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兵五 〈（鄉兵二）〉
Military 5 (Local Troops, Part Two)
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○河北河東陝西義勇陝西護塞川峽土丁荊湖義軍土丁弩手夔施黔思等處義軍土丁廣南西路土丁廣南東路槍手邕欽溪洞壯丁福建路槍仗手江南西路槍仗手蕃兵
○ Volunteer militia of Hebei, Hedong, and Shaanxi; Shaanxi frontier guards; native levies of the Sichuan gorges; Jinghu volunteer forces and native levies; crossbowmen; volunteer forces and native levies in Kuizhou, Shizhou, Qianzhou, and Sizhou; native levies on Guangnan’s western route; spear men on Guangnan’s eastern route; Zhuang levies in Yong, Qin, and the Xi-dong stream districts; spear-and-staff men in Fujian; spear-and-staff men in western Jiangnan; and tribal troops.
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河北、河東、陝西義勇慶曆二年，選河北、河東強壯並抄民丁涅手背為之。 戶三等以上置弩一，當稅錢二千，三等以下官給。 各營於其州，歲分兩番訓練，上番給奉廩，犯罪斷比廂軍，下番比強壯。
Hebei, Hedong, and Shaanxi volunteer militia: In Qingli 2 (1042), the court selected robust men in Hebei and Hedong and also impressed commoners, branding their hands and backs, to form these units. Households ranked third class or higher supplied one crossbow, valued at two thousand cash in tax obligation; lower-ranked households received government-issue weapons. Each unit was stationed in its home prefecture and drilled in two annual rotations. Men on active rotation received pay and grain; crimes were punished under garrison-troop law. Off rotation they were governed as robust militia.
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熙寧初，樞密使呂公弼請以河北義勇每指揮揀少壯藝精者百人為上等，手背添刺“上等”字，旌別教閱，及數外藝優者亦籍之，俟有闕則補。 從之。 十二月，詔河北義勇，縣以歲閱； 當閱於州者，宜分番，歲以一番； 災傷當罷者聽旨。 其以指揮分番者，大名府五十三為四番，真定、瀛、洺、邢、滄、定、冀、恩、趙、深、磁、相、博自三十九以及十二並為三番，德、祁、澶、棣、霸、濱、永靜、永寧、懷、衛、乾寧、莫、保、通利自十一以及四並為二番。 九指揮已上者再分本番為三，教始十月，止十二月。 六指揮已上者再分本番為二，教始十月，止十一月，終滿一月罷遣。
Early in the Xining era, Military Affairs Commissioner Lü Gongbi proposed that from each Hebei volunteer command one hundred young, skilled men be chosen as an upper tier, tattooed with the mark “upper grade” for distinguished training, while skilled men beyond the quota were also registered to fill vacancies as they opened. The court approved it. In the twelfth month, an edict required annual county-level review of Hebei volunteer militia; those reviewed at the prefectural level were to rotate, one contingent per year; dismissals for disaster or injury were subject to imperial approval. Commands divided into rotations were assigned as follows: Daming’s fifty-three units into four rotations; Zhending, Ying, Ming, Xing, Cang, Ding, Ji, En, Zhao, Shen, Ci, Xiang, and Bo—from thirty-nine units down to twelve—into three rotations each; De, Qi, Chan, Di, Ba, Bin, Yongjing, Yongning, Huai, Wei, Qianning, Mo, Bao, and Tongli—from eleven down to four—into two rotations each. Units of nine commands or more subdivided each rotation into three parts, with training from the tenth month through the twelfth. Units of six commands or more split each rotation in two, training from the tenth through the eleventh month and dismissing men after one full month.
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帝嚐問陳升之曰：“侯叔獻言義勇上番何如？ ”王安石曰：“此事似可為，但少須年歲間議之。 ”升之曰：“今募兵未已，且養上番義勇，則調度尤不易。 ”安石曰：“言募兵之害雖多，及用則患少，以民與兵為兩途故也。 ”十二月，帝言：“義勇可使分為四番出戍。 ”呂公弼曰：“須先省得募兵，乃可議此。 ”安石曰：“計每歲募兵死亡之數，乃以義勇補之可也。 ”陳升之欲令義勇以漸戍近州，安石曰：“陛下若欲變數百年募兵之弊，則宜果斷，詳立法製。 不然，無補也。 ”帝以為然，曰：“須豫立定條法，不要宣布，以漸推行可也。 ”兩府議上番，或以為一月，或以為一季，且令近戍，文彥博等又言難使遠戍，安石辯之甚力。
The emperor once asked Chen Shengzhi, “What do you think of Hou Shuxian’s proposal to put volunteer militia on active rotation?” Wang Anshi replied, “That seems workable, but we should discuss it over the next few years. Chen Shengzhi said, “Recruitment has not yet ended; supporting volunteer militia on active rotation as well would make logistics even harder. Wang Anshi said, “Recruited troops have many drawbacks in theory, but few in practice—because civilians and soldiers follow separate paths. In the twelfth month the emperor said, “We could divide the volunteer militia into four rotations for frontier service. Lü Gongbi said, “We must first cut recruited troops before we can consider this. Wang Anshi said, “Take the annual death toll among recruited troops and replace them with volunteer militia. Chen Shengzhi wanted volunteer militia to garrison nearby prefectures in stages. Wang Anshi said, “If Your Majesty means to reform centuries of recruitment abuse, you must act decisively and draft thorough regulations. Otherwise it will accomplish nothing. The emperor agreed: “We must set the rules in advance, keep them unpublished, and roll them out gradually. The two councils debated active rotation—one month versus one season—and favored nearby garrison duty. Wen Yanbo and others again objected to distant service; Wang Anshi argued forcefully against them.
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是月，兵部上陝西、河北、河東義勇數：陝西路二十六郡舊籍十五萬三千四百，益以環、慶、延州保毅、弓箭手三千八百，總十五萬六千八百，為指揮三百二十一； 河北三十三郡舊籍十八萬九千二百，今籍十八萬六千四百，為指揮四百三十； 而河東二十郡，自慶曆後總七萬七千，為指揮一百五十九。 凡三路義勇之兵，總四十二萬三千五百人。
That month the Ministry of War reported volunteer militia strength: Shaanxi’s twenty-six prefectures listed 153,400 on the old register, plus 3,800 frontier guards and archers from Huan, Qing, and Yan, for 156,800 men in 321 commands; Hebei’s thirty-three prefectures had 189,200 on the old register and 186,400 now, in 430 commands; Hedong’s twenty prefectures had totaled 77,000 men in 159 commands since the Qingli era. Altogether the three circuits’ volunteer militia numbered 423,500 men.
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三年七月，王安石進呈蔡挺乞以義勇為五番教閱事，帝患密院不肯措置，安石曰：“陛下誠欲行，則孰能禦？ 此在陛下也。 ”涇、渭、儀、原四州義勇萬五千人，舊止戍守，經略使蔡挺始令遇上番依諸軍結隊，分隸諸將。 選藝精者遷補，給官馬，月廩、時帛、郊賞與正兵同，遂與正兵相參戰守。 時土兵有闕，召募三千人。 挺奏以義勇點刺累年，雖訓肄以時，而未施於征防，意可以案府兵遺法，俾之番戍，以補土兵闕。 詔復問以措置遠近番之法。 挺即條上，以四州義勇分五番，番三千人，防秋以八月十五日上，十月罷； 防春以正月十五日上，三月罷，周而復始。 詔從之，行之諸路。 九月，秦鳳經略安撫司言：“保毅人數不曾揀充義勇，而其子孫轉易田土，分煙析姓，少有正身。 乞令保毅軍已於丁數內揀刺充義勇者，與免承認保毅。 ”從之。 十月，韓絳乞差著作佐郎呂大忠等赴宣撫司，以備提舉義勇，從之。 是月，韓絳言：“今將義勇分為七路，延、丹、坊為一路，邠、寧、環、慶為一路，涇、原、儀、渭為一路，秦、隴為一路，陝、解、同、河中府為一路，階、成、鳳州、鳳翔府為一路，乾、耀、華、永興軍為一路。 逐年將一州之數分為四番，緣邊四路十四州，每年秋冬合用一番屯戍； 近裏三路十二州軍，即令依此立定番次，未得逐年差發，遇本處闕少正兵，即得勾抽或那往次邊守戍。 ”從之。 十一月，判延州郭逵言：“陝西起發義勇赴緣邊戰守，今後並令自齎一月糗糧，折本戶稅賦。 若不能自備，則就所發州軍預請口食一月。 ”從之。
In the seventh month of year three, Wang Anshi presented Cai Ting’s proposal to drill volunteer militia in five rotations. The emperor complained that the Bureau of Military Affairs would not act. Wang Anshi said, “If Your Majesty is determined, who can stop it?” That rests with Your Majesty alone. The 15,000 volunteer militia of Jing, Wei, Yi, and Yuan had previously only done local garrison duty. Frontier Commissioner Cai Ting first required men on active rotation to form companies like regular troops under assigned generals. Skilled men were promoted and issued government horses; monthly grain, seasonal cloth, and suburban rewards matched regular troops, and they fought and garrisoned alongside them. Native troops were understrength at the time, so three thousand men were recruited. Cai Ting memorialized that volunteer militia had been registered and tattooed for years and drilled on schedule but never deployed; he proposed reviving the old fubing rotation system to fill native-troop gaps. The court again requested a plan for near and distant rotation assignments. Cai Ting promptly submitted a detailed plan: the four prefectures’ militia would form five rotations of three thousand each; autumn defense duty began on the fifteenth of the eighth month and ended in the tenth; spring defense began on the fifteenth of the first month and ended in the third, in a repeating cycle. The court approved the plan and extended it to all circuits. In the ninth month the Qin-Feng frontier commission reported, “Frontier guards were never tapped to fill volunteer quotas; descendants traded land, split households, and changed surnames, leaving few men on the rolls.” We ask that frontier guards already selected from the adult-male rolls and enrolled as volunteer militia be released from frontier-guard duty. The court approved it. In the tenth month Han Jiang asked that Editorial Assistant Lü Dazhong and others be sent to the Pacification Commission to supervise volunteer militia; the court agreed. That month Han Jiang proposed dividing volunteer militia into seven routes: Yan, Dan, and Fang; Bin, Ning, Huan, and Qing; Jing, Yuan, Yi, and Wei; Qin and Long; Shaan, Jie, Tong, and Hezhong; Jie, Cheng, Feng, and Fengxiang; and Qian, Yao, Hua, and Yongxing. Each year a prefecture’s quota was split into four rotations; the fourteen frontier prefectures in four routes would garrison with one rotation each autumn and winter; the twelve inner prefectures and armies would set rotations likewise but not deploy annually; when regular troops ran short locally, men could be reassigned to the next frontier post. The court approved it. In the eleventh month Guo Kui, acting prefect of Yan, proposed that Shaanxi volunteer militia mobilized for frontier duty hereafter bring one month’s dry rations themselves, charged against household taxes. Those unable to supply their own could draw one month’s rations in advance from the mobilizing prefecture or army. The court approved it.
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十二月，司馬光上疏曰：
In the twelfth month Sima Guang submitted a memorial:
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臣以不才，兼領長安一路十州兵民大柄。 到官以來，伏見朝廷及宣撫等司指揮，分義勇作四番，欲令以次於緣邊戍守，選諸軍驍銳及募閭裏惡少以為奇兵，造幹糧、炒飯、布囊、力車以備饋運，悉取歲賜趙秉常之物散給緣邊諸路，又竭內地府庫甲兵財物以助之。 且以永興一路言之，所發人馬，甲八千副，錢九萬貫，銀二萬三千兩，銀碗六千枚，其餘細瑣之物，不可勝數。 動皆迫以軍期，上下相驅，急於星火。 官吏狼狽，下民驚疑，皆云國家將以來春大舉六師，長驅深入，以討秉常之罪。
Your unworthy servant concurrently holds command over troops and civilians in the ten prefectures of the Chang’an circuit. Since taking office I have seen orders from the court and pacification offices dividing volunteer militia into four frontier rotations, selecting elite troops and recruiting local ruffians as strike forces, preparing dry rations, parched rice, cloth bags, and supply carts, distributing Zhao Bingchang’s annual tribute gifts to the frontier, and draining inland arsenals to support it all. The Yongxing circuit alone dispatched men and horses with eight thousand suits of armor, ninety thousand strings of cash, twenty-three thousand taels of silver, six thousand silver bowls, and countless other items besides. Every task was driven by military deadlines; officials drove one another faster than spreading fire. Officials were in turmoil and commoners terrified; everyone said the court would next spring launch a major campaign deep into enemy territory to punish Bingchang.
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臣以疏賤，不得預聞廟堂之議，未知茲事為虛為實。 昨者親承德音，以為方今邊計，惟宜謹嚴守備。 其入寇，則堅壁清野，使之來無所得，兵疲食盡，可以坐收其弊。 臣退而思念，聖謀高遠，深得王者懷柔遠人之道，實天下之福。 及到關中，乃見凡百處置，皆為出征調度。 臣不知有司在外，不諭聖意，以致有此張皇，將陛下默運神算不令愚賤之臣得聞其實也？ 臣不勝惶惑，竊為陛下危之。 況關中饑饉，十室九空，為賊盜者紛紛已多。 縣官倉庫之積，所餘無幾，乃欲輕動大眾，橫挑猛獸，此臣之所大懼也。
Your humble servant was not privy to court deliberations and cannot tell whether this is rumor or reality. Yesterday I received Your Majesty’s command that frontier policy should rely on strict defense alone. If they invade, we fortify and clear the countryside so they gain nothing; when their troops exhaust themselves and supplies run out, we can defeat them without battle. On reflection, Your Majesty’s design is far-sighted and embodies the kingly art of winning distant peoples through kindness—a blessing for the realm. Yet on reaching Guanzhong I found every measure was mobilization for war. I do not know whether officials abroad misunderstood Your Majesty’s intent and caused this panic, or whether Your Majesty is executing a secret design that a humble servant like me is not permitted to know? Your servant is deeply troubled and privately fearful for Your Majesty’s position. Moreover Guanzhong is in famine—nine households in ten are empty—and bandits are already widespread. Government granaries hold almost nothing, yet the court would lightly mobilize great armies and provoke a fierce enemy—this is what I fear most.
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伏望陛下深鑒安危之機，消之於未萌，杜之於未形。 速下明詔撫諭關中之民以朝廷不為出征之計，其義勇更不分番於緣邊戍守，亦不選募奇兵。 凡諸調發為饋運之具者悉令停罷，愛惜內地倉庫之儲，以備春深賙救饑窮之人。 如此，豈惟生民之幸，亦社稷之福也。 惟陛下裁察。
I humbly urge Your Majesty to discern the turning point of safety and danger, quell trouble before it sprouts, and block it before it forms. Issue a clear edict reassuring Guanzhong that the court has no campaign planned; stop rotating volunteer militia to the frontier and stop recruiting strike forces. Halt all supply mobilizations; conserve inland stores to relieve the starving when spring arrives. This would bless not only the people but the dynasty itself. I beg Your Majesty to consider this.
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再言之甚力，於是永興一路獨得免。
He argued again with great force, and the Yongxing circuit alone was exempted.
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四年，詔罷陝西路義勇差役。 又詔罷陝西諸路提舉義勇官，委本屬州縣依舊分番教閱。
In the fourth year an edict ended corvée duties for Shaanxi volunteer militia. Another edict abolished Shaanxi’s volunteer-militia overseers and returned drill duties to local prefectures and counties in the usual rotations.
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五年七月，命崇文院校書王安禮專一編修三路義勇條貫。 是月，帝問王安石義勇事如何，安石曰：“宜先了河東一路。 河東舊制，每年教一月，今令上番巡檢下半月或十日，人情無不悅。 又以東兵萬人所費錢糧，且取一半或三分之二，依保甲養恤其人，即人情無不忻願者。 ”閏七月，執政同進呈河東保甲事，樞密院但欲為義勇、強壯，不別名保甲。 王安石曰：“此非王安禮初議也。 ”帝曰：“今以三丁為義勇，兩丁為強壯，三丁遠戍，兩丁本州縣巡檢上番，此即王安禮所奏，但易保丁為強壯。 人習強壯久，恐別名或致不安也。 ”安石曰：“義勇非單丁不替，強壯則皆第五等戶為之。 又自置弓弩及箭寄官庫，須上教乃給。 今以府界保甲法推之河東，蓋寬利之，非苦之也。 ”帝曰：“河東義勇、強壯，已成次第。 今欲遣官修義勇強壯法，又別令人團集保甲如何？ ”安石曰：“義勇要見丁數，即須隱括，因團集保甲，即一動而兩業就。 今既差官隱括義勇，又別差官團集保甲，即一事分為兩事，恐民不能無擾。 ”帝卒從安石議。 彥博請令安石就中書一面施行此事。 安石曰：“本為保甲，故中書預議。 若止欲作義勇、強壯，即合令樞密院取旨施行。 ”帝曰：“此大事，須共議乃可。 ”是月，秦鳳路經略呂公弼乞從本司選差官，自十月初，擇諸州上番義勇材武者以為“上義勇”，免齎送芻糧之役。 募養馬者為“有馬上義勇”，並免其本戶支移。 從之。
In the seventh month of the fifth year Palace Library Compiler Wang Anli was assigned to draft regulations for the three circuits’ volunteer militia. That month the emperor asked Wang Anshi about volunteer militia reform. Wang Anshi said, “We should finish the Hedong circuit first.” Hedong’s old rule required one month of drill yearly; active rotation with circuit inspectors is now half a month or ten days—and everyone approves. Redirect half or two-thirds of the funds spent on ten thousand eastern troops to support these men under the community-defense system, and everyone will welcome it. In the intercalary seventh month the chief ministers presented the Hedong community-defense plan; the Bureau of Military Affairs wanted only volunteer and robust militia, not a separate community-defense label. Wang Anshi said, “That was not Wang Anli’s original proposal. The emperor said, “Three adult males per household serve as volunteer militia and two as robust militia—the three garrison afar and the two rotate locally with inspectors. That is Wang Anli’s plan, merely renaming community militiamen as robust militia. People have long known the term ‘robust militia’; a new name might unsettle them. Wang Anshi said, “Volunteer militia serve without relief unless a household has only one adult male; robust militia are drawn entirely from fifth-rank households. They supply their own crossbows and arrows, stored in government arsenals and issued only at drill. Extending the capital-district community-defense system to Hedong eases their burden—it does not oppress them. The emperor said, “Hedong’s volunteer and robust militia are already well established. You want to send officials to revise volunteer and robust militia regulations and also separately assemble community-defense groups—how would that work? Wang Anshi said, “Verifying volunteer quotas requires a household census; assembling community defense at the same time completes both tasks in one effort. Sending one team to census volunteer militia and another to assemble community defense splits one task in two—the people will surely be harassed. The emperor finally adopted Wang Anshi’s plan. Yanbo asked that Wang Anshi implement the plan solely through the Secretariat. Wang Anshi said, “This began as a community-defense matter, which is why the Secretariat deliberated first.” If you only want volunteer and robust militia, the Bureau of Military Affairs should receive orders and carry it out. The emperor said, “This is a major matter and must be decided collectively. That month Qin-Feng Frontier Commissioner Lü Gongbi asked his commission to select, from the tenth month onward, skilled volunteer militia on active rotation as “upper-tier volunteers,” exempt from fodder-transport duty. Men who raised horses were designated “mounted upper volunteers,” and their households were exempted from transport corvée as well. The court approved it.
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六年九月，詔義勇人員、節級名闕，須因教閱排連遷補。 十月，熙河路經略司言：乞許人投換義勇，以地給之，起立稅額。 詔以官地招弓箭手，仍許近裏百姓壯勇者占射，依內地起稅，排保甲； 即義勇願投充及民戶願受蕃部地者聽之。 其頃畝令經略司以肥瘠定數。 十一月，詔永興軍、河中府、陝、解、同、華、鄜、延、丹、坊、邠、寧、環、慶、耀十五州軍各依元刺義勇外，商、虢州、保安軍並止團成保甲。 七年，詔義勇正身不許應募充刺，已應募者召人對替。
In the ninth month of the sixth year an edict required that volunteer militia rank vacancies be filled through drill-review promotions. In the tenth month the Xihe frontier commission requested permission for men to enroll as volunteer militia in exchange for land grants and established tax quotas. An edict ordered recruiting archers on government land, allowing nearby robust civilians to claim plots, taxing them as in the interior, and organizing community-defense groups; Those in the volunteer militia who wished to enroll, and common households willing to take land from tribal districts, were also allowed to do so. The frontier commission was to set the acreage allotted according to soil fertility. In the eleventh month an edict directed Yongxing Command, Hezhong, and thirteen other prefectures and garrisons to continue enrolling volunteer militia as before, while Shang, Guo, and Bao'an Army were limited to organizing community-defense groups only. In the seventh year an edict forbade registered volunteer militia from enrolling as tattooed conscripts; those already enrolled had to be replaced by substitutes.
16
八年四月，詔韓琦等，曰：“河朔義勇民兵，置之歲久，耳目已熟，將校甚整，教習亦良。 然團結保甲，一道紛然。 義勇舊人十去其七，或撥入保甲，或放而歸農，得增數之虛名，破可用之成法，此又徒起契丹之疑也。 ”七月，詔應義勇家人投軍後，本戶餘丁數少，合免義勇，並許投軍。 十月，詔：“五路義勇每年赴州教，保甲赴縣教，並自十月至次年正月終。 義勇不及十指揮、保甲不及十都者，自十二月起教，各據人數分定番次，教閱一月，不許拆破指揮、都保。 其人數少處，隻作一番、兩番，不須滿所教月分。 其年已上番者，止教半月。 ”十二月，詔五路義勇並與保丁輪充及檢察盜賊，有違犯，依保丁法。
In the fourth month of the eighth year the court addressed Han Qi and others: "The Heshuo volunteer militia and local troops have been in place for years. They know the terrain, their officers are well ordered, and their training is solid. Yet organizing community defense across the circuit has been chaotic. Seven in ten of the veteran volunteer militia have been removed—some folded into community defense, some sent back to farm—winning only the hollow credit of higher headcounts while breaking a system that worked; this again needlessly alarms the Khitan. In the seventh month an edict provided that when a volunteer-militia household had a member enlist in the regular army and few adult males remained at home, the household could be released from militia obligation and additional members could also enlist. In the tenth month an edict required volunteer militia in the five circuits to drill annually at the prefectural seat and community-defense units at the county seat, from the tenth month through the first month of the next year. Units below ten volunteer-militia commands or ten community-defense companies were to begin drilling in the twelfth month, dividing rotations by headcount and training for one month without breaking apart commands or district companies. Where numbers were small, only one or two rotations were required, without filling the full allotted training months. Men already on active rotation that year trained for only half a month. In the twelfth month an edict ordered volunteer militia in the five circuits, together with community-defense youths, to rotate patrols and inspect for banditry, with violations punished under the community-defense-youth regulations.
17
九年正月，詔義勇、保甲逐年遇閱日比試所習武藝，五路每州以二十分為率取一，分為五等，第一等解發。 四月，詔：“河北西路義勇、保甲分三十六番，隨便近村分，於巡檢、縣尉下上番，半月一替。 歲於農閑月，並下番人並令所轄巡檢、縣尉擇寬廣處聚教五日。 ”是月，兵部言：“舊條，義勇、保甲所習事藝以十分為率，弓不得過二分，槍刀共不得過二分，餘並習弓弩。 ”詔槍手依舊專習外，刀牌手令兼習弓弩，仍頒樣下五路施行。 九月，詔永興、秦鳳等路義勇，以主戶三丁以上充，不拘戶等。 是年，諸路所管義勇：河北東路三萬六千二百一十八人，河北西路四萬五千七百六十六人，永興軍路八萬七千九百七十八人，秦鳳路三萬九千九百八十人，河東路三千五百九十五人，總二十四萬七千五百三十七人。
In the first month of the ninth year an edict required annual competitive trials in the martial arts studied by volunteer militia and community defense; each prefecture in the five circuits selected one man in twenty, ranked them in five grades, and forwarded the top grade. In the fourth month an edict ordered Hebei West Circuit volunteer militia and community defense divided into thirty-six rotations, assigned by nearest villages, to report for active rotation under patrol inspectors and county lieutenants, relieving every half month. In slack farming months each year, men on and off rotation alike were to assemble for five days of drill at an open site chosen by their patrol inspector or county lieutenant. That month the Ministry of War reported: "Under the old rule, volunteer militia and community-defense training was apportioned in ten parts: no more than two parts for bow, no more than two for spear and sword combined, with the remainder devoted to crossbow." An edict directed that spearmen continue specialized training as before but that sword-and-shield men also train in the crossbow, with model regulations issued to the five circuits. In the ninth month an edict required Yongxing and Qin-Feng circuit volunteer militia drawn from principal households with three or more adult males, regardless of household rank. That year registered volunteer militia were: Hebei East 36,218; Hebei West 45,766; Yongxing 87,978; Qin-Feng 39,980; Hedong 3,595—for a total of 247,537.
18
元豐二年，中書、樞密院請河北陝西義勇、保甲皆如諸軍誦教閱法。 從之。 三年，詔五路轉運、提舉官巡曆所至，按閱見教義勇、保甲，不如法者，牒提點刑獄司施行。 四年，蒲宗孟言，乞開封府、五路義勇並改為保甲。 自此以次行於諸路矣。 〈（此後義勇改為義勇保甲，載《保甲篇》。）〉
In the second year of Yuanfeng (1079) the Secretariat and Bureau of Military Affairs requested that Hebei and Shaanxi volunteer militia and community defense recite the same drill-and-review regulations as regular troops. The court approved it. In the third year an edict directed transport and supervisory officials touring the five circuits to inspect volunteer militia and community defense under training and refer those deficient to the judicial-intendancy office for penalties. In the fourth year Pu Zongmeng asked that volunteer militia in the capital prefecture and five circuits all be converted to community defense. Thereafter the change was rolled out circuit by circuit. (Hereafter the volunteer militia became volunteer-militia community defense; see the Treatise on Community Defense.)
19
陝西護塞慶曆元年，募土人熟山川道路蕃情、善騎射者涅臂充。 二百人為指揮，自備戎械，就鄉閭習武技，季一集州閱教。 無事放營農，月給鹽茗。 有警召集防守，即廩給之，無出本路。
Shaanxi frontier guards: In Qingli 1 (1041) locals who knew the terrain, roads, and tribal borderlands and were skilled mounted archers were recruited, tattooed on the arm, and enrolled. They formed commands of two hundred, furnished their own arms, drilled in their home villages, and assembled quarterly at the prefecture for inspection. In peacetime they were sent home to farm and received monthly allotments of salt and tea. When alarms arose they were called up for defense and then received grain rations, without being sent outside their home circuit.
20
川峽土丁熙寧七年，經製瀘州夷事熊本募土丁五千人，入夷界捕戮水路大小四十六村，蕩平其地二百四十里，募民墾耕，聯其夷屬以為保甲。 元祐二年，瀘南沿邊安撫使司言：“請應瀘人因邊事補授班行，自備土丁子弟在本家地分防拓之人，更無廩給酬賞。 若遇賊，臨時取旨。 其敢邀功生事，重置於法。 ”從之。
Sichuan gorge native levies: In Xining 7 (1074) Xiong Ben, commissioner for Luzhou tribal affairs, recruited five thousand native levies, raided forty-six Yi villages along the waterways, pacified 240 li of territory, brought settlers in to farm, and organized Yi dependents into community defense. In Yuanyou 2 (1087) the Southern Luzhou frontier pacification office reported: "We ask that Luzhou men granted official rank for border service who maintain native-levy youths defending their home districts at their own expense receive no further stipends or rewards. If raiders appeared, orders were to be sought on the spot. Those who provoked trouble to claim credit were to be punished severely under law. The court approved it.
21
政和六年，瀘南安撫使孫羲叟奏：“邊民冒法買夷人田，依法盡拘入官，招置土丁子弟。 見招到二千四百餘人，欲令番上。 ”從之。
In Zhenghe 6 (1116) Luzhou pacification commissioner Sun Xisou reported: "Frontier settlers who illegally bought Yi land had it confiscated by law, and native-levy youths were recruited and stationed there. More than 2,400 have been recruited; we ask that they be put on active rotation." The court approved it.
22
宣和四年，詔：“茂州、石泉軍舊管土丁子弟，番上守把，不諳射藝。 其選施、黔兵善射者各五十人，分任教習，候精熟日遣回。”
In Xuanhe 4 (1122) an edict stated: "Native-levy youths under Maozhou and Shiquan Army who rotate duty on guard posts are not skilled in archery. Select fifty skilled archers each from Shizhou and Qianzhou and assign them to train the youths in turn, sending them home when proficiency is achieved.
23
荊湖路義軍土丁、弩手不見創置之始，北路辰、澧二州，南路全、邵、道、永四州皆置。 蓋溪洞諸蠻，保據岩險，叛服不常，其控製須土人，故置是軍。 皆選自戶籍，蠲免徭賦，番戍砦柵。 大率安其風土，則罕嬰瘴毒。 知其區落，則可製狡獪。 其校長則有都指揮使、副都指揮使、指揮使、副指揮使、都頭、副都頭、軍頭、頭首、采斫招安頭首、十將、節級，皆敘功遷補，使相綜領。 施之西南，實代王師，有禦侮之備，而無饋餉之勞。 其後，荊南、歸、陝、鼎、郴、衡、桂陽亦置。
When Jinghu volunteer forces, native levies, and crossbowmen were first established is unclear; they were set up in Chen and Li on the north route and in Quan, Shao, Dao, and Yong on the south. Stream-gorge tribes held rugged strongpoints and shifted between rebellion and submission, so control required locals—hence these forces. All were drawn from household registers, exempted from corvée and levies, and rotated through stockade garrisons. Accustomed to the local climate, they rarely suffered from miasma. Knowing the country, they could check tribal cunning. Their ranks ran from commander-in-chief and vice commander-in-chief through commanders, company chiefs, squad leaders, section heads, reconnaissance-and-pacification leaders, ten-man leaders, and rank officers—all promoted by merit and organized for joint command. Deployed in the southwest, they effectively stood in for imperial troops, providing frontier defense without the burden of long supply lines. Later they were also established in Jingnan, Gui, Shen, Ding, Chen, Heng, and Guiyang.
24
慶曆二年，北路總一萬九千四百人，南路總五千一百五十人。 番戍諸砦，或以歲，或以季，或以月。 上番人給口糧，有功遷補。 自都副指揮使歲給綿袍、月給食錢，指揮使給食錢，副指揮使給紫大綾綿袍，都頭已上率有廩給。
In Qingli 2 (1042) the north route totaled 19,400 men and the south route 5,150. Stockade rotations ran yearly, quarterly, or monthly. Men on active rotation received grain rations and were promoted for merit. Commanders-in-chief and their deputies received annual padded robes and monthly food money; commanders received food money; vice commanders received purple silk padded robes; company chiefs and above generally drew grain rations.
25
熙寧元年，籍荊湖南、北路義軍凡一萬五千人，軍政如舊制。 六年，諸路行保甲，司農寺請令全、邵二州土丁、弩手、弩團與本村土人共為保甲，以正、副指揮使兼充都副保正，以都頭、將虞候、頭首、都甲頭兼充保長，以左右節級、甲頭兼充小保長。 番上則本鋪土丁、弩手、弩團等同為一保，其隔山嶺不及五大保者亦各置都保正一人。
In Xining 1 (1068) Jinghu South and North volunteer forces were registered at 15,000 men, with military administration unchanged. In the sixth year, as community defense spread circuit-wide, the Ministry of Revenue asked that in Quan and Shao native levies, crossbowmen, and crossbow companies join local villagers in community-defense units, with commanders serving as district chiefs, company chiefs as company heads, and rank officers as junior company heads. On active rotation the post's native levies, crossbowmen, and crossbow companies formed one company; where ridges kept groups below five large companies, each cluster also appointed one district chief.
26
元祐七年，選差邵州邵陽、武崗、新化等縣中等以下戶充土丁、弩手，與免科役，七年一替。 排補將級，不拘替放年，分作兩番邊砦防拓，不得募人。 凡上番，依禁軍例教閱武藝及專習木弩。 如有私役，並論如《私役禁軍敕》。
In Yuanyou 7 (1092) middle- and lower-ranked households in Shaoyang, Wugang, Xinhua, and other Shaozhou counties were drafted as native levies and crossbowmen, exempted from tax and corvée, and rotated every seven years. Officer ranks were filled regardless of rotation year; men were split into two rotations for frontier-stockade defense, and hiring substitutes was forbidden. On active rotation they drilled in martial arts and specialized in wooden crossbows under palace-army standards. Private corvée service was punished under the edict governing palace-army corvée abuse.
27
紹聖二年，樞密院言：“荊湖南路安撫、轉運、提刑、常平司奏請，邵州管下緣邊堡砦置弩手一千四百人，乞依元豐六年詔，於五等戶輪差，並半年一替。 其上番人如有故，許家人少壯有武藝者代充。 ”從之。
In Shaosheng 2 (1095) the Bureau of Military Affairs reported: "Jinghu South pacification, transport, judicial, and ever-normal offices asked to station 1,400 crossbowmen at Shaozhou frontier forts, following the sixth year of Yuanfeng edict to rotate duty among five-ranked households every half year. If a man on rotation could not serve, a skilled young relative could substitute. The court approved it.
28
崇寧二年，荊湖南路安撫、鈐轄李閎言：“收復綏寧縣上堡裏、臨口砦，合用防拓弩手千人，乞於邵州邵陽、武岡兩縣中等以下戶選差，半年一替； 遇上番，月支錢米； 排補階級，自正副使而下至左右甲頭，依舊為七階； 分兩番部轄，令邵州給帖。 ”從之。
In Chongning 2 (1103) Jinghu South pacification commissioner Li Hong reported: "Recovering Shangbaoli in Suining and Linkou Stockade requires 1,000 frontier crossbowmen; we ask to draft middle- and lower-ranked households in Shaoyang and Wugang, Shaozhou, for half-year rotations; on active rotation they would receive monthly cash and grain; ranks from chief commissioner down to squad chiefs would remain seven grades as before; they would be split into two rotations under departmental command, with Shaozhou issuing warrants." The court approved it.
29
政和七年，以辰、沅、澧等州更戍土丁與營田土丁名稱重壘，將兵馬都鈐轄司招填土丁改為鼎、澧路營田刀弩手。
In Zhenghe 7 (1117), because rotating native levies in Chen, Yuan, and Li overlapped in name with garrison-farm native levies, levies recruited by the military controller's office were redesignated garrison-farm sword-and-crossbowmen of the Ding and Li circuits.
30
重和元年，辰州招到刀弩手二千一百人，其官吏各轉官，減磨勘年有差。 宣和四年，靖州通道縣有邊警，詔添置刀弩手二千人。
In Chonghe 1 (1118) Chenzhou recruited 2,100 sword-and-crossbowmen; responsible officials were promoted with varying reductions in merit-review time. In Xuanhe 4 (1122) a frontier alarm in Tongdao County, Jingzhou, prompted an edict adding 2,000 sword-and-crossbowmen.
31
夔州路義軍土丁、壯丁州縣籍稅戶充，或自溪洞歸投。 分隸邊砦，習山川道路，遇蠻入寇，遣使襲討，官軍但據險策應之。 其校長之名，隨州縣補置，所在不一。 職級已上，冬賜綿袍，月給食鹽、米麥、鐵錢； 其次紫綾綿袍，月給鹽米； 其次月給米鹽而已，有功者以次遷。
Kuizhou volunteer forces, native levies, and robust militia were drawn from registered tax households or men who submitted from stream-gorge districts. Assigned to frontier stockades and trained in local terrain, they raided when tribes attacked while regular troops held strongpoints and coordinated support. Commander titles varied by prefecture and county and were not uniform. Rank officers and above received winter padded robes and monthly food, salt, grain, and iron cash; the next rank received purple silk padded robes and monthly salt and grain; below that, only monthly grain and salt; merit brought promotion in turn.
32
施、黔、思三州義軍土丁，總隸都巡檢司。 施州諸砦有義軍指揮使、把截將、砦將，並土丁總一千二百八十一人，壯丁六百六十九人。 又有西路巡防殿侍兼義軍都指揮使、指揮使、都頭、十將、押番、砦將。 黔州諸砦有義軍正副指揮使、兵馬使、都頭、砦將、把截將，並壯丁總千六百二十五人。 思州、洪杜、彭水縣有義軍指揮使、巡檢將、砦將、科理、旁頭、把截、部轄將，並壯丁總千四百二十二人。
Volunteer forces and native levies in Shizhou, Qianzhou, and Sizhou all fell under the chief patrol-inspector's office. Shizhou stockades had volunteer-force commanders, interception officers, and stockade officers, with 1,281 native levies and 669 robust militia. There were also western-route frontier patrol attendants who doubled as volunteer-force commanders-in-chief, commanders, company chiefs, ten-man leaders, rotation supervisors, and stockade officers. Qianzhou stockades had volunteer-force chiefs and deputies, horse-and-arms officers, company chiefs, stockade officers, and interception officers, with 1,625 robust militia in all. Sizhou, Hongdu, and Pengshui had volunteer-force commanders, patrol officers, stockade officers, clerks, flank heads, interception officers, and departmental commanders, with 1,422 robust militia in all.
33
渝州懷化軍。 溱州江津巴縣巡遏將，皆州縣調補。 其戶下率有子弟、客丁，遇有寇警，一切責辦主戶。 巡遏、把截將歲支料鹽，襖子須三年其地內無寇警乃給，有勞者增之。 州縣籍土丁子弟並器械之數，使分地戍守。
Yuzhou and Huaihua Army. In Qinzhou, Jiangjin, and Bazhou, patrol-interception officers were all assigned by prefectural and county authorities. Their households typically included sons and client laborers; in an alarm the principal household was held responsible for furnishing them all. Patrol and interception officers received annual provisions and salt; padded jackets came only after three years without raids in their district, with increases for merit. Prefectures and counties registered native-levy youths and weapons and assigned them to garrison by district.
34
嘉祐中，補涪州賓化縣夷人為義軍正都頭、副都頭、把截將、十將、小節級，月給鹽，有功以次遷，及三年無夷賊警擾，即給正副都頭紫小綾綿旋襴一。 涪陵、武龍二縣巡遏將，砦一人，以物力戶充，免其役。 其義軍土丁，歲以籍上樞密院。
During Jiayou, Yi of Binhua County, Fuzhou, were appointed volunteer-force company chiefs, interception officers, ten-man leaders, and junior rank officers, paid salt monthly and promoted for merit; after three years without Yi raids, chiefs received a purple silk padded robe. In Fuling and Wulong one patrol-interception officer per stockade was drawn from wealthy households and exempted from corvée. Volunteer forces and native levies were registered annually and reported to the Bureau of Military Affairs.
35
廣南西路土丁嘉祐七年，籍稅戶應常役外五丁點一為之。 凡得三萬九千八百人。 分隊伍行陣，習槍、鏢排，冬初集州按閱。 後遞歲州縣迭教，察視兵械。 以防收刈，改用十一月教，一月罷。
Guangnan West native levies: In Jiayou 7 (1062) one adult male in five was drafted from tax households beyond their regular corvée obligations. The total came to 39,800 men. They were organized into squads and formations, trained in spear and dart arrays, and assembled at the prefecture for inspection each early winter. Thereafter prefectures and counties took turns drilling them annually and inspecting arms. To avoid harvest season, training was moved to the eleventh month and lasted one month.
36
熙寧七年，知桂州劉彝言：“舊制，宜、融、桂、邕、欽五郡土丁，成丁已上者皆籍之。 既接蠻徼，自懼寇掠，守禦應援，不待驅策。 而近製主戶自第四等以上，三取一以為土丁。 而旁塞多非四等以上，若三丁籍一，則減舊丁十之七。 餘三分以為保丁，保丁多處內地，又俟其益習武事，則當蠲土丁之籍。 恐邊備有闕，請如舊制便。 ”奏可。
In Xining 7 (1074) Liu Yi, prefect of Gui, said: "Under the old system, native levies in Yi, Rong, Gui, Yong, and Qin—all adult males—were registered. Living on the tribal frontier, they feared raids and defended and reinforced without needing to be driven. But the recent rule drafted one in three principal households ranked fourth class or higher as native levies. Yet frontier districts mostly lacked fourth-class households; registering one in three adult males would cut the old levy rolls by seven-tenths. The remaining three in ten became community-defense men, mostly posted inland; once they grew more skilled at arms, they would be removed from the native-levy rolls. Fearing gaps in frontier defense, he asked to keep the old system in place. The court approved the memorial.
37
元豐六年，廣西經略使熊本言：“宜州土丁七千餘人，緩急可用。 欲令所屬編排，分作都分，除防盜外，緣邊有警，聽會合掩捕。 ”從之。
In the sixth year of Yuanfeng (1083) Xiong Ben, Guangxi pacification commissioner, said: "Yi Prefecture has over seven thousand native levies available when needed." He wanted subordinates to organize them into districts; besides anti-theft duty, they could assemble for joint pursuit when the border raised an alarm. The court approved it.
38
元符二年，廣西察訪司言：“桂、宜、融等用土丁緣邊防拓，差及單丁，乞差兩丁以上之家。 ”從之。
In Yuanfu 2 (1099) the Guangxi inspection office said: "Gui, Yi, Rong, and other prefectures use native levies on frontier patrol, but the draft has reached sole-adult households. We ask to limit it to households with at least two adult males." The court approved it.
39
廣南東路槍手嘉祐六年，廣、惠、梅、潮、循五州以戶籍置，三等已上免身役，四等以下免戶役，歲以十月一日集縣閱教。 治平元年，詔所在遣官按閱，一月罷，有闕即招補，不足，選本鄉有武技者充。
Guangnan East spear men: In Jiayou 6 (1061) Guang, Hui, Mei, Chao, and Xun set them up by household register; ranks third and above were exempt from personal corvée and ranks fourth and below from household corvée; they assembled at the county for drill each year on the first day of the tenth month. In Zhiping 1 (1064) an edict ordered local officials to inspect them for one month; vacancies were filled by recruitment, and if still short, men with martial skills from the township were chosen.
40
熙寧元年，詔廣州槍手十之三教弓弩手。 是歲，會六郡槍手，為指揮四十一，總一萬四千七百有奇。 三年，知廣州王靖言：“東路槍手，自至和初立為土丁之額，農隙肄業一月，乃古者寓兵於農之策也。 然訓練勸獎之製未備，請比三路義勇軍政教法條上約束。 ”四年，知封州鄧中立請以本路未置槍手州縣，如廣、惠等五郡例置。 奏可。 六年，廣東駐泊楊從先言：“本路槍手萬四千，今為保甲，兩丁取一，得丁二十五萬，三丁取一，得丁十三萬。 以少計之，猶十倍於槍手。 願委路分都監二員，分提舉教閱。 ”詔司農寺定法以聞。 其後，戶四等以上，有三丁者以一為之，每百人為一都，五都為一指揮。 自十一月至二月，月輪一番閱習，凡三日一試，擇其技優者先遣之。 七年，詔廣南東西路舊槍手、土丁戶依河北、陝西義勇法，三丁選一，餘州無槍手、土丁者勿置。 九年，兵部言：“廣、惠、循、潮、南恩五郡槍手，請籍主戶第四等以上壯丁，毋過舊額一萬四千，餘以為保甲。 ”奏可。
In Xining 1 (1068) one-third of Guangzhou spear men were ordered trained as crossbowmen. That year six prefectures' spear men were organized into forty-one commands totaling over 14,700 men. In the third year Wang Jing, Guangzhou prefect, said: "Eastern Route spear men have been on the native-levy rolls since Zhihe; one month's training in the farming slack season follows the ancient policy of soldier-farmers." But training and reward rules were incomplete; he asked to submit regulations modeled on the three-circuit volunteer militia system. " In the fourth year Fengzhou prefect Deng Zhongli asked to establish spear men in counties that lacked them, following the five-prefecture model of Guang and Hui. The court approved the memorial. In the sixth year Guangdong garrison commander Yang Congxian said: "This circuit has fourteen thousand spear men; under community defense, one in two adult males yields 250,000 men and one in three yields 130,000." Even by the lower figure, that is still ten times the spear men. He asked that two circuit patrol-inspectors be assigned to oversee drilling separately. " The Ministry of Revenue was ordered to set regulations and report back. Thereafter households ranked fourth class or higher contributed one man per three adult males; every hundred formed a company and five companies a command. From the eleventh month through the second, one rotation drilled each month; trials were held every three days and the best were deployed first. In the seventh year old spear-man and native-levy households in Guangnan East and West were ordered to follow the Hebei-Shaanxi volunteer militia rule of one in three; prefectures without spear men or native levies were not to create them. In the ninth year the Ministry of War said: "For spear men in Guang, Hui, Xun, Chao, and Nan'en, register robust militia from fourth-class principal households up to the old quota of fourteen thousand; the rest shall serve in community defense." The court approved the memorial.
41
元豐二年，詔：廣、惠、潮、封、康、端、南恩七州皆並邊，外接蠻徼，宜依西路保甲教習武藝。 時又詔虔州槍仗手以千五百，撫州、建昌軍鄉丁、關軍、槍仗手各以千七百為額。 監司以農隙按閱武藝，如廣東製。
In the second year of Yuanfeng (1079) an edict held that Guang, Hui, Chao, Feng, Kang, Duan, and Nan'en all lie on the frontier against tribal marches and should train in arms under the western-route community-defense system. At the same time Qianzhou spear-and-staff men were fixed at 1,500 and Fuzhou and Jianchang Army district militia, pass troops, and spear-and-staff men each at 1,700. Overseers inspected arms during farming slack, following the Guangdong model.
42
邕、欽溪洞壯丁治平二年，廣南西路安撫司集左、右兩江四十五溪洞知州、洞將，各占鄰迭為救應，仍籍壯丁，補校長，給以旗號。 峒以三十人為一甲，置節級，五甲置都頭，十甲置指揮使，五十甲置都指揮使，總四萬四千五百人，以為定額。 各置戎械，遇有寇警召集之，二年一閱，察視戎械。 有老病並物故名闕，選少壯者填，三歲一上。
Yong and Qin stream-gorge Zhuang levies: In Zhiping 2 (1065) the Guangnan West pacification office gathered forty-five gorge prefects and generals from the left and right rivers; each covered neighboring districts for mutual relief, registered robust militia, appointed junior officers, and issued flags and insignia. Gorges formed platoons of thirty with rank officers; five platoons had a company chief, ten a commander, and fifty a chief commander—44,500 men in total as the fixed quota. Each was equipped with arms; they were summoned when raids threatened, inspected every two years, and their equipment examined. Aged or ill men and equipment gaps were filled with the young and robust, with reports every three years.
43
熙寧中，王安石言：“募兵未可全罷，民兵則可漸復，至於二廣，尤不可緩。 今中國募禁軍往戍南方多死，害於仁政。 陛下誠移軍職所得官十二三，鼓舞百姓豪傑，使趨為兵，則事甚易成。 ”於是，蘇緘請訓練二廣洞丁。 舊制，一歲教兩月。 安石曰：“訓練之法，當什伍其人，拔其材武之士以為什百之長。 自首領以下，各以祿利勸獎，使自勤於閱習，即事藝可成，部分可立，緩急可用。 ”六年，廣南西路經略沈起言：“邕州五十一郡峒丁，凡四萬五千二百。 請行保甲，給戎械，教陣隊。 藝出眾者，依府界推恩補授。 ”奏可。
During Xining Wang Anshi said: "Recruited troops cannot all be disbanded yet, but militia can be restored gradually—and in the two Guang regions this cannot wait." Forbidden Troops recruited inland and sent south die in large numbers, which harms humane government. If Your Majesty shifted even a tenth or two of military office rewards to inspire local heroes to take arms, the task would be easy. Su Jian then asked to train gorge levies in both Guang regions. Under the old rules they trained two months a year. Wang Anshi said: "Training should organize them in squads of five and ten, promoting skilled fighters as squad and company leaders." Leaders downward should be rewarded with pay and benefits so they drill themselves; skills, organization, and readiness would follow. In the sixth year Guangnan West pacification commissioner Shen Qi said: "Yongzhou has 45,200 gorge levies across fifty-one prefectures. He asked to implement community defense, issue arms, and teach formations. Men of outstanding skill would receive appointments by the metropolitan frontier precedent. The court approved the memorial.
44
九年，趙禼征交阯，入辭，帝諭以“用峒丁之法，當先誘以實利，然後可以使人。 甘言虛辭，豈能責其效命？ 比鄜延集教蕃兵，賴卿有以製之，使輕罪可決，重罪可誅。 違西夏則其禍遠，違帥臣則其禍速，合於兵法‘畏我不畏敵’之義，故能責其效命。 王師之南，卿宜選募勁兵數千，擇梟將領之，以脅諸峒，諭以大兵將至，從我者有賞，其不從者按族誅之。 兵威既振，先脅右江，右江既附，復脅左江，兩江附則諸蠻無不附者。 然後以攻交人劉紀巢穴，甚非難也。 郭逵性吝嗇，卿宜諭以朝廷兵費無所惜，逵復事崖岸，不通下情，將佐莫敢言者，卿至彼，以朕語詔之。”
In the ninth year, on leave before campaigning against Jiaozhi, Zhao Xu was told: "To use gorge levies you must first offer real rewards—only then can you command them." Fine words alone cannot make them risk their lives. When you gathered tribal troops at Yan'an, you controlled them so petty crimes could be judged and grave ones punished by death. Defying Western Xia meant distant punishment; defying you meant swift punishment—matching the maxim to make them fear their commander, not the enemy—and that is how you secured their service. As the army marches south, raise several thousand elite troops under bold generals to intimidate the gorges: say the main force is coming, reward those who join you, and exterminate clans that refuse. Once your force is formidable, intimidate the right river first; when it submits, move on the left—both rivers secured, every tribe will follow. Then striking Liu Ji's base in Jiaozhi would not be hard. Guo Kui is miserly—tell him the court will spend whatever military funds are needed. He is aloof and out of touch, and his staff dare not speak; when you arrive, relay my words to him.
45
十年，樞密院請：“邕、欽峒丁委經略司提舉，同巡檢總蒞訓練之事，一委分接。 歲終上藝優者，與其酋首第受賞。 五人為保，五保為隊。 第為三等：軍功武藝出眾為上，蠲其徭役； 人材矯捷為中，蠲其科配； 餘為下。 邊盜發則酋長相報，率族眾以捍寇。 ”十二月，詔邕、欽丁壯自備戎械，貧者假以官錢，金鼓旗幟官給，間歲大閱，畢則斂藏之。
In the tenth year the Bureau of Military Affairs asked that Yong and Qin gorge levies be supervised by the pacification office and patrol-inspectors, who would handle all training duties by delegation. At year-end the best were reported and rewarded by rank together with their chiefs. Five men formed a company and five companies a squad. They were ranked in three grades: upper for outstanding merit and arms, with corvée remitted; middle for agile talent, with tax assessments remitted; the rest as lower. When border raiders struck, chiefs warned one another and led their clans to fight. In the twelfth month robust men in Yong and Qin were ordered to supply their own arms; the poor could borrow state funds; drums, flags, and banners were issued by the state; a grand review was held every other year and equipment stored afterward.
46
元豐元年，經略司請集兩江峒丁為指揮，權補將校。 奏可。 二年，廣西經略司言：“團結邕、欽峒丁為指揮一百七十五，籍武藝上等一萬三千六百七人。 ”詔下諸臣獻議措置峒丁事，付曾布參酌損益，創為規畫，務令詳盡，便於施行。 布乃請令鎮砦監押、砦主同管轄兵甲使臣與巡檢等，分定州峒總製，立賞罰懲勸。 增置都巡檢使兩員，分提舉。 及增首領丁壯，歲閱之，以武藝絕倫者聞，量材補授。 詔增都巡檢使二員，餘下熊本擇其可者施行之。
In the first year of Yuanfeng (1078) the pacification office asked to organize both rivers' gorge levies into commands and provisionally appoint officers. The court approved the memorial. In the second year the Guangxi pacification office said: "Yong and Qin gorge levies were organized into 175 commands, with 13,607 men of upper martial rank on the rolls." Ministers were ordered to propose plans for gorge levies; Zeng Bu was to refine them into detailed, workable regulations. Zeng Bu asked stockade supervisors, chiefs, armory officers, and patrol-inspectors to divide control over prefectural gorges and set rewards and punishments. Two chief patrol-inspectors were added to supervise separately. More chiefs and robust men were added, reviewed yearly; unmatched fighters were reported up and appointed by merit. Two chief patrol-inspectors were ordered added; Xiong Ben was to implement the rest as he saw fit.
47
五年，詔：“廣南保甲如戎、瀘故事，自置裹頭無刃槍、竹標排、木弓刀、蒿矢等習武技，遇捕盜則官給器械。
In the fifth year an edict said Guangnan community-defense units, like those in Rong and Lu, would train with blunt spears, bamboo dart arrays, wooden bows, and reed arrows; government arms would be issued only when pursuing bandits.
48
六年，詔樞密承旨司講議廣西峒丁如開封府界保甲集教、團教法。 是年，提點廣西路刑獄彭次雲言：“邕苦瘴癘，請量留兵更戍，餘用峒丁，以季月番上，給禁軍錢糧。 ”詔許彥先度之，彥先等言：“若盡以代正兵，恐妨農。 請計戍兵三之一代以峒丁，季輪二千赴邕州肄習武事。 ”從之。
In the sixth year the Bureau of Military Affairs was ordered to adapt Guangxi gorge levies to the Kaifeng community-defense group-drill model. That year Guangxi judicial intendant Peng Ciyun said: "Yong suffers severe miasma; keep only a measured troop rotation and replace the rest with gorge levies on seasonal monthly shifts at Forbidden Troop pay." Xu Yanxian was ordered to assess the plan; he replied that replacing all regular troops with gorge levies might harm agriculture. He proposed replacing one-third of the garrison with gorge levies and rotating two thousand seasonally to Yongzhou for training. The court approved it.
49
大觀二年，詔：“熙寧團集左、右江峒丁十餘萬眾，自廣以西賴以防守。 今又二十萬眾來歸。 已令張莊依左、右江例相度聞奏。 尚慮有司不知先務，措置滅裂，今條畫行下其所修法，入熙河蘭湟、秦鳳路敕遵行之。”
In Daguan 2 (1108) an edict recalled that in Xining over 100,000 left- and right-river gorge levies were organized and that the region west of Guang depended on them for defense. Now another 200,000 have submitted. Zhang Zhuang has been ordered to survey them on the left- and right-river model and report. Fearing negligent implementation, the revised regulations were promulgated and entered into the statutes for the Xining River, Lan-Huang, and Qin-Feng circuits.
50
福建路槍仗手元豐元年，轉運使蹇周輔言：“廖恩為盜，以槍仗手捕殺，乃有冒槍仗手之名，乘賊勢驚擾村落，患有甚於廖恩者。 ”詔犯者特加刺配。 周輔請額定槍仗手人數，歲集閱之。 下其章兵部。 兵部請依保甲法編排，罷舊法，以隸提刑司。 居相近者五人為小保，保有長，五小保為一大保長，十大保為一都、副保正。 具教閱、捕盜賊、食直等令頒焉。 總一萬二百人有奇，以歲之農隙，部使者分閱，依弓手法賞之。 二年，立法，聽自置兵械寄於官，遇捕盜乃給，數外置者從私有法。
Fujian spear-and-staff men: In the first year of Yuanfeng (1078) transport commissioner Jian Zhoufu said that after spear-and-staff men killed the bandit Liao En, impostors used the title to terrorize villages worse than Liao En had. Offenders were ordered especially tattooed and exiled. Zhoufu asked to fix spear-and-staff quotas and hold yearly reviews. His memorial was referred to the Ministry of War. The Ministry of War proposed reorganizing them under community-defense law, abolishing the old system and placing them under judicial intendants. Five neighbors formed a small company with a chief; five small companies a large company chief; ten large companies a district chief and deputy. Orders on drilling, catching bandits, rations, and the like were issued. The total exceeded 10,200; during farming slack circuit envoys inspected them and rewarded them by the crossbowmen precedent. In the second year the law allowed men to store privately owned arms with the government and receive them only for bandit hunts; excess arms were treated as private weapons.
51
元祐元年，御史上官均言：“福建路往年因寇盜召募槍手，多至數百人，少不下一二百人。 每歲監司親至按試犒賞，比至閱視，其老弱不閑武技者十七八。 監司所至，多先期呼集。 既至，往往代名充數，冒受支賞，徒有呼集之勞，而無校試之實。 欲乞重行考核，不必充滿舊數，庶幾得實。”
In Yuanyou 1 (1086) censor Shangguan Jun said that Fujian had recruited spear men against bandits in hundreds, never fewer than one or two hundred. Overseers came yearly to test and reward them, but seven or eight in ten proved old, weak, or unskilled. Overseers mostly summoned men before arriving. When they arrived, substitutes often filled the rolls for rewards, giving the appearance of assembly without real testing. He asked for a fresh audit without filling old quotas so the rolls would reflect reality.
52
靖康元年，臣僚言：“天下步兵之精，無如福建路槍仗手，出入輕捷，馭得其術，一可當十。 乞選官前去召募。 ”從之。
In Jingkang 1 (1126) a memorial said Fujian spear-and-staff men were the finest infantry in the empire—light and agile, and one trained man could match ten. He asked that officials be sent to recruit them. The court approved it.
53
江南西路槍仗手熙寧七年，詔籍虔、汀、漳三州鄉丁、槍手等，以製置盜賊司言三州壤界嶺外，民喜販鹽且為盜，非土人不能製故也。
Western Jiangnan spear-and-staff men: In Xining 7 (1074) Gan, Ting, and Zhang district militia and spear men were registered because bandit-suppression officials said those border prefectures' people smuggled salt and robbed, and only locals could control them.
54
元豐二年，詔虔州槍仗手千五百三十六人，撫州、建昌軍鄉丁、關軍、槍仗手各千七百七十八人為定額。 每歲農隙，輪監司、提舉司官案閱武藝，以備奸盜。 從前江西轉運副使蔣之奇請也。
In the second year of Yuanfeng (1079) Qianzhou spear-and-staff men were fixed at 1,536 and Fuzhou and Jianchang Army district militia, pass troops, and spear-and-staff men each at 1,778. Each year during farming slack overseers and promotion-office officials took turns inspecting their arms against banditry. This was per the request of former Jiangxi transport vice-commissioner Jiang Zhiqi.
55
宣和三年，兵部言：“近因江西漕臣謂本路槍仗手，元豐七年以八千三十五人為額，至元祐中減罷七千一百四十二人，元符間雖嚐增立人數，比之元額猶減其七。 乞詔諸路監司、帥臣並遵熙寧舊制補足元額。 ”從之。
In Xuanhe 3 (1121) the Ministry of War said: "Jiangxi transport officials recently reported that this circuit's spear-and-staff quota was set at 8,035 in the seventh year of Yuanfeng (1084); Yuanyou cuts removed 7,142; Yuanfu increases still left the roll seven-tenths below the original quota." They asked that circuit overseers and commanders restore the original quotas under the Xining rules. The court approved it.
56
蕃兵者，具籍塞下內屬諸部落，團結以為藩籬之兵也。 西北邊羌戎，種落不相統一，保塞者謂之熟戶，餘謂之生戶。 陝西則秦鳳、涇原、環慶、鄜延，河東則石、隰、麟、府。 其大首領為都軍主，百帳以上為軍主，其次為副軍主、都虞候、指揮使、副兵馬使，以功次補者為刺史、諸衛將軍、諸司使、副使、承製、崇班供奉官至殿侍。 其充本族巡檢者，奉同正員，月添支錢十五千，米麵傔馬有差。 刺史、諸衛將軍請給，同蕃官例。 首領補軍職者，月奉錢自三千至三百，又歲給冬服綿袍凡七種，紫綾三種。 十將而下皆給田土。
Frontier tribal troops were registered tribes within the passes, organized as a defensive screen. Northwestern Qiang and Rong clans were not unified; those holding the passes were called acculturated households and the rest raw households. In Shaanxi they were in Qin-Feng, Jingyuan, Huanqing, and Fuyan; in Hedong in Shi, Xi, Lin, and Fu prefectures. Great chiefs were army commanders-in-chief; chiefs of a hundred tents or more were army chiefs; below them were vice chiefs, chief adjutants, commanders, and vice cavalry officers; merit appointments ran from prefect and guards general through bureau commissioners, vice commissioners, draft makers, honored-rank attendants, and palace attendants down to hall servitors. Tribal patrol inspectors drew full regular salaries plus 15,000 cash monthly supplements, with grain, flour, attendants, and horses scaled by rank. Prefects and guards generals were paid on the same scale as frontier officials. Chiefs given military posts drew monthly salaries from 3,000 down to 300 cash and yearly winter cotton robes in seven grades plus three grades of purple damask. Squad leaders and below all received farmland grants.
57
康定初，趙元昊反，先破金明砦，殺李士彬父子。 蕃部既潰，乃破塞門、安遠砦，圍延州。 二年，陝西體量安撫使王堯臣言：“涇原路熟戶萬四百七十餘帳之首領，各有職名。 曹瑋帥本路，威令明著，嚐用之以平西羌。 其後，守將失於撫馭，浸成驕黠。 自元昊反，鎮戎軍及渭州山外皆被侵擾，近界熟戶亦遭殺掠。 蕃族之情，最重酬賽，因其釁隙而激怒之，可復得其用。 請遣人募首領願效用者，籍姓名及士馬之數。 數及千人，聽自推有謀勇者授班行及巡檢職名，使將領出境。 破蕩生戶所獲財畜，官勿檢核。 得首級及傷者給賞，仍依本族職名遷補增奉。 ”詔如所請。
Early in Qingding (1040–1041) Zhao Yuanhao rebelled, first taking Jinming Fort and killing Li Shibin and his son. After tribal forces collapsed he took Saimen and Anyuan forts and besieged Yan Prefecture. In year 2 (1042) Shaanxi investigation commissioner Wang Yaochan said: "Jingyuan's acculturated households numbered over 10,470 tents, each chief with an official title." When Cao Wei commanded the circuit his authority was clear and he had used them to pacify the Western Qiang. Later garrison commanders lost control and the tribes grew arrogant and unruly. Since Yuanhao's revolt Zhenrong Army and the country outside Weizhou's mountains had been raided, and nearby acculturated households were killed and plundered as well. Tribes valued rewards above all; rousing them through their grievances could make them useful again. He asked to recruit willing chiefs and register their names and troop counts. At a thousand men they could choose bold leaders, give them company or patrol ranks, and send them across the border. Booty from raids on raw households would not be inventoried by the state. Heads and wounds earned rewards, with promotion and higher pay by tribal rank. The court approved as requested.
58
慶曆二年，知青澗城種世衡奏：募蕃兵五千，涅右手虎口為“忠勇”字，隸折馬山族。 言者因請募熟戶，給以禁軍廩賜使戍邊。 悉罷正兵。 下四路安撫使儀，環慶路範仲淹言：“熟戶戀土田，護老弱、牛羊，遇賊力戰，可以藩蔽漢戶，而不可倚為正兵。 大率蕃情黠詐，畏強淩弱，常有以製之則服從可用，如倚為正兵必至驕蹇。 又今蕃部都虞候至副兵馬使奉錢止七百，悉無衣廩，若長行遽得禁兵奉給，則蕃官必生徼望。 況歲罕見敵，何用長與廩給？ 且錢入熟戶，蕃部資市羊馬、青鹽轉入河西，亦非策也。 若遇有警，旋以金帛募勇猛，為便。 ”議遂格。
In Qingli 2 (1042) Qingjian intendant Zhong Shihang proposed recruiting 5,000 tribal troops, branding "Loyal and Brave" on the right hand, and assigning them to the Zhema Shan tribe. Critics then proposed recruiting acculturated households at palace-army pay to garrison the border. All regular troops would be abolished. Four-circuit pacification commissioners were consulted; Fan Zhongyan of Huanqing said acculturated households clung to their fields, protected families and herds, and fought hard when attacked—they could shield Han settlers but not serve as regular troops. Tribes were generally cunning, fearing the strong and bullying the weak; restrained they would serve, but as regular troops they would grow arrogant. Today tribal chief adjutants through vice cavalry officers drew only 700 cash without clothing rations; imperial-guard pay for rank-and-file would make tribal officers demand the same. Enemies appeared rarely in any case—why pay rations year-round? Money paid to acculturated households also let tribes buy livestock and green salt for trade into Hexi—another bad policy. When alarms came, recruiting the bold with gold and silk would be better. The proposal was dropped.
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治平二年，詔陝西四路駐泊鈐轄秦鳳梁寔、涇原李若愚、環慶王昭明、鄜延韓則順各管勾本路蕃部，團結強人、壯馬，預為經畫，寇至則老弱各有保存之所。 仍諭寔等往來蕃帳，受其牒訴，伸其屈抑，察其反側者羈縻之，勿令猜阻以萌釁隙。 實等至蕃部召首領，稱詔犒勞，齎以金帛； 籍城砦兵馬，計族望大小，分隊伍，給旗幟，使各繕堡壘，人置器甲，以備調發。 仍約：如令下不集，押隊首領以軍法從事。 自治平四年以後，蕃部族帳益多，而撫禦團結之製益密，故別附於其後云：
In Zhiping 2 (1065) an edict put Qin-Feng's Liang Shi, Jingyuan's Li Ruoyu, Huanqing's Wang Zhaoming, and Fuyan's Han Zeshun in charge of tribal affairs on their circuits, mustering strong men and horses and planning refuges for the aged and weak when raiders came. Shi and the others were told to visit tribal camps, hear petitions, redress grievances, watch wavering groups, and prevent suspicion from breeding conflict. Shi and the others summoned tribal chiefs, announced imperial rewards, and brought gold and silk; registered fort garrisons by clan standing, formed companies, issued banners, and had each fort repaired and armed for mobilization. They also ruled that escort chiefs who failed to muster their men would face military punishment. After Zhiping 4 (1067) tribal accounts multiplied and control grew tighter, so the details are appended below:
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秦鳳路：砦十三，強人四萬一千一百九十四，壯馬七千九百九十一。 〈（三陽砦，十八門、三十四大部族、四十三姓、一百八十族，總兵馬三千四百六十七。 隴城砦，五門、五大部族、三十四小族、三十四姓，總兵馬二千五十四。 弓門砦，二大門、十七部族、十七姓、十七小族，總兵馬一千七百四。 治坊砦，二大門、二大部族、九姓、九小部族，總兵馬三百六十。 ┒穰砦，二大門、二大部族、十一姓、十一小族，總兵馬一千八百。 靜戎砦，門三，計大部族十、六姓、十六小族，總兵馬六百二十五。 定西砦，四門、四大部族、十六姓、二十八族，總兵馬六百。 伏羌砦，二門、二大部族、三十二姓、三十三小部族，總兵馬一千九百九十二。 安遠砦，二十三門、二十三大部族、一百二十六姓、一百二十六小族，總兵馬五千三百五十。 來遠砦，八門、八大部族、十九姓、十九小族，總兵馬一千五百七十四。 寧遠砦，四門、四大部族、三十六姓、三十六小族，總兵馬七千四百八十。 古渭砦，一百七十二門、一百七十一姓、十二大部族、一萬六千九百七十小帳，兵七千七百、馬一千四百九十。）〉
Qin-Feng Circuit: thirteen forts, 41,194 strong men, and 7,991 sturdy horses. (Sanyang Fort: eighteen gates, thirty-four major sections, forty-three surnames, 180 clans—3,467 troops and horses total. Longcheng Fort: five gates, five major sections, thirty-four minor clans and surnames—2,054 troops and horses. Gongmen Fort: two great gates, seventeen sections, seventeen surnames and minor clans—1,704 troops and horses. Zhifang Fort: two great gates, two major sections, nine surnames and minor sections—360 troops and horses. Guirang Fort: two great gates, two major sections, eleven surnames and minor clans—1,800 troops and horses. Jingrong Fort: three gates, ten major sections, six surnames, sixteen minor clans—625 troops and horses. Dingxi Fort: four gates, four major sections, sixteen surnames, twenty-eight clans—600 troops and horses. Fuqiang Fort: two gates, two major sections, thirty-two surnames, thirty-three minor sections—1,992 troops and horses. Anyuan Fort: twenty-three gates and major sections, 126 surnames and minor clans—5,350 troops and horses. Laiyuan Fort: eight gates and major sections, nineteen surnames and minor clans—1,574 troops and horses. Ningyuan Fort: four gates and major sections, thirty-six surnames and minor clans—7,480 troops and horses. Guwei Fort: 172 gates, 171 surnames, twelve major sections, 16,970 minor tents—7,700 troops and 1,490 horses.)
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鄜延路：軍、城、堡、砦十，蕃兵一萬四千五百九十五，官馬二千三百八十二，強人六千五百四十八，壯馬八百十。 〈（永平砦，東路都巡檢所領八族，兵一千七百五十四、馬四百九。 青澗城，二族，兵四千五百十、馬七百三十四。 龍安砦，鬼魁等九族，兵五百九十九、馬一百二十九。 西路德靖砦，同都巡檢所領揭家等八族，兵一千一百一十四、馬一百五十。 安定堡，東路都巡檢所領十六族，兵一千九百八十九、馬四百六十。 保安軍，兩族，兵三百六十一、馬五十。 德靖，西路同都巡檢所領二十族，兵七千八百五、馬八百七十七。 又小胡等十九族，兵六千九百五十六、馬七百二十五。 保安軍，北都巡檢所領厥七等九族，兵一千四百四十一、馬一百六十七。 園林堡，兩族，兵八百二十二、馬九十三。 肅戎軍，卞移等八族，兵七百四十八、馬一百二十三。）〉
Fuyan Circuit: ten garrisons—14,595 tribal troops, 2,382 official horses, 6,548 strong men, and 810 sturdy horses. (Yongping Fort: eight clans under the Eastern Route chief patrol inspector—1,754 troops, 409 horses. Qingjian City: two clans—4,510 troops, 734 horses. Long'an Fort: nine clans including Gui Kui—599 troops, 129 horses. Western Route Dejing Fort: eight clans including the Jie under the co-chief patrol inspector—1,114 troops, 150 horses. Anding Fort: sixteen clans under the Eastern Route chief patrol inspector—1,989 troops, 460 horses. Bao'an Army: two clans—361 troops, 50 horses. Dejing: twenty clans under the Western Route co-chief patrol inspector—7,805 troops, 877 horses. Also nineteen clans including Xiao Hu—6,956 troops, 725 horses. Bao'an Army: nine clans including Jue Qi under the Northern Route patrol inspector—1,441 troops, 167 horses. Yuanlin Fort: two clans—822 troops, 93 horses. Surong Army: eight clans including Bian Yi—748 troops, 123 horses.)
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涇原路：鎮、砦、城、堡二十一，強人一萬二千四百六十六，壯馬四千五百八十六，為一百十甲，總五百五隊。 〈（新城鎮，四族，總兵馬三百四十一，為十六隊。 截原砦，六族，總兵馬五百九十六，為六甲二十隊。 平安砦，十一族，總兵馬二千三百八十四，為十甲四十六隊。 開邊砦，十八族，總兵馬一千二百五十四，為九甲四十四隊。 新門砦，十二族，總兵馬一千七十三，為三甲二十八隊。 西壕砦，三族，總兵馬四百五十四，為四甲二十隊。 柳泉鎮，十二族，總兵馬九百八十六，為七甲三十一隊。 綏寧、海寧砦，四族，總兵馬七百八十八，為四十甲三十二隊。 靖安砦，四族，總兵馬一千九百八十二，為四甲五十九隊。 瓦亭砦，四族，總兵馬五百九十一，為四甲十九隊。 安國鎮，五族，總兵馬六百三十四，為五甲二十二隊。 耀武鎮，一族，總兵馬三十二，為一隊。 新砦，兩族，總兵馬一百九。 東山砦，四族，總兵馬二百二，為四甲九隊。 彭陽城，三族，總兵馬一百八十四，為六甲十二隊。 德順軍，強人三千六百七十六，壯馬二千四百八十五，為三十六甲一百三十五隊。 本軍二十一族，總兵馬二千五百二，為三十六隊。 隆德砦，七族，總兵馬二百五十六，為一十七甲十九隊。 靜邊砦，二十四族，總兵馬一千八百七，為三十六隊。 水洛城，十九族，總兵馬一千三百五十四，為十九甲三十八隊。 通邊砦，五族，總兵馬一百七十六，為三隊。）〉
Jingyuan Circuit: twenty-one posts—12,466 strong men, 4,586 sturdy horses, in 110 companies totaling 505 teams. (Xincheng Town: four clans—341 troops and horses in sixteen teams. Jieyuan Fort: six clans—596 troops and horses in six companies and twenty teams. Ping'an Fort: eleven clans—2,384 troops and horses in ten companies and forty-six teams. Kaibian Fort: eighteen clans—1,254 troops and horses in nine companies and forty-four teams. Xinmen Fort: twelve clans—1,073 troops and horses in three companies and twenty-eight teams. Xihao Fort: three clans—454 troops and horses in four companies and twenty teams. Liuquan Town: twelve clans—986 troops and horses in seven companies and thirty-one teams. Suining and Haining forts: four clans—788 troops and horses in forty companies and thirty-two teams. Jing'an Fort: four clans—1,982 troops and horses in four companies and fifty-nine teams. Wating Fort: four clans—591 troops and horses in four companies and nineteen teams. Anguo Town: five clans—634 troops and horses in five companies and twenty-two teams. Yaowu Town: one clan—32 troops and horses in one team. Xin Fort: two clans—109 troops and horses. Dongshan Fort: four clans—202 troops and horses in four companies and nine teams. Pengyang City: three clans—184 troops and horses in six companies and twelve teams. Deshun Army: 3,676 strong men and 2,485 sturdy horses in thirty-six companies and 135 teams. Its twenty-one clans—2,502 troops and horses in thirty-six teams. Longde Fort: seven clans—256 troops and horses in seventeen companies and nineteen teams. Jingbian Fort: twenty-four clans—1,807 troops and horses in thirty-six teams. Shuiluo City: nineteen clans—1,354 troops and horses in nineteen companies and thirty-eight teams. Tongbian Fort: five clans—176 troops and horses in three teams.)
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環慶路：鎮、砦二十八，強人三萬一千七百二十三，壯馬三千四百九十五，總一千一百八十二隊。 〈（安塞砦，四族，強人三百五十一，壯馬三十，為十六隊。 洪德砦，二族，強人二百七十三，壯馬五十二，為十隊。 肅遠砦，三族，強人一千五百五十九，壯馬二百六十三，為六十隊。 烏侖砦，一族，強人六百八十四，壯馬一百一十八，為二十六隊。 永和砦，旁家一族計六標，強人一千二百五十五，壯馬二百二，為四十四隊。 平遠砦，六族，強人五百四十，壯馬八十七，為二十七隊。 安遠砦，六族，強人七百四十八，壯馬一百一十六，為三十隊。 合道鎮，十四族，強人一千五百六十五，壯馬一百八十三，為五十七隊。 木波鎮，十四族，強人二千一百六十九，壯馬一百九十五，為六十一隊。 石昌鎮，二族，強人四百六十二，壯馬三十四，為十七隊。 馬領鎮，四族，強人一千一十六，壯馬八十，為二十四隊。 團堡砦，二族，強人一千二十二，壯馬一百十一，為二十四隊。 荔原堡，十三族，強人二千二百二十一，壯馬三百九十四，為八十二隊。 大順城，二十三族，強人三千四百九十一，壯馬三百十四，為一百四十一隊。 柔遠砦，十二族，強人三千三百八十一，壯馬一千，為九十隊。 東穀砦，十六族，強人四百五十九，壯馬五十六，為十四隊。 西穀砦，十族，強人一千七百九十四，壯馬一百四十，為六十五隊。 淮安鎮，二十七族，強人四千三百六十八，壯馬三百二十一，為一百七十隊。 平戎鎮，八族，強人一千八十五，壯馬一百七十一，為四十一隊。 五交鎮，十族，強人一千一百七，壯馬七十三，為四十九隊。 合水鎮，四族，強人六百三十一，壯馬九十五，為二十四隊。 鳳川鎮，二十三族，強人八百七十五，壯馬一百四十三，為二十隊。 華池鎮，三族，強人二百六十二，壯馬三十八，為十二隊。 業樂鎮，十七族，強人一千一百七十二，壯馬六十四，為四十六隊。 府城砦，一族，強人二百三十三，壯馬五，為七隊。）〉
Huanqing Circuit: twenty-eight posts—31,723 strong men, 3,495 sturdy horses, 1,182 teams in all. (An'sai Fort: four clans—351 strong men, 30 sturdy horses, sixteen teams. Hongde Fort: two clans—273 strong men, 52 sturdy horses, ten teams. Suyuan Fort: three clans—1,559 strong men, 263 sturdy horses, sixty teams. Wulun Fort: one clan—684 strong men, 118 sturdy horses, twenty-six teams. Yonghe Fort: the Pang clan in six banners—1,255 strong men, 202 sturdy horses, forty-four teams. Pingyuan Fort: six clans—540 strong men, 87 sturdy horses, twenty-seven teams. Anyuan Fort: six clans—748 strong men, 116 sturdy horses, thirty teams. Hedao Town: fourteen clans—1,565 strong men, 183 sturdy horses, fifty-seven teams. Mubo Town: fourteen clans—2,169 strong men, 195 sturdy horses, sixty-one teams. Shichang Town: two clans—462 strong men, 34 sturdy horses, seventeen teams. Maling Town: four clans—1,016 strong men, 80 sturdy horses, twenty-four teams. Tuanbao Fort: two clans—1,022 strong men, 111 sturdy horses, twenty-four teams. Liyuan Fort: thirteen clans—2,221 strong men, 394 sturdy horses, eighty-two teams. Dashun City: twenty-three clans—3,491 strong men, 314 sturdy horses, 141 teams. Rouyuan Fort: twelve clans—3,381 strong men, 1,000 sturdy horses, ninety teams. Donggu Fort: sixteen clans—459 strong men, 56 sturdy horses, fourteen teams. Xigu Fort: ten clans—1,794 strong men, 140 sturdy horses, sixty-five teams. Huai'an Town: twenty-seven clans—4,368 strong men, 321 sturdy horses, 170 teams. Pingrong Town: eight clans—1,085 strong men, 171 sturdy horses, forty-one teams. Wujiao Town: ten clans—1,107 strong men, 73 sturdy horses, forty-nine teams. Heshui Town: four clans—631 strong men, 95 sturdy horses, twenty-four teams. Fengchuan Town: twenty-three clans—875 strong men, 143 sturdy horses, twenty teams. Huachi Town: three clans—262 strong men, 38 sturdy horses, twelve teams. Yele Town: seventeen clans—1,172 strong men, 64 sturdy horses, forty-six teams. Fucheng Fort: one clan—233 strong men, 5 sturdy horses, seven teams.)
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治平四年，郭逵言：“秦州青雞川蕃部願獻地，請於川南牟穀口置城堡，募弓箭手，以通秦州、德順二州之援，斷賊入寇之路，”閏三月，收原州九砦蕃官三百八十一人，總二百二十九族，七千七百三十六帳，蕃兵萬人，馬千匹。 是歲，罷四路內臣主蕃部者，選逐路升朝使臣諳練蕃情者為之。
In Zhiping 4 (1067) Guo Kui said the Qingji River tribes in Qin wished to cede land and asked for a stockade at Mougu Pass south of the river with recruited bowmen to link Qin and Deshun and block invasion routes. In the intercalary third month they enrolled 381 tribal officials from Yuan's nine forts—229 clans, 7,736 tents, 10,000 tribal troops, and 1,000 horses. That year the court removed eunuch overseers of tribal affairs on all four circuits and appointed court envoys versed in frontier tribal affairs on each route.
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熙寧元年，議者謂：
In Xining 1 (1068) memorialists argued:
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熟羌乃唐設三使所統之党項也。 自西夏不臣，種落叛散，分寓南北。 為首領者父死子繼，兄死弟襲，家無正親，則又推其旁屬之強者以為族首，多或數百，雖族首年幼，第其本門中婦女之令亦皆信服，故國家因其俗以為法。 其大首領，上自刺史，下至殿侍，並補本族巡檢，次首領補軍主、指揮使，下至十將，第受廩給。 歲久，主客族帳，混淆莫紀。 康定中，嚐遣蔣偕籍之。 今逾三十年，主家或以累降失其先職族首名品，而客戶或以功為使臣，軍班超處主家之上。 軍興調發，有司惟視職名，使號令其部曲，而眾心以非主家，莫肯為用。
Acculturated Qiang were the Tangtang people once governed by the Tang's three commissioners. After Western Xia rebelled, clans broke away and settled on both sides of the border. Chiefs passed from father to son and brother to brother; without a direct heir the clan would elevate a strong collateral—sometimes numbering hundreds. Even a young head obeyed the women of his line, so the state codified their custom. Great chiefs from prefect down to hall attendant served as tribal patrol inspectors; lesser chiefs became army chiefs and commanders down to squad leader, each paid by rank. Over time host and client clan rolls grew hopelessly confused. During Qingding (1040–1041) Jiang Jie had once been sent to register them. Thirty years on, host lines often lost hereditary titles through repeated demotions while clients won commissioner posts by merit and outranked the host families. In mobilizations officials issued orders by title alone, but the men, seeing no true host line, refused to follow.
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請自今蕃官身歿，秩高者子孫如例降等以為本族巡檢，其旁邊能捍賊者給奉，遠邊者如舊限以歲月； 其已降等或三班差使、殿侍身歿無等可降者，子孫不降，充軍主、指揮使者即以為殿侍。 如此，則本族蕃官名品常在。 或其部曲立功當任官者，非正親毋得為本族巡檢，止增其奉； 其軍主至十將，祖、父有族帳兵騎者，子孫即承其舊，限年受廩給； 能自立功者不用此令。 如此，則熟羌之心皆知異日子孫不失舊職，世為我用矣。
They asked that when a frontier official died, high-ranking heirs step down by precedent to tribal patrol inspector; border defenders who repel raiders receive pay, distant posts keep the old term limits; those already demoted or third-rank envoys and hall attendants with nowhere left to fall would not demote their heirs; heirs serving as army chief or commander would become hall attendants. Thus the host tribe's frontier titles would always endure. Followers who earned office by merit but were not direct kin could not become tribal patrol inspector, only receive higher pay; army chiefs through squad leaders whose forebears held clan tents and cavalry would inherit those posts for a fixed term of rations; those who won merit on their own would be exempt. Then acculturated Qiang would know their heirs would keep hereditary posts and serve the dynasty for generations.
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樞密院乃會河東路，蕃部承襲不降資； 秦鳳路降兩資，涇原路蕃官告老以門內人承代亦不降資，鄜延、環慶路蕃官使臣比類授職。 蕃官副兵馬使以上元無奏到之人，詔鄜延、環慶路蕃官本族首領子孫當繼襲者，若都軍主以下之子孫勿降，殿侍並差使、殿侍之子孫充都軍主，借職、奉職之子孫充殿侍，侍禁、殿直之子孫充差使、殿侍、供奉官之子孫補借職，承製以下子孫補奉職； 其諸司副使以上子孫合繼襲者，視漢官遺表加恩二等。 奏可。
The Bureau of Military Affairs then ruled: on Hedong, tribal succession did not reduce rank; on Qin-Feng ranks fell two grades; on Jingyuan retiring frontier officials' in-gate successors kept rank; on Fuyan and Huanqing commissioner posts were granted by analogy. No memorials had arrived for vice cavalry officers and above; an edict for Fuyan and Huanqing held that host-chief heirs below army commander-in-chief would not demote; envoys' and hall attendants' heirs would fill army commander-in-chief; borrowed- and presentation-rank heirs would fill hall attendant; palace-gate and palace-attendant heirs would fill envoy and hall attendant; heirs of commissioners and below would fill borrowed and presentation rank; heirs of vice commissioners and above would receive two grades more favor than Han officials' death memorials. The memorial was approved.
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二月，知青澗城劉怤言：“所隸歸明號箭手八指揮，凡三千四百餘人、馬九百匹，連歲不登，願以丹州儲糧振恤。 ”詔下其章轉運司行之。
In the second month Qingjian intendant Liu Fu said: "The eight commands of Surrender-and-Illumination signal-arrow bowmen under my jurisdiction—more than 3,400 men and 900 horses—have suffered successive crop failures and seek relief grain from Danzhou stores." The court sent his memorial to the transport commissioner for action.
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二年，郭逵奏：“蕃兵必得人以統領之。 若專迫以嚴刑，彼必散走山谷，正兵反受其弊。 當設六術以用之：曰遠斥堠，曰擇地利，曰從其所長，曰舍其所短，曰利誘其心，曰戰助其力。 此用蕃兵法也。 ”詔從之。
In year 2 (1070) Guo Kui memorialized: "Tribal troops must have men to lead them. Drive them only with harsh punishment and they will flee to the hills, to the regular army's harm. Six methods should govern their use: distant scouting, choosing ground, using their strengths, setting aside their weaknesses, winning hearts with profit, and aiding them in battle. That is how to employ tribal troops." The court approved.
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三年，宣撫使韓絳言：“親奉德音，以蕃部子孫承襲者多幼弱，不能統眾，宜選其族人為眾信伏者代領其事。 聖算深遠，真得禦邊之要。 請下諸路帥臣以詔從事。”
In year 3 (1071) pacification commissioner Han Jiang said: "Having received the imperial message in person—that many young tribal heirs cannot command their people—we should choose kinsmen the masses trust to lead in their stead. The sage calculation is profound; this truly grasps the heart of frontier defense. I ask that circuit commanders carry out the edict."
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四年，詔：“蕃官殿侍、三班差使補職，或由殿侍遷差使及十二年，嚐充巡檢或管幹本族公事，或為蕃官指揮，或嚐備守禦之任者，總管司以聞，特與遷改。”
In year 4 (1072) an edict said: "Frontier hall attendants and third-rank envoys appointed to office, or promoted from hall attendant to envoy after twelve years, or who have served as patrol inspector, managed tribal affairs, commanded frontier troops, or held border defense—the overseer shall report them for special promotion.
73
五年，王韶招納沿邊蕃部，自洮、河、武勝軍以西，至蘭州、馬銜山、洮、岷、宕、疊等州，凡補蕃官、首領九百三十二人，首領給飧錢、蕃官給奉者四百七十二人，月計費錢四百八十餘緡，得正兵三萬，族帳數千。
In year 5 (1073) Wang Shao recruited frontier tribes from west of Tao, He, and Wusheng Army to Lanzhou, Maji Mountain, and Tao, Min, Dang, and Die—932 frontier officials and chiefs appointed, 472 drawing banquet money or salaries at over 480 strings a month, yielding 30,000 regular troops and thousands of clan tents.
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六年，帝謂輔臣曰：“洮西香子城之戰，官軍貪功，有斬巴氈角部蕃兵以效級者，人極嗟憤。 昔李靖分漢蕃兵各為一隊，無用眾於紛亂。 ”王安石進曰：“李靖非素拊循蕃部者也，故其教兵當如此。 今熙河蕃部既為我用，則當稍以漢法治之，使久而與漢兵如一。 武王用微、盧、彭、濮人，但為一法。 今宜令蕃兵稍與漢同，與蕃賊異，必先錄用其豪傑，漸以化之。 此用夏變夷之術也。 ”帝乃詔王韶議其法。
In year 6 (1074) the emperor told his chief ministers: "At Xiangzi City in western Tao, imperial troops greedy for merit beheaded tribal soldiers of Ba Zhanjiao's division for head-count credit—the people were outraged." Li Jing once kept Han and tribal troops in separate companies and did not mingle them in disorder." Wang Anshi replied: "Li Jing had never won tribes by kindness, so of course he trained troops that way. Now that Hexi River tribes serve us, we should gradually govern them by Han law until they and Han troops are one. King Wu employed the Wei, Lu, Peng, and Pu peoples under a single law. We should make tribal troops more like Han and unlike tribal enemies—first recruit their bold leaders and gradually transform them. That is the art of transforming barbarians through Chinese ways. The emperor then ordered Wang Shao to draft the regulations.
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帝曰：“岷、河蕃部族帳甚眾，儻撫禦鹹得其用，可以坐製西夏，亦所謂以蠻夷攻蠻夷者也。 陝西極塞，儻會合訓練，為用兵之勢以愾敵人，彼必隨而聚兵以應我。 頻年如此，自致困弊。 兵法所謂‘佚能勞之’者也。 ”安石對曰：“朝廷當先為不可勝，聚糧積財，選兵而已。 新附之羌，厚以爵賞，收其豪傑，賜之堅甲利兵，以激其氣，使人人皆有趨赴之誌，待我體強力充，鼓行而西，將無不可者。 ”馮京、王珪曰：“儻如聖策，多方以誤之，彼既疲於點集，而我無攻取之實，久之必不我應。 因爾舉兵，若蹈無人之境矣。 ”帝曰：“此正晉人取吳之策也。 夫欲經營四夷，宜無先於此矣。 ”帝嚐謂：“蕃部未嚐用兵，恐以虛名內附，臨事不可使。 ”安石對曰：“剛克柔克，所用有宜。 王韶以為先以恩信結納其人，有強梗不服者，乃以殺伐加之。 大抵蕃部之情，視西夏與中國強弱為向背。 若中國形勢強，附中國為利，即不假殺伐，自當堅附。 矧蕃部之俗，既宗貴種，又附強國，今用木征貴種等三人，又稍以恩信收蕃部，則中國形勢愈強，恐不假殺伐，而所附蕃部自可製使。 ”帝以為然。 是時，王韶拓熙河地千二百里，招附三十餘萬口。 安石奏曰：“今以三十萬之眾，漸推文法，當即變其夷俗。 然韶所募勇敢士九百餘人，耕田百頃，坊三十餘所。 蕃部既得為漢，而其俗又賤土貴貨，漢人得以貨與蕃部易田，蕃人得貨，兩得所欲，而田疇墾，貨殖通，蕃漢為一，其勢易以調禦。 請令韶如諸路以錢借助收息，又捐百餘萬緡養馬於蕃部，且什伍其人，獎勸以武藝，使其人民富足，士馬強盛，奮而使之，則所向可以有功。 今蕃部初附，如洪荒之人，唯我所禦而已。”
The emperor said: "Min and He River tribal rolls are vast; if soothed and controlled they could pin down Western Xia from our seats—using barbarians to fight barbarians. Shaanxi is the outer frontier; mass training there to threaten the enemy will force them to gather troops in reply. Year after year they will wear themselves down. That is what the canon calls making the rested weary." Wang Anshi replied: "The court should first make itself unconquerable—gather grain, amass wealth, and train troops, nothing more. For newly attached Qiang, lavish rank and reward, gather bold leaders, grant sturdy armor and sharp weapons to stir their zeal so every man burns to advance; when we are strong and full, beating the drum westward nothing will be impossible. Feng Jing and Wang Gui said: "If we follow the sage strategy and mislead them on many fronts, once they weary of musters while we make no real attack, in time they will stop responding. Then when we march it will be as if treading empty ground. The emperor said: "That is exactly how Jin took Wu. To manage the four quarters, nothing should come first. The emperor once said: "Tribal forces have never been battle-tested; I fear they submit in name only and will fail when needed. Wang Anshi replied: "Overcoming by force and by gentleness—each has its place. Wang Shao would first win them with grace and trust and strike down only the stubborn. Broadly, tribes face whichever of Western Xia or China is stronger. If China grows strong and siding with China pays, they will cling without coercion. Tribes honor noble blood and cleave to strong states; employing Muzheng and two other noble lines and winning more tribes with grace and trust will strengthen China—perhaps without bloodshed the attached tribes can be controlled. The emperor agreed. By then Wang Shao had extended Hexi River territory twelve hundred li and attached more than three hundred thousand people. Wang Anshi memorialized: "With three hundred thousand people, gradually extending civil law will soon change their barbarian ways. Yet Shao's nine hundred-odd bold recruits farm one hundred qing and run thirty-odd workshops. Tribes having become Han yet valuing goods over land, Han can trade goods for tribal fields; both sides gain, fields are reclaimed, commerce flows, Han and tribal merge, and control grows easy. Let Shao lend money at interest as other circuits do, donate more than a million strings to raise horses among tribes, muster the people in fives and tens, encourage martial arts until people are rich and horses strong—then rouse them and they will win wherever sent. Tribes newly attached are like men of primordial chaos—only as we govern them."
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七年，韶言：“討平河州叛蕃，辟土甚廣，已置弓箭手，又以其餘地募蕃兵弓箭手，每砦三指揮或至五指揮，每指揮二百五十人，人給田百畝，以次蕃官二百畝，大蕃官三百畝，仍募漢弓箭手為隊長，稍眾則補將校，暨蕃官同主部族之事。 其蕃弓箭手並刺‘蕃兵’字於左耳，以防漢兵之盜殺而效首者。 ”詔如其請。 十一月，王中正團結熙河界洮、河以西蕃部，得正兵三千八十六人，正、副隊將六十人，供贍一萬五千四百三十人。
In year 7 (1075) Shao said: "After pacifying Hezhou rebels and opening broad lands, bowmen are stationed and the remainder recruits tribal bowmen—three to five commands per fort, 250 men per command, 100 mu per man, 200 for lesser frontier officials, 300 for great ones—with Han bowmen as squad leaders who, as numbers grow, become officers sharing tribal command with frontier officials. Tribal bowmen would brand "Tribal Troops" on the left ear to stop Han soldiers killing them for head credit. " The court approved as requested. In the eleventh month Wang Zhongzheng organized tribes west of Tao and He on the Hexi frontier—3,086 regular troops, sixty regular and vice squad leaders, and 15,430 dependents.
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八年五月，詔李承之參定蕃兵法。 十一月，詔：“選陝西蕃兵丁壯戶，九丁以上取五，六取四，五取三，三取二，二取一，並年二十以上，涅手背，毋過五丁。 每十人置十將一，五十人置副兵馬使一，百人置軍使一、副兵馬使一，二百人置軍使一、副兵馬使三，四百人加軍使一、副兵馬使一，五百人又加指揮使一、副兵馬使一，過五百人，每百人加軍使一、副兵馬使一，即一族三十人已上亦置副兵馬使一，不及二十人止置十將。 月受奉，仍增給錢，指揮使一千五百至十將有差。”
In the fifth month of year 8 (1078) an edict ordered Li Chengzhi to help draft tribal military law. In the eleventh month an edict said: "Select strong households among Shaanxi tribal troops—from nine males take five, from six take four, from five take three, from three take two, from two take one, all aged twenty or above, brand the back of the hand, no more than five males per household. Every ten men get a squad leader; fifty a vice cavalry officer; one hundred an army chief and vice cavalry officer; two hundred an army chief and three vice cavalry officers; at four hundred add an army chief and vice cavalry officer; at five hundred add a commander and vice cavalry officer; beyond five hundred add an army chief and vice cavalry officer per hundred; even a clan of thirty or more gets a vice cavalry officer; fewer than twenty get only a squad leader. They draw monthly salary plus added cash—commanders 1,500 cash down to squad leaders by gradation.
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十年，樞密院言：“陝西、河東議立團結蕃部法，欲如所奏。 ”上手詔曰：“夏人所恃以強國者，山界部落數萬之眾爾。 按其地誌，朝廷已據有其半。 彼用之則並小淩大，所向如欲。 在我則徒能含撫豢養，未嚐得其死力，豈惟不能用之，又恐其為患也。 故小有悖戾，有司惟能以利說解之，上下相習畏憚，任其縱散，久失部勒。 其近降之法，固未可信其必行，然以理言之，彼此均有其人，而利害遼遠。 今苟循邊人，眾知其說，止於舊法聊改一二，則收功疑亦不異往日。 徒為紛紛，無補於事。 可再下呂惠卿參詳以聞。”
In year 10 (1080) the Bureau of Military Affairs said: "Shaanxi and Hedong propose a law for organizing tribal forces as memorialized. " The emperor wrote in his own hand: "What makes the Xia strong is only the tens of thousands in the mountain-border tribes. By their own geographies the court already holds half. In their hands small bands merge to overwhelm large ones and go where they will. In ours we can only soothe and fatten them, never win their utmost loyalty—not only failing to use them but fearing they will become a menace." When they showed slight defiance, officials could only coax them with rewards; everyone learned to fear them, let them roam freely, and discipline was lost for good. The new surrender rules may not be enforced reliably, yet in principle both sides have their own people while their interests remain far apart. If we merely follow border opinion and tweak the old law in one or two places, everyone will see through it and gains will likely match past failures. That would only stir confusion and accomplish nothing. Have Lü Huiqing deliberate further and report back.
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元豐六年，詔：“蕃官雖至大使，猶處漢官小使臣之下。 朝廷賞功增秩，以為激勸，乃爾卑抑，則孰知遷官之榮？ 宜定蕃漢官序位。 ”後河東經略司言：“蕃官部堡塞兵出戰，嚐以漢官驅策，恐不當與漢官序位。 ”而兵部請蕃漢非統轄者乃令序官，奏可。 熙河蘭會路經略製置使李憲言：“治蕃兵，置將領，法貴簡而易行，詳而難犯。 臣今酌蕃情立法，凡熙河蘭會五郡，各置都同總領蕃兵將二人； 本州諸部族出戰，蕃兵及供贍人馬各置管押蕃兵使臣十人。 五郡蕃兵自為一將，出戰則以正兵繼之，旗幟同色。 蕃兵以技藝功勞第為四等，蕃官首領推遷如之。 ”八月，憲又言：“漢蕃兵騎雜為一軍，語言不通，居處飲食悉不便利。 昔李靖以蕃落自為一法，臣近以蕃兵自為一將，厘漢、蕃為兩軍，相參號令，軍事惟所使焉。”
In the sixth year of Yuanfeng (1083) an edict declared, “Tribal officials, even at ambassador rank, still ranked below junior Han officials. The court promotes merit to encourage service—yet if they are held so low, who will value promotion? Fix the precedence of Han and tribal officials.” ” Later the Hedong frontier commission argued, “Tribal officers leading stockade troops into battle are often directed by Han officers—they should not rank alongside Han officials. ” The Ministry of War proposed ranking Han and tribal officials by office only when not in command relations; the court approved. Xihe-Lanzhou Frontier Commissioner Li Xian said, “Governing tribal troops requires commanders; regulations should be simple to enforce yet detailed enough to deter violation. I now draft laws suited to tribal conditions: each of the five Xihe-Lanzhou prefectures will have two co-commanders of tribal troops; when local clans campaign, ten commissioners each will oversee tribal troops and supply horses. Tribal troops of the five prefectures form one command; regular troops follow in battle under the same banner colors. Tribal troops are ranked in four grades by skill and merit; tribal chiefs are promoted by the same rule.” In the eighth month Li Xian added, “Mixing Han and tribal cavalry in one army hinders communication and makes quarters and rations inconvenient. Li Jing once kept tribal forces as a separate formation; I have made tribal troops a separate command, dividing Han and tribal into two armies that coordinate orders as missions require.
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七年，瀘南緣邊安撫司言：“羅始黨生界八姓，各願依七姓、十九姓刺充義軍，團結為三十一指揮，凡一萬五千六百六十人。 ”從之。
In the seventh year the southern Luzhou frontier commission reported, “Eight clans on the Luoshi Dangsheng border wish to follow the seven- and nineteen-clan model, enroll as tattooed volunteer militia, and form thirty-one commands totaling 15,660 men.” The court approved it.
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元祐元年，臣僚言：“涇原路蕃兵人馬凡眾，遇臨敵與正兵錯雜，非便。 ”詔下其章四路都總管詳議，環慶範純粹言：“漢、蕃兵馬誠不可雜用，宜於逐將各選廉勇曉蕃情者一員專充蕃將，令於平日鈐束訓練，遇有調發，即令部領為便。 ”又言：“頃兵部議乞蕃、漢官非相統轄者，並依官序相壓； 其城砦等管轄蕃官，即依舊在本轄漢官之下。 詔從其請。 且諸路蕃官，不問官職高卑，例在漢官之下，所以尊中國，製遠人也。 行之既久，忽然更製，便與不相統轄之官依品序位，即邊上使臣及京職官當在蕃官之下十有八九，非人情所能堪。 蕃部凶驕，豈可輒啟？ 宜悉依舊制，並序漢官之下。 ”從之。
In Yuanyou 1 (1086) officials said, “Jingyuan’s tribal forces are numerous; mixing them with regular troops in battle is impractical.” The court referred the memorial to the four frontier overall commanders. Fan Chunli of Huanqing argued, “Han and tribal forces should not be mixed; each command should appoint one honest, brave officer who understands tribal affairs to train tribal troops in peacetime and lead them when mobilized. He added, “The Ministry of War recently proposed that tribal and Han officials not in command relations rank by office alone; tribal officers administering stockades should remain under local Han officers as before. The court approved his request. Moreover tribal officials on every circuit, whatever their rank, routinely ranked below Han officials—honoring the empire and controlling distant peoples. After long practice, a sudden change ranking them with unrelated officials by grade would place eight or nine frontier envoys and capital officials in ten below tribal officers—unbearable to human sentiment. Tribal groups are fierce and arrogant—how can we lightly encourage this? Restore the old system and rank them all below Han officials. The court approved it.
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元符二年三月，涇原經略司言：“乞將東西路蕃兵將廢罷，仍於順便城砦隸屬逐將統領，與漢兵相兼差使。 ”秦鳳路如之。 四月，環慶路經略安撫司言：“新築定邊城有西夏來投蕃部甚眾，欲自今將歸順之人，就新城收管給田，仍乞選置總領蕃兵正、副二員。 ”從之。
In the third month of Yuanfu 2 (1099) the Jingyuan frontier commission asked to abolish the eastern and western tribal commanders, attach troops to nearby stockades under regular commanders, and alternate duties with Han troops. The Qin-Feng circuit followed suit. In the fourth month the Huanqing frontier commission reported, “Many Xia tribes have defected to the new Dingbian City; hereafter surrendering people should be settled and given land there, and two chief and deputy commanders of tribal troops should be appointed.” The court approved it.