1
兵六 〈（鄉兵三）〉 ○保甲建炎後鄉兵建炎後砦兵
Military 6 (Local Militia 3) ○ Baojia; local militia after the Jianyan era; fortress troops after the Jianyan era
2
保甲熙寧初，王安石變募兵而行保甲，帝從其議。 三年，始聯比其民以相保任。 及詔畿內之民十家為一保，選主戶有幹力者一人為保長。 五十家為一大保，選一人為大保長。 十大保為一都保，選為眾所服者為都保正，又以一人為之副。 應主客戶兩丁以上，選一人為保丁。 附保。 兩丁以上有餘丁而壯勇者亦附之。 內家貲最厚、材勇過人者亦充保丁，兵器非禁者聽習。 每一大保夜輪五人警盜。 凡告捕所獲，以賞格從事。 同保犯強盜、殺人、放火、強奸、略人、傳習妖教、造畜蠱毒，知而不告，依律伍保法。 餘事非幹己，又非敕律所聽糾，皆毋得告，雖知情亦不坐。 若於法鄰保合坐罪者乃坐之。 其居停強盜三人，經三日，保鄰雖不知情，科失覺罪。 逃移、死絕、同保不及五家，並他保。 有自外入保者，收為同保，戶數足則附之，俟及十家，則別為保，置牌以書其戶數姓名。 既行之畿甸，遂推之五路，以達於天下。 時則以捕盜賊相保任，而未肄以武事也。
Baojia. At the outset of the Xining reforms, Wang Anshi replaced the system of hired troops with the baojia militia, and the emperor adopted his plan. In the third year, the populace was first organized into linked groups bound to guarantee one another. An edict then required that within the metropolitan region ten households form one bao, with one capable principal householder chosen as bao chief. Fifty households made up one large bao, and one man was chosen as its chief. Ten large bao formed one supervisory du-bao; the man most respected in the community became du-bao head, with a deputy appointed beside him. From every host or tenant household with at least two adult males, one was selected to serve as a bao ding. Such persons were registered with the bao. Households with more than two males also enrolled any extra sons who were strong and valiant. Within each bao, men of the greatest wealth and outstanding courage also served as bao ding and were allowed to drill with weapons not forbidden by law. Each large bao took turns sending five men each night to watch for thieves. Rewards for successful reports and captures followed the official bounty schedule. If anyone in the same bao committed robbery, murder, arson, rape, abduction, the study of heterodox cults, or the manufacture of gu poison, and others knew but failed to report it, they were punished under the mutual-responsibility law binding five bao together. For all other matters that did not concern oneself and were not subject to denunciation under edict or statute, no report was allowed; even knowledge brought no penalty. Neighboring bao were punished only when the law made them jointly liable. If three robbers lodged in a household for three days, the bao and neighbors were punished for failure to detect them even if they had not known. When households fled, moved away, or died off so that a bao fell below five households, it was merged into another bao. Outsiders who entered a bao were enrolled in it; when the quota was filled they were attached, and when ten households had gathered a new bao was formed and a plaque inscribed with household count and names. Once the system was in place in the metropolitan region, it was extended to the Five Circuits and then to the whole empire. At that stage the system served chiefly to guarantee one another in catching bandits; martial drill had not yet been introduced.
3
四年，始詔畿內保丁肄習武事。 歲農隙，所隸官期日於要便鄉村都試騎步射，並以射中親疏遠近為等。 騎射校其用馬，有餘藝而願試者聽。 第一等保明以聞，天子親閱試之，命以官使。 第二等免當年春夫一月，馬槁四十，役錢二千。 本戶無可免，或所免不及，聽移免他戶而受其直。 第三、第四等視此有差。 藝未精願候閱試，或附甲單丁願就閱試者，並聽。 都副保正武藝雖不及等，而能整齊保戶無擾，勸誘丁壯習藝及等，捕盜比他保最多，弭盜比他保最少，所隸官以聞，其恩視第一等焉。 都副保正有闕，選大保長充。 都副保正雖勸誘丁壯習藝，而輒強率妨務者，禁之。 吏因保甲事受賕、斂掠，加乞取監臨三等，仗、徒、編管、配隸，告者次第賞之，命官犯者除名。 時雖使之習武技而未番上也。
In the fourth year an edict first ordered the bao ding of the metropolitan region to train in martial skills. During the agricultural off-season, supervising officials on fixed days held mounted and foot archery trials at convenient rural sites, ranking contestants by hits at varying distances. In mounted archery horsemanship was also assessed, and those with further skills who wished to compete were permitted to do so. First-rank men were reported by their bao to the court; the emperor personally examined them and granted official appointments. Second rank brought exemption from one month of spring corvée labor, forty bundles of horse fodder, and two thousand cash in service fees. If the household had nothing to exempt or the exemption fell short, the benefit could be transferred to another household in return for payment. Third and fourth ranks received proportionally smaller rewards. Those whose skill was not yet sufficient but who wished to wait for another review, and unattached single males who wished to compete, were all allowed. Du-bao heads and deputies whose own martial skill fell short of a grade but who kept their households orderly, urged young men to reach standard, caught more bandits and suppressed theft better than other bao were reported by the supervising official and received rewards equal to the first grade. Vacancies among du-bao heads and deputies were filled by selecting large-bao chiefs. Du-bao heads and deputies who urged young men to train but forcibly conscripted them and interfered with their regular work were forbidden to do so. Officials who accepted bribes or extorted in baojia matters were punished three grades more severely than for ordinary supervisory corruption—with flogging, penal servitude, registration, or exile; informants received graduated rewards, and commissioned officials were stripped of rank. At that time they were trained in martial skills but were not yet placed on rotating duty.
4
五年，右正言、知制誥、判司農寺曾布言：“近日保戶數以狀詣縣，願分番隸巡檢司習武技，提點司以聞朝廷及司農寺，未敢輒議，願下提點司送中書詳審，付司農具為令。 ”於是詔：“主戶保丁願上番於巡檢司，十日一更，疾故者次番代之。 月給口糧、薪菜錢，分番巡警，每五十人輪大保長二、都副保正一統領之。 都副保正月各給錢七千，大保長三千。 當番者毋得輒離本所。 捕逐劇盜，雖下番人亦聽追集，給其錢斛，事訖遣還，毋過上番人數，仍折除其上番日。 巡檢司量留廂界給使，餘兵悉罷。 應番保丁武技及第三等已上，並記於籍。 遇歲凶，五分已上者第振之，自十五石至三石為差。 ”十一月，又詔尉司上番保丁如巡檢司法。
In the fifth year, Zeng Bu, Right Remonstrator, drafter, and acting director of the Bureau of Agriculture, said: "Recently many bao households have petitioned the county asking to drill in rotating shifts under the patrol office. The intendant circuit has reported this to the court and to our bureau but has not dared to decide alone. I ask that the intendant circuit forward the matter to the Secretariat for review and that the Bureau of Agriculture draw up regulations." "Thereupon an edict declared: "Principal-household bao ding who wished to serve rotating shifts at the patrol office would change every ten days; the sick or deceased would be replaced in the next rotation." They received monthly grain rations and allowances for fuel and vegetables, patrolled in rotating shifts, and every fifty men were led in turn by two large-bao chiefs and one du-bao head or deputy. Du-bao heads and deputies each received seven thousand cash a month, and large-bao chiefs three thousand. Men on active rotation were not to leave their station without permission. In pursuing serious bandits, even men off rotation could be called up, supplied with grain and cash, and dismissed when the affair was concluded; their number was not to exceed those on duty, and equivalent days were deducted from their rotation. The patrol office kept only as many troops as its district required; the remainder were all disbanded. All rotating bao ding who reached third grade or higher in martial skill were entered in the register. In famine years those who had lost half or more of their harvest were relieved in stages, from fifteen piculs down to three. "In the eleventh month another edict required rotating bao ding under the constable's office to follow the same rules as those under the patrol office.
5
六年，詔開封府畿以都保置木契，左留司農寺，右付其縣，凡追胥、閱試、肄習則出契。 是月，又詔行於永興、秦鳳、河北東西、河東五路，唯毋上番。 餘路止相保任，毋習武藝，內荊湖、川、廣並邊者可肄武事，令監司度之。 後惟全、邵土丁、邕、欽洞丁、廣東槍手改為保甲者則肄焉。 十二月，乃罷河北西路強壯、緣邊弓箭社係籍番上巡守者。
In the sixth year an edict required the metropolitan region to issue wooden tallies for each du-bao, one copy kept at the Bureau of Agriculture and one given to the county; the tally was produced whenever men were called out for pursuit, review, or drill. That same month another edict extended the system to the Yongxing, Qinfeng, eastern and western Hebei, and Hedong circuits, but without rotating duty. Other circuits were limited to mutual guarantee without martial drill; within Jinghu, Sichuan, Guang, and the border regions martial training might be permitted at the discretion of circuit supervisors. Later only the native levies of Quan and Shao, the cave soldiers of Yong and Qin, and Guangdong musketeers reorganized as baojia received martial training. In the twelfth month the registered rotating border patrol of strong men and frontier archer societies in western Hebei was abolished.
6
初，開封府畿、五路保甲及五萬人，二年一解發，詣京師閱試命官，開封府畿十人，五路七人。 八年，詔開封府畿及一萬人、五路及一萬五千人，各許解發一人。
At first, for every fifty thousand baojia in the metropolitan region and the Five Circuits, one man every two years was sent to the capital for review and appointment—ten from the metropolitan region and seven from the Five Circuits. In the eighth year an edict allowed one man to be sent for every ten thousand in the metropolitan region and for every fifteen thousand in the Five Circuits.
7
九年，樞密院請自今都副保正、義勇軍校二年一比選，縣考其訓習武藝及等最多、捕察而盜賊最少者上於州，州上所轄官司，同比較以聞。 或中選人多，則擇武藝最優者。 額外尚有可解發者，則第其次為之旌勸。 第一次，州縣籍記姓名，犯杖以下聽贖； 第二次，以等第賜杖子、紫衫、銀帶，犯徒罪情輕奏裁； 累及三次者，降宣補之，給馬及芻菽。 五路義勇軍校二千，解發毋得過三人。 保甲都副保正之解發者亦以二年，府界六人，河北、河東各四人，永興、秦鳳等路七人。 都保正、指揮使與下班殿侍，副保正、副指揮使與三司軍將，正副都頭與守闕軍將，並賜衣及銀帶、銀裹頭杖，給馬有差。
In the ninth year the Bureau of Military Affairs asked that du-bao heads and deputies and yiyong company officers be compared every two years; counties would nominate those who trained the most men to standard and caught the most bandits with the fewest thefts, prefectures would forward the lists, and superior offices would compare them and report to the throne. When many qualified, the man of the highest martial skill was chosen. If additional men beyond the quota merited dispatch, those next in rank received commendation and encouragement. The first time, prefectures and counties recorded their names on the register, and offenses punishable by flogging or less could be redeemed; the second time they received staffs, purple robes, and silver belts according to grade, and minor penal offenses were submitted for imperial decision; those who reached a third selection received edict appointments, horses, and fodder. For every two thousand yiyong company officers in the Five Circuits, no more than three could be sent to the capital. Baojia du-bao heads and deputies were also sent every two years: six from the metropolitan region, four each from Hebei and Hedong, and seven from Yongxing, Qinfeng, and the other circuits. Du-bao heads and commanders were made Attendants of the Lower Hall; deputy heads and deputy commanders Military Officers of the Three Departments; chief and deputy squad leaders Awaiting Military Officers—all received robes, silver belts, and silver-headed staffs, with horses granted in varying numbers.
8
初，保甲隸司農，熙寧八年，改隸兵部，增同判一、主簿二、幹當公事官十，分按諸州，其政令則聽於樞密院。 十年，樞密院副都承旨張誠一上《五路義勇保甲敕》。 元豐元年，翰林學士、權判尚書兵部許將修《開封府界保甲敕》，成書上之，詔皆頒焉。
At first baojia fell under the Bureau of Agriculture; in the eighth year of Xining they were transferred to the Ministry of War, with one associate administrator, two registrars, and ten clerks added to inspect the prefectures, while policy directives came from the Bureau of Military Affairs. In the tenth year Zhang Chengyi, vice commissioner of the Bureau of Military Affairs, submitted the Statutes on Yiyong and Baojia of the Five Circuits. In the first year of Yuanfeng, Xu Jiang, Hanlin academician and acting minister of war, revised the Statutes on Baojia of the Metropolitan Region; when the work was completed and submitted, an edict ordered both codes promulgated.
9
二年十一月，始立《府界集教大保長法》，以昭宣使入內內侍省副都知王中正、東上閣門使狄諮兼提舉府界教保甲大保長，總二十二縣為教場十一所，大保長凡二千八百二十五人，每十人一色事藝，置教頭一。 凡禁軍教頭二百七十，都教頭三十，使臣十。 弓以八斗、九鬥、一石為三等，弩以二石四斗、二石七斗、三石為三等，馬射九斗、八鬥為二等，其材力超拔者為出等。 當教時，月給錢三千，日給食，官予戎械、戰袍，又具銀楪、酒醪以為賞犒。
In the eleventh month of the second year the Law on Concentrated Instruction of Large-Bao Chiefs of the Metropolitan Region was established. Wang Zhongzheng, palace attendant and vice director of the Inner Palace Service, and Di Zi, eastern upper gate commissioner, were appointed to supervise the training of metropolitan large-bao chiefs. Twenty-two counties were organized into eleven training grounds with 2,825 large-bao chiefs in all; every ten men practicing one specialty had one instructor. In all there were 270 instructors drawn from the palace guards, 30 chief instructors, and 10 commissioners. Bow grades were set at eight, nine, and ten dou; crossbow grades at two piculs four dou, two piculs seven dou, and three piculs; mounted archery at nine and eight dou; men of exceptional strength were classed above grade. During training they received three thousand cash a month and daily rations, were issued arms and battle robes by the government, and were rewarded with silver dishes and wine.
10
三年，大保長藝成，乃立團教法，以大保長為教頭，教保丁焉。 凡一都保相近者分為五團，即本團都副保正所居空地聚教之。 以大保長藝成者十人袞教，五日一周之。 五分其丁，以其一為騎，二為弓，三為弩。 府界法成，乃推之三路，各置文武官一人提舉，河北則狄諮、劉定，陝西則張山甫，河東則黃廉、王崇拯，以封樁養贍義勇保甲錢糧給其費。 是歲，引府界保甲武藝成，帝親閱，錄作能者，餘賜金帛。
In the third year, once the large-bao chiefs had completed their training, a group-instruction system was established in which they served as instructors for the bao ding. Neighboring du-bao were divided into five groups and assembled for instruction on open ground near the residence of the du-bao head or deputy. Ten trained large-bao chiefs taught in rotation, completing a cycle every five days. The men were divided into five parts: one part mounted, two parts bow, and three parts crossbow. Once the metropolitan system was in place it was extended to the Three Circuits, each with one civil or military supervisor—Di Zi and Liu Ding in Hebei, Zhang Shanfu in Shaanxi, Huang Lian and Wang Chongzheng in Hedong—funded from sealed-reserve funds set aside for yiyong and baojia support. That year trained metropolitan baojia were presented; the emperor personally reviewed them, enrolled the most capable, and rewarded the rest with gold and silk.
11
四年，改五路義勇為保甲。 狄諮、劉定部領澶州集教大保長四百八十二人見於崇政殿，召執政賜坐閱試，補三班借職、差使、借差凡三十六人，餘賜金帛有差。 遷諮四方館使，定集賢校理。 又詔曰：“三路見訓民兵非久，什長藝成，須便行府界團教之，錢糧、官吏並如畿縣，未知及期能辦與不。 若更稽延日月，必致有誤措置大法，可令承旨取索會校之。 ”其年，府界、河北、河東、陝西路會校保甲，都保凡三千二百六十六，正長、壯丁凡六十九萬一千九百四十五，歲省舊費緡錢一百六十六萬一千四百八十三，歲費緡錢三十一萬三千一百六十六，而團教之賞為錢一百萬有奇不與焉。 凡集教、團教成，歲遣使則謂之提舉按閱，率以近臣挾內侍往給賞錢，按格令從事。 諸路皆以番次藝成者為序，率五六歲一遍，獨河東以金帛不足，乃至十一歲。 上以晉人勇悍，介遼、夏間，講勸宜不可後，詔賜緡錢十五萬。 時係籍義勇、保甲及民兵凡七百一十八萬二千二十八人雲。 〈（熙寧九年之數。）〉
In the fourth year the yiyong of the Five Circuits were reorganized as baojia. Di Zi and Liu Ding presented 482 trained large-bao chiefs from Cangzhou in the Hall of Chongzheng. The chief ministers were summoned, seated, and asked to review them. Thirty-six men were appointed to probationary third-rank posts, dispatch assignments, or temporary assignments; the rest received graded gifts of gold and silk. Di Zi was promoted to commissioner of the Four Directions Hostel and Liu Ding to collator of the Hall for the Advancement of Literature. Another edict declared: "The Three Circuits have trained their militia only a short while. Once squad leaders complete their training, the metropolitan group-instruction system must immediately be applied there, with funds, grain, and officials arranged as in the metropolitan counties—but it is not yet known whether this can be finished on time." If further months are lost, the great plan will certainly go awry. Let the drafting academician gather the relevant documents and review them together." "That year the metropolitan region and the Hebei, Hedong, and Shaanxi circuits tallied their baojia: 3,266 du-bao in all and 691,945 heads and strong youths. Old annual costs of 1,661,483 strings of cash were saved, new annual costs amounted to 313,166 strings, while rewards for group instruction—more than one million strings—were not included in that figure. Whenever concentrated or group instruction was completed, annual envoys called supervisors of review were dispatched, usually close ministers accompanied by eunuchs who distributed reward money according to the regulations. All circuits followed the order of men completing training in rotation, generally reviewing them once every five or six years; only Hedong, for lack of gold and silk, took as long as eleven years. The emperor, considering the people of Shanxi brave and warlike and caught between Liao and Xia, said that encouragement must not be delayed and ordered a grant of fifteen thousand strings of cash. At that time registered yiyong, baojia, and militia were said to number 7,182,028 men in all. (Figures for the ninth year of Xining.)
12
保甲立法之初，故老大臣皆以為不便，而安石主議甚力，帝卒從之。 今悉著其論難，使來者考焉。
When the baojia laws were first proposed, senior ministers all regarded them as impracticable, but Wang Anshi argued for them with great force and the emperor finally adopted them. Their debates are now fully recorded here so that later readers may judge them.
13
帝嚐論租庸調法而善之，安石對曰：“此法近井田，後世立事粗得先王遺意，則無不善。 今亦無不可為。 顧難速成爾。 ”及帝再問，則曰：“人主誠能知天下利害，以其所謂害者製法，而加於兼並之人，則人自不敢保過限之田； 以其所謂利者製法，而加於力耕之人，則人自勸於力耕，而授田不能過限。 然此須漸乃能成法。 使人主誠知利害之權，因以好惡加之，則所好何患人之不從，所惡何患人之不避？ 若人主無道以揆之，則多為異議所奪，雖有善法，何由立哉？”
The emperor once discussed the zu-yong-diao tax system and spoke favorably of it. Wang Anshi replied: "That system resembles the well-field ideal. Whenever later ages establish institutions that roughly recover the intent of the former kings, nothing in them is without merit." There is nothing in it that cannot be done today." Only it is hard to bring it to completion quickly." "When the emperor asked again, he said: "If the ruler truly understands what benefits and harms the realm, and frames laws from what is harmful and applies them to those who consolidate landholdings, then people will not dare retain fields beyond the limit;" if he frames laws from what is beneficial and applies them to those who labor diligently in the fields, then people will encourage themselves to farm diligently, and allotted fields cannot exceed the limit." Yet this can become sound law only if it is carried out gradually. If the ruler truly grasps the power of benefit and harm and applies his favor and disfavor accordingly, why should he fear that men will not follow what he favors or avoid what he disfavors? But if the ruler lacks the means to judge these matters, dissenting opinion will seize control, and even a good law—how can it be established?
14
帝謂府兵與租庸調法相須，安石則曰：“今義勇、土軍上番供役，既有廩給，則無貧富皆可以入衛出戍，雖無租庸調法，亦自可為。 第義勇皆良民，當以禮義獎養。 今皆倒置者，以涅其手背也，教閱而縻費也，使之運糧也。 三者皆人所不樂，若更毆之就敵，使被殺戮，尤人所憚也。”
The emperor said that the fubing system and the zu-yong-diao tax system depended on each other. Wang Anshi replied: "Today, with yiyong and local troops serving in rotating shifts and receiving rations, rich and poor alike can enter guard service and go on campaign. Even without the zu-yong-diao system, this can be done." But the yiyong are all good commoners and should be encouraged and nurtured with ritual and righteousness. What is turned upside down today is branding recruits on the hand, drilling them at wasteful expense, and making them haul grain. All three are things people hate; if on top of that they are beaten forward against the enemy and sent to be slaughtered, that is what they fear most.
15
馮京曰：“義勇亦有以挽強得試推恩者。 ”安石曰：“挽強而力有不足，則絕於進取，是朝廷有推恩之濫。 初非勸獎使人趨武用也。 今欲措置義勇皆當反此，使害在於不為義勇，而利在於為義勇，則俗可變而眾技可成。 臣願擇鄉閭豪傑以為將校，稍加獎拔，則人自悅服。 矧今募兵為宿衛，及有積官至刺史以上者。 移此與彼，固無不可，況不至如此費官祿，已足使人樂為哉！ 陛下誠能審擇，近臣皆有政事之材，則異時可使分將此等軍矣。 今募兵出於無賴之人，尚可為軍、廂主，則近臣以上豈不及此輩，此乃先王成法，社稷之長計也。 ”帝以為然。
Feng Jing said, "Among the yiyong there are also men who win trial and imperial favor through draw-strength." Wang Anshi said, "When draw-strength is tested but strength falls short, advancement is blocked—this is the court's abuse of imperial favor. That was never meant to encourage men to take up arms in earnest. In organizing the yiyong we should reverse this: make the harm lie in not serving and the benefit in serving, and custom will change and many skills can be mastered. I propose selecting local leaders as officers and giving them modest rewards and promotion; then men will submit willingly. Moreover, hired troops now serve as palace guards, and some have risen through long service to regional governor and above. Shifting this role to them is entirely feasible; it need not even cost official salaries, yet would be enough to make men glad to serve! If Your Majesty selects carefully, your close ministers all have talent for government and could in time be set to command such forces. Today's hired troops are drawn from worthless men, yet they can still serve as army and company commanders; are close ministers not their equal? This is the enduring law of the former kings and a long-term plan for the realm. The emperor agreed.
16
時有欲以義勇代正兵者，曾公亮以為置義勇、弓手，漸可以省正兵。 安石曰：“誠然，第今江、淮置新弓手，適足以傷農。 ”富弼亦論京西弓手非便。 安石曰：“揆文教，奮武衛，先王所以待遠邇者固不同。 今處置江、淮與三邊，事當有異。”
Some then wished to replace regular troops with yiyong. Zeng Gongliang held that establishing yiyong and bowmen could gradually spare regular troops. Wang Anshi said, "That is so, but establishing new bowmen in the Jianghuai region right now would only harm farming." Fu Bi also argued that bowmen in the Jingxi circuit were inexpedient. Wang Anshi said, "Weighing civil teaching against rousing martial guard—the former kings certainly did not treat near and far alike. In handling the Jianghuai and the three border circuits, policy ought to differ."
17
帝又言節財用，安石對以減兵最急。 帝曰：“比慶曆數已甚減矣。 ”因舉河北、陝西兵數，慮募兵太少，又訓擇不精，緩急或闕事。 安石則曰：“精訓練募兵而鼓舞三路之民習兵，則兵可省。 臣屢言河北舊為武人割據，內抗朝廷，外敵四鄰，亦有禦奚、契丹者，兵儲不外求而足。 今河北戶口蕃息，又舉天下財物奉之，常若不足。 以當一面之敵，其施設乃不如武人割據時。 則三路事有當講畫者，在專用其民而已。 ”帝又言：“邊兵不足以守，徒費衣廩。 然固邊圉又不可悉減。 ”安石曰：“今更減兵，即誠無以待急緩； 不減，則費財困國無已時。 臣以謂儻不能理兵，稍復古製，則中國無富強之理。”
The emperor again spoke of economizing expenditures. Wang Anshi answered that reducing troops was the most urgent step. The emperor said, "Compared with the Qingli era the numbers have already been greatly reduced." He then cited troop numbers in Hebei and Shaanxi, fearing that hired troops were too few and that selection and training were not refined, so that in an emergency affairs might fall short. Wang Anshi said, "If hired troops are finely trained and the people of the three circuits are encouraged to practice arms, troops can be reduced. I have repeatedly said that in former times Hebei was carved up by military men who resisted the court within and faced neighboring enemies without; some also fought the Xi and Khitan, yet military stores were sufficient without outside supply. Today Hebei's population has grown, yet the empire's wealth is devoted to it as if it were never enough. Facing enemies on one front, its arrangements are inferior to when military men held it by force. Then in the three circuits there are matters that ought to be planned: it lies solely in fully using their people." The emperor again said, "Border troops are insufficient to defend yet vainly consume clothing and grain. Yet securing the frontier cannot be entirely cut." Wang Anshi said, "If troops are reduced further now, there truly will be nothing to meet emergency; if they are not reduced, wasting wealth and straining the state will have no end. I hold that if troops cannot be managed and the ancient system somewhat restored, there is no path to wealth and strength within China."
18
帝曰：“唐都長安，府兵多在關中，則為強本。 今都關東而府兵盛。 則京師反不足待四方。 ”安石曰：“府兵在處可為，又可令入衛，則不患本不強。 ”韓絳、呂公弼皆以入衛為難。 文彥博曰：“如曹、濮人專為盜賊，豈宜使入衛？ ”安石曰：“曹、濮人豈無應募？ 皆暴猾無賴之人，尚不以為虞； 義勇皆良民，又以物力戶為將校，豈當復以為可虞也？”
The emperor said, "Tang's capital was Chang'an; fubing were mostly in Guanzhong, and thus the root was strong. Today the capital is east of the Pass yet fubing flourish. Then the capital is on the contrary insufficient to await the four quarters." Wang Anshi said, "Fubing can be stationed locally and can also be ordered into palace guard service; then one need not worry that the root is not strong." Han Jiang and Lü Gongbi both held that entering guard service was difficult. Wen Yanbo said, "Men of Cao and Pu specialize in being bandits—how can they be made to enter guard service?" Wang Anshi said, "Are there not men of Cao and Pu who answer recruitment? They are all violent and worthless men, yet they are not regarded as a concern; the yiyong are all good commoners, and officers are chosen from households by property—how can they again be regarded as a concern?
19
陳升之欲令義勇以漸戍近州。 安石曰：“陛下若欲去數百年募兵之敝，則宜果斷，詳立法製，令本末備具。 不然，無補也。 ”帝曰：“製而用之，在法當預立條製，以漸推行。 ”彥博等又以為土兵難使千里出戍。 安石曰：“前代征流求，討党項，豈非府兵乎？ ”帝曰：“募兵專於戰守，故可恃； 至民兵，則兵農之業相半，可恃以戰守乎？ ”安石曰：“唐以前未有黥兵，然亦可以戰守。 臣以謂募兵與民兵無異，顧所用將帥如何爾。 將帥非難求，但人主能察見群臣情偽，善駕禦之，則人材出而為用，不患無將帥。 有將帥，則不患民兵不為用矣。”
Chen Shengzhi wished to have yiyong gradually garrison nearby prefectures. Wang Anshi said, "If Your Majesty wishes to remove the evils of hired troops accumulated over hundreds of years, you should be resolute, carefully establish laws and institutions, and make root and branch complete. Otherwise there is no benefit." The emperor said, "To make institutions and use them—in law one should pre-establish regulations and gradually carry them out." Yanbo and others again held that local militia were hard to make travel a thousand li on garrison duty. Wang Anshi said, "In former ages when they campaigned against Liuqiu and the Tangut, were these not fubing?" The emperor said, "Hired troops specialize in fighting and defense and thus can be relied on; as for militia, military and farming are half and half—can they be relied on for fighting and defense?" Wang Anshi said, "Before Tang there were no tattooed troops, yet they could also fight and defend. I hold that hired troops and militia are not different; it depends solely on what generals are used. Generals are not hard to find; only the ruler must discern his ministers' truth and falsity and skillfully drive them—then talent emerges for use and one need not worry about lacking generals. With generals, one need not worry that militia will not be used.
20
帝曰：“經遠之策，必至什伍其民，費省而兵眾，且與募兵相為用矣。 ”安石對曰：“欲公私財用不匱，為宗社長久計，募兵水法誠當變革。 ”帝曰：“密院以為必有建中之變。 ”安石對曰：“陛下躬行德義，憂勤政事，上下不蔽，必無此理。 建中所以致變，德宗用盧杞之徒而疏陸贄，其不亡者幸也。”
The emperor said, "The policy of reaching afar must ultimately organize the people in groups of ten and five, economizing expense while multiplying troops, and use them together with hired troops." Wang Anshi answered, "If public and private wealth are not to be exhausted and a long-term plan made for the altars of state, the hired-troop system truly ought to be reformed. The emperor said, "The Bureau of Military Affairs holds that there will surely be a Jianzhong-era upheaval." Wang Anshi answered, "Your Majesty personally practices virtue and righteousness, worries and labors at government, and above and below are not blocked—surely there is no such principle. The reason Jianzhong brought upheaval was that Dezong employed men like Lu Qi and kept Lu Zhi at a distance; that the dynasty did not perish was fortune."
21
時開封鞫保戶有質衣而買弓箭者，帝恐其貧乏，難於出備。 安石曰：“民貧宜有之，抑民使置弓箭，則法所弗去也。 往者冬閱及巡檢番上，唯就用在官弓矢，不知百姓何故至於質衣也。 然自生民以來。 兵農為一，耒耜以養生，弓矢以免死，皆凡民所宜自具，未有造耒耜、弓矢以給百姓者也。 然則雖使百姓置弓矢，亦不為過。 第陛下優恤百姓甚至，故今立法，一聽民便爾。 且府界素多群盜，攻劫殺掠，一歲之間至二百火，逐火皆有賞錢，備賞之人即今保丁也。 方其備賞之時，豈無賣易衣服以納官賞者？ 然人皆以謂賞錢宜出於百姓。 夫出錢之多不足以止盜，而保甲之能止盜，其效已見，則雖令民出少錢以置器械，未有損也。 ”帝曰：“賞錢人所習慣，則安之如自然； 不習慣，則不能無怨。 如何決壞民產，民不怨； 決河以壞民產，則怨矣。”
At the time Kaifeng was investigating baojia households who had pawned clothing to buy bows and arrows; the emperor feared their poverty and difficulty in providing equipment. Wang Anshi said, "It is fitting that some among the people be poor; pressing the people to provide bows and arrows is what the law does not set aside. In former times winter review and rotating patrol duty used only official bows and arrows on hand; I do not know why the common people came to pawn clothing. Yet from the birth of the people. Military and farming were one: plow and hoe to sustain life, bow and arrow to escape death—both were what common people ought to provide for themselves; never were plow, hoe, bow, and arrow manufactured to supply the common people. Then even making the common people provide bows and arrows is not excessive. Only Your Majesty is extremely gracious in cherishing the common people, and so in legislating today one listens entirely to the people's convenience. Moreover, within the capital district there have always been many bandit gangs; in one year plunder and killing reached two hundred incidents, and for each incident there was reward money—the men who prepared the reward are today's baoding. When they prepared the reward, were there not those who sold or exchanged clothing to pay the official reward? Yet everyone held that reward money ought to come from the common people. That much money spent could not stop bandits, while baojia's power to stop bandits has already been seen in effect; then even ordering the people to spend a little money to provide weapons has not harmed them. " The emperor said, "Reward money is what people are accustomed to, and they accept it as natural; what they are not accustomed to, they cannot be without complaint. How is it that breaking dikes harms the people's property yet the people do not complain; breaking rivers to harm the people's property, and they complain?"
22
帝嚐批：“陳留縣所行保甲，每十人一小保，中三人或五人須要弓箭，縣吏督責，無者有刑。 百姓買一弓至千五百，十箭至六七百，當青黃不接之際，貧下客丁安能出辦？ 又每一小保用民力築射垛，又自辦錢糧起鋪屋。 每保置鼓，遇賊聲擊，民居遠近不一，甲家遭賊，鼓在乙家，則無緣聲擊。 如此，須人置一鼓，費錢不少。 可速指揮令止如元議，團保覺察盜賊，餘無得施行。 鄉民既憂無錢買弓箭，加以傳惑徙之戍邊，是以父子聚首號泣者非虛也。 ”安石進呈不行。
The emperor once annotated, "The baojia carried out in Chenliu County: every ten men make one small bao; of them three or five must have bows and arrows; county clerks supervise and demand, and those without them are punished. The common people pay up to 1,500 cash for one bow and six or seven hundred for ten arrows; in the season when green and yellow do not connect, how can poor guest households and ding provide them? Moreover each small bao uses civilian labor to build shooting platforms, and they themselves provide money and grain to erect shed buildings. Each bao sets up a drum; when bandits come they strike it, but dwellings are near and far and not uniform—when household A meets bandits and the drum is at household B, there is no way to strike it in time. Thus each person would need one drum, and the expense in cash would be considerable. Order quickly that it stop as originally discussed: group bao to detect bandits, and nothing else may be carried out. Villagers already worry about lacking money to buy bows and arrows, and in addition rumors confuse them about transfer to border garrison—thus fathers and sons gathering to wail is not empty. " Wang Anshi presented this and it was not carried out.
23
帝謂安石：“保甲誠有斬指者，此事宜緩而密。 ”安石曰：“日力可惜。 ”帝曰：“然亦不可遽，恐卻沮事。 ”安石曰：“此事自不敢不密。 ”權知開封府韓維等言：“諸縣團結保甲，鄉民驚擾。 祥符等縣已畢，其餘縣乞候農閑排定。 ”時府界諸縣鄉民，或自殘傷以避團結。 安石辨說甚力。 時曾孝寬為府界提點，榜募告捕扇惑保甲者雖甚嚴，有匿名書封丘郭門者，於是詔重賞捕之。
The emperor told Wang Anshi, "Baojia truly has those who cut off fingers; this matter should be slow and secret." Wang Anshi said, "Days' strength is precious." The emperor said, "Yet one also cannot be hasty, for fear of discouraging the affair." Wang Anshi said, "In this matter I dare not be other than secret." Acting Kaifeng prefect Han Wei and others said, "In all counties group baojia; villagers are alarmed and disturbed. Xiangfu and other counties are already finished; the remaining counties beg to wait until the farming slack season to arrange them. At the time in all counties of the capital district, some villagers maimed themselves to avoid grouping. Wang Anshi argued forcefully. At the time Zeng Xiaokuan was capital-district intendant; he posted rewards to report and capture those who incited baojia though very strict, yet there was an anonymous letter sealed at the Fengqiu city gate; therefore an edict offered heavy reward for capture.
24
安石曰：“乃者保甲，人得其願上番狀，然後使之，宜於人情無所驚疑。 且今居藏盜賊及為盜賊之人，固不便新法。 陛下觀長社一縣，捕獲府界劇賊為保甲迫逐出外者至三十人。 此曹既不容京畿，又見捕於輔郡，其計無聊，專務扇惑。 比聞為首扇惑者已就捕，然至京師亦止有二十許人。 以十七縣十數萬家，而被扇惑者才二十許人，不可謂多。 自古作事，未有不以勢率眾而能令上下如一者。 今聯十數萬人為保甲，又待其應募乃使之番上，比乃以陛下矜恤之至。 令保甲番上捕盜，若任其自去來，即孰肯聽命？ 若以法驅之，又非人所願。 且為天下者，如止欲任民情所願而已，則何必立君而為之張官置吏也？ 今輔郡保甲，宜先遣官諭上旨，後以法推行之。 ”帝曰：“然。”
Wang Anshi said, "Recently in baojia, people obtained the petition they wished to submit for rotating duty, and only then were they made to serve—this should cause no alarm or doubt in human feelings. Moreover, those who harbor bandits and those who are bandits are naturally ill-disposed toward the new law. Your Majesty observed one county, Changshe: those captured as major bandits of the capital district driven out by baojia pursuit numbered thirty men. This lot, unable to remain in the capital region and seeing capture in the auxiliary commanderies, have no recourse in their schemes and specialize in incitement. Recently it was heard that the chief inciters have been captured, yet upon reaching the capital there are only about twenty men. Among seventeen counties and tens of thousands of households, those incited number only about twenty men—it cannot be called many. Since antiquity in undertaking affairs, never has one not led the multitude by authority and made above and below as one. Today linking tens of thousands of men as baojia and waiting until they answer recruitment before making them rotate on duty—this is due to Your Majesty's utmost compassion. If baojia rotate to capture bandits and they are left free to come and go, who would willingly obey orders? If they are driven by law, that again is not what people wish. Moreover, for one who holds the realm, if one only wishes to follow what the people's feelings desire, why establish a ruler and set up officials for him? Now in the auxiliary commanderies' baojia, one should first send officials to announce the imperial intent, then carry out the law. " The emperor said, "So."
25
一日，帝謂安石曰：“曾孝寬言，民有斬指訴保甲者。 ”安石曰：“此事得於蔡駰。 趙子幾使駰驗問，乃民因斫木誤斬指，參證者數人。 大抵保甲法，上自執政大臣，中則兩製，下則盜賊及停藏之人，皆所不欲。 然臣召鄉人問之，皆以為便。 則雖有斬指以避丁者，不皆然也。 況保甲非特除盜，固可漸習為兵。 既人皆能射，又為旗鼓變其耳目，且約以免稅上番代巡檢兵； 又自正、長而上，能捕賊者獎之以官，則人競勸。 然後使與募兵相參，則可以銷募兵驕誌，且省財費，此宗社長久之計。”
One day the emperor told Wang Anshi, "Zeng Xiaokuan says the people have cut off fingers to complain of baojia." Wang Anshi said, "This matter was obtained from Cai Yu." Zhao Ziji sent Yu to verify; it turned out the people cut off a finger by mistake while chopping wood, and several men testified. Generally the baojia law—from chief ministers above, through two-office men in the middle, down to bandits and those who harbor them—is what none wish. Yet I summoned villagers to ask them, and all held it convenient. Then though there are those who cut off fingers to avoid ding, it is not all so. Moreover baojia is not solely for eliminating bandits; it can gradually be practiced as troops. When all can shoot and banners and drums change their ears and eyes, and moreover they are promised tax exemption for rotating in place of patrol troops; and from zheng and zhang upward, those who can capture bandits are rewarded with office, then people will compete in encouragement. Then make them participate together with hired troops, and hired troops' arrogant will can be dissolved and expenses saved—this is a long-term plan for the altars of state.
26
帝謂什伍百姓如保甲，恐難成，不如便團結成指揮，以使臣管轄。 安石曰：“陛下誠能果斷，不恤人言，即便團結指揮，亦無所妨。 然指揮是虛名，五百人為一保，緩急可喚集，雖不名為指揮，與指揮使無異，乃是實事。 幸不至大急，即免令人駭擾而事集為上策。 ”帝遂變三路義勇如府畿保甲法。
The emperor said organizing the people in groups of ten like baojia would be hard to accomplish; better to group them at once as command and have commissioners administer them. Wang Anshi said, "If Your Majesty can truly be resolute and not spare people's words, even grouping command at once would do no harm. Yet command is an empty name; five hundred men make one bao, and in emergency they can be summoned—though not named command, it is no different from a command envoy; this is a real affair. Fortunately if there is no great urgency, avoiding alarming the people while affairs are gathered is the best policy." The emperor then changed yiyong in the three circuits to match the capital-district baojia law.
27
馮京曰：“義勇已有指揮使，指揮使即其鄉里豪傑。 今復作保甲，令何人為大保長？ ”安石曰：“古者民居則為鄉，伍家為比，比有長，及用兵，即五人為伍，伍有伍司馬。 二十五家為閭，閭有閭胥，二十五人為兩，兩有兩司馬。 兩司馬即閭胥，伍司馬即比長，第隨事異名而已。 此乃三代六鄉六軍之遺法。 其法見於書，自夏以來，至周不改。 秦雖決裂阡陌，然什伍之尚如古製，此所以兵眾而強也。 征伐唯府兵為近之。 今舍已然之成憲，而乃守五代亂亡之餘法，其不足以致安強無疑。 然人皆恬然不以因循為可憂者，所見淺近也。”
Feng Jing said, "Yiyong already have command envoys; command envoys are their village heroes. Now baojia is made again—whom shall be made large-bao chief?" Wang Anshi said, "In antiquity when people dwelt they formed xiang; five households made bi, and bi had chiefs; when using troops, five men made wu and wu had wu sima. Twenty-five households made lü, and lü had lü xu; twenty-five men made liang, and liang had liang sima. Liang sima is lü xu, wu sima is bi chief—only the names differ with the affair. This is the remnant law of the Three Dynasties' six xiang and six armies. The law appears in the books; from Xia onward to Zhou it was not changed. Though Qin sundered the field paths, yet the grouping of ten and five remained as in antiquity—hence troops were numerous and strong. In campaigns only fubing came nearest. Today abandoning established enduring institutions and keeping only the remnant law after the Five Dynasties' disorder and fall—there is no doubt it is insufficient to bring peace and strength. Yet everyone is placid and does not regard clinging to the old as a worry—their vision is shallow and near."
28
安石又奏：“義勇須三丁以上，請如府界，兩丁以上盡籍之。 三丁即出戍，誘以厚利； 而兩丁即止令於巡檢上番，如府界法。 大略不過如此。 當遣人與經略、轉運司及諸州長吏議之，及訪本路民情所苦所欲，因以寓法。 ”帝曰：“河東修義勇強壯法，又令團集保甲，如何？ ”安石對曰：“義勇須隱括丁數，若因團集保甲，即一動而兩業就。 今既遣官隱括義勇，又別遣官團結保甲，即分為兩事，恐民不能無擾。 ”或曰：“保甲不可代正軍上番否？ ”安石曰：“俟其習熟，然後上番。 然東兵技藝亦弗能優於義勇、保甲，臣觀廣勇、虎翼兵固然。 今為募兵者，大抵皆偷惰頑猾不能自振之人。 為農者，皆樸力一心聽令之人，則緩急莫如民兵可用。 ”馮京曰：“太祖征伐天下，豈用農兵？ ”安石曰：“太祖時接五代，百姓困極，豪傑多以從軍為利。 今百姓安業樂生，而軍中不復有如向時拔起為公侯者，即豪傑不復在軍，而應募者大抵皆偷惰不能自振之人爾。 ”帝曰：“兵之強弱在人。 五代兵弱，至世宗而強。 ”安石曰：“世宗所收，亦皆天下亡命強梁之人。 ”文彥博曰：“以道佐人主者不以兵強天下。 ”安石曰：“以兵強天下者非道也，然有道者固能柔能剛，能弱能強。 方其能剛強，必不至柔弱。 張皇六師，固先王之所尚也，但不當專務兵強爾。 ”帝卒從安石議。
Wang Anshi also memorialized, "Yiyong require three ding and above; please, as in the capital district, register all with two ding and above. Those with three ding go on garrison, enticed by generous reward; those with two ding are only ordered to rotate on patrol duty as in the capital district. Broadly it will not exceed this. Men should be sent to discuss with frontier commissioners, transport commissioners, and prefectural chief officials, and to inquire into what the people of this circuit find bitter and desire, and thereby embody the law." The emperor said, "In Hedong they refine the strong-yiyong law and also order grouping baojia—how is that?" Wang Anshi answered, "Yiyong require hidden registration of ding numbers; if through grouping baojia, then one move accomplishes two tasks. Now if officials are sent to register yiyong in secret and separately officials are sent to group baojia, it is divided into two affairs and the people surely cannot be without disturbance." Someone said, "Can baojia not replace regular troops on rotating duty?" Wang Anshi said, "Wait until they are practiced and familiar, then rotate on duty. Yet eastern troops' skills also cannot surpass yiyong and baojia—I have observed Guangyong and Huyi troops to be so. Today those who become hired troops are mostly lazy, stubborn, and worthless men unable to rouse themselves. Those who farm are all plain, strong, single-minded men who heed orders—then in emergency none are so usable as militia." Feng Jing said, "When Taizu campaigned to pacify the realm, did he use farming soldiers? Wang Anshi said, "In Taizu's time, connecting with the Five Dynasties, the common people were extremely distressed and heroes mostly took following the army as profit. Today the common people are secure in their occupations and glad to live, and in the army there are no longer men like those times who rose to be dukes and marquises; heroes are no longer in the army, and those who answer recruitment are mostly lazy men unable to rouse themselves. The emperor said, "Whether troops are strong or weak lies in men." In the Five Dynasties troops were weak; by Shizong they were strong. Wang Anshi said, "What Shizong gathered were also all the realm's fugitives and powerful ruffians." Wen Yanbo said, "One who assists a ruler with the Way does not strengthen the realm with troops." Wang Anshi said, "To strengthen the realm with troops is not the Way, yet one who has the Way can indeed be soft and firm, weak and strong. When he can be firm and strong, he surely will not reach weakness. Displaying the six armies is what the former kings honored, but one should not specialize solely in strengthening troops." The emperor finally followed Wang Anshi's proposal.
29
帝曰：“保甲、義勇芻糧之費，當預為之計。 ”安石曰：“當減募兵之費以供之。 所供保甲之費，才養兵十之一二。 ”帝曰：“畿內募兵之數已減於舊。 強本之勢，未可悉減。 ”安石曰：“既有保甲代其役，即不須募兵。 今京師募兵，逃死停放，一季乃數千，但勿招填，即為可減。 然今廂軍既少，禁兵亦不多，臣願早訓練民兵。 民兵成，則募兵當減矣。 ”又為上言：“今河北義勇雖十八萬，然所可獎慰者不過酋豪百數十人而已。 此府兵之遺意也。 ”帝以為然，令議其法。
The emperor said, "The expense of fodder and grain for baojia and yiyong should be planned in advance." Wang Anshi said, "Hired-troop expenses should be reduced to supply it. The expense supplied to baojia is only one or two tenths of maintaining troops. The emperor said, "The number of hired troops within the capital district has already been reduced from old. The momentum of strengthening the root cannot be entirely reduced." Wang Anshi said, "Since baojia replace their corvée, hired troops are not needed. Today capital hired troops who flee, die, or are suspended for a season number in the thousands; only do not recruit to fill vacancies and reduction is possible. Yet today ward troops are already few and palace guards not many; I wish early training of militia. When militia are formed, hired troops should be reduced." He also said to the emperor, "Today Hebei yiyong number 180,000, yet those who can be rewarded and comforted do not exceed a few hundred chieftains and heroes. This is the remnant intent of fubing." The emperor thought it correct and ordered discussion of the law.
30
樞密院傳上旨，以府界保甲十日一番，慮大促無以精武事，其以一月為一番。 安石奏曰：“今保甲十日一番，計一年餘八月當番，若須一月，即番愈疏。 又昨與百姓約十日一番，今遽改命，恐愈為人扇惑。 宜俟其習熟，徐議其更番。 且今保甲閱藝八等，勸獎至優，人競私習，不必上番然後就學。 臣愚，願以數年，其藝非特勝義勇，當必勝正兵。 正兵技藝取應官法而已，非若保甲人人有勸心也。”
The Bureau of Military Affairs transmitted the imperial intent: because capital-district baojia rotated every ten days, fearing the interval was too short to refine martial affairs, it should be one month per rotation. Wang Anshi memorialized, "Today baojia rotate every ten days; reckoned over a year, a little more than eight months on duty; if one month is required, rotation becomes still sparser. Moreover yesterday an agreement was made with the common people for ten-day rotation; to change the order abruptly will surely give people more to incite. One should wait until they are practiced and familiar and slowly discuss changing rotation. Moreover today baojia review skills in eight grades with rewards to the utmost; people compete in private practice and need not wait for rotating duty to learn. I am foolish and wish that in several years their skill will not only surpass yiyong but surely surpass regular troops. Regular troops' skills merely meet the official law; they are not like baojia, where every man has encouragement in his heart."
31
元豐八年，哲宗嗣位，知陳州司馬光上疏乞罷保甲，曰：
In the eighth year of Yuanfeng, when Zhezong succeeded, Sima Guang, prefect of Chen, memorialized begging to abolish baojia, saying:
32
兵出民間，雖雲古法，然古者八百家才出甲士三人、步卒七十二人，閑民甚多，三時務農，一時講武，不妨稼穡。 自兩司馬以上，皆選賢士大夫為之，無侵漁之患，故卒乘輯睦，動則有功。 今籍鄉村之民，二丁取一以為保甲，授以弓弩，教之戰陣，是農民半為兵也。 三四年來，又令河北、河東、陝西置都教場，無問四時，每五日一教。 特置使者比監司，專切提舉，州縣不得關預。 每一丁教閱，一丁供送，雖雲五日，而保正，長以泥堋除草為名，聚之教場，得賂則縱，否則留之，是三路耕耘收獲稼穡之業幾盡廢也。
Troops drawn from among the people—though called an ancient method, in antiquity eight hundred households produced only three armored men and seventy-two foot soldiers; idle people were very numerous, and in three seasons they worked at farming and in one season practiced arms, not harming the crops. From liang sima upward, all selected worthy scholar-officials to serve; there was no worry of encroachment and plunder, and thus chariots and foot soldiers were harmonious and effective when they moved. Today village people are registered; one man is taken from every two ding to make baojia, given bows and crossbows, and taught battle arrays—half the farmers have become soldiers. In the last three or four years, Hebei, Hedong, and Shaanxi have also established capital training grounds; regardless of the four seasons, every five days there is one drill. Envoys specially appointed comparable to circuit commissioners were set up to supervise exclusively; prefectures and counties might not interfere. For every one ding drilled, one ding supplied escort; though it is said to be five days, bao chiefs and heads in the name of tamping targets and clearing weeds gather them at the training ground—if bribed they are released, otherwise detained—so that farming and harvest in the three circuits are nearly all abandoned.
33
自唐開元以來，民兵法壞，戍守戰攻，盡募長征兵士，民間何嚐習兵？ 國家承平百有餘年，戴白之老不識兵革，一旦畎畝之人皆戎服執兵，奔驅滿野，耆舊歎息，以為不祥。 事既草創，調發無法，比戶騷擾，不遺一家。 又巡檢、指使按行鄉村，往來如織； 保正、保長，依倚弄權，坐索供給，多責賂遺，小不副意，妄加鞭撻，蠶食行伍，不知紀極。 中下之民，罄家所有，侵肌削骨，無以供億，愁苦困弊，靡所投訴，流移四方，繈屬盈路。 又朝廷時遣使者，遍行按閱，所至犒設賞賚，糜費金帛，以巨萬計。 此皆鞭撻平民銖兩丈尺而斂之，一旦用之如糞土。 而鄉村之民，但苦勞役，不感恩澤。 農民之勞既如披，國家之費又如此，終何所用哉？ 若使之捕盜賊，衛鄉里，則何必如此之多？ 使之戍邊境，事征伐，則彼遠方之民，以騎射為業，以攻戰為俗，自幼及長，更無他務。 中國之民，大半服田力穡，雖復授以兵械，教之擊刺，在教場之中坐作進退，有似嚴整，必若使之與敵人相遇，填然鼓之，鳴鏑始交，其奔北潰敗可以前料，決無疑也，豈不誤國事乎？ 又悉罷三路巡檢下兵士及諸縣弓手，皆易以保甲。 主簿兼縣尉，但主草市以裏； 其鄉村盜賊，悉委巡檢，而巡檢兼掌巡按保甲教閱，朝夕奔走，猶恐不辦，何暇逐捕盜賊哉？ 又保甲中往往有自為盜者，亦有乘保馬行劫者。 然則設保甲、保馬本以除盜，乃更資盜也。
Since the Kaiyuan era of Tang, the militia law decayed; garrison defense and campaigning relied entirely on recruiting long-service troops—when did the people ever practice arms? The state has enjoyed peace for more than a hundred years; white-haired elders have not known weapons. Suddenly men of the fields all wear armor, hold weapons, and run filling the wilds—the elders sigh and regard it as ill-omened. The affair being newly devised, there is no law for mobilization; every household is disturbed, not one spared. Patrol inspectors and envoys travel the villages back and forth like weaving; bao zheng and bao chiefs rely on and wield power, sit and demand supplies, impose many bribes and gifts, and for slight dissatisfaction falsely add flogging, gnawing the ranks beyond measure. Middle and lower people exhaust all the family has, invading flesh and paring bone, unable to supply demands, distressed and impoverished with nowhere to appeal, drifting to the four quarters, infants and swaddled children filling the roads. Moreover the court from time to time sends envoys to tour and review everywhere; wherever they arrive they bestow rewards and gifts, wasting gold and silk by the tens of thousands. All this is flogged and levied from the common people by the ounce and foot, yet once used it is like dung and soil. Yet village people only suffer forced labor and do not feel imperial grace. If farmers' labor is already like being flayed and the state's expense is also like this, what use is there in the end? If they are made to capture bandits and guard the village, why need there be so many? If they are made to garrison the border and undertake campaigns, then the people of those distant regions take horsemanship as their occupation and attack and battle as their custom—from youth to age they have no other business. Most of the people of China live by tilling the fields and toiling at the harvest. Even if you arm them and teach them thrust and parry, their drill-ground maneuvers—sitting, rising, advancing, withdrawing—may look admirably precise; yet put them face to face with the enemy, let the war drums thunder and the whistling arrows fly, and you can predict their rout in advance beyond any doubt. Would that not be a disaster for the state? Moreover, all soldiers under the patrol inspectors in the three circuits and the bowmen in the counties were abolished and replaced with baojia. The registrar also served as county captain, but only governed market towns within a li; Rural bandits were all left to the patrol inspectors, yet those inspectors also had to tour and supervise baojia drill—rushing about from dawn to dusk, barely able to keep up. How could they find time to hunt down thieves? Moreover, within the baojia ranks there were often men who became bandits themselves, and some who used the protected horses to commit highway robbery. Thus the baojia and protected-horse systems were meant to eliminate bandits, yet they only armed and enabled them.
34
自教閱保甲以來，河東、陝西、京西盜賊已多，至敢白晝公行，入縣鎮，殺官吏。 官軍追討，經曆歲月，終不能製。 況三路未至大饑，而盜賊猖熾已如此，萬一遇數千里之蝗旱，而失業饑寒、武藝成就之人，所在蜂起以應之，其為國家之患，可勝言哉！ 此非小事，不可以忽。 夫奪其衣食，使無以為生，是驅民為盜也； 使比屋習戰，勸以官賞，是教民為盜也； 又撤去捕盜之人，是縱民為盜也。 謀國如此，果為利乎？ 害乎？
Since baojia drill began, banditry in Hedong, Shaanxi, and Jingxi has grown so rampant that thieves dare walk openly in daylight, enter county towns, and kill officials. Government troops pursued them for months and years without ever bringing them under control. And this while the three circuits have not yet suffered great famine. Should a locust plague and drought stretch across thousands of li, how many jobless, hungry, cold, and militarily trained men would rise in swarms everywhere? The peril to the state is beyond words. This is no small matter and must not be neglected. To strip them of food and clothing so they cannot live—this drives the people into banditry; to drill every household for war and lure them with official rewards—this teaches the people banditry; and to remove those who hunt bandits—this unleashes the people as bandits. To plan for the state in this way—is it truly for the state's benefit? Or for harm?
35
且向者干進之士，說先帝以征伐開拓之策，故立保甲、戶馬、保馬等法。 近者登極赦書有云：“應緣邊州軍，仰逐處長吏並巡檢、使臣、鈐轄、兵士及邊上人戶不得侵擾外界，務要靜守疆埸，勿令騷擾。 ”此蓋聖意欲惠綏殊才，休息生民，中外之人孰不歸戴？ 然則保甲、戶馬復何所用？ 或今雖罷戶馬，寬保馬，而保甲猶存者，蓋未有以其利害之詳奏聞者也。
Moreover, men seeking advancement once persuaded the late emperor with plans for conquest and territorial expansion, and on that basis established baojia, household horses, protected horses, and the like. Recently the accession amnesty edict stated: "For all border prefectures and armies, local chief officials together with patrol inspectors, commissioners, controllers, soldiers, and frontier households must not harass foreign territory; they must earnestly keep the borders quiet and allow no disturbance. " This surely reflects the sage intent to show kindness and pacify distant peoples, to give the living people rest—who within and without would not turn in homage? Then of what further use are baojia and household horses? Perhaps though household horses are now abolished and protected horses relaxed, baojia still remain because no one has yet memorialized the throne with a full account of their benefits and harms.
36
臣愚以為悉罷保甲使歸農，召提舉官還朝，量逐縣戶口，每五十戶置弓手一人，略依緣邊弓箭手法，許蔭本戶田二頃，悉免其稅役。 除出賊地分，更不立三限科校，但令捕賊給賞。 若獲賊數多及能獲強惡賊人者，各隨功大小遷補職級，或補班行，務在優假弓手，使人勸募。 然後募本縣鄉村戶有勇力武藝者投充，計即今保甲中有勇力武藝者必多願應募。 若一人缺額，有二人以上爭投者，即委本縣令、尉選武藝高強者充。 或武藝衰退者，許他人指名與之比較，若武藝勝於舊者，即令衝替，其被替者，更不得蔭田。 如此，則不必教閱，武藝自然精熟。 一縣之中，其壯勇者既為弓手，其羸弱者雖使為盜，亦不能為患。 仍委本州及提點刑獄常按察，令佐有取舍不公者，嚴行典憲。 若召募不足，且即於鄉村戶上依舊條權差，候有投名者即令充替。 其餘巡檢兵士、縣尉弓手、耆老、壯丁逐捕盜賊，並乞依祖宗舊法。
Your servant humbly proposes abolishing baojia entirely and returning the people to farming; recalling the promotion officials to court; and, according to each county's registered households, appointing one bowman per fifty households on the model of the frontier archer system, with exemption for two qing of household land and full relief from taxes and corvée. Except in bandit districts, abolish the three-tier quotas and assessments; reward only the capture of bandits. Those who capture many bandits, or especially fierce ones, should be promoted according to merit or given clerical appointments; bowmen must be favored so that men are encouraged to enlist. Then recruit from village households in the county those with strength and martial skill; many men now in baojia who possess such skills would gladly volunteer. If one post is vacant and two or more men compete, let the magistrate and county captain choose the stronger in martial skill. If a man's skill has declined, allow others to challenge him in named comparison; whoever proves superior should replace him, and the displaced man should lose his land exemption. Thus there would be no need for formal drill; martial skill would naturally become expert. Within a county, once the strong and brave serve as bowmen, even if the weak turned to banditry they could not become a serious threat. Entrust the prefecture and judicial intendant with regular inspection; where magistrates and assistants are partial or unjust, punish them strictly under the statutes. If recruitment falls short, temporarily assign village households by rotation under the old rules until volunteers appear to take their places. As for patrol soldiers, county-captain bowmen, elders, and stalwart youths in pursuit of bandits, let all of them follow the ancestral laws again.
37
五月，以光為門下侍郎。 光欲復申前說，以為教閱保甲公私勞費而無所用。 是時，資政殿學士韓維、侍讀呂公著欲復上前奏，先是進呈，乞罷團教。 詔府界、三路保甲自來年正月以後並罷團教，仍依舊每歲農隙赴縣教閱一月，其差官置場，排備軍器，教閱法式番次，按賞費用，令樞密院、三省同立法。 後六日，光再上奏，極其懇切，蔡確等執奏不行。 詔保甲依樞密院已得指揮，保馬別議立法。
In the fifth month, Guang was appointed Vice Director of the Secretariat. Guang wished to press his earlier argument again, holding that drilling baojia imposed heavy public and private costs to no purpose. At this time Han Wei, Academician of the Hall for Assisting Governance, and Lecturer Lü Gongzhu wished to present their earlier memorials; they had already submitted a request to abolish mass drill. An edict ordered capital-district and three-circuit baojia to cease mass drill from the first month of the coming year, while retaining the old annual month of county drill in the farming interval; the Bureau of Military Affairs and the Three Departments were to legislate jointly on officials, grounds, weapons, drill methods, rotations, and rewards. Six days later Guang memorialized again with utmost earnestness; Cai Que and others held to their position and the proposal was not adopted. An edict ordered baojia to follow instructions already issued by the Bureau of Military Affairs; protected horses were to be legislated separately.
38
九月，監察御史王岩叟言：“保甲之害，三路之民如在湯火，未必皆法之弊，蓋由提舉一司上下官吏逼之使然。 而近日指揮雖令冬教，然尚存官司，則所以為保甲之害者，十分之六七猶在，陛下所不知也。 此皆奸邪遂非飾過，而巧辭強辨以欺惑聖聽，將至深之病略示更張，以應副陛下聖意而已，非至誠為國家去大害、復大利，以便百姓，為太平長久之計者也。 此忠義之良心所以猶抑，奸邪之素計所以尚存。 天下之識者，皆言陛下不絕害源，百姓無由樂生； 不屏群邪，太平終是難致。 臣願陛下奮然獨斷，如聽政之初行數事，則天下之大體無虧，陛下高枕而臥矣。 ”十月，詔提舉府界、三路保甲官並罷，令逐路提刑及府界提點司兼領所有保甲，止冬教三月。 又詔逐縣監教官並罷，委令佐監教。
In the ninth month Supervising Censor Wang Yansou said: "The harm of baojia has left the people of the three circuits in boiling water and fire; this is not necessarily a flaw in the law itself, but largely because officials throughout the promotion office forced matters to that point. Though recent instructions ordered winter drill only, as long as the official apparatus remains, six or seven tenths of the harm of baojia still remains—what Your Majesty does not know. All this is wicked men persisting in error and glossing over faults, using clever rhetoric to deceive the imperial ear—offering slight reforms to a disease already deep, merely to satisfy Your Majesty's intent, not sincerely removing great harm for the state and restoring great benefit to ease the people as a plan for lasting peace. Hence loyal conscience remains suppressed and the wicked's long-standing schemes still endure. Knowledgeable men throughout the realm say that unless Your Majesty cuts off the source of harm, the common people have no way to live in peace; unless the host of wicked men is removed, great peace will in the end be hard to attain. Your servant wishes Your Majesty to rouse yourself to decisive action, as at the beginning of your rule you carried out several reforms—then the great foundations of the realm would remain intact and Your Majesty could rest at ease. " In the tenth month an edict abolished all officials charged with promoting capital-district and three-circuit baojia, ordering circuit judicial intendants and the capital promotion office to take charge of all baojia, with winter drill limited to three months. Another edict abolished county drill supervisors and entrusted magistrates and assistants with supervision.
39
十一月，岩叟言：
In the eleventh month Yansou said:
40
保甲行之累年，朝廷固已知人情之所共苦，而前日下詔蠲疾病，汰小弱，釋第五等之田不及二十畝者，省一月之六教而為三日之並教，甚大惠也。 然其司尚存，其患終在。 今以臣之所見者為陛下言，不敢隱其實以欺朝廷，亦不敢飾其事以罔成法。
Baojia had been in force for many years and the court already knew the people's common suffering; the recent edict exempted the ill, eliminated the small and weak, released fifth-rank households with less than twenty mu, and reduced six monthly drills to three combined days—a very great grace. Yet as long as its office remains, the scourge remains. Now I report to Your Majesty what I have seen; I dare not hide the truth to deceive the court, nor adorn the facts to mislead established law.
41
夫朝廷知教民以為兵，而不知教之太苛而民不能堪； 知別為一司以總之，而不知擾之太煩而民以生怨。 教之欲以為用也，而使之至於怨，則恐一日用之，有不能如吾意者，不可不思也。
The court knew to train the people as soldiers, but did not know the training was so harsh the people could not bear it; it knew to set up a separate office to oversee all, but did not know the harassment was so excessive that the people bred resentment. Training was meant to make them useful, yet if they are driven to resentment, I fear that when they are finally called upon they may not perform as we wish—this cannot go unconsidered.
42
民之言曰，教法之難不足以為苦，而羈縻之虐有甚焉； 羈縻不足以為苦，而鞭笞之酷有甚焉； 鞭笞不足以為苦，而誅求之無已有甚焉。 方耕方耘而罷，方幹方營而去，此羈縻之所以為苦也。 其教也，保長得笞之，保正又笞之，巡檢之指使與巡檢者又交撻之，提舉司之指使與提舉司之幹當公事者又互鞭之，提舉之官長又鞭之，一有逃避，縣令又鞭之。 人無聊生，恨不得死，此鞭笞之所以為苦也。 創袍、市巾、買弓、絛箭、添弦、換包指、治鞍轡、蓋涼棚、畫象法、造隊牌、緝架、僦椅卓、圍典紙墨、看定人雇直、均菜緡、納秸粒之類，其名百出，不可勝數。 故父老之諺曰：“兒曹空手，不可以入教場。 ”非虛語也。 都副兩保正、大小兩保長，平居於家，婚姻喪葬之問遺，秋成夏熟，絲麻穀麥之要求，遇於城市，飲食之責望。 此迫於勢而不敢不致者也。 一不如意，即以藝不如法為名，而捶辱之無所不至。 又所謂巡檢、指使者，多由此徒以出，貪而冒法，不顧後禍，有逾於保正、保長者，此誅求之所以為甚苦也。
The people say: the hardship of drill methods is not the worst suffering—the cruelty of constant restraint is worse; restraint is not the worst—the severity of flogging is worse; flogging is not the worst—endless exactions are worse still. They are pulled away just as they plow and weed, just as they work and build—this is why restraint is so bitter. In drill, bao heads flog them, bao chiefs flog them again, patrol envoys and inspectors take turns flogging them, promotion-office envoys and clerks flog them mutually, promotion officials flog them, and at the slightest evasion the magistrate flogs them too. Men have no leisure to live and wish only for death—this is why flogging is so bitter. Robes to make, headcloths to buy, bows to purchase, arrows to bind, strings to add, finger guards to replace, saddles and bridles to repair, shade shelters to build, formation diagrams to paint, unit placards to make, frames to sew, tables and chairs to hire, paper and ink to pool, referees to pay, vegetable money to share, straw grain to submit—the levies come by the hundreds beyond counting. Hence the elders' proverb: "Boys must not enter the drill ground empty-handed. " This is no empty saying. The capital deputy, the two bao chiefs, and the great and small bao heads—at home they expect wedding and funeral gifts; at harvest they demand silk, hemp, grain, and wheat; in town they expect food and drink. Men dare not fail to pay, compelled by their power. At the slightest displeasure they claim one's skill fails the regulations and beat and humiliate without limit. Moreover patrol inspectors and envoys mostly rise from these ranks—greedy, lawless, heedless of consequences, some worse than bao chiefs and heads; this is why exactions are most bitter.
43
又有逐養子、出贅婿、再嫁其母、兄弟析居以求免者，有毒其目、斷其指、炙其肌膚以自殘廢而求免者，有盡室以逃而不歸者，有委老弱於家而保丁自逃者。 保丁者逃，則法當督其家出賞錢十千以募之。 使其家有所出，當未至於逃； 至於逃，則其困窮可知，而督取十千，何可以得？ 故每縣常有數十百家老弱嗟谘於道路，哀訴於公庭。 如臣之愚，且知不忍，使陛下仁聖知之，當如何也？
Some drive out adopted sons, send out sons-in-law, remarry mothers, or split households to escape service; some poison their eyes, cut off fingers, or burn their flesh to maim themselves; some flee with entire families never to return; some abandon the old and weak at home while the baoding flee. When baoding flee, the law requires their families to pay ten thousand in reward money to recruit replacements. If their families could pay, they would not have fled; once they have fled, their destitution is plain—yet how can ten thousand be extracted? Thus in each county scores or hundreds of old and weak families constantly lament on the roads and plead in anguish at the yamen. As foolish as your servant is, I yet feel pity—if Your Majesty's benevolent sagacity knew, what would you feel?
44
又保丁之外，平民凡有一馬，皆令借供。 逐場教騎，終日馳驟，往往饑羸以至於斃，誰復敢言？ 其或主家倘因他出，一誤借供，遂有追呼笞責之害。 或因官逋督迫，不得已而易之，則有抑令還取之苦，故人人以有馬為禍。 此皆提舉官吏倚法以生事，重為百姓之擾者也。
Moreover, beyond the baoding, any commoner who owned a horse was ordered to lend it for drill. At each mounted drill they galloped all day; horses often died from hunger and exhaustion—who dared complain? If the owner was away on business and the horse was lent once by mistake, there followed summons and flogging. Or pressed by official arrears they had to sell—then were forced to buy back; thus everyone regarded owning a horse as a curse. All this is promotion officials using the law to create trouble and heavily harassing the people.
45
竊惟古者未嚐不教民以戰，而不聞其有此者，因人之情以為法也。 夫緣情以推法，則愈久而愈行； 倚威以行令，則愈嚴而愈悖。 此自然之理也。 獸窮則搏，人窮則詐，自古及今，未有窮其下而能無危者也。 臣觀保甲一司，上下官吏，無豪發愛百姓意，故百姓視其官司不啻虎狼，積憤銜怨，人人所同。 比者保丁執指使，逐巡檢，攻提舉司幹當官，大獄相繼，今猶未已。 雖民之愚，顧豈忘父母妻子之愛，而喜為犯上之惡以取禍哉？ 蓋激之至於此極爾！ 激之至深，安知其發有不甚於此者？ 情狀如此，不可不先事而慮，以保大體而圖安靜。
I reflect that antiquity always taught the people war, yet one never hears of such abuses—because they made law from human feeling. When law grows from human feeling, the longer it lasts the better it works; when orders rely on coercion, the stricter they grow the more people rebel. This is the natural order of things. Cornered beasts fight; cornered men scheme—from antiquity to today no ruler who drove his people to extremity escaped peril. Your servant observes that in the baojia office not an ounce of love for the people remains; the people regard its yamen as tigers and wolves—accumulated rage and lodged resentment are universal. Recently baoding have seized envoys, driven off patrol inspectors, and attacked promotion-office clerks; major cases follow one another without end. Though the people are simple, would they forget their parents, wives, and children and delight in rebellion to invite disaster? They were driven to this extreme—that is all! Driven so deep, who knows whether the outbreak may not prove worse? The situation being thus, one must plan ahead to preserve the foundations of the realm and secure tranquility.
46
夫三時務農，一時講武，先王之通製也。 一月之間並教三日，不若一歲之中並教一月。 農事既畢，無他用心，人自安於講武而無憾。 遂可罷提舉司，廢巡教官，一以隸州縣，而俾逐路安撫司總之。 每俟冬教於城下，一邑分兩番，當一月。 起教則與正長論階級，罷教則與正長不相誰何。 庶使百姓得以優遊治生，無終年遁逃之苦，無侵漁苛虐之患，無爭陵犯上之惡矣。 且武事不廢，威聲亦全，豈不易而有功哉？ 惟陛下深計遠慮，斷在必行，以省多事，以為生靈安樂之惠，以為國家安靜之福。
Three seasons for farming, one for arms—this was the former kings' general system. Three combined drill days in a month are inferior to one combined drill month in a year. When farming is finished and there is no other occupation, men will practice arms contentedly and without resentment. Then abolish the promotion office and touring drill officials, place all under prefectures and counties, and let circuit pacification commissions oversee them. Each winter drill below the city wall; one district divides into two rotations of one month each. When drill begins they deal with chiefs and heads on rank; when drill ends chiefs and heads have no authority over them. Thus the people may live and work at ease, without year-long flight, without encroachment and harsh abuse, and without rebellion. Military affairs would not be neglected and martial prestige would remain intact—is this not easy yet effective? May Your Majesty plan deeply, resolve firmly to act, reduce bureaucratic burdens, grant the people ease and joy, and secure the state's peace.
47
又乞罷三路提舉保甲錢糧司及罷提舉教閱，及每歲分保甲為兩番，於十一、十二兩月上教，不必分作四番，且不必自京師遣官視教，止令安撫司差那使臣為便。 並從之。
He also begged to abolish the three-circuit baojia funds office and drill promotion, divide baojia into two annual rotations for drill in the eleventh and twelfth months rather than four, and assign observers from pacification commissions rather than the capital. All were approved.
48
紹聖二年七月，帝問義勇、保甲數，宰臣章惇曰：“義勇，自祖宗以來舊法。 治平中，韓琦請遣使詣陝西再括丁數添刺。 熙寧中，先帝始行保甲法，府界、三路得七十餘萬丁。 設官教閱始於府界，眾議沸騰。 教藝既成，更勝正兵。 元豐中，始遣使遍教三路。 先帝留神按閱，藝精者厚賞，或擢以差使、軍將名目，而一時賞賚率取諸封樁或禁軍闕額，未嚐費戶部一錢。 元祐馳廢，深可惜也。”
In the seventh month of the second year of Shaosheng the emperor asked the numbers of yiyong and baojia; Chief Councillor Zhang Dun said: "Yiyong have been ancestral law since the founders. In the Zhiping era Han Qi requested envoys to Shaanxi to recount adult males and add conscription. In the Xining era the late emperor first implemented baojia; the capital district and three circuits registered more than seven hundred thousand ding. Official drill began in the capital district amid seething public debate. Once their skills were trained they surpassed regular troops. In the Yuanfeng era envoys were first sent to drill all three circuits. The late emperor personally reviewed them; the skilled received generous rewards and some were promoted to envoy or army-officer titles, while rewards drew on sealed stores or vacant palace-army slots—not a single cash from the Revenue Board. In the Yuanyou era it was hastily abandoned—a deep pity.
49
元符二年九月，御史中丞安惇奏乞教習保甲月分，差官按試。 曾布言：“保甲固當教習，然陝西、河東連年進築城砦，調發未已，河北連年水災，流民未復，以此未可督責訓練。 ”帝曰：“府界豈不可先行？ ”布曰：“熙寧中教保甲，臣在司農。 是時諸縣引見保甲，事藝精熟。 ”章惇即曰：“多得班行。 ”布曰：“止是得殿侍、軍將，然俱更差充巡檢司指揮。 以此，仕宦及有力之家子弟，皆欣然趨赴。 及引對，所乘皆良馬，鞍韉華楚，馬上事藝往往勝諸軍。 知縣、巡檢又皆得轉官或減年。 以此，上下皆踴躍自效。 然是時司農官親任其事，督責檢察極精密，縣令有抑令保甲置衣裝非理騷擾者，亦皆衝替，故人莫敢不奉法。 其後乃令上番。 ”帝曰：“且與先是府界檢舉施行。 ”蔡卞曰：“於先朝法中稍加裁損，無不可之理。 ”布以為甚便，容檢尋文字進呈。
In the ninth month of the second year of Yuanfu Censor-in-Chief An Dun memorialized for set months of baojia drill and dispatched examiners. Zeng Bu said: "Baojia should indeed be drilled, yet Shaanxi and Hedong have spent years building frontier forts with mobilizations unceasing; Hebei has suffered repeated floods and displaced people have not returned—training cannot yet be pressed. " The emperor said: "Cannot the capital district go first? " Bu said: "In the Xining era when baojia were drilled, I served in the Ministry of Revenue. At that time counties presented baojia for audience; their skills were superb. " Zhang Dun immediately said: "Many obtained clerical ranks. " Bu said: "They only received palace-attendant and army-officer posts, yet all were further assigned as patrol-office envoys. Because of this, sons of official and powerful families all gladly joined. At audience they rode fine horses with splendid tack; mounted skills often surpassed the regular armies. Magistrates and patrol inspectors likewise gained promotion or reduction of service years. Because of this, all ranks eagerly exerted themselves. Yet Ministry of Revenue officials personally oversaw the work with meticulous inspection—magistrates who forced baojia to buy gear with unreasonable harassment were removed, so none dared disobey. Only afterward were they ordered to take rotating duty. " The emperor said: "For now implement it first in the capital district as proposed. " Cai Bian said: "Slight trimming of the former-court law is entirely reasonable. " Bu agreed it was convenient and asked leave to locate the documents and present them.
50
十一月，蔡卞勸上復行畿內保甲教閱法，帝屢以督曾布。 是日，布進呈畿內保丁總二十六萬，熙寧中教事藝者凡七萬，因言：“此事固當講求，然廢罷已十五年，一旦復行，與事初無異，當以漸行，則人不至於驚擾。 ”帝曰：“固當以漸行之。 ”布曰：“聖諭如此，盡之矣。 若便以元豐成法一切舉行，當時保丁存者無幾，以未教習之人，便令上番及集教，則人情洶洶，未易安也。 熙寧中，施行亦有漸。 容臣講求施行次第。 ”退以語卞，卞殊以為不快，乃云：“熙寧初，人未知保甲之法。 今耳目已習熟，自不同矣。 ”布不答。
In the eleventh month Cai Bian urged restoring capital-district baojia drill; the emperor repeatedly pressed Zeng Bu. That day Bu reported capital-district baoding at two hundred sixty thousand, with seventy thousand trained in Xining, and said: "This should be pursued, but after fifteen years of abolition sudden restoration equals starting anew; proceed gradually so people are not alarmed. " The emperor said: "It should indeed be done gradually. " Bu said: "With Your Majesty's instruction thus, all is settled. If the Yuanfeng regulations were implemented all at once, few of that era's baoding survive—forcing untrained men immediately into rotation and mass drill would stir alarm and unrest. In the Xining era implementation was also gradual. Allow me to work out the order of implementation. " On retiring he spoke to Bian, who was quite displeased and said: "At the beginning of Xining people did not yet know baojia law. Now people are already accustomed—it is naturally different. " Bu did not reply.
51
徽宗崇寧四年，樞密院言：“比者京畿保甲投八百七十一牒乞免教閱，又二百三十餘牒遮樞密張康國馬首訴焉。 ”是月，詔京畿、三路保甲並於農隙時教閱，其月教指揮勿行。
In Huizong's fourth year of Chongning the Bureau of Military Affairs reported: "Recently capital-district baojia submitted eight hundred seventy-one petitions for exemption from drill, and more than two hundred thirty blocked Military Affairs Commissioner Zhang Kangguo's horse to plead. " That month an edict ordered capital-district and three-circuit baojia to drill only in the farming interval; monthly-drill instructions were suspended.
52
五年，詔河北東西、河東、永興、秦鳳路各武臣一員充提舉保甲並兼提刑，其見專提舉保甲文臣並罷。 是月，詔京畿差武臣一員充提舉保甲兼提刑，仍差文臣提刑兼提舉保甲。
In the fifth year an edict ordered Hebei East and West, Hedong, Yongxing, and Qinfeng each to appoint one military official as baojia promoter and judicial intendant; civil baojia promoters were abolished. That month the capital district was to assign one military baojia promoter and judicial intendant, while a civil judicial intendant also served as baojia promoter.
53
政和三年四月，樞密院言：“神考製保甲之法，京畿、三路聚教，每番雖號五十日，其間有能勤習弓弩該賞者首先拍放。 一歲之中，在場閱教，遠者不過二十七日，近者止於十八日而已。 若秋稼災傷，則免當年聚教。 如武藝稍能精熟，則有激賞之法。 鬥力出等，則免戶下春夫、科配； 最高強者，則解發引見，試藝命官。 行之累年，人皆樂從。 惟京東、西雖有團成保甲之名，未嚐訓以武事，慮其間亦有人材甚眾，能習武藝，可以命官任使之人。 今欲依三路保甲編修點擇條約。 ”從之。 八月，樞密院言：“諸路團成保甲者六十一萬餘人，悉皆樂從無擾。 其京東、西路提舉官任諒已轉一官，直秘閣。 其朝議大夫已上與轉行，武臣武功大夫特與轉遙郡刺史，餘官減磨勘年有差。”
In the fourth month of the third year of Zhenghe the Bureau reported: "The Divine Examiner devised baojia law; the capital and three circuits held mass drill—each rotation though called fifty days, those who diligently practiced bows and crossbows and merited reward were released first. Within a year those present for drill did not exceed twenty-seven days for the distant and eighteen for the near. If autumn crops suffered disaster, mass drill for that year was exempted. If martial skill became somewhat refined, incentive rewards applied. if competitive strength ranked above grade, spring corvée and household levies were exempted; the strongest were forwarded for audience, tested, and given office. After many years all followed gladly. Only Jingdong and Jingxi, though called mass-formed baojia, had not been trained in arms; it was feared many there could learn martial skills and merit appointment. It is now proposed to follow the three-circuit baojia selection regulations. " Approval was granted. In the eighth month the Bureau reported: "Mass-formed baojia in the circuits number more than six hundred ten thousand; all follow gladly without disturbance. Jingdong and Jingxi promoter Ren Liang had been promoted one rank to Directly Attached to the Secret Archive. Court Discussion Grandees and above received promotions; Martial Accomplishment Grandees were specially promoted to distant-prefecture cishi; other ranks received differing reductions in merit-review years.
54
宣和元年，詔提舉保甲督察州縣都保不如令者，限一月改正，每歲以改正多寡為殿最。 二年，詔諸路保甲法並遵依元豐舊制，京東、京西路並罷。
In the first year of Xuanhe an edict ordered baojia promoters to supervise counties: where capital-du bao failed regulations, one month was allowed for correction, with annual rankings based on results. In the second year an edict ordered all circuits to follow Yuanfeng baojia regulations; Jingdong and Jingxi were abolished.
55
三年，詔：“先帝若稽成周製保伍之法，自五家相比，推而達之，二十五家為一大保，二百五十家為一都保。 保各有長，都各有正，正各有副，使之相保相愛，以察奸慝。 故有所行，諸自外來者，同保互告，使各相知； 行止不明者，聽送所屬。 保內盜賊，畫時集捕，知而不糾，又論如律。 所以糾禁幾察，纖悉具備，奇邪寇盜，何所容跡？ 訪聞法行既久，州縣玩習弛廢，保丁開收既不以實，保長役使又不以時。 如修鼓鋪、飾粉壁、守敗船、治道路、給夫役、催稅賦之類，科率騷擾不一，遂使寇賊奇邪無復糾察，良法美意浸成虛文。 可令尚書省於諸路提點刑獄或提舉常平官內，每路選委一員，令專一督責逐縣令佐，將係籍人丁開收取實； 選擇保正長，各更替如法，使鈐束保丁，遞相覺察，毋得舍亡賴作過等人，遇有盜賊，畫時追捕，若有過致藏匿者，許諸人告首，仍具條揭示。”
In the third year an edict stated: "The late emperor examined the Zhou bao-wu system: from five households grouped together, extending upward, twenty-five formed one great bao and two hundred fifty one capital-du bao. Each bao had its head, each du its chief, each chief his deputy, binding them to mutual protection and surveillance against wrongdoing. thus any traveler from outside was reported within the bao so all would know one another; those of unclear conduct were sent to their proper jurisdiction. Bandits within a bao were to be captured immediately; failure to report was also punishable by law. Thus surveillance and prohibition were complete in every detail—where could evildoers and bandits find footing? It has been learned that after long enforcement prefectures and counties have grown lax; baoding registration is false, and bao heads' corvée demands are untimely. Repairs to drum stations, whitewashed walls, wrecked boats, roads, corvée, and tax collection—endless levies and harassment—so bandits go unchecked and the good law has become empty form. The Ministry may select one judicial intendant or Ever-Normal promoter per circuit to press each county's magistrates and assistants to register enrolled males truthfully; select and rotate bao chiefs and heads by law to restrain baoding and watch one another, harbor no vagrants or wrongdoers, capture bandits on the spot, allow denunciation of concealers, and post the regulations in detail.
56
建炎後鄉兵
Local militia after the Jianyan era
57
巡社 〈（建炎元年，詔諸路州軍巡社並以忠義巡社為名，隸宣撫司，後募鄉民為之。 每十人為一甲，有甲長，有隊長； 四隊為一部，有部長； 五部為一社，有社長； 五社為一都，有都正。 於鄉井便處駐紮。 紹興初，罷之。）〉
Patrol Companies (In 1127 an edict renamed patrol companies in all circuits Loyal-and-Righteous Patrol Companies, subordinate to pacification commissions, later recruiting villagers. Every ten men formed one jia, with a jia head and squad leader; four squads formed one section with a section head; five sections formed one company with a company head; Five companies formed one capital unit with a capital chief. They were stationed at convenient places in the villages. (Early in the Shaoxing era it was abolished.)
58
槍杖手 〈（建炎二年，令福建招五千人。）〉
Spear-and-Staff Men (In 1128 Fujian was ordered to recruit five thousand men.)
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土豪 〈（建炎四年，詔諸州守臣募土豪、民兵，聽州縣守令節製。 後存留強壯，餘並放散。）〉 義兵 〈（紹興十年團集，諸州名數不等。 後皆以縣令為軍正。）〉
Local Strongmen (In 1130 an edict ordered prefectural defenders to recruit local strongmen and militia under magistrates' control. Later the strong were kept and the rest discharged.) Righteous Troops (In 1140 they were massed; numbers varied by prefecture. Later all took the county magistrate as army chief.)
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義士 〈（紹興元年，籍興元良家子弟，兩丁取一，四丁取二，每二十人為一隊，號曰義士。）〉
Righteous Warriors (In 1131 sons of good families in Xingyuan were registered: one from two males, two from four; every twenty formed a squad called Righteous Warriors.)
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民兵 〈（建炎二年，每五十人為一隊，有長、副。 一戶取一丁，五丁取二丁。 淳熙十四年，三丁取一，五丁取二，十丁取三。）〉
Militia (In 1128 every fifty men formed one squad with chief and deputy. One male per household; two from five males. (In 1187: one from three males, two from five, three from ten.)
62
弓箭手 〈（建炎初，應諸路漢蕃弓箭手限百日自陳承襲，紹興間，以京城外閑地，依陝西沿邊例，招弓箭手蒔種。）〉
Archers (Early in Jianyan Han and tribal archers had one hundred days to claim succession; in the Shaoxing era idle land outside the capital recruited archers to farm, following the Shaanxi frontier model.)
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土丁 〈（紹興中，詔依嘉祐措置，三時務農，一時講武，諸縣逐鄉置教場，自十一月起教，至次年正月罷教。）〉
Native Soldiers (In the Shaoxing era an edict followed Jiayou practice: three seasons farming, one for arms; counties set drill grounds by township from the eleventh month through the first month of the new year.)
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把截將 〈（紹興二十七年，詔恭州、雁門控扼之地置土丁二百人。）〉
Intercepting generals (In 1157, an edict ordered two hundred native soldiers posted at the strategic passes of Gong Prefecture and Yanmen.)
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峒丁 〈（建炎三年，命江西、福建諸處總領官籍定槍杖手、峒丁人數，以備調遣。 紹興中，罷之。）〉
Cave levies (dongding) (In 1129, overall commanders in Jiangxi and Fujian were ordered to register spear-and-staff men and cave levies for mobilization. During the Shaoxing period it was abolished.)
66
保勝 〈（紹興六年，詔金、均、房三州保甲分為五軍，以保勝為名。）〉 勇敢 〈（紹興二年，詔池州就招土人充，二千為額。）〉
Victory Guard (Baosheng) (In 1136, an edict divided the baojia of Jin, Jun, and Fang into five armies called the Victory Guard.) Valiant (Yonggan) (In 1132, Chizhou was ordered to recruit locally, with an establishment of two thousand.)
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保丁 〈（二廣保丁，每戶一名，土丁父子兄弟皆在其數。 乾道中，以拘留擾民，罷之。）〉 山水砦 〈（詳見砦兵。）〉
Baoding militiamen (In Guangdong and Guangxi, each household supplied one baoding; native levies among fathers, sons, and brothers were all included. In the Qiandao period it was abolished because detention harassed the populace.) Mountain-and-water stockades (See the section on fortress troops.)
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萬弩手 〈（初，熙寧間，以鼎、澧、辰、沅、靖五郡弓弩手萬三千人散居邊境訓練，無事耕作，有警調發。 紹興以後，增損靡定。）〉 壯丁民社 〈（乾道四年，楚州置。）〉
Myriad crossbowmen (Wannushou) (Under the Xining reforms, thirteen thousand bowmen from Ding, Li, Chen, Yuan, and Jing were posted along the frontier for drill; in quiet times they farmed, and when threatened they were called out. After Shaoxing, the numbers were repeatedly changed with no fixed rule.) Strong-ding civilian associations (Zhuangding minshe) (Established at Chuzhou in 1168.)
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良家子 〈（紹興四年，招兩淮、關陝流寓及陣亡主兵將子弟驍武不能存立者充，月給比強弓手，五十人為一隊。）〉
Sons of respectable households (Liangjiazi) (In 1134, the state recruited refugees from the Two Huai and Guan-Shaan and the martial sons of fallen officers who could not make a living; they received the monthly ration of strong crossbowmen and were organized in squads of fifty.)
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義勇 〈（湖北諸郡皆有義勇，惟澧州石門、慈利不置籍。 其法取於主戶之雙丁。 每十戶為一甲，五甲為團。 甲皆有長，擇邑豪為總首。 農隙教武藝，食從官司給。）〉
Righteous Braves (Yiyong) (Every Hubei prefecture maintained yiyong; only Shimen and Cili in Li Prefecture were exempt from registration. The levy was taken from households with two adult males. Ten households made one jia, and five jia made one tuan. Each jia had a leader, and a local magnate was chosen as chief of the whole body. They drilled in the farming off-season, and rations were issued by the authorities.)
71
湖北土丁刀弩手 〈（政和七年，募土丁充，授以閑山，散居邊境，教以武藝。 紹興因之。 淳熙中，李燾力言其不便，罷之。）〉
Hubei native blade-and-crossbow troops (In 1117, native soldiers were recruited, given vacant hill land, posted along the frontier, and trained in arms. The Shaoxing government retained the system. In the Chunxi era Li Tao urged its abolition on grounds of hardship, and it was ended.)
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湖南鄉社 〈（舊制，以鄉豪領之，大者統數百家，小者亦二三百家。 後言者以其不便，淳熙中，擇其首領，使大者不過五十家，小者減半。）〉 忠勇 〈（關外西和、階、成、鳳四州所聚民兵，謂之忠勇。）〉
Hunan rural societies (Xiangshe) (Formerly local magnates led them; large societies ruled several hundred households, small ones two or three hundred. Critics later called this unwieldy; in Chunxi leaders were selected so large societies had at most fifty households and small ones were cut in half.) Loyal Braves (Zhongyong) (The militia assembled in Xihe, Jie, Cheng, and Feng beyond the passes were called the Loyal Braves.)
73
鎮淮 〈（初，淮南募邊民號鎮淮軍，數至十萬，月給視效勇，惟不黥涅。 久之，廩不足，肆劫掠。 嘉定初，選汰歸農，僅存八千餘人，以充效用，餘補鎮江大軍。 淮西選二萬六千餘充御前定武軍，分為六軍，軍設統製。）〉
Huai River Stabilizers (Zhenhuai) (At first Huainan border villagers were recruited into the Huai River Stabilizers, reaching one hundred thousand men; monthly pay matched the utility troops, though they were not branded. Over time grain allotments fell short and they turned to pillage. Early in Jiading the corps was culled and most sent back to the fields; only about eight thousand remained as utility troops, the rest transferred to the main force at Zhenjiang. In western Huai more than twenty-six thousand were enrolled in the imperial Dingwu Army, organized in six corps each under a commander.)
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忠義民兵 〈（福州諸縣舊有忠義社，屯結邑民，擇豪右為長，量授器甲，盜由是息，人甚賴之。 後有司煩擾，失初意。 開禧用兵，淮、襄民兵有籍於官者，至用百六十緡以養一兵。 後又放令歸業，而無所歸，多散為盜。 乃令每郡擇豪酋一人，授以官民鎮之。）〉
Loyal-and-righteous militia (Fuzhou counties once maintained Loyal-and-Righteous societies that mustered townspeople, appointed local notables as leaders, and issued arms in due measure; robbery subsided and the people depended on them. Later official meddling undermined the original intent. During the Kaixi campaigns, registered militia in Huai and Xiang cost up to 160 strings of cash per man. They were later dismissed to resume farming, yet with no livelihood many turned to robbery. The court then ordered each prefecture to select one powerful chieftain and empower him to restrain officials and people alike.)
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建炎後砦兵。 兩浙西路
Fortress troops after the Jianyan era. Two Zhe West Circuit
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臨安府十三砦 〈（外沙、海內、管界、茶槽、南蕩、東梓、上管、赭山、黃灣、硤石、奉口、許村、下塘。）〉
Lin'an Prefecture: thirteen stockades (Waisha, Hainei, Guanjie, Chacao, Nandang, Dongzi, Shangguan, Zheshan, Huangwan, Qiaoshi, Fengkou, Xucun, and Xiatang.)
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安吉州七砦 〈（管界、安吉、秀塞、呂小幽嶺、下塘、北豪、皋塘。）〉
Anji Prefecture: seven stockades (Guanjie, Anji, Xiusai, Lü Xiaoyouling, Xiatang, Beihao, and Gaotang.)
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平江府八砦 〈（吳江、吳長、許浦、福山、白茅、江灣、楊林、角頭。）〉 常州五砦 〈（管界、小河、馬跡、香蘭、分界。）〉 江陰軍二砦 〈（申港、石牌。）〉
Pingjiang Prefecture: eight stockades (Wujiang, Wuchang, Xupu, Fushan, Baimao, Jiangwan, Yanglin, and Jiaotou.) Chang Prefecture: five stockades (Guanjie, Xiaohe, Maji, Xianglan, and Fenjie.) Jiangyin Army: two stockades (Shengang and Shipai.)
79
嚴州五砦 〈（威平、港口、鳳林、茶山、管界。）〉 兩浙東路
Yan Prefecture: five stockades (Weiping, Gangkou, Fenglin, Chashan, and Guanjie.) Two Zhe East Circuit
80
慶元府十砦 〈（浙東、結埼、三姑、管界、大嵩、海內、白峰、岱山、鳴鶴、公塘。）〉
Qingyuan Prefecture: ten stockades (Zhedong, Jieqi, Sangu, Guanjie, Dasong, Hainei, Baifeng, Daishan, Minghe, and Gongtang.)
81
溫州十三砦 〈（城下、管界、館頭、青奧、梅奧、鹿西、浦門、南監、東北、三尖、北監、小鹿、大荊。）〉 台州六砦 〈（管界、亭場、吳都、白塔、鬆門、臨門。）〉
Wen Prefecture: thirteen stockades (Chengxia, Guanjie, Guantou, Qing'ao, Mei'ao, Luxi, Pumen, Nanjian, Dongbei, Sanjian, Beijian, Xiaolu, and Dajing.) Tai Prefecture: six stockades (Guanjie, Tingchang, Wudu, Baita, Songmen, and Linmen.)
82
處州二砦 〈（管界、梓亭。）〉 江南東路南康軍五砦 〈（大孤山、水陸、四望山、河湖、左望。）〉 江南西路
Chu Prefecture: two stockades (Guanjie and Ziting.) Jiangnan East Circuit, Nankang Army: five stockades (Dagushan, Shuilu, Siwangshan, Hehu, and Zuowang.) Jiangnan West Circuit
83
隆興府七砦 〈（都巡、鄔子、鬆門、港口、定江、杉市、管界。）〉 撫州七砦 〈（城南、曾田、樂安、鎮馬、旗步、招攜、湖平。）〉 江州六砦 〈（管界、江內、茭石、馬當、城子頭、孤山。）〉
Longxing Prefecture: seven stockades (Duxun, Wuzi, Songmen, Gangkou, Dingjiang, Shanshi, and Guanjie.) Fu Prefecture: seven stockades (Chengnan, Zengtian, Le'an, Zhenma, Qibu, Zhaoxie, and Huping.) Jiang Prefecture: six stockades (Guanjie, Jiangnei, Jiaoshi, Madang, Chengzi Tou, and Gushan.)
84
興國二砦 〈（池口、磁湖。）〉 袁州四砦 〈（都巡、四縣、管界、白斜。）〉 臨江軍三砦 〈（本軍、水陸、管界。）〉
Xingguo: two stockades (Chikou and Cihu.) Yuan Prefecture: four stockades (Duxun, Sixian, Guanjie, and Baixie.) Linjiang Army: three stockades (Headquarters, Shuilu, and Guanjie.)
85
吉州十六砦 〈（富田、走馬塍、永和鎮、觀山、明德、沙溪、西平山、楊宅、栗傳、禾山、勝鄉、造口、秀洲、新砦、北鄉、黃茅峽。）〉 荊湖南路
Ji Prefecture: sixteen stockades (Futian, Zoumayu, Yonghe Town, Guanshan, Mingde, Shaxi, Xipingshan, Yangzhai, Lichuan, Heshan, Shengxiang, Zaokou, Xiuzhou, Xinzhai, Beixiang, and Huangmaoxia.) Jinghu South Circuit
86
永州三砦 〈（都巡、同巡、衡永界。）〉 寶慶三砦 〈（黃茅、西縣、盧溪。）〉 郴州五砦 〈（管界、安福、青要、赤石、上猶。）〉
Yong Prefecture: three stockades (Duxun, Tongxun, and the Heng-Yong border post.) Baoqing: three stockades (Huangmao, Xixian, and Luxi.) Chen Prefecture: five stockades (Guanjie, Anfu, Qingyao, Chishi, and Shangyou.)
87
武岡軍十砦 〈（三門、石查、真良、嶽溪、臨口、關硤、黃石、新寧、綏寧、永和。）〉 道州四砦 〈（營道、寧遠、江華、永明。）〉 全州四砦 〈（上軍、角口、吉寧、平塘。）〉
Wugang Army: ten stockades (Sanmen, Shicha, Zhenliang, Yuexi, Linkou, Guanxia, Huangshi, Xinning, Suining, and Yonghe.) Dao Prefecture: four stockades (Yingdao, Ningyuan, Jianghua, and Yongming.) Quan Prefecture: four stockades (Shangjun, Jiaokou, Jining, and Pingtang.)
88
福建路
Fujian Circuit
89
邵武軍十砦 〈（同巡檢、大寺、水口、永安、明溪、仁壽、西安、永平、軍口、梅口。）〉 建寧府七砦 〈（黃琦、籌嶺、盆亭、麻沙、水吉、苦竹、仁壽。）〉
Shaowu Army: ten stockades (Tongxunjian, Dasi, Shuikou, Yong'an, Mingxi, Renshou, Xi'an, Yongping, Junkou, and Meikou.) Jianning Prefecture: seven stockades (Huangqi, Chouling, Panting, Mashsha, Shuiji, Kuzhu, and Renshou.)
90
南劍州八砦 〈（滄峽、洛陽、浮流、岩前、同巡、仁壽、萬安、黃土。）〉 泉州五砦 〈（都巡、同巡、石井、小兜、三縣。）〉 福州四砦 〈（辜嶺、甘蔗、五縣、水口。）〉
Nanjian Prefecture: eight stockades (Cangxia, Luoyang, Liuliu, Yanqian, Tongxun, Renshou, Wan'an, and Huangtu.) Quanzhou Prefecture: five stockades (Duxun, Tongxun, Shijing, Xiaodou, and Sanxian.) Fuzhou Prefecture: four stockades (Guling, Ganzhe, Wuxian, and Shuikou.)
91
興化軍二砦 〈（同巡、巡鹽。）〉 漳州二砦 〈（同巡、虎嶺。）〉 廣西路賀州二砦 〈（臨賀、富川。）〉
Xinghua Army: two stockades (Tongxun and Salt Patrol.) Zhang Prefecture: two stockades (Tongxun and Huling.) Guangxi Circuit, He Prefecture: two stockades (Linhe and Fuchuan.)
92
昭州四砦 〈（昭平、雲峒、西嶺、立山。）〉
Zhao Prefecture: four stockades (Zhaoping, Yundong, Xiling, and Lishan.)
93
欽州二砦 〈（西縣、管界。）〉
Qin Prefecture: two stockades (Xixian and Guanjie.)