storehouses, audited accounts, reported clerical abuse and popular hardship, and held exclusive authority to impeach officials. Early in Xining, Hedong, Hebei, and Shaanxi transport commissioners were allowed relay travel to court but could remain no more than ten days. A later edict let each of the three circuits' transport commissioners recruit two staffers from capital officials with county magistrate experience. In 1069, for Sichuan, Shaanxi, Fujian, and Guang circuits—except court-selected prefects—the Transport Bureau was authorized to fill posts by fixed grades under the four-selection rules without formal selection review, and the rule was promulgated. Early in Yuanfeng, though Hebei, Huainan, Jingdong, Jingxi, and western Shaanxi had each been divided into two circuits, commissioners could still govern both halves jointly and move funds and grain between them. Early in Yuanyou, Sima Guang asked that circuits other than the three border ones cap transport commissioners at two. Surplus staff slots were cut as well. Under Shaosheng, tribute grain from the six Huai, Zhe, Yangzi, and lake circuits was divided into three distance-based deadlines, payable in turn from midwinter through the eighth month of the following year. Under Daguang, Shaanxi was allotted four transport commissioners. Under Zhenghe, Shaanxi was reduced to three commissioners. Xi and Qin circuits each had two. Early in Xuanhe two grand transport commissioners at Chang'an oversaw Shaanxi, while three commissioners divided the six sub-circuits.

中興後，置官掌一路財賦之入，按歲額錢物斛斗之多寡，而察其稽違，督其欠負，以供於上。間詣所部，則財用之豐欠，民情之休戚，官吏之勤惰，皆訪問而奏陳之。有軍旅之事，則供饋錢糧，或令本官隨軍移運。或別置隨軍轉運使一員。或諸路事體當合一，則置都轉運使以總之。〈（江東、西路分置三帥，置都轉運使一員，張公濟為江、浙、荊湖、廣南、福建都運。趙開為四川都運。）〉隨軍及都運廢置不常，而正使不廢。若副使，若判官，皆隨資之淺深稱焉，其屬有主管文字、幹辦官各一員，文臣淮備差遣、武臣淮備差使，員多寡不一。

After the restoration, each circuit gained officers to collect revenue, measure annual quotas of money and grain, detect delays and irregularities, chase arrears, and forward supplies to the court. On periodic tours they investigated fiscal plenty or want, popular contentment or hardship, and official industry or idleness, reporting everything to the throne. In wartime they furnished money and grain, or the commissioner himself moved supplies with the army. Sometimes a separate mobile army transport commissioner was named instead. When several circuits needed unified management, a grand circuit transport commissioner was placed over them. (Jiangdong and Jiangxi each established three commanders and one grand circuit transport commissioner; Zhang Gongji was grand transport commissioner for Jiang-Zhe, Jinghu, Lingnan, and Fujian. Zhao Kai was grand transport commissioner for Sichuan.) Mobile army and grand transport posts came and went, but the standing transport commissioner remained. Vice commissioners and judicial intendants took titles matching their rank; each had a document supervisor and a staff officer, plus varying numbers of civilian officials ready for assignment and military officers ready for dispatch.

招討使掌收招討殺盜賊之事，不常置。建炎四年，以檢校少保、定江昭慶軍節度使張俊充江南路招討使，定位在宣撫使之下、製置使之上，著為定制。軍中急速事宜，待報不及，許以便宜行事。差隨軍轉運使一員、參議官一員、幹辦官三員、隨軍幹辦官四員、書寫機宜文字一員，並聽奏辟。紹興五年，岳飛為湖北、襄陽招討使，請州縣不法害民者，許一面對移，或放罷以聞。從之。十年，金人犯三京，以韓世忠、岳飛、張俊並兼河南、北招討使以禦之。三十一年，陝西、河東北、京東西等路皆置招討使，蓋又特遙領其地而已。

The Pacification-and-Recruitment Commissioner handled recruiting troops and hunting bandits; the office was ad hoc. In 1130 Zhang Jun, acting junior guardian and military commissioner of the Dingjiang Zhaoqing army, became Jiangnan Pacification-and-Recruitment Commissioner, subordinate to pacification commissioners but above regulatory commissioners—a ranking thereafter fixed by regulation. Urgent battlefield decisions could be made on the commissioner's own authority when there was no time to wait for orders. He could recruit one mobile army transport commissioner, one adviser, three staff officers, four mobile army staff officers, and one military secretary—all by memorial recommendation. In 1135 Yue Fei, pacification-and-recruitment commissioner for Hubei and Xiangyang, asked that corrupt local officials harming the people might be transferred immediately or removed pending report. The court approved. In 1140, when Jurchen forces struck the three capitals, Han Shizhong, Yue Fei, and Zhang Jun were all named concurrent pacification-and-recruitment commissioners for Henan and Hebei to meet the invasion. In 1161 Shaanxi, northern Hedong, and western Jingdong each received pacification-and-recruitment commissioners who, in practice, held those lost territories only in name.

招撫使不常置。建炎初，李綱秉政，以張所為河北招撫使，未及出師而廢。紹興十年，劉光世為三京招撫使，逾年而罷。三十二年，孝宗即位，以成閔、張子蓋、李顯忠三大將為湖北、京西、淮東西招撫使。子蓋死，劉寶代之。未幾結局，官吏並罷。開禧二年，山東及京東西北路並置使招撫，後皆罷之。

The Pacification-and-Inducement Commissioner was not a standing office. Early in Jianyan, under Li Gang's administration, Zhang Suo was named Hebei Pacification-and-Inducement Commissioner but the appointment was revoked before he took the field. In 1140 Liu Guangshi served a year as pacification-and-inducement commissioner for the Three Capitals before the post was abolished. In 1162, at Xiaozong's accession, the three senior generals Cheng Min, Zhang Zigai, and Li Xianzhong became pacification-and-inducement commissioners for Hubei, Jingxi, and eastern and western Huai. After Zigai's death Liu Bao succeeded him. Soon the mission ended and every appointee was discharged. In 1206 Shandong and northwest Jingdong each received pacification-and-inducement commissioners, but the posts were later abolished.

撫諭使掌慰安存問，采民之利病，條奏而罷行之。亦不常置。建炎元年，帝謂輔臣曰：「京城士庶，自金人退師，人情未安，可差官撫諭。」於是以路允迪、耿延禧為京城撫諭使此置使初意也。是年八月，又令學士院降詔，且命江端友等奉詔撫諭諸路。其後，李正民以中書舍人為江、浙、湖南撫諭使，且令按察官吏，伸民冤抑。傅崧卿以吏部待郎為淮東撫諭使，采訪民間利病，及措置營田等事。或不以使名，則稱撫諭官，所至以某州撫諭司為名。具宣恩言，俾民知德意，初無二致。乾道元年，知閤門事龍大淵差充兩淮撫諭軍馬，回日結局。是又特為軍馬出雲。

The Pacification-and-Reassurance Commissioner comforted the populace, investigated their grievances and needs, memorialized findings item by item, and saw harmful policies revoked and helpful ones implemented. This office, too, was ad hoc. In 1127 the emperor told his ministers: "Capital residents remain uneasy since the Jurchen withdrawal; send officials to reassure them." Lu Yundi and Geng Yanxi were then named capital pacification-and-reassurance commissioners—the purpose for which the office had first been conceived. In the eighth month the Hanlin Academy drafted an edict as well, and Jiang Duanyou and others were sent to reassure the circuits under its authority. Later Li Zhengmin, a drafting officer, became pacification-and-reassurance commissioner for Jiangsu, Zhejiang, and Hunan with authority to inspect officials and relieve popular wrongs. Fu Songqing, vice minister of personnel, pacified Huai East, surveyed local conditions, and organized garrison farms. Some appointees lacked the full commissioner title and were styled pacification-and-reassurance officers; on arrival they set up a Pacification-and-Reassurance Bureau named for the prefecture they served. They proclaimed the emperor's grace so the people would feel his care; initially the role had no ulterior aim. In 1165 Long Dayuan, Director of the Gate, was sent to pacify military horses in the Two Huai and closed out the mission when he returned. That commission, too, was an exceptional dispatch for troops in the field.

鎮撫使舊所無有，中興，假權宜以收群盜。初，建炎四年，範宗尹為參知政事，議群盜並力以拒官軍，莫若析地以處之，盜有所歸，則可漸製，乃請稍復藩鎮之制。是年五月，宗尹為右僕射，於是請以淮南、京東西、湖南北諸路並分為鎮，除鹽茶之利仍歸朝廷置官提舉外，他監司並罷。上供財賦權免三年，餘聽帥臣移用，更不從朝廷應副，軍興聽從便宜。時劇盜李成在舒、蘄，桑仲在襄、鄧，郭仲威在揚州，薛慶在高郵，皆即以為鎮撫使。其餘或以處歸朝之人，分畫不一，許以能捍禦外寇，顯立大功，特與世襲。官屬有參議官、書寫機宜文字各一員。幹辦公事二員，並聽奏辟。久之，諸鎮或戰死，或北降，但餘荊南解潛。及趙鼎為相，召潛主管馬軍，遂罷弗置焉。

The Pacification-and-Suppression Commissioner was unknown under the old order; after the restoration the court improvised the title to co-opt bandit leaders. In 1130 Vice Director Fan Zongyin argued that with bandits united against imperial forces, carving out territories for them—giving each group a domain—would let the court regain control step by step, and he proposed a limited return to the old frontier-fief arrangement. That May, once Zongyin became right vice director, he asked that Huainan, Jingdong, and Hunan be parceled into fiefs; except for salt and tea revenues still overseen by court appointees, other circuit supervisors were abolished. Tribute was waived for three years; commanders could reallocate the rest without waiting on the capital, and in emergencies they could act at discretion. Li Cheng held Shu and Qi, Sang Zhong Xiang and Deng, Guo Zhongwei Yangzhou, and Xue Qing Gaoyou—and each was at once named pacification-and-suppression commissioner. Other posts went to surrendered commanders under varying territorial arrangements, with promise of hereditary fiefs if they could beat back invaders and win signal victories. Each commissioner had one adviser and one military secretary. Two general staff officers as well, all recruitable by memorial. In time most fief lords died fighting or defected north; only Xie Qian of Jingnan survived. Chief Councilor Zhao Ding recalled Qian to lead the horse army and abolished the fief commissioners for good.

提點刑獄公事掌察所部之獄訟而平其曲直，所至審問囚徒，詳復案牘，凡禁係淹延而不決，盜竊逋竄而不獲，皆劾以聞，及舉刺官吏之事。舊制，參用武臣。熙寧初，神宗以武臣不足以察所部人材，罷之。六年，置諸路提刑司檢法官。紹聖初，以提刑兼坑冶事。宣和初，詔江西、廣東增置武提刑一員，然遇闕帥不許武憲兼攝。中興，以盜賊未衰，諸路無武臣提刑處，權添置一員，建炎四年罷。紹興初，兩浙路以疆封闊遠，差提刑二員，淮南東路罷提刑，令提舉茶鹽官兼領，蓋因事之煩簡而損益焉。乾道六年，詔諸路分置武臣提刑一員。須選差公廉曉習法令、民事之人，如無聽闕，其後稍橫，遂不復除。八年，用臣僚言，諸路經總制錢並委提點刑獄官督責。嘉定十五年，臣僚言：「廣西所部州軍最多，提刑合照元降指揮，分上下半年，就鬱林州與靜江府兩處置司，無使僻地貧民有冤莫吐。」從之。其屬有檢法官、幹辦官。

The judicial intendant for prisons oversaw litigation and judged right from wrong; touring his circuit he examined prisoners, reviewed dossiers, reported prolonged detention and uncaught thieves, and impeached officials. Formerly military officers shared the post. Early in Xining, Shenzong decided military men could not adequately judge local talent and ended their appointment. In 1073 each circuit judicial intendant office gained a judicial review officer. Early in Shaosheng, judicial intendants took on mining supervision as well. Early in Xuanhe Jiangxi and Guangdong each gained a military judicial intendant, though none might double as acting circuit commander when that post was empty. After the restoration, with banditry still active, circuits without military judicial intendants received temporary ones; in 1130 those temporary posts were abolished. Early in Shaoxing, Two-Zhe got two judicial intendants because of its size; Huainan East dropped its intendant and let the tea-and-salt commissioner cover the duties—changes driven by workload. In 1170 each circuit was ordered to add one military judicial intendant. Candidates had to be honest, know law and local administration, and could be left unfilled if none qualified; when later appointees turned abusive, the office was not refilled. In 1172, at officials' urging, regulated aggregate funds in every circuit were placed under judicial intendants' supervision. In 1222 officials reported that Guangxi governed more prefectures and garrisons than any other circuit; its judicial intendant should, per the original order, sit alternately each half-year at Yulin and Jingjiang so remote poor would not suffer unheard wrongs. The court approved. Staff included judicial review officers and clerks.

提舉常平司掌常平、義倉、免役、市易、坊場、河渡、水利之法，視歲之豐歉而為之斂散，以惠農民。凡役錢，產有厚薄則輸有多寡；及給吏祿，亦視其執役之重輕難易以為之等。商有滯貨，則官為斂之，復售於民，以平物價。皆總其政令，仍專舉刺官吏之事。熙寧初，先遣官提舉河北、陝西路常平。未幾，諸路悉置提舉官。元祐初罷之，並其職於提點刑獄司。紹聖初復置，元符以後因之。

The Intendant for Ever-Normal Granaries oversaw regulations governing ever-normal and charity granaries, corvée commutation, market exchange, market franchises, ferry tolls, and waterworks. According to each year's harvest, the office gathered or released grain to benefit farmers. For all corvée commutation payments, households with greater or lesser property contributed larger or smaller amounts; and when distributing clerks' salaries, grades were likewise set according to how heavy, light, difficult, or easy their assigned duties were. When merchants held unsold stock, the office purchased it on the state's behalf and resold it to the people to stabilize market prices. It oversaw all related regulations and was also exclusively responsible for reporting and impeaching officials. At the beginning of the Xining reign period, officials were first dispatched to take charge of ever-normal granaries on the Hebei and Shaanxi circuits. Before long, intendant posts were established on every circuit. At the beginning of the Yuanyou reign period the post was abolished and its duties merged into the Judicial Intendant's office. It was restored at the beginning of the Shaosheng reign period and remained in place thereafter through the Yuanfu reign period and beyond.

提舉茶鹽司掌摘山煮海之利，以佐國用。皆有鈔法，視其歲額之登損。以詔賞罰。凡給之不如期，鬻之不如式，與州縣之不加恤者，皆劾以聞。政和改元，詔江、淮、荊、浙六路共置一員。既而諸路皆置。中興後，通置提舉常平茶鹽司，掌常平、義倉、免役之政令。凡官田產及坊場、河渡之入，按額拘納；收糴儲積，時其斂散以便民；視產高下以平其役。建炎元年，常平職事並歸提刑司，錢歸行在。二年，始復置常平官，還其糴本，未幾復罷。紹興二年，復置主管。〈（係提刑司，委通判或幕職官充。）其後，置經制司，改常平官為經制某路幹辦常平等公事。未幾，經制司罷，復為常平官。十五年，戶部恃郎王鈇言「常平之設，科條實繁，其利不一，豈一主管官能勝其任？」乃詔諸路提舉茶鹽官改充提舉常平茶鹽公事。如四川無茶鹽去處，仍以提刑兼充，主管官改充常平司幹辦公事。是年冬，詔提舉官依舊法為監司，與轉運判官敘官，歲舉升改，官員有不職，則按以聞。其後，常平錢多取以贍軍，所掌掌特義倉、水利、役法、振濟之事。茶鹽司置官提舉，本以給賣鈔引，通商阜財，時詣所部州縣巡曆覺察，禁止私販，按劾不法。其屬有幹辦官。既與常平合一，遂並行兩司之事焉。

The Intendant for Tea and Salt oversaw profits from mountain tea cultivation and sea-salt production to supplement state revenues. Both operated under certificate regulations, with performance measured by whether annual quotas rose or fell. Rewards and punishments were proclaimed by edict. Whenever distribution fell behind schedule, sales failed to meet prescribed standards, or prefectures and counties showed insufficient care, offenders were impeached and reported to the throne. When the reign era was changed to Zhenghe, an edict ordered the six circuits of Jiang, Huai, Jing, and Zhe jointly to establish one such post. Before long every circuit established one. After the restoration, the Intendant for Ever-Normal Granaries and Tea and Salt was universally established, managing regulations for ever-normal granaries, charity granaries, and corvée commutation. All revenue from government fields, market franchises, and ferry tolls was collected according to fixed quotas; grain was purchased, stored, and released at appropriate times to benefit the people; and corvée burdens were equalized according to the high or low level of household property. In the first year of Jianyan, ever-normal granary duties were all transferred to the Judicial Intendant's office, and the funds were sent to the mobile court. In the second year, ever-normal granary officials were reinstated and purchase capital was restored to them; before long the post was abolished again. In the second year of Shaoxing, supervising officials were reinstated. (The post was attached to the Judicial Intendant's office and filled by the Vice Prefect or a staff official.) Thereafter a border-finance office was established, and the ever-normal granary official was renamed an administrative aide of that office for ever-normal granaries and related affairs on a given circuit. Before long the border-finance office was abolished and the post was restored as an ever-normal granary official. In 1125 Wang Tie, Vice Director of the Ministry of Revenue, said: "Ever-normal granaries involve so many regulations and yield so many different benefits—how can one supervising official handle it all? An edict then ordered the tea-and-salt intendants on all circuits to be reappointed as intendants for ever-normal granary and tea-and-salt affairs. In places such as Sichuan where there was no tea or salt production, the Judicial Intendant still served concurrently, while the supervising official was renamed an administrative aide of the Ever-Normal Granaries Office. That winter, an edict ordered that intendants serve as supervisory commissioners under the old regulations, rank with Transport Vice Commissioners, make annual recommendations for promotion or reassignment, and report any officials derelict in duty. Thereafter much ever-normal granary money was diverted to support the armies, and their charge was limited chiefly to charity granaries, waterworks, corvée regulations, and relief distribution. The Tea and Salt Office had been established with officials to take charge, originally to issue and sell certificate licenses, promote commerce, and enrich revenues. They periodically toured the prefectures and counties under their jurisdiction to inspect affairs, prohibit private trafficking, and impeach illegal conduct. Subordinate to it were administrative aide officials. Once it was merged with ever-normal granaries, it then performed the duties of both offices.

都大提舉茶馬司掌榷茶之利，以佐邦用。凡市馬於四夷，率以茶易之。應產茶及市馬之處，官屬許自辟置，視其數之登耗，以詔賞罰。舊制，於原、渭、德順三郡市馬。熙寧七年，初復熙、河，經略使王韶言：「西人頗以善馬至邊，其所嗜唯茶，而乏茶與之為市，請趣買茶司買之。」乃命三司幹當公事李）〉杞運蜀茶至熙、河，置買馬場六而原、渭、德順更不買馬，於是杞言：「買茶買馬，一事也，乞同提舉買馬。」杞遂兼馬政，然分合不常。至元豐六年，群牧判官提舉買馬郭茂恂又言：「茶司既不兼買馬，遂立法以害馬政，恐誤國事，乞並茶場買馬為一司。」從之。先是，市馬於邊，有司幸賞，率以駑充數。紹聖中，都大茶馬程之邵始精揀汰，仍以八月至四月為限，又以羨茶轉入熙、秦市戰騎，故馬多而茶息厚，二法著為令。元符末，程之邵召對，徽宗詢以馬政，之邵言：「戎俗食肉飲酪，故貴茶，而病於難得，原禁沿邊鬻茶，專以蜀產易上乘。」詔可。未幾，獲馬萬匹。宣和中，以茶馬兩司吏員猥眾，於是朝奉大夫何淅請遵豐、熙成憲，稱其事之繁簡而定以員數，從之。紹興四年，初命四川宣撫司支茶博馬。七年，復置茶馬官，凡買馬州縣黎、文、敘、長寧、南平、珍皆與知州、通判同措置任責。通判許茶馬司辟置，視買馬額數之盈虧而賞罰之。歲發馬綱應副屯駐諸軍及三衙之用。舊有主管茶馬、同提舉茶馬、都大提舉茶馬，皆考其資曆授之。乾道初，用臣僚言省罷，委各郡知州、通判、監押任責，尋復置。紹熙三年，茶馬司拖欠馬數過多，詔將本年分馬綱錢價，責茶馬司撥付湖廣總領所，勞付軍官自買土馬。嘉泰三年，以所發綱馬不及格式，詔茶馬官各差一員，遂分為兩司。〈（文臣成都主茶，武臣興元主馬。）〉其屬共有幹辦公事四員、準備差使二員。

The Grand Intendant for Tea and Horses oversaw profits from the tea monopoly to supplement state revenues. Whenever horses were purchased from the four frontier peoples, they were generally acquired in exchange for tea. In areas suited to tea production and horse markets, subordinate officials might be recruited at discretion, with rewards and punishments proclaimed by edict according to whether their quotas rose or fell. Under the old system, horses were purchased in the three prefectures of Yuan, Wei, and Deshun. In the seventh year of Xining, when Xi and He were first recovered, Frontier Commissioner Wang Shao said: "Western peoples often bring fine horses to the border; what they desire is only tea, yet tea is lacking for trade with them—I request that the tea purchase office be urged to buy tea. An edict then ordered Li,) Qi, administrative aide of the State Finance Commission, transported Sichuan tea to Xi and He, established six horse-purchasing stations, and Yuan, Wei, and Deshun no longer purchased horses. Qi then said: "Buying tea and buying horses are one matter—I request concurrent appointment to take charge of horse purchases. Qi then also took charge of horse affairs, though the offices were separated and reunited without fixed pattern. By the sixth year of Yuanfeng, Guo Maoxun, Vice Director of the Horse Pasturage Office and intendant for horse purchases, again said: "Since the tea office no longer also handles horse purchases, regulations have been made that harm horse administration—I fear this will impair state affairs; I request that tea stations and horse purchases be merged into one office. The request was granted. Previously, when horses were purchased on the frontier, local officials hoping for rewards routinely passed off nags to fill the quotas. During Shaosheng, Grand Tea-and-Horse Intendant Cheng Zhishao first instituted careful selection and culling, fixing the period from the eighth month to the fourth month as the limit. He also transferred surplus tea into Xi and Qin to purchase war mounts, so horses were plentiful and tea profits substantial—the two measures were established as permanent regulations. At the end of Yuanfu, Cheng Zhishao was summoned for audience; Emperor Huizong questioned him on horse administration. Zhishao said: "Barbarian customs favor meat and fermented milk, hence they value tea but suffer from scarcity. I propose prohibiting the sale of tea along the frontier and using only Sichuan tea exclusively to exchange for superior horses. The edict approved. Before long, ten thousand horses were obtained. During Xuanhe, because the clerical staffs of the two tea-and-horse offices had grown excessively large, Court Gentleman for Imperial Audience He Xi requested that the established regulations of the Yuanfeng and Xining reign periods be followed, setting staff numbers according to whether duties were complex or simple. The request was granted. In the fourth year of Shaoxing, the Sichuan Pacification Commission was first ordered to disburse tea for horse barter. In the seventh year, tea-and-horse officials were reinstated; in all horse-purchasing prefectures and counties—Li, Wen, Xu, Changning, Nanping, and Zhen—the prefect and vice prefect shared equally in planning and responsibility. Vice prefects might be recruited at the Tea and Horse Office's discretion, with rewards and punishments meted according to surplus or shortfall in horse-purchase quotas. Each year horse convoys were dispatched to supply the garrisoned armies and the Three Palace Commands. Formerly there were Supervising Tea-and-Horse Official, Co-Intendant for Tea and Horses, and Grand Intendant for Tea and Horses—all appointed after review of qualifications and service record. At the beginning of Qiandao, on officials' advice the posts were abolished and responsibility delegated to each prefecture's prefect, vice prefect, and supervisory garrison officer; before long they were restored. In the third year of Shaoxi, because the Tea and Horse Office had fallen far behind on its horse quota, an edict ordered that year's horse-convoy funds to be allocated by the Tea and Horse Office to the Huguang General Supply Office, to be paid out to military officers to purchase native horses on their own. In the third year of Jiatai, because dispatched convoy horses failed to meet standards, an edict ordered one tea-and-horse official to be appointed to each duty, and the office was split into two. (Civil officials at Chengdu managed tea; military officials at Xingyuan managed horses.) Subordinate to it were four administrative aide posts and two reserve dispatch positions in all.

提舉坑冶司掌收山澤之所產及鑄泉貨，以給邦國之用，歲有定數，視其登耗而賞罰之。舊制一員。元豐初，以其通領九路，歲不能周曆所部，始增為二員。分置兩司：在饒者領江東、淮、浙、福建等路，在虔者領江西、湖、廣等路。至元祐，復並為一員。紹興五年，以責任不專，職任廢弛，詔將饒州司官吏除留屬官一員外，並減罷。並歸虔州司，又加「都大」二字於「提點」之上。或病其事權太重，省並歸逐路轉運司措置，仍置提領諸路鑄錢官一員於行在，以侍從官充，自此或復或罷不一。乾道六年，並歸發運司。發運司罷，復置提點兩司如初。淳熙二年，並贛歸饒，復加「都大」二字，與提刑序官。其屬有幹辦公事二員，檢踏官·六員。稱銅官、催綱官各一員。

The Intendant for Mining and Smelting collected products of mountains and marshes and coined currency to supply the state's needs. Annual quotas were fixed, with rewards and punishments according to surplus or shortfall. Under the old system there was one post. At the beginning of Yuanfeng, because one official oversaw nine circuits and could not tour the entire jurisdiction within a year, the number was increased to two. Two offices were established separately: that at Raozhou administered the Jiangdong, Huai, Zhe, and Fujian circuits; that at Qianzhou administered the Jiangxi, Hu, and Guang circuits. By Yuanyou it was again merged into one post. In the fifth year of Shaoxing, because responsibility was not concentrated and duties had lapsed, an edict ordered that all officials of the Raozhou office be reduced except for one subordinate retained. All were merged into the Qianzhou office, and the characters "Grand" were added before "Intendant." Some objected that its authority was too great; it was abolished and its duties assigned to each circuit's Transport Commission. One Official to Oversee Coinage on All Circuits was still placed at the mobile court, filled by an attendant at court—thereafter the office was restored or abolished without consistency. In the sixth year of Qiandao, duties were merged into the Commissariat Transport Office. When the Commissariat Transport Office was abolished, the two intendant offices were restored as before. In the second year of Chunxi, the Ganzhou office was merged into Raozhou, "Grand" was again added to the title, and ranking was set equal to the Judicial Intendant. Subordinate posts were two administrative aides and six inspection officials. There were also one copper-assay official and one convoy-expedition official each.

提舉市舶司掌蕃貨海舶征榷貿易之事，以來遠人，通遠物。元祐初，詔福建路於泉州置司。大觀元年，復置浙、廣、福建三路市舶提舉官。明年，御史中丞石公弼請以諸路提舉市舶歸之轉運司，不報。建炎初，罷閩、浙市舶司歸轉運司，未幾復置。紹興二十九年，臣僚言：「福建、廣南各置務於一州，兩浙市舶乃分建於五所。」乾道初，臣僚又言兩浙提舉市舶一司抽解搔擾之弊，用言福建、廣南皆有市舶，物貨浩瀚，置官提舉實宜，惟兩浙冗蠹可罷。從之。仍委逐處知州、通判、知縣、監官同檢視，而轉運司總之。

The Intendant for Maritime Trade managed taxation and trade in foreign goods and seagoing vessels, to draw distant peoples and circulate distant goods. At the beginning of Yuanyou, an edict ordered an office established at Quanzhou on the Fujian Circuit. In the first year of Daguan, maritime-trade intendants were restored on the Zhe, Guang, and Fujian circuits. The next year, Imperial Censor-in-Chief Shi Gongbi requested that maritime-trade intendants on all circuits be returned to the Transport Commission; no response was given. At the beginning of Jianyan, the Fujian and Zhe maritime-trade offices were abolished and reassigned to the Transport Commission; before long they were restored. In the twenty-ninth year of Shaoxing, officials memorialized: "Fujian and Guangnan each established a bureau in a single prefecture, while Zhejiang maritime trade was divided among five sites. At the beginning of Qiandao, officials again spoke of the abuses of extraction and harassment by the Zhejiang Maritime Trade Office, arguing that Fujian and Guangnan both had maritime trade with vast cargoes, making appointed intendants appropriate, whereas the redundant Zhejiang office could be abolished. The memorial was approved. Responsibility was still delegated to the prefect, vice prefect, magistrate, and supervisory officials at each location for joint inspection, with overall supervision by the Transport Commission.

提舉學事司掌一路州縣學政，歲巡所部以察師儒之優劣、生員之勤惰，而專舉刺之事。崇寧二年置，宣和三年罷。

The Intendant for Educational Affairs managed school administration in all prefectures and counties of a circuit, touring its jurisdiction each year to inspect the merit of teachers and scholars and the diligence or idleness of students, and was exclusively responsible for reporting and impeachment. Established in the second year of Chongning; abolished in the third year of Xuanhe.

提點開封府界諸縣鎮公事掌察畿內縣鎮刑獄、盜賊、場務、河渠之事。提舉河北糴便司糴便芻糧以供邊儲之用。

The Intendant for Kaifeng Prefecture Boundary Counties and Towns Affairs inspected criminal cases, banditry, tax stations, and waterways in counties and towns within the capital district. The Intendant for Hebei Grain-Purchase Convenience purchased fodder and grain for frontier storage.

提舉製置解鹽司掌鹽澤之禁令，使民入粟塞下，予鈔給鹽，以足民用而實邊備。凡鹽價高下及文鈔出納多寡之數，皆掌之。

The Intendant for the Jiezhou Salt Establishment enforced salt-lake regulations, allowing the people to deliver grain to the frontier in exchange for certificates and salt distribution, to satisfy civilian needs while strengthening border defenses. It managed all matters of salt prices, high or low, and the amounts of certificates issued or redeemed.

經制邊防財用司掌經畫錢帛、芻糧以供邊費，凡榷易貨物、根括耕地及邊部弓箭手等事，皆奏而行之。熙寧末，以熙、河連歲用兵，仰給支度，費用不貲，始置是司。元祐初，罷。崇寧中，復置提舉兵馬、提轄兵甲，皆守臣兼之。掌按練軍旅，督捕盜賊，以清境內；凡諸營之名籍，較其壯怯而賞罰之。

The Commissioner for Border Defense Finance managed planning of funds, silks, fodder, and grain for frontier expenses. Monopoly trade in goods, land registry surveys, frontier archer companies, and related matters were all submitted for approval before execution. At the end of Xining, because Xi and He had seen warfare year after year and relied on forwarded supplies at enormous cost, this office was first established. It was abolished at the beginning of Yuanyou. During Chongning, Intendants for Military Horses and Controllers of Military Equipment were restored, all held concurrently by defending officials. They managed inspection and training of troops and supervised bandit suppression to pacify the interior; they reviewed muster rolls of all camps, comparing strength and weakness for rewards and punishments.

提舉保甲司掌什伍其民，教之武藝，視其優劣而進退之。元豐初，置於開封府界，遂下其法河北、河東、陝西三路，既而悉置提舉官，如府界焉。

The Intendant for Baojia organized the people in groups of ten and five, taught them martial skills, and promoted or dismissed them according to merit. At the beginning of Yuanfeng, it was established in the Kaifeng Prefecture boundary; the system was then extended to the Hebei, Hedong, and Shaanxi circuits, and before long intendant officials were placed everywhere, as in the capital district.

提舉三白渠公事掌瀦泄三白渠，以給關中灌溉之利。撥發司輦運司掌以時起發綱運而督其滯留，以供京師之用。

The Intendant for Sanbai Canal Affairs managed impoundment and release of the Sanbai Canal to provide irrigation benefits in the Guanzhong region. The Dispatch Office of the Transport Commissariat managed timely dispatch of convoy shipments and oversight of delays, to supply the capital.

提舉弓箭手掌沿邊郡縣射地弓箭手之籍，及團結、訓練、賞罰之事。政和五年，復以所招弓箭手之數為殿最。

The Intendant for Archers managed registers of frontier prefectures' and counties' archer militia on military allotments, as well as organization, training, and rewards and punishments. In 1115, recruitment totals for archer companies once again became the standard for judging which units ranked first or last.

府州軍監宋初革五季之患，召諸鎮節度會於京師，賜第以留之，分命朝臣出守列郡，號權知軍州事，軍謂兵，州謂民政焉。其後，文武官參為知州軍事，二品以上及帶中書、樞密院、宣徽使職事，稱判某府、州、軍、監。諸府置知府事一人，州、軍、監亦如之。掌總理郡政，宣布條教，導民以善而糾其奸慝，歲時勸課農桑，旌別孝悌，其賦役、錢穀、獄訟之事，兵民之政皆總焉。凡法令條製，悉意奉行，以率所屬。有赦宥則以時宣讀，而班告於治境。舉行祀典。察郡吏德義材能而保任之，若疲軟不任事，或奸貪冒法，則按劾以聞。遇水旱，以法振濟。安集流亡，無使失所。若河南、應天、大名府則兼留守司公事。太原府、延安府、慶州、渭州、熙州、秦州則兼經略安撫使、馬步軍都總管。定州真定府、瀛州、大名府、京兆府則兼安撫使、馬步軍都總管。瀘州、潭州、廣州、桂州、雄州則兼安撫使、兵馬鈐轄。潁昌府、青州、鄆州、許州、鄧州則兼安撫使、兵馬巡檢。其餘大藩府或沿邊州郡，或當一道衝要者，並兼兵馬鈐轄、巡檢，或帶沿邊安撫、提轄兵甲、沿邊溪洞都巡檢。餘州、軍，則別其地望之高下與職務之繁簡而置之。分曹以理之。而總其綱要。凡屬縣之事皆統焉

At the founding of the Song, prefectures, districts, commands, and supervisorates were reorganized to cure the ills of the Five Dynasties era. The military governors were called to the capital, given residences, and kept there; court officials were sent out in rotation to hold the commanderies, with the title Acting Administrator of Military and Prefectural Affairs—military meaning troops, prefecture meaning civil government. Later, civil and military officials shared the post of Administrator of Prefectural and Military Affairs. Officials of second rank or higher, and those holding concurrent posts in the Secretariat, the Bureau of Military Affairs, or as Envoys Extraordinary, were titled Commissioner of the relevant prefecture, district, command, or supervisorate. Every superior prefecture was given one Administrator of Prefectural Affairs, and districts, commands, and supervisorates followed the same arrangement. They oversaw the whole administration of the prefecture: issuing laws and edicts, leading the people toward good conduct while punishing wrongdoing, promoting agriculture and silk production each season, honoring the filial and dutiful, and taking charge of taxation, corvée, grain revenues, lawsuits, and every matter of civil and military governance. Every statute and regulation was to be faithfully carried out so as to set an example for those beneath them. Amnesties were read aloud at the appointed time and publicly announced across the entire jurisdiction. They performed the canonical state sacrifices. They evaluated the moral character, ability, and talent of local officials and vouched for their fitness; those who were slack, unfit for office, corrupt, or in violation of the law were investigated and reported to the throne. When floods or drought struck, they dispensed relief as the law prescribed. They gathered and resettled refugees so that no one was left homeless. In Henan, Yingtian, and Daming prefectures they also concurrently managed the affairs of the Remaining Capital Office. At Taiyuan, Yan'an, Qing, Wei, Xi, and Qin they also held the concurrent titles of Military Commissioner for Pacification and Grand Commander of all cavalry and infantry. At Dingzhou, Zhending, Ying, Daming, and Jingzhao they also concurrently served as Pacification Commissioner and Grand Commander of cavalry and infantry. At Luzhou, Tanzhou, Guangzhou, Guizhou, and Xiongzhou they also held the concurrent posts of Pacification Commissioner and Controller of military forces. At Yingchang, Qingzhou, Yanzhou, Xuzhou, and Dengzhou they also concurrently served as Pacification Commissioner and Military Inspector. Other major prefectures, frontier districts, and commanderies at key points along a circuit likewise held concurrent posts as military controller or inspector, or bore titles such as frontier pacification commissioner, controller of military equipment, or chief inspector of frontier stream valleys and cave settlements. For other districts and commands, appointments were made according to the standing of the place and the weight of its responsibilities. Business was distributed among the various bureaus for processing. But they retained authority over all major matters. Everything involving the counties under their jurisdiction fell within their overall supervision.

建炎初，詔：「河北、京東西路除帥司外，舊差文臣知州去處，許通差武臣一次。」又：「要郡文臣一員帶本路兵馬鈐轄，武臣一員充副鈐轄；次要郡文臣一員帶本路兵馬都監，武臣一員充副都監。」紹興三年，詔守臣帶路分鈐轄、都監去處並罷。五年，帝以守。令皆帶勸農公事，多不奉職，自今有治效顯著者，可今中書省籍記姓名，特加擢用。凡從官出知郡者，特許不避本貫。初，除授見闕及自外罷任赴闕，並令引見上殿。九年，詔應守臣以二年為任。又以武臣作郡，往往不曉民事，且多恣橫，詔新復州郡隻差文臣續因臣僚言，極邊控扼去處，仍差武臣；其不係極邊，文武臣通差。詔：「守臣到任半年以上，具民間利病，或邊防五條聞奏，委都司看詳，有便於民者，即與施行。」續又詔不拘五條之數。十三年，詔依舊制帶提舉或主管學事。〈（從官以上稱提舉餘知、通主管，淳熙中罷。）〉乾道二年，令非曾任守臣不得為郎官，諸郡合文武臣通差去處，並依舊制

Early in the Jianyan era, an edict declared: In the Hebei and Jingdong West circuits, apart from command headquarters, posts where civil prefects had previously been assigned might once be filled by military officials in alternation. It further ordered: In important prefectures one civil official would hold the circuit Military Controller title, and one military official would serve as deputy controller; in lesser prefectures one civil official would hold the circuit Grand Military Inspector title, and one military official would serve as deputy grand inspector. In 1133 an edict abolished every post in which a defending official also held a route-division controller or grand inspector title. In the fifth year, the Emperor addressed the conduct of prefects: They were all required to hold the concurrent charge of promoting agriculture, yet many neglected their duties. Henceforth, those who achieved outstanding results in governance were to have their names entered in the records of the Central Secretariat for special advancement. Attendant officials sent out to govern prefectures were specially permitted to serve without avoiding their native districts. At first, newly appointed officials filling vacancies and those returning to court after leaving outside posts were all required to be presented for audience before the throne. In the ninth year an edict set the term of office for defending officials at two years. Because military men appointed as prefects often knew nothing of civilian administration and tended to be high-handed, an edict required that newly recovered prefectures and districts be staffed only with civil officials. Later, on petition from officials, posts at the most critical frontier chokepoints were still assigned to military men; where the frontier was not extreme, civil and military officials could be assigned interchangeably. An edict ordered: After six months in office, defending officials were to report five items on public welfare or frontier defense; the Secretariat would review them, and measures that served the people were to be put into effect immediately. A later edict removed the limit of five items. In the thirteenth year an edict restored the former practice of concurrently holding the title of Intendant or Supervisor of school affairs. (Officials from fifth rank upward held the title Intendant; other prefects and vice-prefects served as supervisors; this arrangement was abolished during Chunxi.) In 1166 it was decreed that no one who had not previously served as a defending official could hold a lang-office post, and all prefectures where civil and military officials were assigned interchangeably were to revert to the former system.

南渡後，設官如舊，入則貳政，出則按縣。有軍旅之事，則專任錢糧之責，經制、總制錢額，與本郡協力拘催，以入於戶部。既而諸州通判有兩員處減一員。凡軍監之小者不置。又詔更不添差。其後，或以廢事請，或以控扼去處請。紹興五年以後旋添置之。除潭廣洪州、鎮江建康成都府見係兩員外，凡帥府通判並以兩員為額，餘置一員。乾道元年，詔買馬州、軍通判，令茶馬司依舊法奏辟，餘堂除差人。淳熙十四年，利州路提刑言：「關外四州通判，乞自製置司奏辟，所有金、洋、興、利、文、龍等州通判，乞送轉運司擬差。」並從之。

After the court moved south, the offices were restored as before: in the capital they served as deputy administrators, in the provinces they toured and inspected the counties. When military campaigns were underway, they bore sole responsibility for money and grain, working with the prefecture to collect commissioner and grand commissioner funds and remit them to the Ministry of Revenue. Later, prefectures that had two vice-prefects were reduced by one. Small military supervisorates were not assigned the office. An edict also forbade any further supernumerary appointments. Later they were reinstated either because abandoned duties required them, or because strategic control points demanded them. After 1135 they were gradually restored. Apart from Tan, Guang, Hongzhou, Zhenjiang, Jiankang, and Chengdu, which already had two vice-prefects, every command prefecture was allotted two; all others received one. In 1165 an edict ruled that vice-prefects in horse-buying districts and commands were to be recommended by the Tea-Horse Bureau under the former procedure, while all others were to be appointed directly by the court. In 1187 the Li Zhou circuit penal intendant petitioned: Let the Pacification Commission recommend vice-prefects for the four districts beyond the passes; let the Transport Commission nominate vice-prefects for Jin, Yang, Xing, Li, Wen, Long, and the other districts concerned. The request was granted in full.

幕職官簽書判官廳公事兩使、防、團、軍事推判官節度掌書記觀察支使掌裨讚郡政，總理諸案文移，斟酌可否，以白於其長而罷行之。凡員數多寡，視郡小大及職務之煩簡。初，政和改簽書判官廳公事為司錄，建炎初復舊。凡節度推、判官從軍額，察推及支使從州、府名。凡諸州減罷通判處，則升判官為簽判以兼之。小郡推、判官不並置，或以判官兼司法，或以推官兼支使，亦有並判官窠闕省罷。則令錄參兼管。凡要郡簽判及推官皆堂除，餘吏部使闕，二廣間許監司辟差。紹熙元年，臣僚言：「廣西奏擬簽判，多恩科癃老，乞行下轉運司，不許差年六十以上昏毛之人。」嘉定二年，臣僚言：「監司有幹官，州郡有職官，以供簽廳之職，或非才不勝任，則按刺易置可也。今乃差兼簽廳者動軌三兩員，或四五員。其為冗費，與添差何異？乞將諸州郡所差兼簽廳官並行住罷。」從之。

Staff officials—the Chief Records Officer of the Judge's Office, the investigative and adjudicating officials attached to the two commissioners, defense, regimentation, and military governorates, the military governor's chief secretary, and the surveillance commissioner adjutant—supported prefectural administration, oversaw all case paperwork, judged what could or could not be done, reported to their superiors, and then executed or set aside each matter accordingly. Their numbers varied according to the size of the prefecture and the burden of its business. At first, during Zhenghe the Chief Records Officer was retitled Registrar; early in Jianyan the former title was restored. Investigative and adjudicating officials under military governors derived their titles from the army designation, while surveillance investigators and adjutants took theirs from the name of the district or prefecture. In every district where a vice-prefect was cut, the judge was promoted to Chief Records Officer and given the vice-prefect's duties as well. Small prefectures did not fill both investigative and adjudicating posts; sometimes the judge doubled as judicial reviewer, sometimes the investigator doubled as adjutant, and in some cases the judge's post was abolished altogether. In those cases the registrar was made to handle the duties instead. In important prefectures Chief Records Officers and investigative officials were appointed directly by the court; elsewhere the Ministry of Personnel filled vacancies; in Guangdong and Guangxi circuit supervisors were sometimes allowed to recommend candidates. In 1190 officials reported: The Chief Records Officers nominated for Guangxi are mostly elderly favor-degree holders; we ask that the Transport Commission be ordered not to appoint anyone over sixty who is senile and unfit. In 1209 officials argued: Circuit supervisors already have staff officers and prefectures have functional officials to staff the records office; if someone is incompetent, he can be investigated and replaced. Yet additional appointees to the records office now routinely number two or three, sometimes four or five. This is sheer waste—how is it any different from piling on supernumerary posts? We ask that all additionally assigned records-office officials in every prefecture and district be abolished immediately. The petition was granted.

縣令建隆元年，令天下諸縣除赤、畿外，有望、緊、上、中、下。掌總治民政、勸課農、桑、平決獄訟。有德澤禁令，則宣布於治境。凡戶口、賦役、錢穀、振濟、給納之事皆掌之，以時造戶版及催理二稅。有水旱則有災傷之訴，以分數蠲免。民以水旱流記，則撫存安集之，無使失業。有孝悌行義聞於鄉閭者，具事實上於州，激勸以勵風穀。若京、朝、幕官則為知縣事，有戍兵則兼兵馬都監或監押。〈（宣教郎以下帶監押。）〉

County magistrates: In 960 every county in the realm, except metropolitan and imperial counties, was ranked as distinguished, congested, upper, middle, or lower. They oversaw civil government, promoted farming and sericulture, and settled lawsuits. Beneficent edicts and prohibitions were announced throughout the county. They handled household registers, taxation, corvée, grain revenues, relief, and disbursements, compiling registers on schedule and collecting the land and labor taxes. In flood or drought they received disaster petitions and granted proportional tax exemptions. When the people fled because of flood or drought, they were sheltered and resettled so that none lost their livelihood. When acts of filial piety and righteousness were reported in the countryside, the magistrate documented them and reported upward to the prefecture to encourage good conduct and strengthen local morals. Capital officials, court appointees, and staff officers served as Administrators of County Affairs; where garrison troops were posted, they also served as Grand Military Inspector or Garrison Commander. (Officials from Instructor Gentleman rank downward held the concurrent title of Garrison Commander.)

初，建炎多差武臣，紹興詔專用文臣，然沿邊溪洞處，仍許武臣指射。邑大事煩則堂除，仍借緋、章服，嚴差出之禁，任滿有政績，則與升擢。乾道以後，定以三年為任，仍非兩任不除監察御史。初改官人必作縣，謂之「須入」。十六年，詔知縣在任不成兩考，即不合理為實曆。嘉定十二年詔：「兩經作令滿替者，實曆九考、有政聲無過犯、舉員及格，改官人特免再作知縣，許受簽判或幹官，以當知縣履曆。」

At first many military men were appointed during Jianyan; a Shaoxing edict then required civil officials only, though along the frontier stream valleys and cave settlements military men were still allowed to petition for posts. Large and demanding counties received court-appointed magistrates, who were lent crimson robes and insignia, strictly barred from outside assignment, and promoted when they completed their terms with a record of achievement. After Qiandao the term was set at three years, and no one could be appointed investigating censor without having served two full terms. At first every newly promoted official had to serve as a county magistrate—this was called the required county term. In the sixteenth year an edict ruled that a county magistrate who failed to complete two evaluation periods would not receive credit toward seniority. In 1219 an edict declared: Officials who had twice completed full terms as magistrate, with nine valid evaluations, a record of good governance, no offenses, and sufficient recommendations, were specially exempt from a further county posting and might accept a Chief Records Officer or staff post in lieu of county experience.

縣丞初不置，天聖中因蘇耆請，開封兩縣始各置丞一員，在簿、尉之上，仍於有出身幕職、令錄內選充。皇祐中，詔赤縣丞並除新改官人。熙寧四年，編修條例所言：「諸路州、軍繁劇縣，令戶二萬已上增置丞一員，以幕職官或縣令人充。」元祐元年詔：「應因給納常平、免役置丞，並行省罷。如委事務繁劇難以省罷處，令轉運司存留。」崇寧二年，宰相蔡京言：「熙寧之初，修水土之政，行市易之法，興山澤之利，皆王政之大，請縣並置丞一員，以掌其事。」大觀三年，詔：「昨增置縣丞內，除舊額及萬戶以上縣事務繁冗，及雖非萬戶實有山澤，坑冶之利可以修興去處，依舊存留外，餘皆減罷。」建炎元年，詔縣丞係嘉祐以前員闕並萬戶處存留一員。餘並罷。紹興三年，以淮東累經兵火，權罷縣丞。十八年，置海陵丞一員。嘉定後，小邑不置丞，以簿兼。

Assistant magistrates were not established initially; during Tiansheng, at Su Qi's request, each of the two Kaifeng counties received one assistant ranking above the chief clerk and sheriff, chosen from qualified staff officials and registrars. During Huangyou an edict required that assistant magistrates of metropolitan counties be drawn entirely from newly promoted officials. In 1071 the compiler of regulations proposed: In congested counties under the various circuits' districts and commands with twenty thousand or more households, one additional assistant was to be added, filled by a staff official or county magistrate. In 1086 an edict ordered: All assistants created for Ever-Normal Granary disbursement and exemption-from-corvée administration were to be abolished. Where duties were genuinely too heavy to abolish the post, the Transport Commission was authorized to retain it. In 1103 Chief Councillor Cai Jing argued: At the start of Xining, waterworks, market-trade policy, and development of mountain and marsh resources were all major state initiatives; he asked that every county be given one assistant to manage them. In 1109 an edict ruled: Of the recently added assistant magistrates, only those under the old quota, counties of ten thousand households or more with heavy workloads, and counties below that threshold but with exploitable mountain, marsh, mining, or smelting resources were to be kept; all others were to be cut. In 1127 an edict retained one assistant magistrate at every post established before Jiayou and at every county of ten thousand households. All others were abolished. In 1133, because Huaidong had been ravaged repeatedly by war, assistant magistrates there were temporarily abolished. In the eighteenth year one assistant magistrate was restored at Hailing. After Jiading small counties had no assistant magistrate; the chief clerk doubled in the role.

主簿開寶三年，詔諸縣千戶以上置令、簿、尉；四百戶以上置令、尉，令知主簿事；四百戶以下置簿、尉，以主簿兼知縣事。咸平四年，王欽若言：「川峽縣五千戶以上請並置簿，自餘仍以尉兼。」從之。自後川蜀及江南諸縣，各增置主簿。中興後，置簿掌出納官物、銷注簿書，凡縣不置丞，則簿兼丞之事。凡批銷必親書押，不許用手記，仍不許差出，以防銷注。

Chief clerks: In 970 an edict required counties of one thousand households or more to have a magistrate, chief clerk, and sheriff; those of four hundred or more were to have a magistrate and sheriff, with the magistrate handling chief-clerk duties; those below four hundred were to have a chief clerk and sheriff, with the chief clerk also serving as county administrator. In 1001 Wang Qinruo proposed: Every Sichuan and gorge county of five thousand households or more should have a chief clerk; elsewhere the sheriff could continue to double in the role. The proposal was adopted. Afterward chief clerks were added across the counties of Sichuan and the Jiangnan region. After the restoration chief clerks managed the receipt and disbursement of official goods and the cancellation of ledger entries; in counties without an assistant magistrate the chief clerk took on those duties as well. Every cancellation had to bear the clerk's own signature and seal—hand notes were forbidden, as was outside assignment—to prevent fraudulent ledger entries.

尉建隆三年，每縣置尉一員，在主簿之下，奉賜並同。至和二年，開封、祥符兩縣各增置一員，掌閱羽弓手，戢奸禁暴。凡縣不置簿，則尉兼之。中興，沿邊諸縣間以武臣為尉，並帶兼巡捉私茶、鹽、礬，亦或文武通差。隆興，詔不許差癃老疾病年六十以上之人。邑大事煩則置二尉。紹熙中，詔恩科人年及六十不差。嘉定十三年，詔極邊縣尉，獲盜酬賞班改，歲以二員為額。

Sheriffs: In 962 each county was given one sheriff ranking below the chief clerk, with the same salary and perquisites. In 1055 Kaifeng and Xiangfu counties each added one post to inspect archer militia and suppress crime and disorder. If a county had no chief clerk, the sheriff doubled in the role. After the Restoration frontier counties sometimes appointed military officials as sheriffs, also with concurrent duty to hunt down smuggled tea, salt, and alum—or civil and military officials were assigned interchangeably. In 1163 an edict forbade appointing persons who were infirm, aged, or ill, or who were sixty or older. Large, busy districts were given two sheriffs. During Shaoxi an edict barred special-examination graduates aged sixty or above from appointment. In 1220 an edict set an annual quota of two frontier county sheriffs who captured bandits and earned rewards, promotions, and reassignment.

鎮砦官諸鎮置於管下人煙繁盛處，設監官，管火禁或兼酒稅之事。砦置於險扼控禦去處，設砦官，招收土軍，閱習武藝，以防盜賊。凡杖罪以上並解本縣，餘聽決遣。

Fortified-town and stockade officials: towns were placed in densely populated areas under circuit jurisdiction, with a supervisor in charge of fire prevention or, in some cases, wine taxes as well. Stockades were sited at strategic choke points, each with an official to recruit local militia, drill them in arms, and guard against bandits. Offenses punishable by beating or worse were all referred to the home county; lesser matters were adjudicated locally.

廟令丞主簿舊制，五嶽、四瀆、東海、南海諸廟各置令、丞。廟之政令多統於本縣令。京朝知縣者稱管勾廟事，或以令、錄老耄不治者為廟令，判、司、簿、尉為廟簿，掌葺治修飾之事。〈（凡以財施於廟者，籍其名數而掌之。）〉

Temple magistrates, assistants, and clerks—former system: each of the temples of the Five Sacred Peaks, Four Waterways, Eastern Sea, and Southern Sea had its own magistrate and assistant. Temple administration was largely overseen by the county magistrate. When a capital official served as magistrate he was titled Supervisor of Temple Affairs; an elderly registrar unfit for regular duty might be made temple magistrate instead, while judges, clerks, chief clerks, and sheriffs served as temple registrars overseeing repairs and upkeep. (All who donated property to a temple had their names and amounts recorded and held in trust.)

總管鈐轄司掌總治軍旅屯戍、營防守禦之政令。凡將兵隸屬官訓練、教閱、賞罰之事，皆掌之。守臣帶提舉兵馬巡檢、都監及提轄兵甲者，掌統治軍旅、訓練教閱，以督捕盜賊而肅清治境。凡諸營名籍、賞罰之事，皆掌之。崇寧四年，蔡京奏：「京畿四輔置輔郡屏衛京師，以潁冒府為南輔，襄邑縣升為拱州為東輔，鄭州為西輔，澶州為北輔，以太中大夫以上知州，置副總管、鈐轄各一員，知州為都總管。餘依三路帥臣法。」從之。

The General Controller and Military Controller offices oversaw policies for garrison troops, camp defenses, and frontier guards. They handled all training, inspections, and rewards and punishments for subordinate troop commanders. Defending officials who also held posts as overseer of military forces and inspectors, grand inspectors, or controllers of arms governed troops, conducted training and inspections, and led the hunt for bandits to keep the jurisdiction secure. They also managed camp rosters and all reward and punishment decisions. In 1105 Cai Jing proposed: "Establish four auxiliary prefectures around the capital as buffer commanderies—Yingmao as the southern auxiliary, Xiangyi elevated to Gongzhou as the eastern, Zhengzhou as the western, and Chanzhou as the northern. Each would be governed by an official of Grandee of Palace Attendance rank or higher, with one deputy general controller and one military controller; the prefect would serve as grand general controller. Other arrangements would follow the rules governing the Three Routes commanders. The emperor approved.

大觀三年，詔東南師府總管。依三路都總管法。靖康元年，詔四道副總管並通差文武臣其諸路將官，掌統所隸禁旅，以行陣隊伍、金鼓旗幟、弓矢擊刺之法而教習訓練之，別其武藝強者，待次遷補，以激勸士卒。凡兵仗器甲之數，廩祿犒設、賞罰約束之禁令皆掌焉，副將為之貳。若屯戍防邊。則受帥司節制；遇寇敵，則審其戰守應援之事。若師有功，則具馘數、籍用命而旌賞之。

In 1109 an edict established general controllers for the southeastern military prefectures. They followed the regulations for the Three Routes grand general controllers. In 1126 an edict required that deputy general controllers in the four routes be filled by civil and military officials interchangeably. Route generals commanded their assigned imperial guard units, training them in formations, signals, banners, and archery and thrusting drills; the strongest were placed on promotion lists to motivate the rank and file. They managed weapons inventories, rations, pay, rewards, and disciplinary rules, with deputy generals as their seconds. When garrisoned on the frontier, they came under the commander's authority; and when enemy raiders appeared they decided whether to fight, hold, or call for reinforcements. After a victory they recorded enemy heads taken and registered the bravest for commendation and reward.

路分都監掌本路禁旅屯戍、邊防、訓練之政令，以肅清所部。州府以下都監，皆掌其本城屯駐、兵甲、訓練、差使之事，資淺者為監押。紹聖三年，詔諸路將副序位在路分都監之下。大觀三年，詔帥府無路分鈐轄、望郡無路分都監者，許置一員，其餘添置處，任滿不差人。宣和二年，虔州添置都監一員。

Route-division grand inspectors oversaw garrison troops, frontier defense, and training on their circuit to keep the region secure. Prefectural grand inspectors managed local garrisons, arms, training, and troop assignments; junior appointees held the title of inspector-warden. In 1096 an edict ranked route generals and their deputies below route-division grand inspectors. In 1109 an edict allowed one such post where a military prefecture had no route-division controller or an important commandery no route-division grand inspector—but at other newly added posts, vacancies were not filled after the incumbent's term ended. In 1120 Qianzhou received one additional grand inspector.

建炎初，分置帥府，以諸路帥臣兼。要郡守臣帶兵馬鈐轄，次要郡帶兵馬都監；並以武臣為之副，稱副總管、副鈐轄、副都監，許以便宜行軍馬事，辟置僚屬，依帥臣法。屯兵皆有等差。遇朝廷起兵，則副總管為帥，副鈐轄、都監各以兵從，聽其節制。其後，益、瀘、夔、廣、桂五州牧又皆以都鈐轄為稱。四年，詔建康府、江州路又置副都總管一員，於見置帥司處駐紮。紹興三年，詔要郡、次要郡守臣罷帶兵職，其逐路副總管依舊格，改充路分都監，為一路掌兵之官，其各州鈐轄或省或置不一，又有逐路兵馬都監、兵馬監押，掌煙火公事、捉捕盜賊。淳熙十六年，詔諸路訓練鈐，並須年六十以下曾經從軍有才武人充，紹熙元年指揮，雜流出身之人，不得過路分州鈐；諸州軍兵馬都監，獨員處專注才武及曾任主兵官之人。慶元中，詔總管下至將副將等，年七十以上許自陳，與宮觀差遣。初，守臣罷帶兵職，惟江西贛州以多盜，仍帶江西兵馬鈐轄。其後，武臣為路鈐者，亦無尺籍伍符，每歲諸州按閱，特存故事，間有得旨葺治軍器或訓練禁軍，則仍帶入銜。

Early in the Jianyan era military prefectures were reestablished, held concurrently by route commanders. Defending officials at important commanderies held the title of Military Controller; at secondary commanderies they held the title of grand inspector of armies and horses; Military officials served as their deputies—deputy general controller, deputy controller, and deputy grand inspector—with authority to act on military matters at discretion, appoint staff, and follow commander regulations. Garrison troops were ranked in a fixed hierarchy. When the court mobilized troops the deputy general controller took command while deputy controllers and grand inspectors marched under him with their forces. Later the governors of Yi, Lu, Kui, Guang, and Gui were all titled Grand Controller as well. In the fourth year an edict added a deputy grand general controller each for Jiankang and Jiangzhou, stationed at existing military headquarters. In 1133 an edict stripped defending officials at important and secondary commanderies of their concurrent military titles; route deputy general controllers were converted under the old rules into route-division grand inspectors as each circuit's military chiefs; prefectural controllers were reduced or kept as needed; route grand inspectors of armies and horses and army inspector-wardens remained, handling signal fires and bandit suppression. In 1189 an edict required route training controllers to be under sixty with military experience and proven martial ability; a 1190 directive barred persons of miscellaneous-entry origin from rising above route-division or prefecture controller posts; Where a prefecture had only one grand inspector of armies and horses, the post went to proven martial men who had previously held troop command. During Qingyuan an edict allowed general controllers and subordinate generals aged seventy or above to request retirement to a Taoist temple sinecure. Initially when defending officials lost their military titles, only Ganzhou in Jiangxi kept the Jiangxi Military Controller post because of rampant banditry. Later route controllers held by military officials often had no actual rosters or unit tallies; prefectures still held annual inspection reviews as a formality, but only when specifically authorized to repair weapons or train imperial guard troops did they retain the military title.

諸軍都統製副都統製統製統領舊制，出師征討，諸將不相統一，則拔一人為都統製以總之，未為官稱也，建炎初，置御營司，擢王淵為都統製，名官自此始。其後，神武五軍及川陝宣撫司、都督府、樞密院皆置。紹興十一年，三大將兵罷，諸軍皆冠以：御前」二字，擢其偏裨為御前統領官，以統製御前軍馬入銜，秩高者為御前諸軍都統製，且令仍舊駐紮，以屯駐州名冠軍額之上。其後，興元、江、陵、建、康、鎮江府、興、金、鄂、江、池州及平江、許溥水軍，皆除都統製，恩數略視三衙，權任在帥臣右，官卑者稱副都統製。設屬有計議、機宜、幹辦公事、準備差遣，省置不一。次有副都統製。乾道三年，帝諭輔臣「欲今後江上諸軍各置副都統一員，兼領軍事，豈惟儲帥，亦使主將顧忌，不敢專擅。」因言：「都、副統制禮有隆殺，且為條約。」上曰：「如此，他日不致爭權越禮。」遂行之。然其後都、副鮮有並除者。初，渡江後，大軍又有統製、同統製、副統製、統領、同統領、副統領，其下有正將、淮備將、訓練官、部將、隊將等名，皆偏裨也。舊制，準備將而上，皆主帥升差，仍先申樞密院審察。乾道七年，詔訓練官、部隊將而下，許軍中徑差，申朝廷照會。紹熙間，詔諸軍升差統製至準備將者，主帥解發三人，赴總領所選一名，諸將不以為便。慶元三年，詔主帥選擇，總領所或屯軍處守臣審核保明，申樞密院。

Commanders-in-Chief, deputy commanders, commanders, and unit leaders—former practice: on campaign, when generals lacked unified command, one man was chosen as overall commander-in-chief, though this was not yet an official title. Early in Jianyan the Imperial Camp Bureau was created and Wang Yuan was made commander-in-chief—the formal title dates from then. Later the Five Divine Martial Armies, the Sichuan-Shaanxi Pacification Commission, the Directorate-General, and the Bureau of Military Affairs all created such posts. In 1141 the armies of the three great generals were disbanded; every army was prefixed with "Imperial Vanguard"; junior officers were promoted to Imperial Vanguard unit leaders bearing "Commander of Imperial Vanguard Armies and Horses" in their titles; the senior rank became Imperial Vanguard Commander-in-Chief of All Armies, and they continued to garrison as before, with the posting prefecture named above the army title. Later commanders-in-chief were appointed at Xingyuan, Jiang, Ling, Jiankang, Zhenjiang, Xing, Jin, E, Jiang, Chizhou, and the Pingjiang and Xu Pu naval forces—with perquisites rivaling the Three Bureaus, authority second only to route commanders; junior appointees were titled deputy commander-in-chief. Staff included planners, confidential advisors, clerks, and reserve dispatchers, with numbers varying by office. Below them came deputy commanders-in-chief. In 1167 the emperor told his ministers: "I want each Yangzi army to have a deputy commander-in-chief who also shares military command—not only to train future leaders, but to keep the senior general in check and prevent him from acting on his own. He added: "Grand and deputy commanders should observe distinct ceremonial precedence—let us codify that. The emperor said: "That way they won't one day fight over authority and breach protocol. The measure was adopted. Yet afterward grand and deputy commanders were rarely appointed together. After the crossing, major armies also had commanders, co-commanders, deputy commanders, unit leaders, co-leaders, and deputy leaders, with senior captains, Huai-preparatory captains, training officers, company captains, and squad captains below—all field-grade officers. Under the old rules, appointments from preparatory captain upward were made by the army commander and submitted to the Bureau of Military Affairs for approval. In 1171 an edict allowed training officers and company and squad captains to be appointed directly within the army, with notice sent to court. During Shaoxi commanders had to nominate three candidates for promotion to commander or preparatory captain and send them to the General Controller's office to pick one—generals found this cumbersome. In 1197 commanders selected candidates, the General Controller's office or the local defending official verified them, and the list went to the Bureau of Military Affairs.

巡檢司有沿邊溪峒都巡檢，或蕃漢都巡檢，或數州數縣管界、或一州一縣巡檢，掌訓治甲兵、巡邏州邑、擒捕盜賊事；又有刀魚船戰棹巡檢，江、河、淮、海置捉賊巡檢，及巡馬遞鋪、巡河、巡捉私茶鹽等，各視其名以修舉職業，皆掌巡邏幾察之事。中興以後，分置都巡檢使、都巡檢、巡檢、州縣巡檢，掌土軍、禁軍招填教習之政令，以巡防捍禦盜賊。凡沿江沿海招集水軍，控扼要害及地分闊遠處，皆置巡檢一員，往來接連合相應援處，則置都巡檢以總之，皆以材武大小使臣充。各隨所在，聽州縣守令節制，本砦事並申取州縣指揮。若海南瓊管及歸、峽、荊門等處跨連數郡，控製溪峒，又置水陸都巡檢使或三州都巡檢使以增重之。

The Inspector Bureau included chief frontier stream-and-grotto inspectors, Fan-and-Han chief inspectors, and inspectors over several prefectures and counties or a single prefecture or county, responsible for drilling troops, patrolling districts, and capturing bandits; There were also saberfish-boat combat patrol inspectors, bandit-capture inspectors on the Yangzi, Yellow, Huai, and coastal routes, and horse patrol relay posts, river patrols, and private tea-and-salt patrols—each post performing duties matching its name, all charged with patrol and surveillance. After the Restoration chief inspector commissioners, chief inspectors, inspectors, and prefectural and county inspectors were established to recruit and train local militia and imperial guard troops and patrol against bandits. Along the Yangzi and coast, naval forces were recruited at strategic points and in remote areas, each with an inspector; where patrol routes linked for mutual support, a chief inspector oversaw them—all filled by martially capable grand and minor commissioners. Each answered to the local prefectural or county magistrate; stockade business was carried out on prefectural and county orders. At Hainan Qiong administration and Gui, Xia, Jingmen, and similar multi-commandery regions controlling stream-and-grotto territories, land-and-water chief inspector commissioners or three-prefecture chief inspector commissioners were also established for added authority.

監當官掌茶、鹽、酒稅場務征輸及冶鑄之事，諸州軍隨事置官，其征榷場務歲有定額，歲終課其額之登耗以為舉刺。凡課利所入，日具數以申於州。建炎初，詔監當官闕，許轉運司具名奏辟一次，以二年為任，實有六考，方許關升。煩劇去處，許添差一員。凡交割必置曆以稽其剩欠，合選差文臣處，更不差武臣。淳熙二年，詔二萬貫以下庫分，選有才幹存留一員，指揮、諸班直、親從親事官、保義郎以下差充。建炎四年，詔每州每以五員為額。

Revenue-collection officials managed tea, salt, and wine tax depots, levies, and smelting operations; prefectures and armies appointed them as needed; monopolized depots had fixed annual quotas assessed at year's end for performance review. Daily revenue returns were reported to the prefecture. Early in Jianyan, when revenue-collection posts fell vacant the Transport Commission could nominate candidates once for imperial appointment; the term was two years, and transfer promotion required six completed performance reviews. Heavily burdened posts could receive one additional appointee. Every handover required ledgers to track surpluses and deficits; where civil officials were designated for the post, military officials were no longer appointed. In 1175 an edict ordered that for depot sections handling less than twenty thousand strings of cash, one capable appointee was retained, filled by directive from various rank attendants, close attendants, household officers, and officials of Protector of Righteousness rank and below. In 1130 an edict fixed each prefecture's quota at five such posts.

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