1
劉安世
Liu Anshi
2
劉安世，字器之，魏人。
Liu Anshi, whose style name was Qizhi, came from Wei.
3
父航，第進士，歷知虞城、犀浦縣。 虞城多姦猾，喜寇盜； 犀浦民弱而馴。 航為政，寬猛急緩不同，兩縣皆治。 知宿州，押伴夏使，使者多所要請，執禮不遜，且欲服毬文金帶入見，航皆折正之。 以群牧判官為河南監牧使。 持節冊夏主秉常，凡例所遺寶帶、名馬，卻弗受。 還，上《禦戎書》，大略云：「辨士好為可喜之說，武夫徼冀不貲之寵，或為所誤，不可不戒。」 為河北西路轉運使。 熙寧大旱求言，航論新政不便者五，又上書言：「人主不可輕失天下心，宜乘時有所改為，則人心悅而天意得矣。」 不報，乃請提舉崇福宮，起知涇、相二州。 王師西征，徙知陝府。 時倉卒軍興，餽餉切急，縣令佐至荷校督民，民多棄田廬，或至自盡。 航獨期會如平日，事更以辦。 終太僕卿。
His father Liu Hang earned the jinshi degree and in turn governed Yucheng and Xipu counties. Yucheng teemed with cunning rascals prone to robbery. The people of Xipu were meek and tractable. Hang tailored his rule to each county—now lenient, now severe—but both ended up well governed. While prefect of Suzhou he escorted Western Xia envoys who pressed many demands, showed discourtesy in protocol, and even wanted to enter audience wearing ornamental gold belts—Hang put a stop to every abuse. He rose from herd-management judge to Henan supervisory commissioner for herds. Commissioned to invest the Xia ruler Bingchang, he refused every customary gift of jeweled belts and fine horses. After returning he submitted a memorial on frontier defense, warning in essence that smooth talkers and ambitious generals who crave extravagant rewards can mislead policy and must be heeded with caution." He was appointed transport commissioner for Hebei West Circuit. When a severe drought in the Xining era prompted the court to solicit advice, Hang listed five flaws in the new policies and urged that a ruler must not lightly forfeit the people's trust—timely reforms would win both popular favor and Heaven's approval." The memorial went unanswered; he then sought a post superintending Chongfu Palace and was later recalled to govern Jing and Xiang prefectures. When imperial forces marched west, he was transferred to govern Shaan Prefecture. The war mobilization was sudden and supply demands crushing; magistrates shackled commoners to force deliveries until many fled their farms and some killed themselves. Hang alone kept to ordinary schedules, and affairs were handled all the more efficiently. He ended his career as Minister of the Stud.
4
安世少時持論已有識。 航使監牧時，文彥博在樞府，有所聞，每呼安世告之，安世從容言：「王介甫求去，外議謂公且代其任。」 彥博曰：「安石壞天下至此，後之人何可為？」 安世拱手曰：「安世雖晚進，竊以為未然。 今日新政，果順人所欲而為人利乎？ 若不然，公當去所害，興所利，反掌間耳。」 彥博默不應，他日見航，歎獎其堅正。
Even as a young man Anshi's views already showed unusual discernment. While Hang was herd commissioner, Wen Yanbo at the Bureau of Military Affairs would hear rumors and call Anshi in to share them. Anshi replied calmly, "Wang Anshi is seeking to resign, and rumor has it you will replace him." Yanbo said, "Anshi has brought the realm to ruin—what can anyone do afterward?" Anshi bowed and said, "I am only a junior man, but I do not believe it is hopeless. Do the new policies truly follow the people's wishes and serve their interests? If not, you need only remove what harms and raise what helps—a matter of a moment's decision." Yanbo said nothing; later, meeting Hang, he praised Anshi's steadfast integrity.
5
登進士第，不就選。 從學於司馬光，諮盡心行己之要，光教之以誠，且令自不妄語始。 調洺州司法參軍，司戶以貪聞，轉運使吳守禮將按之，問於安世，安世云：「無之。」 守禮為止。 然安世心常不自安，曰：「司戶實貪而吾不以誠對，吾其違司馬公教乎！」 後讀揚雄《法言》「君子避礙則通諸理」，意乃釋。
He passed the jinshi examination but declined to take up office. He studied under Sima Guang, who taught him the discipline of wholehearted integrity, beginning with the rule never to speak falsely. Posted as judicial aide in Ming Prefecture, he learned the revenue registrar was notoriously corrupt; when transport commissioner Wu Shouli was about to investigate and asked Anshi, Anshi answered, "There is nothing to it." Shouli dropped the case. Yet Anshi could not rest easy, saying, "The registrar was truly corrupt, yet I was not truthful—have I betrayed Master Sima's teaching?" Later he read in Yang Xiong's Fayan that "when the gentleman sidesteps obstruction, he grasps every principle," and his mind was eased.
6
光入相，薦為秘書省正字。 光薨，宣仁太后問可為臺諫於呂公著，公著以安世對。 擢右正言。 時執政頗與親戚官，安世言：「祖宗以來，大臣子弟不敢受內外華要之職。 自王安石秉政，務快私意，累聖之制，掃地不存。 今廟堂之上，猶習故態。」 因歷疏文彥博以下七人，皆耆德魁舊，不少假借。
When Guang became chief councilor, he recommended Anshi as Secretariat corrector. After Guang's death, Empress Dowager Xuanren asked Lü Gongzhu who might serve as a remonstrance official; he named Anshi. He was promoted to Right Rectifier. The ruling faction was handing out offices to kin. Anshi said, "Since the founding of the dynasty, ministers' sons and brothers did not dare take the most glittering posts at court or in the provinces. Since Wang Anshi took power, pursuing private advantage, institutions built by successive emperors were swept away. Yet at court today the old habits persist." He then impeached in turn Wen Yanbo and six other senior statesmen, sparing none of the court's most venerable figures.
7
章惇以強市昆山民田罰金，安世言：「惇與蔡確、黃履、邢恕素相交結，自謂社稷之臣，貪天之功，僥幸異日，天下之人指為『四凶』。 今惇父尚在，而別籍異財，絕滅義理，止從薄罰，何以示懲？」 會吳處厚解釋確《安州詩》以進，安世謂其指斥乘輿，犯大不敬，與梁燾等極論之，竄之新州。 宰相范純仁至於御史十人，皆緣是去。
When Zhang Dun was fined for forcibly buying farmland in Kunshan, Anshi said, "Dun, Cai Que, Huang Lü, and Xing Shu have long been a clique, styling themselves pillars of the state and stealing credit from Heaven—the realm calls them the Four Evils. Dun's father is still alive, yet he has registered a separate household and divided the family estate in violation of filial duty—yet he receives only a light fine. How will that deter others?" When Wu Chuhou submitted an interpretation of Que's Anzhou poems implicating the throne, Anshi argued with Liang Tao and others that it was lese-majeste; Que was banished to Xin Prefecture. Chief councilor Fan Chunren and ten censorial officials all lost their posts because of it.
8
遷起居舍人兼左司諫，進左諫議大夫。 有旨暫罷講筵，民間驩傳宮中求乳婢，安世上疏諫曰：「陛下富於春秋，未納后而親女色。 願太皇太后保祐聖躬，為宗廟社稷大計，清閑之燕，頻御經帷，仍引近臣與論前古治亂之要，以益聖學，無溺於所愛而忘其可戒。」 哲宗俛首不語，后曰：「無此事，卿誤聽爾。」 明日，后留呂大防告之故。 大防退，召給事中范祖禹使達旨。 祖禹固嘗以諫，於是兩人合辭申言之甚切。
He was made diarist of attendance and Left Bureau remonstrator, then promoted to Left Remonstrance Grandee. When lectures were suspended, rumor spread that the palace was seeking wet nurses. Anshi memorialized, "Your Majesty is young, has not yet taken an empress, yet is already drawn to women's charms. May the Grand Empress Dowager guard your health for the sake of the dynasty; in your leisure, attend the lecture hall often, summon close ministers to discuss how past ages rose and fell, enrich your learning, and do not let affection blind you to what you must guard against." Emperor Zhezong bowed his head in silence; the empress dowager said, "There is no such thing—you have been misinformed." The next day she kept Lü Dafang behind and explained what had happened. After Dafang left, she summoned Supervising Secretary Fan Zuyu to relay her message. Zuyu had already remonstrated on the matter; the two men now spoke together with renewed urgency.
9
鄧溫伯為翰林承旨，安世言其「出入王、呂黨中，始終反覆。 今之進用，實係君子小人消長之機。 乞行免黜。」 不報，遂請外，改中書舍人，辭不就。 以集賢殿修撰提舉崇福宮，才六月，召為寶文閣待制、樞密都承旨。
When Deng Wenbo became Hanlin Academician Recipient, Anshi said he had "shuttled between the Wang and Lü factions, reversing himself at every turn. His promotion now truly marks whether gentlemen or petty men are gaining the upper hand. I beg that he be dismissed." The memorial went unanswered; he sought a provincial post, was named Secretariat drafter, and declined. As Compiler in the Hall of Assembled Talents he superintended Chongfu Palace; after only six months he was recalled as Baowen Pavilion awaiting draft and chief receiver at the Bureau of Military Affairs.
10
范純仁復相，呂大防白后欲令安世少避，后曰：「今既不居言職，自無所嫌。」 又語韓忠彥曰：「如此正人，宜且留朝廷。」 乃止。 呂惠卿復光祿卿，分司，安世爭以為不可，不聽。 出知成德軍。 章惇用事，尤忌惡之。 初黜知南安軍，再貶少府少監，三貶新州別駕，安置英州。
When Fan Chunren returned as chief councilor, Lü Dafang asked the empress dowager to have Anshi keep his distance; she replied, "He no longer holds a remonstrance post, so there is nothing to fear." She also told Han Zhongyan, "A man this upright ought to remain at court for now." The plan was dropped. When Lü Huiqing was restored as Director of the Imperial Sacrifices on a nominal commission, Anshi protested in vain. He was sent out to govern Chengde Army. Once Zhang Dun took power, he especially hated Anshi. He was first demoted to Nan'an Army, then to Vice Director of the Palace Workshops, then to assistant administrator of Xin Prefecture and exiled to Ying Prefecture.
11
同文館獄起，蔡京乞誅滅安世等家，讒雖不行，猶徙梅州。 惇與蔡卞將必置之死，因使者入海島誅陳衍，諷使者過安世，脅使自裁。 又擢一土豪為轉運判官，使殺之。 判官疾馳將至梅，梅守遣客來勸安世自為計。 安世色不動，對客飲酒談笑，徐書數紙付其僕曰：「我即死，依此行之。」 顧客曰：「死不難矣。」 客密從僕所視，皆經紀同貶當死者之家事甚悉。 判官未至二十里，嘔血而斃，危得免。
When the Tongwen Hall case broke, Cai Jing sought to wipe out Anshi's family; though that plot failed, Anshi was still transferred to Mei Prefecture. Dun and Cai Bian were determined to kill him; they sent the envoy who executed Chen Yan on a distant island to pass by Anshi and pressure him to kill himself. They also promoted a local strongman to transport vice-commissioner with orders to murder him. The vice-commissioner raced toward Mei; the prefect sent a visitor urging Anshi to save himself. Anshi's face never changed; he drank and chatted with the visitor, then slowly wrote several pages for his servant, saying, "When I die, follow these instructions." He told the visitor, "Death is not difficult." The visitor peeked at the papers: they were detailed instructions for the families of fellow exiles also marked for death. Twenty li short of Mei the vice-commissioner vomited blood and died; Anshi narrowly escaped.
12
安世儀狀魁碩，音吐如鐘。 初除諫官，未拜命，入白母曰：「朝廷不以安世不肖，使在言路。 倘居其官，須明目張膽，以身任責，脫有觸忤，禍譴立至。 主上方以孝治天下，若以老母辭，當可免。」 母曰：「不然，吾聞諫官為天子諍臣，汝父平生欲為之而弗得，汝幸居此地，當捐身以報國恩。 正得罪流放，無問遠近，吾當從汝所之。」 於是受命。 在職累歲，正色立朝，扶持公道。 其面折廷爭，或帝盛怒，則執簡卻立，伺怒稍解，復前抗辭。 旁侍者遠觀，蓄縮悚汗，目之曰「殿上虎」，一時無不敬懾。
Anshi was tall and imposing; his voice rang like a bell. When first appointed remonstrance official, before accepting the commission he told his mother, "The court has placed me on the remonstrance path despite my unworthiness. If I take the post I must speak boldly and bear the consequences myself; one offense and punishment will come at once. The emperor governs through filial piety; if I plead my aged mother, I may be excused." His mother said, "No. Remonstrance officials are the emperor's disputing ministers. Your father wanted that post all his life and never obtained it. You are fortunate to hold it—give your life to repay the state's grace. Even if you are punished and exiled, no matter how far, I will follow you." He then accepted the commission. For years in office he stood at court with stern countenance, upholding public justice. When he debated face to face at court and the emperor flew into rage, he would step back with his memorial tablet, wait until the anger cooled, then advance and argue again. Attendants watching from afar shrank back in dread and called him the Tiger of the Hall—none failed to respect and fear him.
13
家居未嘗有惰容，久坐身不傾倚，作字不草書，不好聲色貨利。 其忠孝正直，皆則象司馬光。 年既老，群賢凋喪略盡，巋然獨存，而名望益重。 梁師成用事，能生死人，心服其賢，求得小吏吳默嘗趨走前後者，使持書來，啖以即大用，默因勸為子孫計，安世笑謝曰：「吾若為子孫計，不至是矣。 吾欲為元祐全人，見司馬光於地下。」 還其書不答。 死葬祥符縣。 後二年，金人發其塚，貌如生，相驚語曰：「異人也！」 為之蓋棺乃去。
At home he never looked idle; he sat for hours without slouching, wrote only in regular script, and cared nothing for pleasure, wealth, or gain. In loyalty, filial piety, and integrity he modeled himself on Sima Guang. In old age, as most of his generation of worthies had died, he alone remained standing, and his renown only grew. Liang Shicheng, who held life-and-death power at court, admired Anshi and sent a former attendant, clerk Wu Mo, with a letter promising imminent high office. Mo urged him to think of his descendants. Anshi smiled and declined, "If I had planned for my descendants, I would not be here. I mean to remain a whole man of the Yuanyou era and meet Sima Guang in the grave." He returned the letter unanswered. He was buried in Xiangfu County. Two years later Jurchen soldiers opened his tomb; his body looked alive, and they exclaimed in alarm, "An extraordinary man!" They closed the coffin and left.
14
鄒浩，字志完，常州晉陵人。 第進士，調揚州、潁昌府教授。 呂公著、范純仁為守，皆禮遇之。 純仁屬撰樂語，浩辭。 純仁曰：「翰林學士亦為之。」 浩曰：「翰林學士則可，祭酒、司業則不可。」 純仁敬謝。
Zou Hao, whose style name was Zhiwan, came from Jinling in Chang Prefecture. He passed the jinshi examination and was posted as instructor in Yang and Yingchang prefectures. When Lü Gongzhu and Fan Chunren served as prefects, both treated him with courtesy. Chunren asked him to compose celebratory verses; Hao declined. Chunren said, "Hanlin academicians do this as well." Hao replied, "That may be so for Hanlin academicians, but not for a Chancellor of the Directorate or Vice Chancellor." Chunren apologized respectfully.
15
元祐中，上疏論事，其略曰：「人材不振，無以成天下之務。 陛下視今日人材，果有餘邪？ 果不足邪？ 以為不足，則中外之百執事未嘗不備。 以為有餘，則自任以天下之重者幾人？ 正色昌言不承望風旨者幾人？ 持刺舉之權以肅清所部者幾人？ 承流宣化而使民安田里者幾人？ 民貧所當富也，則曰水旱如之何； 官冗所當澄也，則曰民情不可擾； 人物所當求也，則曰從古不乏材； 風俗所當厚也，則曰不切於時變，是皆不明義理之過也。」
During the Yuanyou era he memorialized on state affairs, arguing in essence that talent is not flourishing and the realm's business cannot be accomplished. Your Majesty, do you believe today's talent pool is truly sufficient? Or truly insufficient? If you say they are insufficient, every post at court and in the provinces is nonetheless filled. If you say they are sufficient, how many truly shoulder the weight of the realm? How many speak with stern countenance and forthright words, refusing to trim their sails to the prevailing wind? How many have wielded the power of recommendation and impeachment to purge and discipline their jurisdictions? How many have carried forward imperial policy and spread its benefits so that the people could live in peace on their farms? When the people are poor and ought to be made prosperous, they say, "What can we do about floods and droughts?" When the bureaucracy is bloated and ought to be thinned, they say the people's affairs must not be disturbed. When worthy talent ought to be recruited, they say there has never been a shortage of capable men since ancient times. When customs ought to be strengthened, they say such efforts are out of step with the times—all these errors arise from failing to understand right principle."
16
蘇頌用為太常博士，來之邵論罷之。 後累歲，哲宗親擢為右正言。 有請以王安石《三經義》發題試舉人者，浩論其不可而止。 陝西奏邊功，中外皆賀，浩言：「先帝之志而陛下成之，善矣。 然兵家之事，未戰則以決勝為難，既勝則以持勝為難，惟其時而已。 苟為不然，將棄前功而招後患。 願申敕將帥，毋狃屢勝，圖惟厥終。」
Su Song had him appointed Doctor of the Grand Commandant's Office, but Lai Zhishao argued successfully for his dismissal. Several years later, Emperor Zhezong personally promoted him to Right Rectifier. When someone proposed using Wang Anshi's Explanations of the Three Classics as examination topics for the civil service exams, Hao argued against it and the proposal was dropped. When Shaanxi reported military victories on the frontier, congratulations poured in from across the court, but Hao said, "Your Majesty has fulfilled the late emperor's ambition—a fine achievement indeed. Yet in military affairs, the hardest thing before battle is to win, and after victory the hardest thing is to hold the victory—it all comes down to timing. Otherwise, you will squander past gains and invite future disaster. I beg that orders be reinforced to the commanders not to grow complacent after repeated victories, but to think through to the final outcome."
17
京東大水，浩言：「頻年水異繼作，雖盈虛之數所不可逃，而消復之方尤宜致謹。 《書》曰：『惟先格王正厥事。』 不以為數之當然，此消復之實也。」
When eastern regions were hit by severe flooding, Hao said, "Strange floods have struck year after year. Though the cycles of fortune and disaster cannot be escaped, we must be all the more diligent in finding ways to alleviate suffering and restore order. The Book of Documents says, 'It was only when the former king corrected his own conduct that he did not treat calamity as merely the natural course of fate—this is the true way to relieve disaster and restore order.'"
18
蹇序辰看詳元祐章奏，公肆詆欺，輕重不平。 浩言：「初旨但分兩等，謂『語及先帝』並『語言過差』而已； 而今所施行，混然莫辨。 以其近似難分之跡，而典刑輕重隨以上下，是乃陛下之威福操柄下移於近臣。 願加省察，以為來事之監。」
When Jian Xuchen reviewed Yuanyou-era memorials, he openly slandered and deceived, applying punishments unevenly. Hao said, "The original intent was only to distinguish two categories—remarks concerning the late emperor and remarks that overstepped proper bounds— but what is now being enforced is a confused mess that no one can tell apart. Because of ambiguities that are hard to distinguish, punishments are applied with arbitrary severity—and thus Your Majesty's power to reward and punish has been ceded to favorites at court. I beg Your Majesty to reflect carefully on this, and use it as a warning for the future."
19
章惇獨相用事，威虐震赫，浩所言每觸惇忌，仍上章露劾，數其不忠侵上之罪，未報。 而賢妃劉氏立，浩言：
Zhang Dun dominated the government as sole chief minister, his cruelty and violence terrifying the court. Hao's every remark provoked Dun's resentment, yet Hao still submitted open impeachments listing Dun's crimes of disloyalty and encroachment on imperial authority—but received no response. When Noble Consort Liu was made empress, Hao said:
20
「立后以配天子，安得不審。 今為天下擇母，而所立乃賢妃，一時公議，莫不疑惑，誠以國家自有仁祖故事，不可不遵用之爾。 蓋郭后與尚美人爭寵，仁祖既廢后，並斥美人，所以示公也。 及立后，則不選於妃嬪而卜於貴族，所以遠嫌，所以為天下萬世法也。 陛下之廢孟氏，與郭后無以異。 果與賢妃爭寵而致罪乎？ 抑其不然也？ 二者必居一於此矣。 孟氏罪廢之初，天下孰不疑立賢妃為后。 及讀詔書，有『別選賢族』之語，又聞陛下臨朝慨歎，以為國家不幸，至於宗景立妾，怒而罪之，於是天下始釋然不疑。 今竟立之，豈不上累聖德？
"To install an empress as consort to the Son of Heaven—how could one not proceed with the utmost care? You are choosing a mother for the empire, yet the woman enthroned is a Noble Consort. Public opinion at the time was unanimous in its alarm—and rightly so, for the dynasty has precedents from Emperor Renzong that must be observed. When Empress Guo and Lady Shang competed for favor, Emperor Renzong deposed the empress and also expelled the Beautiful Lady—to demonstrate impartiality. When he took a new empress, he did not choose from among his consorts but selected from the noble families—to remove suspicion and to set a precedent for all ages. Your Majesty's deposition of Lady Meng was no different from the case of Empress Guo. Was she truly deposed because she competed with the Noble Consort for favor? Or was that not the reason at all? One of these two explanations must be true. When Lady Meng was first deposed, who in the empire did not assume the Noble Consort would be made empress? But when the edict was read and its language promised to "select from another noble house," and when Your Majesty was heard sighing at court that the country had met with misfortune—and even punished Zong Jing for taking a concubine—then the empire was reassured and ceased to suspect. Now that she has actually been enthroned, does this not tarnish Your Majesty's sacred virtue?
21
臣觀白麻所言，不過稱其有子，及引永平、祥符事以為證。 臣請論其所以然，若曰有子可以為后，則永平貴人未嘗有子也，所以立者，以德冠後宮故也。 祥符德妃亦未嘗有子，所以立者，以鍾英甲族故也。 又況貴人實馬援之女，德妃無廢后之嫌，迥與今日事體不同。 頃年冬，妃從享景靈宮，是日雷變甚異。 今宣制之後，霖雨飛雹，自奏告天地宗廟以來，陰淫不止。 上天之意，豈不昭然！ 考之人事既如彼，求之天意又如此，望不以一時改命為難，而以萬世公議為可畏，追停冊禮，如初詔行之。」
Looking at the enthronement edict, I find nothing in it beyond praise that she had borne a son, and references to the precedents of the Yongping and Xiangfu reigns. Let me examine the reasoning. If having a son qualifies one to be empress, then the Noble Lady of the Yongping era had no son; she was made empress because her virtue surpassed all others in the inner palace. The Virtuous Consort of the Xiangfu era likewise had no son; she was made empress because she came from a distinguished noble house. Moreover, the Noble Lady was in fact the daughter of Ma Yuan, and the Virtuous Consort bore no taint of a deposed empress—these cases are utterly unlike today's situation. Only a few winters ago, when the consort attended a sacrifice at Jingling Palace, thunder struck that day—a portent of the strangest kind. Since the enthronement decree was proclaimed, torrential rains and hail have fallen without cease from the day sacrifices were reported to Heaven, Earth, and the ancestral temples. Can Heaven's warning be any clearer? Human affairs point one way and Heaven's signs point another. I beg Your Majesty not to cling to a decision already made, but to heed the judgment of posterity—halt the enthronement ceremony and abide by the original edict."
22
帝謂：「此亦祖宗故事，豈獨朕邪？」 對曰：「祖宗大德可法者多矣，陛下不之取，而效其小疵，臣恐後世之責人無已者紛紛也。」 帝變色，猶不怒，持其章躊躇四顧，凝然若有所思，付外。 明日，章惇詆其狂妄，乃削官，羈管新州。 蔡卞、安惇、左膚繼請治其祖送者王回等，語在他傳。
The emperor replied, "This too follows ancestral precedent—is it only I who have done so? Hao replied, "The ancestors offered many great virtues worth emulating, yet Your Majesty ignores those and copies their minor flaws. I fear posterity will never stop finding fault." The emperor flushed but did not lose his temper. He held the memorial, hesitated and looked about, lost in thought, then referred it outward for action. The next day Zhang Dun denounced him as arrogant and reckless. Hao was stripped of his office and exiled under restraint to Xinzhou. Cai Bian, An Dun, and Zuo Fu then petitioned for punishment of those who had escorted him into exile, including Wang Hui—the full account appears in other biographies.
23
徽宗立，亟召還，復為右正言，遷左司諫。 上疏謂：「孟子曰：『左右諸大夫皆曰賢，未可也； 國人皆曰賢，然後察之，見賢焉，然後用之。 左右諸大夫皆曰不可，勿聽； 國人皆曰不可，然後察之，見不可焉，然後去之。』 於是知公議不可不恤，獨斷不可不謹。 蓋左右非不親也，然不能無交結之私； 諸大夫非不貴也，然不能無恩仇之異。 至於國人皆曰賢，皆曰不可，則所謂公議也。 公議之所在，概已察之，必待見賢然後用，見不可然後去，則所謂獨斷也。 惟恤公議於獨斷未形之前，謹獨斷於公議已聞之後，則人君所以致治者，又安有不善乎？ 伏見朝廷之事，頗異於即位之初，相去半年，遽如是，自今以往，將如之何？ 願陛下深思之。」
When Emperor Huizong took the throne, Hao was quickly recalled, restored as Right Rectifier, and promoted to Left Remonstrating Official. In a memorial he quoted Mencius: "When all the ministers at Your Majesty's side say a man is worthy, that is not enough; only when all the people of the realm say he is worthy should you investigate—and only when you find him worthy should you appoint him. When all the ministers at Your side say a man must go, do not listen; only when all the people of the realm say he must go should you investigate—and only when you find him unfit should you remove him. From this we know that public opinion must be heeded and that independent judgment must be exercised with caution. Those at Your side are indeed intimate counselors, yet they cannot be free of private alliances; and the grandees are indeed eminent men, yet they cannot be free of personal grudges and debts of favor. But when all the people of the realm speak with one voice—that is public opinion. To heed public opinion is to investigate broadly; to wait until you see merit before appointing and see unfitness before removing—that is independent judgment. If you heed public opinion before deciding on your own, and exercise independent judgment only after public opinion has been heard, how could your governance fail to be good? I observe that affairs at court have already diverged sharply from how they stood at Your Majesty's accession—after only half a year, so sudden a change! What will the future hold? I beg Your Majesty to reflect deeply on this."
24
改起居舍人，進中書舍人。 又言：「陛下善繼神宗之志，善述神宗之事，孝德至矣。 尚有五朝聖政盛德，願稽考而繼述之，以揚七廟之光，貽福萬世。」 遷兵、吏二部侍郎，以寶文閣待制知江寧府，徙杭、越州。
He was transferred to Diary Attendant and then promoted to Drafting Attendant of the Secretariat. He also wrote, "Your Majesty has admirably continued Emperor Shenzong's ambitions and admirably commemorated his achievements—your filial piety could scarcely be greater. Yet the sagely policies and great virtues of five reigns still remain. I urge Your Majesty to study and commemorate them, to burnish the glory of the ancestral temples and bless ten thousand generations." He was promoted to Vice Minister of both the Ministries of War and Personnel, appointed Academician Attendant of the Hall for Cultivating Literature and Prefect of Jiangning, then transferred to Hangzhou and Yuezhou.
25
初，浩還朝，帝首及諫立后事，獎歎再三，詢諫草安在。 對曰：「焚之矣。」 退告陳瓘，瓘曰：「禍其在此乎！ 異時姦人妄出一緘，則不可辨矣。」 蔡京用事，素忌浩，乃使其黨為偽疏，言劉后殺卓氏而奪其子。 遂再責衡州別駕，語在《獻湣太子傳》。 尋竄昭州，五年始得歸。
When Hao first returned to court, the emperor immediately brought up his memorial opposing the empress's enthronement, praised him repeatedly, and asked where the draft was. Hao replied, "I burned it." On leaving, he told Chen Guan, who said, "Could this be the seed of disaster? If some villain later produces a forged copy, you will be unable to prove it false." When Cai Jing came to power, he had long resented Hao and had his followers forge a memorial claiming that Empress Liu had murdered Lady Zhuo and stolen her child. Hao was again demoted to Vice-Prefect of Hengzhou—the full account appears in the Biography of Crown Prince Xianmin. He was soon exiled further to Zhaozhou and was not able to return until five years had passed.
26
初，浩除諫官，恐貽親憂，欲固辭。 母張氏曰：「兒能報國，無愧於公論，吾顧何憂？」 及浩兩謫嶺表，母不易初意。 稍復直龍圖閣。 瘴疾作，危甚。 楊時過常，往省之。 苶然僅存餘息，猶眷眷以國事為問，語不及私。 卒，年五十二。 高宗即位，詔曰：「浩在元符間，任諫爭，危言讜論，朝野推仰。」 復其待制，又贈寶文閣直學士，賜諡「忠」。
When Hao was first appointed remonstrating official, he feared causing his parents distress and wanted to decline firmly. His mother, Lady Zhang, said, "If my son can serve the country without shame before public opinion, what do I have to fear? Even after Hao was twice exiled to the far south, she never changed her mind." He was eventually restored as Direct Associate of the Dragon Diagram Hall. He was stricken with the miasmic fevers of the south and grew gravely ill. Yang Shi was passing through Changzhou and went to visit him. He was emaciated and barely clinging to life, yet he still asked earnestly after affairs of state and spoke not a word of personal matters. He died at the age of fifty-two. When Emperor Gaozong took the throne, an edict declared, "During the Yuanfu era, Hao served as a remonstrating official, speaking blunt truths that won the respect of court and country alike." His status as Hanlin Academician was restored, and he was posthumously granted the title of Academician of the Hall for Cultivating Literature, with the posthumous name Loyal.
27
浩所與遊田晝、王回、曾誕，皆良士也。
Among Hao's friends were Tian Zhou, Wang Hui, and Zeng Yan—all men of integrity.
28
晝，字承君，陽翟人。 樞密使況之從子，以任為校書郎。 調磁州錄事參軍，知西河縣，有善政，民甚德之。 議論慨慷，有前輩風。
Zhou, courtesy name Chengjun, was a native of Yangdi. A nephew of the Council Vice Commissioner Kuang Zhi, he entered service as a Proofreader. He was assigned as recorder in Cizhou and later served as magistrate of Xihe County, where his enlightened policies earned the people's deep gratitude. His opinions were bold and forthright, in the manner of the great men of earlier generations.
29
與鄒浩以氣節相激勵。 元符中，浩為諫官，晝監京城門，往見浩曰：「平生與君相許者何如，今君為何官？」 浩曰：「上遇群臣，未嘗假以辭色，獨於浩差若相喜。 天下事固不勝言，意欲待深相信而後發，貴有益也。」 晝然之。 既而以病歸許，邸狀報立后，晝謂人曰：「志完不言，可以絕交矣。」 浩得罪，晝迎諸塗。 浩出涕，晝正色責曰：「使志完隱默官京師，遇寒疾不汗，五日死矣。 豈獨嶺海之外能死人哉？ 願君毋以此舉自滿，士所當為者，未止此也。」 浩茫然自失，歎謝曰：「君之贈我厚矣。」
He and Zou Hao inspired each other with their shared moral courage. During the Yuanfu era, while Hao served as remonstrating official and Zhou supervised the capital gates, Zhou visited him and asked, "What did we promise each other in our lifetimes? What office do you hold now?" Hao said, "The emperor never shows warmth to his ministers—yet he seems almost fond of me. Affairs of state are too grim to recount. I mean to wait until he trusts me fully before speaking out, so that my words may do some good." Zhou agreed. Later Zhou returned to Xu on account of illness. When courier reports arrived announcing the enthronement of the empress, Zhou told others, "If Zhiwan does not speak out, I will break off our friendship." When Hao was punished, Zhou went out to meet him on the road. Hao wept, but Zhou sternly rebuked him: "If you had kept silent and stayed at your post in the capital, you would have died within five days of a chill that never broke into sweat. Do you think only exile beyond the mountains and sea can kill a man? Do not congratulate yourself on this one act—a gentleman's duty does not end here." Hao was stunned and abashed. Sighing, he apologized: "Your counsel to me has been generous indeed."
30
建中靖國初，入為大宗正丞。 曾布數羅致之，不為屈，欲與提舉常平官，亦辭。 請知淮陽軍，歲大疫，日挾醫問病者藥之，遇疾卒。 淮陽人祀以為土神云。
At the beginning of the Jianzhong Jingguo era, he entered the capital as Assistant Director of the Imperial Clan Court. Zeng Bu repeatedly tried to recruit him, but Zhou would not yield; when Zeng offered him the post of Superintendent of Ever-Normal Granaries, he declined that too. He requested appointment as Prefect of Huaiyang. When a great epidemic struck that year, he went out daily with physicians to treat the sick, but fell ill himself and died. It is said that the people of Huaiyang worshipped him as the earth god.
31
回，字景深，仙遊人。 第進士，調松滋令。 荊、沔俗用人祭鬼，回捕治甚嚴，其風遂革。 知鹿邑縣，入為宗正寺簿。 元符中，葉祖洽薦為睦親宅講書。 與鄒浩友善，皇后劉氏立，浩將論之，密告回，回曰：「事寧有大於此者乎？ 子雖有親，然移孝為忠，亦太夫人素志也。」
Hui, courtesy name Jingshen, was from Xianyou. He passed the jinshi examination and was appointed magistrate of Songzi. In the Jing and Mian region it was customary to offer human victims to spirits; Hui cracked down on the practice with great severity until the evil custom was abolished. After serving as prefect of Luyi County, he was recalled to the capital as a clerk in the Court of Imperial Clan Affairs. In the Yuanfu period, Ye Zuxia recommended him to serve as lecturer at the Directorate for Imperial Kin. He was a close friend of Zou Hao; when Empress Liu was installed, Hao planned to speak out against it and confided in Hui privately; Hui asked, "Could any matter be more momentous than this? Though you still have your father, turning filial devotion into loyalty was always your mother's own wish."
32
浩南遷，人莫敢顧。 回斂交遊錢與治裝，往來經理，且慰安其母。 邏者以聞，逮詣詔獄，眾為之懼，回居之晏然。 御史詰之，對曰：「實嘗預議，不敢欺也。」 因誦浩所上章，幾二千言。 獄上，除名停廢。 即徒步出都門，行數十里，其子追及，問以家事，不答。 祖洽亦坐黜。
When Hao was exiled to the south, no one dared to show him any regard. Hui gathered funds from their circle of friends to pay for Hao's journey, traveled back and forth to manage his affairs, and comforted his mother as well. Someone nearby reported what he had done; he was seized and brought to the imperial prison, and though many feared for him, Hui remained perfectly calm. When the censor questioned him, he answered, "I truly did take part in the deliberation, and I dare not lie about it." He then recited the memorial Hao had submitted, which ran to nearly two thousand characters. When the case was reported upward, he was removed from the rolls and dismissed from office. He immediately left the capital on foot; after he had gone several dozen li, his son caught up with him and asked about household matters, but he gave no reply. Zuxia was dismissed from office as well.
33
徽宗立，召還舊官，擢監察御史。 數日卒，年五十三。 岑象求、王覿、賈易上章，乞錄其子，恤其家，以獎勸忠義。 詔除子渙老郊社齋郎，蔡京為相，奪之，仍列名黨籍。
When Huizong came to the throne, Hui was recalled to his former position and promoted to investigating censor. He died a few days later, at fifty-three. Cen Xiangqiu, Wang Di, and Jia Yi submitted memorials asking that his son be given an official appointment and his family be granted relief, so as to reward and encourage loyal conduct. The throne appointed his son Huan as a ceremonial attendant at the suburban altars, but after Cai Jing became chief councillor the appointment was revoked and Hui's name was entered on the proscribed faction list.
34
曾誕 〈附〉
Zeng Dan (Supplement)
35
誕，公亮從孫也。 孟后之廢，誕三與浩書，勸力請復后，浩不報。 及浩以言南遷，誕著《玉山主人對客問》以譏之，其略曰：「客問：『鄒浩可以為有道之士乎？』 主人曰：『浩安得為知道。 雖然，予於此時議浩，是天下無全人也。 言之尚足為來世戒。 《易》曰：「知幾其神乎？」 又曰：「知進退存亡而不失其正者，其惟聖人乎？」 方孟后之廢，人莫不知劉氏之將立，至四年之後而冊命未行，是天子知清議之足畏也。 使當其時，浩力言復后，能感悟天子，則無今日劉氏之事，貽朝廷於過舉，再三言而不聽，則義亦當矣。 使是時得罪，必不若是酷以貽老母之憂矣。 嗚呼！ 若浩者，雖不得為知幾之士，然百世之下，頑夫廉，懦夫有立志，尚不失為聖人之清也。』」 其書既出，識者或以比韓愈《諫臣論》。 誕仕亦不顯。
Dan was a grandnephew of Zeng Gongliang. After Empress Meng was deposed, Dan wrote to Hao three times urging him to petition vigorously for her restoration, but Hao never answered. After Hao was exiled to the south for his remonstrance, Dan composed Jade Mountain Host Answers a Guest's Questions to mock him; it begins roughly as follows: "The guest asked, 'Can Zou Hao be regarded as a man of moral wisdom? The host replied, "How could Hao be said to understand the Way?" Even so, for me to pass judgment on Hao at such a time would be to imply that no one under heaven is without flaw. Even so, what follows is still worth offering as a warning to future generations. The Book of Changes says, "Is not discerning the first signs of change truly numinous?" It also says, "Is not the sage alone he who knows when to advance or withdraw, live or perish, yet never forsakes what is right?" When Empress Meng was deposed, everyone knew Empress Liu would succeed her, yet four years passed before the formal investiture was issued, which shows the emperor understood how formidable pure public opinion could be. If at that time Hao had argued forcefully for restoring the empress and persuaded the emperor, the Liu affair would never have occurred; having repeatedly remonstrated without being heard, he had already fulfilled his moral duty even if the court was left with a grievous mistake. Had he fallen afoul of the throne then, the punishment would surely not have been so harsh as to burden his aged mother with such grief. Alas! A man like Hao may not qualify as one who discerns the subtle turn of events, yet even a hundred generations from now he may still make the shameless honest and the timid resolute, and he does not fall short of the moral clarity of the sages.' When the work appeared, thoughtful readers sometimes compared it to Han Yu's Essay on Remonstrating Ministers." Dan's own career in office was likewise unremarkable.
36
陳瓘，字瑩中，南劍州沙縣人。 少好讀書，不喜為進取學。 父母勉以門戶事，乃應舉，一出中甲科。 調湖州掌書記，簽書越州判官。 守蔡卞察其賢，每事加禮，而瓘測知其心術，常欲遠之，屢引疾求歸，章不得上。 檄攝通判明州。 卞素敬道人張懷素，謂非世間人，時且來越，卞留瓘小須之，瓘不肯止，曰：「子不語怪力亂神，斯近怪矣。 州牧既信重，民將從風而靡。 不識之，未為不幸也。」 後二十年而懷素誅。 明州職田之入厚，瓘不取，盡棄於官以歸。
Chen Guan, courtesy name Yingzhong, was a native of Shaxian in Nanjian Prefecture. From boyhood he loved reading and had no taste for the sort of learning pursued for career advancement. When his parents pressed him for the family's sake, he entered the examinations and passed the jinshi on his first attempt at the top of his class. He was appointed recording secretary at Huzhou and assistant magistrate at Yue Prefecture. The prefect Cai Bian saw his talent and treated him with exceptional courtesy, but Guan discerned Bian's underlying motives and constantly sought to keep away from him; he repeatedly asked to resign on grounds of illness, yet his petitions never reached the throne. He was summoned by official dispatch to serve as acting vice-prefect of Ming Prefecture. Bian had long revered the Daoist Zhang Huaisu and called him no ordinary mortal; when Huaisu was about to visit Yue, Bian asked Guan to stay a little longer, but Guan would not and said, "Confucius said nothing of strange powers, violence, disorder, or spirits—this is perilously close to the strange. Once the prefect trusts and honors such a man, the people will follow suit as if swept by the wind. Not knowing him would be no misfortune at all." Twenty years later, Huaisu was put to death. The income from Ming Prefecture's official land was considerable, but Guan took none of it and returned the whole amount to the government before going home.
37
章惇入相，瓘從眾道謁。 惇聞其名，獨邀與同載，詢當世之務，瓘曰：「請以所乘舟為喻：偏重可行乎？ 移左置右，其偏一也。 明此，則可行矣。 天子待公為政，敢問將何先？」 惇曰：「司馬光姦邪，所當先辨，勢無急於此。」 瓘曰：「公誤矣。 此猶欲平舟勢而移左以置右，果然，將失天下之望。」 惇厲色曰：「光不務纘述先烈，而大改成緒，誤國如此，非姦邪而何？」 瓘曰：「不察其心而疑其跡，則不為無罪； 若指為姦邪，又復改作，則誤國益甚矣。 為今之計，唯消朋黨，持中道，庶可以救弊。」 意雖忤惇，然亦驚異，頗有兼收之語。 至都，用為太學博士。 會卞與惇合志，正論遂絀。 卞黨薛昂、林自官學省，議毀《資治通鑒》，瓘因策士題引神宗所製序文以問，昂、自意沮。
When Zhang Dun became chief councillor, Guan joined the throng in paying a courtesy call. Dun had heard of him and invited him alone to share his carriage, asking his views on current affairs; Guan replied, "Let me use this boat we are in as an analogy: can a boat that lists heavily to one side keep going? Shift the weight from the left side to the right, and the list is just the same. Once this is understood, the boat can sail safely. The emperor is counting on you to govern; dare I ask what you intend to take up first?" Dun replied, "Sima Guang is wicked and corrupt; that must be settled first, and nothing is more pressing." Guan said, "You are mistaken. That is still like trying to steady a listing boat by shifting weight from left to right; if you do that, you will forfeit the trust of the empire." Dun's face darkened as he said, "Guang did not seek to carry on the legacy of the late emperor but instead overturned established policy and harmed the state so gravely—if that is not wicked treachery, what is?" Guan replied, "Failing to discern his intentions while condemning his actions would not be entirely without fault; but if you denounce him as wicked and treacherous and then reverse course once more, the harm to the state will be far worse. The course for today is to dissolve partisan cliques and hold to the middle path; only then might the state's ills be remedied." Though his words offended Dun, Dun was also astonished and spoke with some hint of willingness to accommodate opposing views. After he reached the capital, he was appointed an erudite of the Imperial Academy. When Bian and Dun joined forces, honest political debate was suppressed. Bian's allies Xue Ang and Lin Zi, holding posts in the Directorate of Education, proposed to denounce the Comprehensive Mirror for Aid in Government; Guan framed an examination question quoting the preface written by Shenzong, and Ang and Zi were deterred.
38
御史龔夬擊蔡京，朝廷將逐夬，瓘言：「紹聖以來，七年五逐言者，常安民、孫諤、董敦逸、陳次升、鄒浩五人者，皆與京異議而去。 今又罷夬，將若公道何。」 遂草疏論京，未及上，時皇太后已歸政，瓘言外戚向宗良兄弟與侍從希寵之士交通，使物議籍籍，謂皇太后今猶預政。 由是罷監揚州糧料院。 瓘出都門，繳四章奏之，並明宣仁誣謗事。 帝密遣使賜以黃金百兩，后亦命勿遽去，畀十僧牒為行裝，改知無為軍。
When investigating censor Gong Mie attacked Cai Jing and the court was poised to oust Mie, Guan said, "Since the Shaosheng era, five outspoken officials have been driven out in seven years—Chang Anmin, Sun E, Dong Dunyi, Chen Cisheng, and Zou Hao—all dismissed for disagreeing with Jing. Now that Mie is to be dismissed as well, what is left of fairness at court?" He then drafted a memorial attacking Jing, but before he could submit it the Empress Dowager had already returned power to the throne; Guan spoke of how the empress's relatives, the Xiang Zongliang brothers, consorted with courtiers seeking favor, stirring widespread talk that the Empress Dowager still meddled in affairs of state. For this he was dismissed from his post as superintendent of the Yangzhou grain depot. As Guan left the capital, he submitted four memorials along the way, also setting forth the false charges made against Empress Xuanren. The emperor secretly sent an envoy to grant him a hundred taels of gold; the empress also told him not to depart in haste and gave him ten ordination certificates for monks as travel funds, and he was reassigned to govern Wuwei Circuit.
39
明年，還為著作郎，遷右司員外郎兼權給事中。 宰相曾布使客告以將即真，瓘語子正彙曰：「吾與丞相議事多不合，今若此，是欲以官爵相餌也。 若受其薦進，復有異同，則公議私恩，兩有愧矣。 吾有一書論其過，將投之以決去就，汝其書之。 但郊祀不遠，彼不相容，則澤不及汝矣，能不介於心乎？」 正彙願得書。 旦持入省，布使數人邀相見，甫就席，遽出書，布大怒，爭辯移時，至箕踞誶語，瓘色不為動，徐起白曰：「適所論者國事，是非有公議，公未可失待士禮。」 布矍然改容。 信宿，出知泰州。 崇寧中，除名竄袁州、廉州，移郴州，稍復宣德郎。
The following year he was recalled as a drafting secretary and promoted to assistant director in the Right Office, concurrently serving as acting chief remonstrator. Chief Councillor Zeng Bu sent an intermediary to tell him he was about to receive a formal appointment; Guan said to his son Zheng Hui, "I have often disagreed with the Chancellor on policy; this gesture is plainly an attempt to buy me off with office and rank. If I accept his patronage and then disagree with him again, I shall be compromised both in public duty and in private gratitude. I have written a letter detailing his faults, which I mean to submit to settle whether I stay or leave; you shall make a fair copy. But the suburban sacrifice is near; if he cannot abide me, the benefits will never reach you—can you truly keep that from weighing on your mind?" Zheng Hui asked to see the letter. The next morning he brought it to the ministry; Bu sent several men to invite him to meet; scarcely had he taken his seat when he produced the letter; Bu flew into a rage and argued for a long time, even sitting sprawled and hurling abuse; Guan remained unmoved, rose calmly, and said, "What we have been discussing is a matter of state; right and wrong are for public judgment to decide, and you must not abandon the respect owed a gentleman." Bu started in shock and immediately changed his manner. Two days later he was sent out to serve as prefect of Ta Prefecture. During the Chongning era he was struck from the official rolls and exiled first to Yuan and Lian Prefectures, then transferred to Chen Prefecture, and was later partially restored to the rank of Gentleman for Manifest Virtue.
40
正彙在杭，告蔡京有動搖東宮跡。 杭守蔡薿執送京師，先飛書告京俾為計。 事下開封府制獄，並逮瓘。 尹李孝稱逼使證其妄，瓘曰：「正彙聞京將不利社稷，傳於道路，瓘豈得預知？ 以所不知，忘父子之恩而指其為妄，則情有所不忍； 挾私情以符合其說，又義所不為。 京之姦邪，必為國禍。 瓘固嘗論之於諫省，亦不待今日語言間也。」 內侍黃經臣蒞鞫，聞其辭，失聲歎息，謂曰：「主上正欲得實，但如言以對可也。」 獄具，正彙猶以所告失實流海上，瓘亦安置通州。
While in Hangzhou, Zheng Hui reported that Cai Jing was acting in ways that threatened the heir apparent. The prefect of Hangzhou, Cai Wei, had him arrested and sent to the capital, first dispatching an urgent letter to Jing so he could prepare his response. The case was referred to the Kaifeng prefectural prison for investigation, and Guan was arrested too. The prefect Li Xiaocheng pressed him to testify that the accusation was false; Guan replied, "Zheng Hui heard rumors that Jing would harm the state, and those rumors were everywhere on the road—how could I have known that in advance? To call it false on the basis of what I do not know, forgetting the bond between father and son, is more than my heart can bear; yet to let private feeling bend my testimony to suit their account is also what duty forbids. Jing's wicked treachery is bound to bring disaster upon the state. I had already made that case in the remonstrance office; I need hardly wait until today to say it." The palace attendant Huang Jingchen presided at the hearing; hearing Guan's words, he exclaimed in admiration and said, "His Majesty wants only the truth; you need only answer as you have just spoken." When the case was closed, Zheng Hui was still banished to the coastal exile for reporting what proved untrue, and Guan was relegated to Tong Prefecture.
41
瓘嘗著《尊堯集》，謂紹聖史官專據王安石《日錄》改修《神宗史》，變亂是非，不可傳信； 深明誣妄，以正君臣之義。 張商英為相，取其書，既上，而商英罷，瓘又徙台州。 宰相遍令所過州出兵甲護送； 至台，每十日一徙告； 且命凶人石悈知州事，執至庭，大陳獄具，將脅以死。 瓘揣知其意，大呼曰：「今日之事，豈被制旨邪！」 悈失措，始告之曰：「朝廷令取《尊堯集》爾。」 瓘曰：「然則何用許。 使君知『尊堯』所以立名乎？ 蓋以神考為堯，主上為舜，助舜尊堯，何得為罪？ 時相學術淺短，為人所愚。 君所得幾何，乃亦不畏公議，干犯名分乎？」 悈慚，揖使退。 所以窘辱之百端，終不能害。 宰相猶以悈為怯而罷之。
Guan had written the Collection in Honor of Yao, arguing that under Shaosheng the historiographers had revised the History of Emperor Shenzong relying solely on Wang Anshi's Daily Records, distorting truth and falsehood so that the record could not be trusted; it thoroughly exposed falsehood and slander in order to restore the proper ethics of ruler and minister. When Zhang Shangying became chief councillor he seized the book; after it was submitted Shangying was dismissed, and Guan was transferred again to Ta Prefecture. The chief councillor ordered every prefecture along the route to dispatch armed guards to escort him; once he reached Taizhou, he was transferred every ten days at official notice; and the notorious Shi Ke was put in charge of the prefecture; Guan was brought before the court, the full dossier of the case was displayed, and they intended to terrify him with the threat of death. Guan saw through their intent and shouted, "Was today's proceeding carried out under an imperial directive!" Ke was thrown off balance and then told him, "The court only ordered the Collection in Honor of Yao to be taken." Guan said, "Then what was all this theatrics for? Do you understand why the collection was given the name 'In Honor of Yao'? The title takes Emperor Shenzong for Yao and the reigning sovereign for Shun, and means to help Shun honor Yao—how can that be a crime? The chief minister's scholarship is shallow and narrow, and he lets himself be played for a fool. What can you possibly gain from this, that you would brazenly defy public opinion and violate the rightful order between ruler and subject?" Yue, ashamed, bowed and sent him away. They therefore tried every means to humiliate and torment him, yet in the end could not harm him. The chief minister still judged Yue too timid and dismissed him.
42
在台五年，乃得自便。 才復承事郎，帝批進目，以為所擬未當，令再敘一官，仍與差遣，執政持不行。 卜居江州，復有譖之者，至不許輒出城。 旋令居南康，才至，又移楚。 瓘平生論京、卞，皆披擿其處心，發露其情慝，最所忌恨，故得禍最酷，不使一日少安。 宣和六年卒，年六十五。
After five years in Taizhou, he was at last allowed to move about freely. When he was restored to Assistant Gentlemen of Attendance, the emperor marked up the advancement list, deeming the proposed rank unsuitable and ordering one further promotion with an official assignment—but those in power blocked it and refused to implement the order. He settled in Jiangzhou, but slanderers soon arose again, and he was forbidden even to leave the city without permission. He was soon ordered to move to Nankang, and no sooner had he arrived than he was transferred again to Chu. In his attacks on Cai Jing and Cai Bian, Guan had always laid bare their hidden motives and exposed their malice—the very thing they hated most. For that reason he suffered the harshest persecution and was not granted a single day of peace. He died in the sixth year of Xuanhe, at the age of sixty-five.
43
瓘謙和不與物競，閑居矜莊自持，語不苟發。 通於《易》，數言國家大事，後多驗。 靖康初，詔贈諫議大夫，召官正彙。 紹興二十六年，高宗謂輔臣曰：「陳瓘昔為諫官，甚有讜議。 近覽所著《尊堯集》，明君臣之大分，合於《易》天尊地卑及《春秋》尊王之法。 王安石號通經術，而其言乃謂『道隆德駿者，天子當北面而問焉』，其背經悖理甚矣。 瓘宜特賜諡以表之。」 諡曰「忠肅」。
Guan was modest and uncontentious; in retirement he held himself with quiet dignity and never spoke lightly. He was versed in the Book of Changes, repeatedly spoke on great affairs of state, and many of his predictions later proved true. At the beginning of the Jingkang era, an edict posthumously granted him the title Remonstrance Grandee and summoned his son Zhenghui to office. In the twenty-sixth year of Shaoxing, Gaozong told his chief ministers, "Chen Guan once served as a remonstrance official and offered many forthright criticisms. Recently, reading his Respecting Yao Collection, I find it clarifies the great distinction between sovereign and minister, in accord with the Change's principle that Heaven is honored and earth is lowly, and with the Spring and Autumn Annals' law of honoring the king. Wang Anshi claimed mastery of the classics, yet he wrote that 'those whose Way is lofty and virtue eminent—the Son of Heaven should face north and inquire of them.' That is a profound betrayal of the classics and violation of reason. Guan deserves a special posthumous title to honor him. His posthumous title was Loyal and Stern.
44
任伯雨
Ren Boyu
45
任伯雨，字德翁，眉州眉山人。 父孜，字遵聖，以學問氣節推重鄉里，名與蘇洵埒，仕至光祿寺丞。 其弟伋，字師中，亦知名，嘗通判黃州，後知滬州。 當時稱「大任」、「小任」。
Ren Boyu, whose style name was De'eng, came from Meizhou. His father Zi, style name Zunsheng, was respected throughout the district for learning and moral integrity; his renown matched Su Xun's, and he rose to Vice Director of the Court of Imperial Sacrifices. His younger brother Ji, style name Shizhong, was also well known; he had served as Vice-Prefect of Huangzhou and later governed Hu Prefecture. At the time people called them Great Ren and Small Ren.
46
伯雨自幼，已矯然不群，邃經術，文力雄健。 中進士第，調施州清江主簿。 郡守檄使蒞公庫，笑曰：「里名勝母，曾子不入，此職何為至我哉？」 拒不受。 知雍丘縣，御吏如束濕，撫民如傷。 縣枕汴流，漕運不絕，舊苦多盜，然未嘗有獲者，人莫知其故。 伯雨下令網舟無得宿境內，始猶不從，則命東下者斧斷其纜，趣京師者護以出，自是外戶不閉。
From boyhood Boyu already stood apart from the crowd, was deeply versed in the classics, and wrote with vigorous force. He passed the jinshi examination and was posted as registrar of Qingjiang in Shi Prefecture. The prefect ordered him to oversee the public treasury. He laughed and said, "There is a place called Shengmu—Victory-over-Mother. Zengzi would not even pass through it. Why should this post come to me?" He refused and would not accept it. As magistrate of Yongqiu County, he kept his clerks on as tight a rein as wet cords under tension, and treated the people as one treats an injury. The county lay along the Bian River, where canal traffic never ceased. It had long been plagued by thieves, yet none were ever caught, and no one knew why. Boyu ordered that fishing boats could not anchor overnight within the county. When they at first disobeyed, he had eastbound boats' cables cut with axes and westbound boats escorted out toward the capital. From then on, people no longer locked their outer doors at night.
47
使者上其狀，召為大宗正丞，甫至，擢左正言。 時徽宗初政，納用讜論，伯雨首擊章惇，曰：「惇久竊朝柄，迷國罔上，毒流搢紳，乘先帝變故倉卒，輒逞異意，睥睨萬乘，不復有臣子之恭。 向使其計得行，將置陛下與皇太后於何地！ 若貸而不誅，則天下大義不明，大法不立矣。 臣聞北使言，去年遼主方食，聞中國黜惇，放箸而起，稱甚善者再，謂南朝錯用此人。 北使又問，何為只若是行遣？ 以此觀之，不獨孟子所謂「國人皆曰可殺」，雖蠻貊之邦，莫不以為可殺也。」 章八上，貶惇雷州。 繼論蔡卞六大罪，語在《卞傳》。
An imperial envoy reported his achievements, and he was summoned to serve as Vice Director of the Imperial Clan Court. He had scarcely arrived when he was promoted to Left Rectifier. At the beginning of Huizong's reign, forthright counsel was welcomed, and Boyu was the first to attack Zhang Dun. He said, "Dun long usurped control of the court, misled the state and deceived the throne, and spread poison among the gentry. Seizing on the late emperor's sudden crisis, he promptly revealed contrary intent, eying the imperial throne with contempt and no longer showing a subject's deference. Had his scheme succeeded, where would Your Majesty and the Empress Dowager have been left? If he is spared rather than punished, the great principles of the realm will remain unclear and the great law will never stand. I have heard from the northern envoy that last year, while the Liao ruler was at his meal, he learned that China had dismissed Dun. He set down his chopsticks and rose, twice praising the move as excellent, and said the southern court had long misused this man. The northern envoy also asked why Dun had been dealt with only in this mild fashion. Judging by this, it is not only what Mencius meant when he said 'the whole state says he may be killed'—even barbarian lands all hold that he should be killed. He submitted eight memorials in all, and Dun was banished to Leizhou. He then laid out Cai Bian's six great crimes—the full account appears in the Biography of Bian.
48
建中靖國改元，當國者欲和調元祐、紹聖之人，故以「中」為名。 伯雨言：「人才固不當分黨與，然自古未有君子小人雜然並進可以致治者。 蓋君子易退，小人難退，二者並用，終於君子盡去，小人獨留。 唐德宗坐此致播遷之禍，『建中』乃其紀號，不可以不戒。」
When the reign era was changed to Jianzhong Jingguo, those in power wished to reconcile men of the Yuanyou and Shaosheng factions, and so took center for its name. Boyu said, "Talent should not be divided by faction, yet since antiquity there has never been a case where gentlemen and petty men advanced together and good governance resulted. Gentlemen withdraw easily, but petty men are hard to remove. When both are employed together, the end is always the same: the gentlemen are gone and the petty men alone remain. Emperor Dezong of Tang suffered exile for just this reason, and Jianzhong was his era name. That must serve as a warning."
49
時議者欲西北典郡專用武臣，伯雨謂：「李林甫致祿山之亂者，此也。」 又論鍾傅、王贍生湟、鄯邊事，失與國心，宜棄其地，以安邊息民； 張耒、黃庭堅、晁補之、歐陽棐、劉唐老等宜在朝廷。 上書皇太后，乞暴蔡京之惡，召還陳瓘，以全定策之勳。
At the time some argued that northwest frontier prefectures should be entrusted exclusively to military men. Boyu said, "This is precisely what Li Linfu did to bring on An Lushan's rebellion." He also argued that in the Huang and Shan frontier affairs involving Zhong Fu and Wang Shan, policy had lost touch with the state's true interests, and that those territories should be abandoned to settle the frontier and give the people rest; and that Zhang Lei, Huang Tingjian, Chao Buzhi, Ouyang Fei, Liu Tanglao, and others should be recalled to court. He memorialized the Empress Dowager, begging that Cai Jing's wickedness be exposed and Chen Guan recalled, so that the merit of the enthronement decision might be made whole.
50
時以正月朔旦有赤氣之異，詣火星觀以禳之，伯雨上疏言：「嘗聞修德以弭災，未有禳祈以消變。 《洪範》以五事配五行，說者謂視之不明，則有赤眚、赤祥。 乞攬權綱以信賞罰，專威福以殊功罪，使皇明赫赫，事至必斷，則乖氣異象，轉為休祥矣。」 又言：「比日內降浸多，或恐矯傳制命。 漢之鴻都賣爵，唐之墨敕斜封，此近監也。」
At the time a red vapor appeared on New Year's Day, and the court went to the Temple of the Fire Star to perform exorcisms. Boyu submitted a memorial saying, "I have heard that disasters are quieted by cultivating virtue, not by exorcism and prayer. The Hong Fan pairs the five human affairs with the five phases, and commentators hold that when vision is unclear, red calamities and red omens appear. I beg Your Majesty to gather the reins of power so that rewards and punishments carry weight, to concentrate authority so that merit and crime are clearly distinguished, and to let imperial clarity shine so brightly that every matter is decided at once. Then perverse qi and strange omens will turn into blessings." He also said, "Recently inner edicts have grown ever more numerous, and I fear some may be forged and circulated as imperial orders. The Hongdu sale of offices in Han and the slant-sealed ink edicts of Tang are warnings close at hand."
51
王覿除御史中丞，仍兼史官，伯雨謂：「史院宰相監修，今中丞為屬，非所以重風憲，遠嫌疑。」 已而覿除翰林，伯雨復論曰：「學士爵秩位序，皆在中丞上。 今覿為之，是諫官論事，非特朝廷不行，適足以為人遷官爾。」
Wang Di was appointed Censor-in-Chief while still serving as a historian. Boyu said, "In the Historiography Institute the chief minister supervises compilation, yet now the censor-in-chief is made subordinate to him. That neither strengthens the censorate nor keeps one above suspicion." Soon Di was appointed Hanlin Academician, and Boyu argued again, "Academicians in rank and precedence all stand above the censor-in-chief. Now Di holds that very post. So when remonstrance officials speak out, the court not only ignores them—it effectively hands the criticized man his next promotion."
52
伯雨居諫省半歲，所上一百八疏，大臣畏其多言，俾權給事中，密諭以少默即為真。 伯雨不聽，抗論愈力，且將劾曾布。 布覺之，徙為度支員外郎，尋知虢州。 崇寧黨事作，削籍編管通州。 為蔡卞所陷，與陳瓘、龔夬、張庭堅等十三人皆南遷，獨伯雨徙昌化。 姦人猶未甘心，用匿名書復逮其仲子申先赴獄，妻適死於淮，報訃俱至。 伯雨處之如平常，曰：「死者已矣，生者有負於朝廷，亦當從此訣。 如其不然，天豈殺無辜耶！」 申先在獄，鍛煉無所傅致，乃得釋，居海上三年而歸。 宣和初，卒，年七十三。
Boyu served in the remonstrance bureau for half a year and submitted one hundred eight memorials. The chief ministers, fearing his ceaseless speech, made him acting Supervising Secretary and secretly hinted that if he spoke less he would receive the permanent appointment. Boyu would not listen. He argued all the more forcefully and was about to impeach Zeng Bu. Bu noticed and had him transferred to Vice Director of Revenue, and soon afterward sent him out as prefect of Guo Prefecture. When the Chongning faction ban arose, his name was stricken from the rolls and he was placed under registered supervision in Tong Prefecture. Framed by Cai Bian, he was exiled together with Chen Guan, Gong Fu, Zhang Tingjian, and thirteen others, all sent south—Boyu alone was transferred to Changhua. The villains were still not satisfied. Using an anonymous letter they again seized his second son Shenxian and sent him to prison. His wife happened to die on the Huai River, and both messages of death arrived together. Boyu received the news as calmly as on any other day and said, "The dead are gone. The living have failed the court, and I too should take my leave here. If that is not so, would Heaven kill the innocent?" Shenxian was tortured in prison, but no charge could be made to stick, and he was released. After three years by the sea he returned home. In the early Xuanhe era he died, at the age of seventy-three.
53
長子象先，登世科，又中詞學兼茂舉，有司啟封，見為黨人子，不奏名，調秦州戶曹掾。 聞父謫，棄官歸養。 王安中辟燕山宣撫幕，勉應之，道引疾還，終身不復仕。 申先以布衣特起至中書舍人。
His eldest son Xiangxian passed the hereditary examination and also passed the Combined Eloquence and Learning examination, but when the officials opened the sealed list and saw that he was a faction member's son, they withheld his name. He was assigned as revenue section clerk in Qin Prefecture. When he learned of his father's banishment, he resigned his post and returned home to support him. Wang Anzhong recruited him to the Yan Mountain Pacification Commission, and he reluctantly agreed. On the road, however, he pleaded illness and turned back, and never held office again. Shenxian rose from commoner by special appointment all the way to Secretariat Drafting Grandee.
54
紹興初，高宗詔贈伯雨直龍圖閣，又加諫議大夫，采其諫章，追貶章惇、蔡卞、邢恕、黃履，明著誣宣仁事以告天下。 淳熙中，賜諡「忠敏」。
In the early Shaoxing era, Gaozong issued an edict posthumously granting Boyu the title Direct Associate of the Dragon Diagram Pavilion and adding Remonstrance Grandee. Drawing on his remonstrance memorials, the court posthumously demoted Zhang Dun, Cai Bian, Xing Shu, and Huang Lü, and clearly published the slander against Empress Xuanren for all the realm to see. In the Chunxi era he was granted the posthumous title Loyal and Perceptive.
55
論曰：劉安世復文彥博之言，時年尚少，然其言即元祐之初政，而司馬光之用心也。 鄒浩諫立劉后，反復曲折，極人所難言。 二人除言官，俱入白其母，母俱勉以盡忠報國，無分毫顧慮後患意。 鳴呼，賢哉！ 陳瓘、任伯雨抗跡疏遠，立朝寡援，而力發章惇、曾布、蔡京、蔡卞群姦之罪，無少畏忌，古所謂剛正不撓者歟！
The commentary says: Liu Anshi repeated Wen Yanbo's words. Though still young, what he said was exactly the early policy of the Yuanyou era—and exactly what Sima Guang had intended. Zou Hao remonstrated against enthroning Empress Liu, turning and bending through every difficulty, saying what most men cannot bring themselves to say. When the two were appointed remonstrance officials, each went in to tell his mother, and each mother urged him to devote himself wholly to the state, without a thought for the consequences. Alas—how worthy they were! Chen Guan and Ren Boyu stood apart in righteous isolation and had few allies at court, yet they vigorously exposed the crimes of Zhang Dun, Zeng Bu, Cai Jing, Cai Bian, and their whole pack of villains without the least fear. Are they not what antiquity called steadfast and incorruptible?