Volume 416 Biographies 175: Wu Yuan, Yu Jie, Wang Lixin, Xiang Shibi, Hu Ying, Leng Yingcheng, Cao Shuyuan, Wang Wan, Ma Guangzu

吳淵餘玠汪立信向士璧胡穎冷應澂曹叔遠〈（從子豳）〉王萬馬光祖

Wu Yuan, Yu Jie, Wang Lixin, Xiang Shibi, Hu Ying, Leng Yingcheng, and Cao Shuyuan. (nephew Bin) Wang Wan and Ma Guangzu.

吳淵，字道父，秘閣修撰柔勝之第三子也。幼端重寡言，苦誌力學。五歲喪母，哭泣哀慕如成人。嘉定七年舉進士，調建德縣主簿，丞相史彌遠館留之，語竟日，大悅，謂淵曰：“君，國器也，今開化新置尉，即日可上，欲以此處君。 ”淵對曰：“甫得一官，何敢躁進，況家有嚴君，所當稟命。 ”彌遠為之改容，不復強。至官，就辟令。江東九郡之冤，訟於諸使者，皆乞送淵。改差浙東製置使司幹辦公事。

Wu Yuan, whose style was Daofu, was the third son of Rou Sheng, a Secretariat Compiler. As a boy he was grave and reserved, spoke little, and threw himself into his studies. When he was five his mother died, and he wept and grieved with the sorrow of a grown man. In the seventh year of the Jiading reign he passed the jinshi examination and was appointed registrar of Jiande County. Chief Councilor Shi Miyuan had him stay at his residence as a guest; they talked all day, and Miyuan was greatly pleased. He said to Yuan, "You are material for the nation's service. Kaihua has just created a bailiff's post that can be filled immediately, and I would like to put you there. " Yuan answered, "I have only just received one post—how dare I push for promotion? Besides, I have a stern father at home whose permission I must seek. " Miyuan's manner changed, and he did not insist. Once he took up his post, he accepted appointment as county magistrate. People with grievances from the nine Jiangdong prefectures who sued before the various commissioners all asked that their cases be referred to Yuan. He was reassigned as an administrative clerk in the Eastern Zhejiang Pacification Commission.

丁父憂，詔以前職起復，力辭，弗許，再辭，且貽書政府曰：“人道莫大於事親，事親莫大於送死，苟冒哀求榮，則平生大節已掃地矣，他日何以事君？ ”時丞相史嵩之方起復，或曰：“得無礙時宰乎？ ”淵弗顧，詔從之。服除，差浙東提舉茶鹽司幹辦公事，尋改鎮江府節製司、沿江製置使司幹辦公事。皆不就。知武陵縣，改揚子縣兼淮東轉運司幹辦公事，添差通判真州。入為將作監丞，遷樞密院編修官兼刑部郎官，再遷秘書丞仍兼刑部郎官。以直煥章閣知平江府兼節製許浦水軍，提點浙西刑獄。

When his father died he entered mourning. An edict recalled him to his former post; he refused firmly but was not allowed to. He refused again and wrote to the government: "Nothing in human duty exceeds serving one's parents, and nothing in serving one's parents exceeds seeing them properly buried. If I presumptuously beg for honor while still in mourning, the great integrity of my life is already gone—how could I serve my ruler afterward? " At the time Chief Councilor Shi Songzhi was also being recalled from mourning, and someone said, "Will this not get in the way of the chief minister? " Yuan paid no attention; the court granted his request. When his mourning ended he was posted as clerk in the Eastern Zhejiang Tea and Salt Intendant's office, and soon after as clerk in the Zhenjiang Military Commission and the Riverine Pacification Commission. He accepted none of these posts. He governed Wuling County, then Yangzi County while also serving as clerk of the Huaidong Transport Commission, and was given an additional assignment as vice-prefect of Zhen Prefecture. He was summoned to the capital as vice-director of the Directorate of Palace Buildings, then promoted to compiler at the Bureau of Military Affairs while also serving as vice minister of justice, and again to secretary while retaining his justice post. As Direct Attendant of the Hall for the Illumination of Literature he governed Pingjiang Prefecture, commanded the Xupu naval forces, and served as judicial intendant of western Zhejiang.

會衢、嚴盜起，警報至，調遣將士招捕之，殲其渠魁，散其支黨，以功為樞密院檢詳諸房文字兼國史院編修官、實錄院檢討官兼左司。進右文殿修撰、樞密副都承旨兼右司兼檢正。適政府欲用兵中原、以據關守河為說，淵力陳其不可，大要謂“國家力決不能取，縱取之決不能守”，丞相鄭清之不樂而罷。出知江州，改江、淮、荊、浙、福建、廣南都大提點坑冶，都司袁商令御史王定劾淵，罷。侍御史洪谘夔不直之，劾定左遷。未幾，邊事果如淵言，清之致書引咎巽謝。差知鎮江府，定防江軍之擾，兼淮弄清總領，以功遷太府少卿，復以總領兼知鎮江，加集英殿修撰、知鎮江兼總領。進權工部侍郎，職任如舊。權兵部侍郎，權戶部侍郎，再為總領兼知鎮江。

When bandits broke out in Qu and Yan and alarms reached him, he dispatched troops to hunt them down, killed their leaders, and broke up their bands. For this he was made examiner of documents in all sections of the Bureau of Military Affairs, with concurrent posts as compiler at the National History Office, examiner at the Veritable Records Office, and in the Left Section. He was promoted to academician of the Hall of Right Culture, deputy chief receptionist of the Bureau of Military Affairs, with concurrent duties in the Right Section and as rectifier. At that time the government wanted to campaign in the Central Plains on the argument that seizing the passes and holding the Yellow River would be enough. Yuan argued forcefully against it, saying in effect that the dynasty lacked the strength to conquer the region and, even if it did, could not hold it. Chief Councilor Zheng Qingzhi took offense and removed him from office. He was sent out to govern Jiang Prefecture, then reassigned as grand intendant of mining and smelting for Jiang, Huai, Jing, Zhe, Fujian, and Guangnan. Yuan Shang of the chief office had Censor Wang Ding impeach him, and he was removed. Supervising Censor Hong Zikui thought this unfair and impeached Wang Ding, who was demoted. Before long the border situation unfolded exactly as Yuan had predicted, and Qingzhi wrote to admit his error and apologize humbly. He was assigned to govern Zhenjiang, quelled trouble among the river-defense troops, and concurrently served as overall controller of Huaiqing supplies. For this he was promoted to vice director of the Court of the Imperial Treasury, then again made overall controller while governing Zhenjiang, with the added title of academician of the Hall of Assembled Excellence. He was promoted to acting vice minister of works, with his duties unchanged. He served as acting vice minister of war, then acting vice minister of revenue, and again as overall controller while governing Zhenjiang.

時淵造闕下入對，曆陳九事，甫下殿，御史唐璘擊之，璘蓋淵所薦者也。遂仍前職，提舉太平興國宮。久之，加寶章閣待制，再起知鎮江兼總領。未幾，以戶部侍郎兼知鎮江府，召赴行在。以寶章閣直學士知太平州，尋兼江東轉運使。

Yuan then came to court to answer the emperor's questions and laid out nine points in turn. He had barely left the hall when Censor Tang Lin impeached him—Lin was someone Yuan himself had recommended. He was therefore returned to his former post and made superintendent of the Taiping Xingguo Palace. After some time he was given the rank of attendant-in-waiting of the Hall of Treasured Documents and was again appointed to govern Zhenjiang while serving as overall controller. Soon afterward, as vice minister of revenue while also governing Zhenjiang, he was summoned to the mobile court. As direct academician of the Hall of Treasured Documents he governed Taiping Prefecture, and soon afterward also served as Jiangdong transport commissioner.

時兩淮民流徙入境者四十餘萬，淵亟加慰撫而賙濟之，使之什伍，令土著人無相犯。旁郡流民焚劫無虛日，獨太平境內肅然無敢嘩者。以功加華文閣直學士、沿海製置使、知慶元府，不赴；以工部尚書、沿海製置副使知江州，亦不赴。升華文閣學士、知隆興府、江西安撫使兼轉運副使。會歲大侵，講行荒政，全活者七十八萬九千餘人。徙知潭州、湖南安撫使，不赴，加敷文閣學士，仍知隆興府，安撫、轉運副使如故。改知鎮江府兼都大提舉浙西沿海諸州軍、許浦、澉浦等處兵船，歲亦大侵，因淵全活者六十五萬八千餘人。右正言三疏劾淵，奪職。尋復職，提舉太平興國宮。未幾，改鴻慶宮。

At that time more than four hundred thousand refugees from the two Huai regions had streamed into his territory. Yuan quickly comforted and aided them, organized them in groups of ten and five, and ordered the local people not to harm one another. In neighboring prefectures refugees burned and plundered almost every day, but within Taiping alone all was quiet and no one dared make a disturbance. For this he was made direct academician of the Hall of Literary Glory, coastal pacification commissioner, and governor of Qingyuan Prefecture, but he did not take up the post; he was then made minister of works, deputy coastal pacification commissioner, and governor of Jiang Prefecture, but again declined. He was promoted to academician of the Hall of Literary Glory, appointed to govern Longxing Prefecture, and made Jiangxi pacification commissioner while also serving as deputy transport commissioner. When a severe famine struck he put famine relief measures into effect and kept more than seven hundred eighty-nine thousand people alive. He was transferred to govern Tan Prefecture and serve as Hunan pacification commissioner but did not go. He was given the rank of academician of the Hall of Dispersed Literature and continued at Longxing with his pacification and deputy transport duties unchanged. He was reassigned to govern Zhenjiang while also serving as grand intendant of naval forces for the coastal prefectures and districts of western Zhejiang, Xupu, Ganpu, and elsewhere. That year too there was a great famine, and through Yuan more than six hundred fifty-eight thousand people were kept alive. The right remonstrator submitted three memorials impeaching Yuan, and he was stripped of office. Soon his office was restored and he was made superintendent of the Taiping Xingguo Palace. Before long he was transferred to the Hongqing Palace.

丁母憂，服除，進龍圖閣學士、江西安撫使兼知江州，尋為沿江製置副使兼提舉南康軍兵甲公事、節製蘄黃州、安慶府屯田使。湖南峒寇蔓入江右之境，破數縣，袁、洪大震，淵命將調兵，生禽其渠魁，亂遂平。遷兵部尚書、知平江府兼浙西兩淮發運使。尋兼知平江府，歲亦大侵，因淵全活者四十二萬三千五百餘人。兼浙西提點刑獄、知太平州兼提領兩淮茶鹽所，以功進端明殿學士、沿江製置使、江東安撫使兼知建康府、兼行宮留守、節製和州無為軍安慶府兼三郡屯田使。

When his mother died he entered mourning. When mourning ended he was promoted to academician of the Dragon Diagram Hall, made Jiangxi pacification commissioner while also governing Jiang Prefecture, and soon afterward served as deputy riverine pacification commissioner while supervising military affairs of Nankang Army, commanding Qi and Huang prefectures, and serving as agricultural intendant of Anqing. Hunan cave rebels spread into Jiangyou, overran several counties, and threw Yuan and Hong prefectures into alarm. Yuan ordered his generals to mobilize troops, took the rebel leaders alive, and the disturbance was put down. He was promoted to minister of war, governing Pingjiang while also serving as transport commissioner for western Zhejiang and the two Huai regions. Soon he was also governing Pingjiang. That year too there was a great famine, and through Yuan more than four hundred twenty-three thousand five hundred people were kept alive. He also served as judicial intendant of western Zhejiang, governed Taiping while supervising the Two Huai tea and salt office, and for his merit was promoted to academician of the Hall of Bright Clarity, made riverine pacification commissioner and Jiangdong pacification commissioner while governing Jiankang, serving as mobile-court garrison commander, commanding He Prefecture, Wuwei Army, and Anqing, and serving as agricultural intendant of three jurisdictions.

朝廷付淵以光、豐、蘄、黃之事，凡創司空山燕家山金剛台三大砦、嵯峨山膺山什子山等二十二小砦，團丁壯置軍，分立隊伍，星聯棋布，脈絡貫通，無事則耕，有警則禦。詔以淵興利除害所列二十有五事，究心軍民，拜資政殿大學士，職任如舊，與執政恩例，封金陵侯，復賜“錦繡堂”、“忠勤樓”大字。進爵為公，徙知福州、福建安撫使。改知平江府兼發運使。

The court entrusted Yuan with affairs in Guang, Feng, Qi, and Huang. He established three major stockades at Kongshan, Yanjiashan, and Jingangtai, and twenty-two smaller ones at Cuo'e Mountain, Ying Mountain, Shizi Mountain, and elsewhere. He organized able-bodied men into militia units in separate companies, arrayed like stars on a chessboard with every link connected, so that in peace they farmed and in alarm they fought. An edict cited the twenty-five measures Yuan had proposed for public benefit, praised his devoted care for soldiers and civilians, and made him grand academician of the Hall of Assisting Governance with duties unchanged, granting him the privileges of a chief councilor, enfeoffing him as Marquis of Jinling, and again bestowing the large plaques "Brocade Hall" and "Loyal and Diligent Tower." His noble rank was raised to duke, and he was transferred to govern Fuzhou and serve as Fujian pacification commissioner. He was reassigned to govern Pingjiang while also serving as transport commissioner.

御史劉元龍劾淵，帝寢其奏，改知寧國府。累具辭免，且丐祠，以本官提舉洞霄宮。起知潭州、湖南安撫使，不赴。改知太平兼提領江、淮茶鹽所，轉荊湖製置大使、知江陵府兼夔路策應大使，兼京湖屯田大使，帶行京湖安撫製置大使。拜觀文殿學士，職任如舊，兼總領湖廣江西京西財賦、湖北京西軍馬錢糧。淵調兵二萬往援川蜀，其後力戰於白河、沮河、玉泉。寶祐五年正月朔，以功拜參知政事。越七日，卒，贈少師，賻銀絹以五百計。

Censor Liu Yuanlong impeached Yuan, but the emperor set the memorial aside and transferred him to govern Ningguo Prefecture. He repeatedly asked to be relieved and begged for a sinecure, and was made superintendent of the Dongxiao Palace at his former rank. He was recalled to govern Tan Prefecture and serve as Hunan pacification commissioner but did not go. He was reassigned to govern Taiping while supervising the Jiang and Huai tea and salt office, then made grand pacification commissioner of Jinghu, governor of Jiangling while also serving as grand coordinator for Kuizhou circuit, grand agricultural intendant of Jinghu, and concurrently acting grand pacification commissioner of Jinghu. He was made academician of the Hall for Viewing Culture with duties unchanged, and also served as overall controller of revenues for Huguang, Jiangxi, and Jingxi and of funds for troops and horses in northern Huguang and Jingxi. Yuan dispatched twenty thousand troops to relieve Sichuan, and they later fought hard at Bai River, Ju River, and Yuquan. On New Year's Day of the fifth year of Baoyou he was appointed vice grand councilor for his achievements. Seven days later he died. He was posthumously made junior preceptor, and funeral gifts of silver and silk amounting to five hundred were granted.

淵有材略，迄濟事功，所至興學養士，然政尚嚴酷，好興羅織之獄，籍入豪橫，故時有“蜈蚣”之謠。其弟潛亦數諫止之。所著《易解》及《退庵文集》、奏議。

Yuan had talent and strategic ability and in the end achieved real results. Wherever he served he promoted schools and nurtured scholars, yet his rule was harsh, he was fond of fabricated prosecutions, and he confiscated the property of the powerful, so people nicknamed him the "centipede." His younger brother Qian also repeatedly urged him to stop. He wrote the 《Explanations of the Changes》 and the 《Collected Works of the Retired Hermitage》, along with various memorials.

餘玠，字義夫，蘄州人。家貧落魄無行，喜功名，好大言。少為白鹿洞諸生，嚐攜客入茶肆，毆賣茶翁死，脫身走襄淮。時趙葵為淮東製置使，玠作長短句上謁，葵壯之，留之幕中。未幾，以功補進義副尉，擢將作監主簿、權發遣招進軍，充製置司參議官，進工部郎官。

Yu Jie, whose style was Yifu, was a native of Qizhou. His family was poor; he was dissolute and ill-behaved, hungry for fame and fond of grand talk. As a youth he studied at Bailudong. Once he took guests into a teahouse, beat the tea seller to death, and fled to the Xiang-Huai region. At the time Zhao Kui was Huaidong pacification commissioner. Jie composed a ci poem and presented himself; Kui was impressed and kept him on his staff. Before long, for merit he was given the supplementary post of vice commander of Advance Righteousness, promoted to registrar of the Directorate of Palace Buildings, given provisional authority over the Recruitment Advance Army, made staff adviser of the pacification commission, and promoted to vice minister of works.

嘉熙三年，與大元兵戰於汴城、河陰有功，授直華文閣、淮東提點刑獄兼知淮安州兼淮東製置司參謀官。淳祐元年，玠提兵應援安豐，拜大理少卿，升製置副使。進對：“必使國人上下事無不確實，然後華夏率孚，天人感格。 ”又言：“今世胄之彥，場屋之士，田裏之豪，一或即戎，即指之為粗人，斥之為噲伍。願陛下視文武之士為一，勿令偏有所重，偏必至於激，文武交激，非國之福。 ”帝曰：“卿人物議論皆不常，可獨當一面，卿宜少留，當有擢用。 ”乃授權兵部侍郎、四川宣諭使，帝從容慰遣之。

In the third year of Jiaxi he fought the Mongols at Bian City and Heyin with distinction and was made direct attendant of the Hall of Chinese Glory, judicial intendant of Huaidong while also governing Huai'an and serving as staff adviser of the Huaidong pacification commission. In the first year of Chunyou Jie led troops to relieve Anfeng, was made vice director of the Court of Judicial Review, and was promoted to deputy pacification commissioner. In an audience he said, "The court must see to it that nothing done above or below in the realm is untrue; only then will the Chinese lands be united in trust and Heaven and man respond in harmony. " He also said, "Today when sons of noble houses, examination graduates, or local magnates take up arms, they are at once called crude men and dismissed as no better than Fan Kuai's sort. I beg Your Majesty to treat civil and military men as one body and not let either side be favored too heavily. Favoritism always provokes backlash; when civil and military provoke each other, it bodes ill for the realm. " The emperor said, "You and your views are both out of the ordinary. You can hold a frontier on your own. Stay a while longer; promotion will come. " He was then made acting vice minister of war and commissioner for pacification and instruction of Sichuan, and the emperor graciously comforted and sent him on his way.

玠亦自許當手挈全蜀還本朝，其功日月可冀。

Jie also promised himself that he would personally restore all of Shu to the dynasty, and that success was only a matter of time.

尋授兵部侍郎、四川安撫製置使兼知重慶府兼四川總領兼夔路轉運使。自寶慶三年至淳祐二年，十六年間，凡授宣撫三人，製置使九人，副四人，或老或暫，或庸或貪，或慘或繆，或遙領而不至，或開隙而各謀，終無成績。於是東、西川無復統律，遺民鹹不聊生，監司、戎帥各專號令，擅辟守宰，蕩無紀綱，蜀日益壞。及聞玠入蜀，人心粗定，始有安土之誌。

Soon he was made vice minister of war, Sichuan pacification and pacification commissioner while also governing Chongqing, overall controller of Sichuan, and transport commissioner of Kuizhou circuit. From the third year of Baoqing to the second year of Chunyou, across sixteen years, three pacification commissioners, nine pacification commissioners, and four deputies were appointed—some aged, some temporary, some mediocre, some greedy, some cruel, some misguided, some holding posts in name but never arriving, some at odds and each pursuing his own plan—and in the end nothing was accomplished. Eastern and Western Chuan lost all unified command; the surviving people could barely live; supervisory officials and military commanders each issued orders on his own, appointed prefects and magistrates at will, and discipline collapsed, so Shu grew worse by the day. When word came that Jie had entered Shu, hearts steadied somewhat and people began to think of settling down.

玠大更敝政，遴選守宰，築招賢之館於府之左，供張一如帥所居，下令曰：“集眾思，廣忠益，諸葛孔明所以用蜀也。欲有謀以告我者，近則徑詣公府，遠則自言於郡，所在以禮遣之，高爵重賞，朝廷不吝以報功，豪傑之士趨期立事，今其時矣。 ”士之至者，玠不厭禮接，鹹得其歡心，言有可用，隨其才而任之；苟不可用，亦厚遺謝之。

Jie carried out sweeping reforms, carefully chose prefects and magistrates, and built a Hall for Recruiting the Worthy to the left of the prefectural office, furnished like the commander's own residence. He issued an order: "Gather the thoughts of many and broaden loyalty and benefit—this is how Zhuge Liang made use of Shu. Anyone with a plan to offer me, if nearby may come straight to this office, if far away may report through his prefecture. Everywhere they shall be sent off with full courtesy. High rank and rich reward—the court will not stint in repaying merit. Men of talent should hurry to accomplish something—now is the hour. " When scholars came, Jie never tired of receiving them with full courtesy; all won his goodwill. If their advice was sound, he employed them according to their ability; if not, he still sent them away with generous gifts of thanks.

播州冉氏兄弟璡、璞，有文武才，隱居蠻中，前後閫帥辟召，堅不肯起，聞玠賢，相謂曰：“是可與語矣。 ”遂詣府上謁，玠素聞冉氏兄弟，刺入即出見之，與分廷抗禮，賓館之奉，冉安之若素有，居數月，無所言。玠將謝之，乃為設宴，玠親主之。酒酣，坐客方紛紛競言所長，璡兄弟飲食而已。玠以微言挑之，卒默然。玠曰：“是觀我待士之禮何如耳。 ”明日更辟別館以處之，且日使人窺其所為。兄弟終日不言，惟對踞，以堊畫地為山川城池之形，起則漫去，如是又旬日，請見玠，屏人曰：“某兄弟辱明公禮遇，思有以少裨益，非敢同眾人也。為今日西蜀之計，其在徙合州城乎？ ”玠不覺躍起，執其手曰：“此玠誌也，但未得其所耳。 ”曰：“蜀口形勝之地莫若釣魚山，請徙諸此，若任得其人，積粟以守之，賢於十萬師遠矣，巴蜀不足守也。 ”玠大喜曰：“玠固疑先生非淺士，先生之謀，玠不敢掠以歸己。 ”遂不謀於眾，密以其謀聞於朝，請不次官之。詔以璡為承事郎、權發遣合州，璞為承務郎、權通判州事。徙城之事，悉以任之。命下，一府皆喧然同辭以為不可。玠怒曰：“城成則蜀賴以安，不成，玠獨坐之，諸君無預也。 ”卒築青居、大獲、釣魚、雲頂、天生凡十餘城，皆因山為壘，棋布星分，為諸郡治所，屯兵聚糧為必守計。且誅潰將以肅軍令。又移金戎於大獲，以護蜀口。移沔戎於青居，興戎先駐合州舊城，移守釣魚，共備內水。移利戎於雲頂，以備外水。於是如臂使指，氣勢聯絡。又屬嘉定俞興開屯田於成都，蜀以富實。

The Ran brothers Jin and Pu of Bozhou had civil and military talent and lived in seclusion among the tribes. Frontier commanders before and after had summoned them, but they steadfastly refused. When they heard that Jie was worthy, they said to each other, "Here is someone worth talking to. " They went to the prefectural office to pay their respects. Jie had long heard of the Ran brothers; as soon as their card arrived he came out to meet them, received them as equals in the hall, and lodged them in the guest quarters as if they were old friends. They stayed several months without saying a word. Jie was about to send them off with thanks when he gave a banquet and presided over it himself. When the wine had warmed the guests, everyone else was eagerly airing his talents, but the Ran brothers only ate and drank. Jie tried to draw them out with subtle remarks, but they remained silent to the end. Jie said, "They are only watching how I treat men of talent. " The next day he set up a separate lodge for them and each day sent someone to watch what they were doing. The brothers spoke not all day but only sat facing each other, sketching mountains, rivers, and city layouts on the ground with chalk and rubbing them away when they rose. After another ten days of this they asked to see Jie and, sending attendants away, said, "We have been honored by your courtesy and wish to offer some small help—we do not presume to be like the others. For the defense of western Shu today, is the answer not to move Hezhou? " Jie leaped up without thinking, seized their hands, and said, "That has been my aim, but I had not found the place. " They said, "Of strong points at the gateway to Shu none surpasses Diaoyu Mountain. Move the city there. If the right man is appointed and grain is stored to hold it, that is worth more than a hundred thousand troops far away. Ba and Shu as they stand are not worth defending. " Jie was overjoyed and said, "I had indeed suspected you were no ordinary men. Your plan—I dare not claim it as my own. " He then did not consult others but secretly reported their plan to the court and asked that they be given extraordinary promotion. The court made Jin a Court Gentleman for Attending Duty with charge of moving He Prefecture and Pu a Court Gentleman for Service with acting authority as the prefecture's vice administrator. They were given full responsibility for the relocation. Once the decree came down, the whole prefectural staff erupted in a chorus of opposition, insisting it was impossible. Jie snapped, "Finish these forts and Sichuan is safe; fail, and only I answer for it—you need not worry. In the end they completed more than a dozen mountain fortresses—among them Qingju, Dahuo, Diaoyu, Yunding, and Tiansheng—cut into the hills and dotted across the map as prefectural seats, with garrisons and grain stores laid in for a defense that could be held. They also put fleeing commanders to death to restore discipline in the ranks. The Jinzhou garrison was moved to Dahuo to cover the gateway into Sichuan. The Mianzhou troops went to Qingju; the Xingzhou force, first posted at old He Prefecture city, was reassigned to Diaoyu; together they secured the inner river routes. The Lizhou garrison was redeployed to Yunding to watch the outer water lines. The line now moved as one limb, every post in concert. He put Yu Xing of Jiading in charge of opening government farms around Chengdu, and Sichuan grew prosperous.

十年冬，玠率諸將巡邊，直搗興元，大元兵與之大戰。十二年，又大戰於嘉定。初，利司都統王夔素殘悍，號“王夜叉”，恃功驕恣，桀驁不受節度，所至劫掠，每得富家，穴箕加頸，四面然箕，謂之“蟆蝕月”，以弓弦係鼻下，高懸於格，謂之“錯係喉”，縛人兩股，以木交壓，謂之“幹榨油”，以至用醋灌鼻、惡水灌耳口等，毒虐非一，以脅取金帛，稍不遂意，即死其手，蜀人患苦之。且悉斂部將倅馬以自入，將戰，乃高其估賣與之。朝廷雖知其不法，在遠不能詰也。大帥處分，少不嗛其意，則百計撓之，使不得有所為。玠至嘉定，夔帥所部兵迎謁，才贏弱二百人。玠曰：“久聞都統兵精，今疲敝若此，殊不稱所望。 ”夔對曰：“夔兵非不精，所以不敢即見者，恐驚從人耳。 ”頃之，班聲如雷，江水如沸，聲止，圓陣即合，旗幟精明，器械森然，沙上之人彌望若林立，無一人敢亂行者。舟中皆戰掉失色，而玠自若也。徐命吏班賞有差。夔退謂人曰：“儒者中乃有此人！”

That winter, Jie took his generals on a frontier tour, drove straight into Xingyuan, and clashed in a major battle with the Yuan armies. Two years later came another major fight at Jiading. From the start, Wang Kui, chief commander of the Lizhou circuit, had been savage and brutal, known as "King Yaksha." He traded on his victories for arrogance, refused all discipline, and looted wherever he marched. When he cornered a rich family he might force a winnowing basket over the neck and set it alight on every side—a torture he called "the toad devouring the moon." He would loop a bowstring under the nose and hoist the victim on a frame—"throat wrongly trussed." He would bind a man's legs and crush them with crossed beams—"dry-pressing for oil"—and go on to pour vinegar up the nose and filthy water into the ears and mouth. His tortures were endless, all to wring out gold and silk; the slightest displeasure meant death, and the people of Shu lived in misery. He also seized his subordinates' mounts for himself and only on the eve of battle sold them back at inflated prices. The court knew he broke the law but could not reach him in that distant post to hold him to account. Whenever the commander-in-chief gave orders he disliked, he sabotaged them by every trick until nothing could be done. When Jie reached Jiading, Kui came out to receive him with a paltry, undersized band of two hundred. Jie said, "I have long heard your troops were first-rate; to see them so worn and few falls far short of what I expected. Kui answered, "My men are not unfit; I held them back lest they startle your escort. A moment later drums rolled like thunder and the river seemed to boil. When the noise stopped, ring formations snapped shut, banners sharp and arms glittering. The shore was packed shoulder to shoulder; not a man stepped out of line. Everyone in the boats shook and went white, but Jie was unmoved. He calmly had his staff hand out rewards by rank. Kui withdrew and said to his men, "Among scholars there is such a man as this!

玠久欲誅夔，獨患其握重兵居外，恐輕動危蜀，謀於親將楊成，成曰：“夔在蜀久，所部兵精，前時大帥，夔皆勢出其右，意不止此也。視侍郎為文臣，必不肯甘心從令，今縱弗誅，養成其勢。後一舉足，西蜀危矣。 ”玠曰：“我欲誅之久矣，獨患其黨與眾，未發耳。 ”成曰：“侍郎以夔在蜀久，有威名，孰與吳氏？夔固弗若也。夫吳氏當中興危難之時，能百戰以保蜀，傳之四世，恩威益張，根本益固，蜀人知有吳氏而不知有朝廷。一旦曦為叛逆，諸將誅之如取孤豚。況夔無吳氏之功，而有曦之逆心，恃豨突之勇，敢慢法度，縱兵殘民，奴視同列，非有吳氏得人之固也。今誅之，一夫力耳，待其發而取之，難矣。 ”玠意遂決，夜召夔計事，潛以成代領其眾，夔才離營，而新將已單騎入矣，將士皆愕眙相顧，不知所為。成以帥指譬曉之，遂相率拜賀，夔至，斬之。成因察其所與為惡者數人，稍稍以法誅之。乃薦成為文州刺史。

Jie had long wanted Kui dead but feared that with so many troops under him in the field, a rash move could shake all of Sichuan. He took counsel with his trusted officer Yang Cheng, who said, "Kui has been in Shu for years with crack troops. Past commanders were all outshone by him—his ambitions do not end here. He sees you as a civilian minister and will never willingly obey. Spare him now and you only feed his strength. One step more and all western Shu is at risk. Jie said, "I have wanted him dead for years, but his following is large and I have not yet struck. Cheng said, "You think Kui's long service has made him formidable—but how does he compare with the Wu clan? He is nothing beside them. In the dynasty's darkest hour the Wu clan fought a hundred battles to hold Shu, held power for four generations, and grew so rooted that the people knew Wu and scarcely knew the throne. When Wu Xi rebelled, his officers cut him down as easily as catching a stray pig. Kui has none of the Wu merit yet shares Xi's rebellious bent. He trusts only brute daring, flouts the law, lets his men prey on the people, and treats fellow officers like servants—he lacks the Wu hold on men's hearts. Strike now and it is one man's work; wait until he moves and it will be far harder. Jie made up his mind. That night he called Kui in on business while secretly putting Cheng in command of his troops. Kui had barely left camp when the new commander rode in alone; the men gaped at one another, stunned. Cheng explained the commander's orders; the troops bowed in turn. When Kui appeared, they cut off his head. Cheng picked out several of Kui's accomplices and put them to death one by one under the law. He then recommended Cheng for appointment as prefect of Wenzhou.

玠自入蜀，進華文閣待制，賜金帶，權兵部尚書，進徽猷閣學士，升大使，又進龍圖閣學士、端明殿學士，及召，拜資政殿學士，恩例視執政。其卒也，帝輟朝，特贈五官。以監察御史陳大方言奪職。六年，復之。

After Jie entered Sichuan he rose to Attendant at the Huawen Pavilion, received a gold belt and acting rank as Minister of War, became Academician of the Huixian Pavilion and then Grand Commissioner, later Academician of the Longtu and Duanming halls, and on recall was made Academician of the Zizheng Hall with privileges matching a chief minister. When he died the emperor suspended court and posthumously raised him five ranks. On the memorial of Supervising Censor Chen Dafang his offices were stripped away. Six years later they were restored.

玠之治蜀也，任都統張實治軍旅，安撫王惟忠治財賦，監簿朱文炳接賓客，皆有常度。至於修學養士，輕徭以寬民力，薄征以通商賈。蜀既富實，乃罷京湖之餉；邊關無警，又撤東南之戍。自寶慶以來，蜀閫未有能及之者。惜其遽以太平自詫，進蜀錦蜀箋，過於文飾。久假便宜之權，不顧嫌疑，昧於勇退，遂來讒賊之口；而又置機捕官，雖足以廉得事情，然寄耳目於群小，虛實相半，故人多懷疑懼。至於世安拒命，玠威名頓挫，齎誌以沒。有子曰如孫，取“當如孫仲謀”之義，遭論改師忠，曆大理寺丞，為賈似道所殺。

In governing Sichuan, Jie put Chief Commander Zhang Shi in charge of the army, Pacification Commissioner Wang Weizhong in charge of finances, and Registrar Zhu Wenbing in charge of guests—each with clear rules. He fostered schools and scholars, eased labor service to lighten the people's burden, and cut taxes to encourage trade. Once Sichuan was prosperous he ended grain shipments from the Jing-Hu region. When the frontier was quiet he pulled back southeastern garrisons as well. Since the Baoqing reign no Sichuan commander had matched him. Yet he too soon congratulated himself on peace, sending up Sichuan brocade and stationery with excessive display. He held extraordinary powers too long, ignored the suspicion this aroused, and failed to step down in time—so calumny found its way in; and he set up secret investigators. Though they could expose wrongdoing, he also relied on petty informers, so truth and rumor mingled and many lived in fear. When Yao Shi'an defied his orders, Jie's authority collapsed overnight, and he died with his aims unfulfilled. He had a son named Rusun—from "one should be like Sun Zhongmou"—later renamed Shizhong after criticism. He rose to vice director of the Court of Judicial Review and was killed by Jia Sidao.

汪立信，澈從孫也。立信曾大父智從澈宣諭湖北，道六安，愛其山水，因居焉。

Wang Lixin was a distant nephew of Wang Che. Lixin's great-grandfather Zhi had followed Che on a mission to pacify Hubei; passing through Lu'an he fell in love with the landscape and settled there.

淳祐元年，立信獻策招安慶劇賊胡興、劉文亮等，借補承信郎。六年，登進士第，理宗見立信狀貌雄偉，顧侍臣曰：“此閫帥才也。 ”授烏江主簿，辟沿江製幕。知桐城縣，未上，辟荊湖製司幹辦、通判建康府。荊湖製置趙葵辟充策應使司及本司參議官。葵去而馬光祖代之，立信是時猶在府也。

In the first year of Chunyou, Lixin proposed a plan to pacify the Anqing bandits Hu Xing, Liu Wenliang, and others, and received provisional appointment as Gentleman for Trust. In the sixth year he passed the jinshi examination. Lizong saw his imposing bearing and told his attendants, "Here is a man fit to command the frontier. He was made registrar of Wujiang and recruited to the Yangtze defense headquarters. He was appointed magistrate of Tongcheng but before taking office was recruited as staff officer on the Jing-Hu commission and vice-prefect of Jiankang. Jing-Hu Commissioner Zhao Kui made him planning officer on the campaign staff and a commission councillor. When Kui left, Ma Guangzu replaced him; Lixin remained in the office.

鄂州圍解，賈似道既罔上要功，惡閫外之臣與己分功，乃行打算法於諸路，欲以軍興時支散官物為罪，擊去之。光祖與葵素有隙，且欲迎合似道，被旨即召吏稽勾簿書，卒不能得其疵。乃以開慶二年正月望夕，張燈宴設錢三萬緡為葵放散官物聞於朝。立信力爭之，謂不可，且曰：“方艱難時，趙公蒞事勤勞，而公以非理捃拾之。公一旦去此，後來者復效公所為，可乎？ ”光祖怒曰：“吾不才不能為度外事，知奉朝命而已。君他日處此，勉為之。 ”立信曰：“使某不為則已，果為之，必不效公所為也。 ”光祖益怒，議不行，立信遂投劾去。初，立信通判江陵府，葵製置荊湖，嚐以公事劾立信，及在沿江府，亦謀議寡諧，立信於葵蓋未嚐有一日之歡也。

After the siege of Ezhou was lifted, Jia Sidao, having claimed the credit for himself, resented frontier officers who might share it and imposed an audit on every circuit, seeking to charge them with wartime disbursements and remove them. Guangzu had long disliked Kui and wanted to please Sidao. Ordered to audit the books, he could find no fault. He then reported that on the Lantern Festival of the first month, Kaiqing year 2, Kui had held a feast with lamps and disbursed thirty thousand strings of cash as official funds. Lixin protested that this was wrong and said, "In hard times Zhao served diligently, yet you hound him without cause. Leave this post and your successors will do the same—is that acceptable? Guangzu snapped, "I am no genius for extraordinary measures; I only follow the court's orders. One day you will sit here—do your best then. Lixin said, "If I do nothing, so be it; if I act, I will not copy you. Guangzu grew angrier still. The case went nowhere, and Lixin resigned. Earlier, as vice-prefect of Jiangling, he had been impeached by Kui on official grounds; on the Yangtze staff their views rarely aligned—Lixin and Kui had never been on good terms for a single day.

擢京西提舉常平，改知昭信軍、權淮東提刑。景定元年，差知池州、提舉江東常平、權知常州、浙西提點刑獄。明年冬，即嘉興治所講行荒政。尋改知江州，充沿江製置副使、節製蘄黃興國軍馬、提舉饒州南康兵甲，升江西安撫使。乞祠祿，差知鎮江，尋充湖南安撫使、知潭州。至官，供帳之物悉置官庫，所積錢連歲代納潭民夏稅，貧無告者予錢粟，病者加藥餌，雨雪旱潦軍民皆有給。興學校，士習為變。以潭為湖湘重鎮，創威敵軍，所募精銳數千人，後來者果賴其用。權兵部尚書、荊湖安撫製置、知江陵府。

He was promoted to Jingxi grain intendant, made military commissioner of Zhaoxin, and given acting authority as Huai-East judicial intendant. In the first year of Jingding he was assigned to Chizhou, put in charge of Jiangdong grain transport, given acting authority over Changzhou, and made Zhexi judicial intendant. The next winter he ran famine relief from the Jiaxing headquarters. He was soon made prefect of Jiangzhou, vice Yangtze defense commissioner, commander of Qi, Huang, and Xingguo troops, and Jiangxi pacification commissioner. He asked for a stipend post, was sent to Zhenjiang, and soon made Hunan pacification commissioner and prefect of Tanzhou. On arrival he put all official furnishings in the treasury; for years he used stored funds to pay Tan people's summer tax. He gave grain and cash to the destitute, medicine to the sick, and relief to soldiers and civilians in flood, drought, snow, or rain. He founded schools and changed the tone of local scholarship. Tanzhou was the strategic heart of Hunan and Hubei; he created the Weidi Army and recruited several thousand crack troops whom later commanders would rely on. He received acting rank as Minister of War, Jing-Hu pacification commissioner, and prefect of Jiangling.

時襄陽被圍危急，立信上疏“請益安陸府屯兵，凡邊戍皆不宜抽減，黃州守臣陳奕素蓄異志，朝廷宜防之。 ”乃移書似道，謂：“今天下之勢十去八九，而君臣宴安不以為虞。夫天之不假易也，從古以然，此誠上下交修以迓續天命之幾，重惜分陰以趨事赴工之日也。而乃酣歌深宮，嘯傲湖山，玩歲悽日，緩急倒施，卿士師師非度，百姓鬱怨非上，以求當天心，俯遂民物，拱揖指揮而折衝萬里者，不亦難乎！為今日之計者，其策有三。夫內郡何事乎多兵，宜盡出之江幹，以實外禦。算兵帳見兵可七十餘萬人，老弱柔脆，十分汰二，為選兵五十餘萬人。而沿江之守，則不過七千里，若距百里而屯，屯有守將，十屯為府，府有總督，其尤要害處，輒參倍其兵。無事則泛舟長淮，往來遊徼，有事則東西齊奮，戰守並用。刁鬥相聞，饋餉不絕，互相應援，以為聯絡之固。選宗室親王、忠良有幹用大臣，立為統製，分東西二府，以蒞任得其人，率然之勢，此上策也。久拘聘使，無益於我，徒使敵得以為辭，請禮而歸之，許輸歲幣以緩師期，不二三年，邊遽稍休，藩垣稍固，生兵日增，可戰可守，此中策也。二策果不得行，則天敗我也，若銜璧輿櫬之禮，則請備以俟。 ”似道得書大怒，抵之地，詬曰：“瞎賊狂言敢爾。 ”蓋以立信目微眇雲。尋中以危法廢斥之。

Xiangyang was in desperate siege. Lixin memorialized, "Increase the garrison at Anlu. Do not strip the border posts. Chen Yi at Huangzhou has long shown disloyal intent—the court must watch him. He also wrote Sidao, "Nine parts in ten of the realm are already lost, yet court and emperor feast as if nothing were wrong. Heaven has never granted ease lightly—that has been true since antiquity. This is the hour when court and country must reform together to keep Heaven's mandate and treasure every moment for real work. Instead they carouse in the inner palace, idle on lakes and hills, let the years slip by, put leisure before urgency, let officials run wild and the people's anger never reach the throne—how can folded hands at a distance turn back enemies ten thousand li away? For the present crisis there are three policies. Inner circuits do not need large garrisons; send every man to the river line to hold the outer frontier. The rolls show over seven hundred thousand men on paper; cull the old and weak by two in ten and you have more than five hundred thousand fit soldiers. The Yangtze line is barely seven thousand li; post a commander every hundred li, group ten posts into a command, place a governor over each, and double the garrison at the weakest points. In peace they would patrol the Huai by boat; in war they would strike east and west together, fighting and holding as one. Watch-fires would link post to post, supplies would flow without break, and mutual relief would bind the line. Appoint imperial princes and proven ministers as supreme commanders, split the line into eastern and western commands, and put the right men in charge—that is the best policy. Holding envoys gains nothing and only gives the enemy a pretext; return them with courtesy, pay annual tribute to buy time—in two or three years the frontier may quiet, the defenses stiffen, and fresh troops accumulate until we can fight and hold. That is the middle policy. If neither policy can be adopted, Heaven has already condemned us; as for the rites of surrender with jade and coffin, let us prepare for that." Sidao read the letter, flew into a rage, threw it down, and shouted, "Blind rebel—how dare you rant like this! He said this because Lixin's eyes were slightly clouded. Soon he was charged under a serious statute and dismissed.

鹹淳十年，大元兵大舉伐宋，似道督諸軍出次江上，以立信為端明殿學士、沿江製置使、江淮招討使，俾就建康府庫募兵以援江上諸郡。立信受詔不辭，即日上道，以妻子讬愛將金明，執其手曰：“我不負國家，爾亦必不負我。 ”遂行。與似道遇蕪湖，似道拊立信背哭曰：“不用公言，以至於此。 ”立信曰：“平章、平章，瞎賊今日更說一句不得。 ”似道問立信何向？曰：“今江南無一寸乾淨地，某去尋一片趙家地上死，第要死得分明爾。 ”既至，則建康守兵悉潰，而四面皆北軍。立信知事不可成，歎曰：“吾生為宋臣，死為宋鬼，終為國一死，但徒死無益耳，以此負國。 ”率所部數千人至高郵，欲控引淮漢以為後圖。

In Xianchun year 10 the Yuan launched a full invasion. Sidao took command on the river and made Lixin Academician of the Duanming Hall, Yangtze defense commissioner, and Huai-Jiang campaign commissioner, with orders to raise troops from Jiankang's stores to relieve the upper-river prefectures. Lixin accepted without hesitation and left the same day. He entrusted his wife and children to his trusted officer Jin Ming, took his hand, and said, "I will not fail the country; you must not fail me. Then he went. At Wuhu he met Sidao, who clapped him on the back and wept, "I would not heed you—and see where we are." Lixin said, "Minister, Minister—you blind bandit will not get to say another word today." Sidao asked where he was going. He said, "There is not a clean inch left in the south. I am going to find a scrap of Zhao soil to die on—so long as I die with honor." When he arrived, Jiankang's garrison had melted away and northern armies surrounded him on every side. Lixin saw that nothing could be saved and sighed, "Born a Song subject, I shall die a Song ghost. I will die for the country—but a pointless death helps no one, and that is how I fail it. He led several thousand men to Gaoyou, hoping to hold the Huai and Han for a later campaign.

已而聞似道師潰蕪湖，江漢守臣皆望風降遁。立信歎曰：“吾今日猶得死於宋土也。 ”乃置酒召賓佐與訣，手為表起居三宮，與從子書，屬以家事。夜分起步庭中，慷慨悲歌，握拳撫案者三，以是失聲，三日扼吭而卒。以光祿大夫致仕，遺表聞，贈太傅。

Then he heard that Sidao's army had been routed at Wuhu and that officials along the Yangtze and Han were surrendering or fleeing without a fight. Lixin sighed, "At least I can still die on Song soil." He called his staff to a farewell feast, wrote memorials to the Three Palaces with his own hand, and sent a letter to his nephew entrusting family matters. At midnight he paced the courtyard, singing in grief; three times he struck the table with his fist until his voice broke, and on the third day he died by strangulation. He had retired as Grandee for Splendid Happiness; when his final memorial reached the court, he was posthumously granted the title Grand Tutor.

大元丞相伯顏入建康，金明以其家人免，或惡立信於伯顏，以其二策及其死告，且請戮其孥，伯顏歎息久之，曰：“宋有是人，有是言哉！使果用，我安得至此。 ”命求其家厚恤之，曰：“忠臣之家也。 ”金明以立信之喪歸葬丹陽。

When Grand Chancellor Bayan of the Great Yuan entered Jiankang, Jin Ming was spared on account of his family. Someone slandered Lixin to Bayan, reporting his two policy memorials and how he had died, and asked that his sons be put to death. Bayan sighed and said, "The Song had such a man—and such counsel! If they had truly been followed, how would I have come this far? He ordered Lixin's family found and richly compensated, saying, "This is the house of a loyal minister." Jin Ming returned Lixin's coffin for burial at Danyang.

立信子麟，內書寫機宜文字，在建康不肯從眾降，崎嶇走閩以死。

Lixin's son Lin, a confidential secretary in the inner palace, refused to surrender with the others at Jiankang, fled overland to Fujian, and died on the way.

初，立信之未仕也，家窶甚。會歲大侵，吳淵守鎮江，命為粥以食流民，使其客黃應炎主之。應炎一見立信，與語，心知其非常人，言於淵，淵大奇之，禮以上客，凡共張服禦視應炎為有加，應炎甚怏怏。淵解之曰：“此君，吾地位人也，但遭時不同耳。君之識度誌業，皆非其倫也，盍少下之。 ”是年，試江東轉運司，明年登第，後其踐曆略如淵而卒死於難，人謂淵能知人雲。

Before Lixin entered office, his family was desperately poor. In a year of severe famine Wu Yuan, as prefect of Zhenjiang, set up gruel kitchens for refugees and put his client Huang Yingyan in charge. Yingyan met Lixin once and knew at once he was no ordinary man; he told Yuan, who was astonished and received him as an honored guest, lavishing provision, clothing, and transport on him beyond what he gave Yingyan, who grew resentful. Yuan reassured him: "This man is my equal in rank—only fate has not favored him yet. Your vision and ambition are beyond his class—you might show a little deference." That year he sat for the Jiangdong transport exam; the next year he passed the jinshi. His career later loosely mirrored Yuan's, yet he perished in the fall—people said Yuan had known a man when he saw one.

向士璧，字君玉，常州人。負才氣，精悍甚自好，紹定五年進士，累通判平江府，以臣僚言罷。起為淮西製置司參議官，又以監察御史胡泓言罷。起知高郵軍，製置使丘崇又論罷。起知安慶府、知黃州，遷淮西提點刑獄兼知黃州，加直寶章閣，仍舊職，奉鴻禧祠。特授將作監、京湖製置參議官，進直煥章閣、湖北安撫副使兼知峽州，兼歸峽施黔、南平軍、紹慶府鎮撫使，遷太府少卿、大理卿，進直龍圖閣。合州告急，製置使馬光祖命士璧赴援，數立奇功。帝亦語群臣曰：“士璧不待朝命，進師歸州，且捐家貲百萬以供軍費，其誌足嘉。 ”進秘閣修撰、樞密副都承旨，仍舊職。

Xiang Shibi, styled Junyu, was from Changzhou. Talented and combative, he was sharp-witted and fiercely proud. He passed the jinshi in Shaoding year 5, served repeatedly as vice-prefect of Pingjiang, and was dismissed after memorials from colleagues. He was recalled as planning officer on the Huai-West Pacification staff, then dismissed again on a memorial from Supervising Censor Hu Hong. He was appointed prefect of Gaoyou, then ousted again by Pacification Commissioner Qiu Chong. He became prefect of Anqing and Huang, then Huai-West judicial intendant and prefect of Huang, was granted direct access to the Baozhang Pavilion, and received stipends at the Hongxi Shrine. He was specially made Director of Palace Construction and Jing-Hu planning officer, then Vice Pacification Commissioner of Hubei and prefect of Xia, concurrently commissioner over Gui-Xia, Shi, Qian, Nanping, and Shaoqing, then Vice Minister of the Imperial Storehouse and chief judge of the Court of Judicial Review, and gained direct access to the Longtu Pavilion. When Hezhou was in desperate straits, Pacification Commissioner Ma Guangzu sent Shibi to relieve it, and he won repeated signal victories. The emperor told his ministers, "Shibi did not wait for orders before marching to Guizhou, and he gave a million in family funds to the army—his spirit deserves praise." He was promoted to Secretariat Compiler and Deputy Chief of the Bureau of Military Affairs, retaining his other posts.

開慶元年，涪州危，又命士璧往援，北兵夾江為營，長數十里，阻舟師不能進至浮橋。時朝廷自揚州移賈似道以樞密使宣撫六路，進駐峽州，檄士璧以軍事付呂文德，士璧不從，以計斷橋奏捷，具言方略。未幾，文德亦以捷聞。士璧還峽州，方懷傾奪之疑，尋辟為宣撫司參議官，遷湖南安撫副使兼知潭州，兼京西、湖南北路宣撫司參議官，加右文殿修撰，尋授權兵部侍郎、湖南安撫使兼知潭州。頃之，升湖南製置副使。大元將兀良哈<角┦>兵自交阯北還，前鋒至城下，攻圍急，士璧極力守禦，聞後隊且至，遣王輔佑率五百人往覘之，以易正大監其軍，遇於南嶽市，一戰有功，潭州圍遂解。事聞，賜金帶，令服係，進兵部侍郎兼轉運使，餘依舊職。

In the first year of Kaiqing, when Fuzhou was threatened, Shibi was sent again. Yuan forces camped for miles along both banks of the river and blocked his fleet from the pontoon bridge. The court had moved Jia Sidao from Yangzhou as Military Affairs Commissioner to pacify six circuits and posted him at Xia; Sidao ordered Shibi to hand command to Lü Wende. Shibi refused, cut the bridge by stratagem, reported victory, and laid out his plan in full. Soon Wende reported victory as well. Back at Xia he feared his credit would be stolen; he was soon made pacification planning officer, then Hunan Vice Pacification Commissioner and prefect of Tan, planning officer on the Jingxi and northern Hunan staff, Right Culture Hall compiler, and finally acting Vice Minister of War with Hunan command and the Tan prefecture. Soon after he became Deputy Pacification Commissioner of Hunan. The Mongol general Uriyangqadai was marching north from Jiaozhi; his vanguard reached the walls and pressed the siege fiercely. Shibi defended with all his strength. When he heard the rear guard was coming, he sent Wang Fuyou with five hundred men to scout, with Yi Zhengda supervising the force. They met at Nanyue market, won a sharp fight, and the siege of Tanzhou was lifted. When the news reached court he received a gold belt and orders to wear it, was promoted to Vice Minister of War and transport commissioner, and kept his other posts.

似道入相，疾其功，非獨不加賞，反諷監察御史陳寅、侍御史孫附鳳一再劾罷之，送漳州居住。又稽守城時所用金穀，逮至行部責償。幕屬方元善者，極意逢迎似道意，士璧坐是死，復拘其妻妾而征之。其後元善改知吉水縣，俄歸得狂疾，常呼士璧。時輔佑亦遠謫，及文天祥起兵召輔佑於謫所，則死矣。

Once Sidao became chief councilor he envied Shibi's success; he not only withheld reward but had Censor Chen Yin and Attending Censor Sun Fufeng impeach him until he was exiled to Zhangzhou. He also audited the gold and grain spent in the defense and pursued Shibi on his inspection tour to force repayment. His aide Fang Yuanshan went to great lengths to please Sidao; Shibi died as a result, and his wives and concubines were seized and made to pay. Later Yuanshan was made magistrate of Jishui; he soon came home insane and kept calling for Shibi. Fuyou was also in distant exile; when Wen Tianxiang raised the banner and summoned him, he was already dead.

德祐元年三月，詔追復元官，仍還從官恩數，立廟潭州。明年正月，太府卿柳嶽乞錄用其子孫，詔從之。

In the third month of Deyou year 1 an edict restored his former rank and privileges, and a temple was raised at Tanzhou. The next year, in the first month, Grand Storehouse Minister Liu Yue asked that his sons and grandsons be enrolled for office, and the court agreed.

胡穎，字叔獻，潭州湘潭人。父琮，娶趙方弟雍之女，二子，長曰顯，有拳勇，以材武入官，數有戰功，事見《趙範傳》。穎自幼風神秀異，機警不常，趙氏諸舅以其類己，每加賞鑒。成童即能背誦諸經，中童子科，復從兄學弓馬，母不許，曰：“汝家世儒業，不可復爾也”。遂感勵苦學，尤長於《春秋》。

Hu Ying, styled Shuxian, was from Xiangtan in Tan Prefecture. His father Cong married a daughter of Zhao Fang's younger brother Yong; they had two sons. The elder, Xian, was a fierce fighter who entered office by martial merit and won repeated victories—his story appears in the 《Biography of Zhao Fan》. From boyhood Ying was striking in bearing and uncannily quick-witted; his Zhao uncles on his mother's side, seeing themselves in him, always singled him out for praise. As a boy he could recite the classics from memory, passed the child examination, then tried to study archery and horsemanship with his cousin; his mother forbade it, saying, "Our family has been Confucian for generations—you must not take that path again." He threw himself into study and became especially accomplished in the 《Spring and Autumn Annals》.

紹定三年，範討李全，檄穎入幕，穎常微服行諸營，察眾誌向，歸必三鼓。後全敗，遣穎獻俘於朝，以賞補官。五年，登進士第，即授京秩。曆官知平江府兼浙西提點刑獄，移湖南兼提舉常平，即家置司。性不喜邪佞，尤惡言神異，所至毀淫祠數千區，以正風俗。衡州有靈祠，吏民夙所畏事，穎撤之，作來諗堂奉母居之，嚐語道州教授楊允恭曰：“吾夜必瞑坐此室，察影響，鹹無有。 ”允恭對曰：“以為無則無矣，從而察之。則是又疑其有也。 ”穎甚善其言。

In Shaoding year 3, Zhao Fang campaigned against Li Quan and took Ying onto his staff; Ying often walked the camps in disguise to read the men's mood, always returning at the third watch. After Quan's defeat he sent Ying to present captives at court and received office by reward. In year 5 he passed the jinshi and was immediately given a capital appointment. He served as prefect of Pingjiang and Zhexi judicial intendant, then moved to Hunan as Ever-Normal intendant, establishing his office at home. He detested flattery and especially loathed talk of spirits; wherever he served he tore down thousands of illicit shrines to set custom right. Hengzhou had a spirit shrine officials and commoners had long feared; Ying tore it down and built the Laishen Hall for his mother. He told Daozhou professor Yang Yungong, "Every night I sit in this room with my eyes closed, watching for omens—and there are none. " Yungong answered, "To decide there is nothing is already enough; but if you keep watching, you are suspecting again that something might be there." Ying greatly approved of this.

以樞密都承旨為廣東經略安撫使。潮州僧寺有大蛇能驚動人，前後仕於潮者皆信奉之。前守去，州人心疑焉，以為未嚐詣也；已而旱，鹹咎守不敬蛇神故致此，後守不得已詣焉，已而蛇蜿蜒而出，守大驚得疾，旋卒。穎至廣州，聞其事，檄潮州令僧舁蛇至，至則其大如柱而黑色，載以闌檻，穎令之曰：“爾有神靈當三日見變怪，過三日則汝無神矣。 ”既及期，蠢然猶眾蛇耳，遂殺之，毀其寺，並罪僧。移節廣西，尋遷京湖總領財賦。鹹淳間卒，贈四官。

As Deputy Chief of the Bureau of Military Affairs he became Guangdong Pacification Commissioner and Military Commissioner. A Chaozhou monastery kept a great serpent that terrified people, and every prefect before Ying had worshipped it. When the last prefect left, the people suspected him because he had never paid his respects; then drought struck and they blamed his disrespect to the serpent god; the next prefect had to go, the serpent slithered out, and he was so terrified he fell ill and died. At Guangzhou Ying heard the story and ordered Chaozhou to send the serpent carried by monks. It was pillar-thick and black, hauled on a cart. Ying told it, "If you are divine, show a wonder in three days; after three days you are nothing but a snake. " When the three days passed it was only an ordinary serpent; he had it killed, razed the temple, and punished the monks. He moved his commission to Guangxi, then became overall fiscal intendant of Jing-Hu. He died during Xianchun and was posthumously promoted four ranks.

穎為人正直剛果，博學強記，吐辭成文，書判下筆千言，援據經史，切當事情，倉卒之際，對偶皆精，讀者驚歎。臨政善斷，不畏強禦。在浙西，榮王府十二人行劫，穎悉斬之。一日輪對，理宗曰：“聞卿好殺。 ”意在浙獄，穎曰：“臣不敢屈太祖之法以負陛下，非嗜殺也。 ”帝為之默然。

Ying was upright, forceful, and learned, with a formidable memory; he spoke in finished prose and drafted judgments of a thousand words at a stroke, citing classics and histories to the point. Even in haste his parallel prose was polished, and readers marveled. In office he judged decisively and did not fear the powerful. In Zhexi twelve men of the Rong princely establishment committed robbery; Ying executed them all. At court one day Lizong said, "We hear you love killing." " He meant the Zhexi cases. Ying said, "I dare not bend Taizu's law to fail Your Majesty—I do not love killing. " The emperor said nothing more.

冷應澄，字公定，隆興分寧人。寶慶元年進士，調廬陵主簿，即以廉能著。有事台府者，必曰：“願下廬陵清主簿。 ”尤為楊長孺所識拔。調靜江府司錄參軍，治獄平恕，轉運使範應鈴列薦於朝。

Leng Yingcheng, styled Gongding, was from Fenning in Longxing. He passed the jinshi in Baoqing year 1 and was posted chief clerk of Luling, where he was immediately known for integrity and ability. Whenever a case went to the provincial commission, people would say, "Send it to the honest chief clerk of Luling. " Yang Changru especially recognized and promoted him. Transferred to recorder of Jingjiang, he judged with fairness and mercy, and Transport Commissioner Fan Yingling recommended him to court.

知萬載縣，大修學舍，招俊秀治其業，旌其通經飭行者以勸。歲歉，棄孩滿道，乃下令恣民收養，所棄父母不得復問，全活甚眾。葉夢得列其行事，風厲餘邑。通判道州。入監行在榷貨務，遷登聞鼓檢院。—

As magistrate of Wanzai he rebuilt the school, recruited promising students, and honored those who mastered the classics and lived uprightly to encourage the county. In a famine year abandoned children filled the roads; he decreed that anyone might adopt freely and that abandoning parents could not reclaim them, saving a great many lives. Ye Mengde commended his work, and his rigor inspired neighboring counties. He served as vice-prefect of Daozhou. He entered the Capital Monopoly Office at the traveling court, then was promoted to the Petition Inspection Office.

景定元年，奉使督餉江上，還，知德慶府。前守政不立，縱豪吏漁獵，峒獠遂大為變，逼城六十里而營。應澄未入境，馳檄諭之曰：“汝等不獲已至此，新太守且上，轉禍為福，一機也。脅從影附，亦宜早計去就，不然不免矣。 ”獠感悟欲自歸，惑謀主不果，眾稍引去，應澄知其勢解，即厲士馬，出不意一鼓擒之，縱遣歸農，猶千餘人，乃請諸監司，歸郡之避難留幕府者，誅豪吏之激禍者。初經略雷宜中意應澄必以濟師來請，及是歎服，亟上其事，薦應澄可大用。

In the first year of Jingding he was sent to supervise river grain; on his return he became prefect of Deqing. The previous prefect had been weak and let powerful clerks prey on the people; the cave tribes rose in revolt and pitched camp sixty li from the city. Before he crossed the border he sent a fast dispatch: "You have been driven to this. A new prefect is coming—turn misfortune to fortune; this is your chance. Those who followed under duress should decide early to stay or leave; otherwise you cannot escape." " The tribes were moved and wanted to submit, but ringleaders blocked them and the crowd began to disperse. Seeing their strength break, Yingcheng rallied troops, struck by surprise, captured the leaders, sent more than a thousand back to their fields, then asked the supervisory offices to return refugees from his staff and execute the clerks who had provoked the revolt. Pacification Commissioner Lei Yizhong had been sure Yingcheng would ask for troops; now he admired him, reported at once, and recommended him for high office.

屬縣租賦，諉道阻久不至郡，應澄為之期曰：“首輸者與減分，末至則償所減。 ”民惟恐後，不一月訖事。凡諸綱官廩稍軍券，前政積不得者悉補還之，上下欣附。應澄亦極力摩撫，與為簡便。期年報政，奏罷抑配鹽法及乞用楮券折銀綱等五事，以紓民力，詔就升本道提舉常平兼轉運使，俾行其說。首劾守令貪橫不法十餘人，列郡肅然。最聞，加直秘閣。時經略使陳宗禮入為參知政事，帝問誰可代卿者，宗禮以應澄對，旋召為都官郎官，未行，就升直寶章閣、知廣州，主管廣南東路經略安撫司公事、馬步軍都總管，領漕、庾如故。

Subordinate counties had long withheld tax grain, claiming blocked roads; Yingcheng set terms: "Whoever pays first gets a quota reduction; whoever pays last must repay what was reduced. " The people raced to pay, and within a month all was collected. He repaid all transport grain, military rations, and army certificates that previous administrations had withheld, and officials and people alike rallied to him. Yingcheng worked hard to comfort the people and simplified procedures. After a year he reported success, memorialized to end forced salt quotas and to use paper notes for silver transport, among five measures to ease the people; the court promoted him to Ever-Normal intendant and transport commissioner for the circuit so he could enact his plan. He first impeached more than ten greedy and lawless prefects and magistrates, and the circuit fell silent. When his excellence was reported he gained direct access to the Secretariat. When Pacification Commissioner Chen Zongli became Vice Grand Councilor, the emperor asked who could replace him; Zongli named Yingcheng. He was summoned as Director of the Ministry of Justice; before he departed he was promoted to direct access to the Baozhang Pavilion and prefect of Guangzhou, in charge of Eastern Guangnan pacification and overall commander of infantry and cavalry, retaining grain and fiscal duties.

五司叢劇，應澄即分時理務，不擾不倦，常曰：“治官事當如家事，惜官物當如己物。方今國計內虛，邊聲外震，吾等受上厚恩，安得清談自高以誤世。陶士行、卞望之吾師也。 ”自聞襄、樊受圍，日繕器械，裕財粟，以備倉卒，後卒賴其用，屢平大寇，未嚐輕殺，笞杖以降，亦加審慎，至其臨事輒斷，雖勢要不為撓奪。後卒於家。

Five offices pressed on him at once; Yingcheng divided the day among them without fuss or fatigue, and often said, "Run public business as you would your household; guard public goods as your own. The treasury is empty within and alarms shake the borders without—we who have received such grace from above, how can we indulge in lofty talk and fail the age? Tao Shixing [Tao Kan] and Bian Wangzhi were my models. " Once he learned that Xiangyang and Fancheng were under siege, he repaired arms every day and stockpiled money and grain against sudden need. The army later depended on these reserves, and he put down major raids again and again. He never took life lightly; even when offenders were punished only with the rod he proceeded with care. In office he decided matters on the spot, and not even the well-connected could deflect him. He later died at his home.

豳字西士，少從錢文子學，登嘉泰二年進士第，授安吉州教授。調重慶府司法參軍，郡守度正欲薦之，豳辭曰：“章司錄母老，請先之。 ”正敬歎。改知建昌縣，復故尚書李常山房，建齋舍以處諸生。擢秘書丞兼倉部郎官。出為浙西提舉常平，麵陳和糴折納之敝，建虎丘書院以祀尹焞。移浙東提點刑獄，寒食放囚歸祀其先，囚感泣如期至。召為左司諫，與王萬、郭磊卿、徐清叟俱負直聲，當時號“嘉熙四諫”。上疏言：“立太子、厚倫紀，以弭火災”。又論餘天錫、李鳴復之過，迕旨，遷起居郎。進禮部侍郎，不拜，疏七上，進古詩以寓規正。久之，起知福州，再以侍郎召，為台臣所沮而止。遂守寶章閣待制致仕，卒諡文恭。子愉老，亦登進士第。

Bin, styled Xishi, a nephew of Cao Shuyuan, studied in his youth under Qian Wenzi, took his jinshi in Jiatai 2 (1202), and was made professor at Anji. Transferred to serve as judicial adjutant in Chongqing, he was about to be recommended by the prefect, Du Zheng, when Bin declined: "Registrar Zhang has an aged mother; recommend him first. " Du Zheng marveled and sighed with respect. Made magistrate of Jianchang, he restored the old residence of the former Minister Li and built dormitories for his students. He rose to secretary of the Secretariat and concurrent vice director in the Palace Provision Bureau. As Zhexi intendant of Ever-Normal Granaries, he laid before the court the abuses of state grain purchases and commuted levies, and founded Tiger Hill Academy in memory of Yin Chun. Moved to Zhedong as judicial intendant, he released prisoners at Cold Food to worship their ancestors; moved to tears, they came back on the day promised. Called to the Left Bureau as remonstrator, he joined Wang Wan, Guo Leiqing, and Xu Qingsou in a reputation for blunt integrity; contemporaries called them the Four Remonstrators of Jiaxi. In a memorial he urged the throne to name an heir and shore up the bonds of kinship in order to still the fires that plagued the capital. He also attacked the misconduct of Yu Tianxi and Li Mingfu; crossing the court, he was shifted to the post of director of imperial audience. Promoted vice minister of rites, he refused the post, sent up seven memorials, and offered archaic verse as veiled remonstrance. Long afterward he was recalled to govern Fuzhou; when the court tried again to summon him as vice minister, censorial officials blocked the appointment. He ended as attendant of Baozhang Pavilion and retired; after his death he was posthumously titled Wengong. His son Yu Lao likewise earned the jinshi degree.

王萬，字處一，家世婺州，父遊淮間，萬因生長濠州。少忠伉有大誌，究心當世急務，尤精於邊防要害。登嘉定十六年進士第，調和州教授。端平元年，主管尚書吏部架閣文字，遷國子學錄。明年，添差通判鎮江府。

Wang Wan, styled Chuyi, came of a Wuzhou family; because his father worked along the Huai, he was raised in Haozhou. From youth he was forthright and ambitious, bent on the pressing problems of the day, with a special mastery of frontier strongpoints. He took his jinshi in Jiading 16 (1223) and was posted as professor at Hezhou. In Duanping 1 (1234) he oversaw the Ministry of Personnel archives and was promoted recorder of the Imperial Academy. The following year he was given additional duty as vice prefect of Zhenjiang.

時金初滅，當路多知其人豪也，谘問者旁午。鄭清之初謀乘虛取河洛，萬謂當急為自治之規。已而大元兵壓境。三邊震動，理宗下罪己詔，吳泳起草，又以谘萬，萬謂：“兵固失矣，言之甚，恐亦不可。今邊民生意如發，宜以振厲奮發，興感人心。 ”為條具沿邊事宜，遍告大臣要官，謂：“長淮千里，中間無大山澤為限，擊首尾應，正如常山蛇勢，首當並兩淮為一製閫之命是聽。兩淮惟濠州居中。濠之東為盱眙，為楚，以達鹽城，淮流深廣，敵所難度。濠之西為安豐，為光，以達信陽，淮流淺澀，敵每揭厲以涉之。法當調揚州北軍三千人，自淮東搗虛，常往來宿、亳間，使敵無意於東，而我並力淮西。淮西則又惟合肥居江、淮南北之中，法當建製置司合肥，而以濠梁、安豐、光州為臂，以黃岡為肘後緩急之助。又必令荊、襄每候西兵東來，輒尾之，使淮、襄之勢亦合，而後大規模可立。”

With the Jin newly fallen, men at court knew him for a strategist, and consultations crowded his days. When Zheng Qingzhi first planned to exploit the vacuum and recover Henan, Wan urged that the court first put its own house in order. Before long the armies of the Great Yuan were on the frontier. Alarm ran along all three frontiers. Emperor Lizong issued an edict of self-reproach, drafted by Wu Yong, and again sought Wan's counsel. Wan replied, "Our forces have indeed suffered defeat, but to dwell on it at length in public may do more harm than good. The border folk are stretched to the breaking point; the edict should rouse their spirit and win back their hearts." He then set out frontier policy in detail and pressed it on every senior minister, arguing that the thousand-li Huai line had no mountain barrier: strike one point and the whole line must answer, like the serpent of Mount Chang. The first step was to unite the Two Huai under a single commander. Of the Two Huai, only Haozhou stands at the center. East of Haozhou lies Xuyi in the Chu sector, the route toward Yancheng; there the Huai runs deep and wide and the enemy can hardly ford it. West of Haozhou is Anfeng in the Guang sector, the road to Xinyang; there the Huai is shallow and sluggish, and the enemy regularly wades it with garments hitched up. He proposed to shift three thousand northern troops from Yangzhou to raid from the Huai east, shuttling between Suzhou and Bozhou so the enemy would not fix on the eastern bank while Song concentrated on the Huai west. On the Huai west only Hefei lies midway between the Yangzi and the Huai; there he would seat the Pacification Commission, with Haoliang, Anfeng, and Guangzhou as its arms and Huanggang as the reserve behind the elbow. Jing and Xiang must watch for western armies moving east and dog their march, so the Huai and Xiang fronts would join--only then could a grand strategy take shape.

論用兵，則謂：“當以五千人為屯，每屯一將、二長，一大將一路，又合一大將而並合於製置為總統。淮東可精兵三萬，光、黃可二萬，東西夾擊，而沿江製司會合肥兵共二萬，以牽製其中。行則給營陣，止則依城壘；行則齎幹糧，止則就食州縣。 ”論屯田，則謂：“當於新復州軍，東則海、邳，所依者水之險，西則唐、鄧，所依者山之險，畫此無地無田不耕，則歸附新軍流落餘民亦有固誌。”

On tactics he proposed units of five thousand, each with one general and two captains; a route commander over them, and all route commanders under the Pacification commissioner as supreme commander. Thirty thousand picked troops on the Huai east, twenty thousand at Guang and Huang to strike in concert from east and west, and twenty thousand from the riverine command and Hefei to fix the enemy in the center. On campaign they would carry field encampments; at rest they would shelter in walled posts; on the march they would bear dry rations, and in garrison draw supplies from local prefectures and counties. " On garrison agriculture he urged that in every recovered prefecture--Hai and Pi in the east with water as their defense, Tang and Deng in the west with mountains--every scrap of land be brought under the plow, so refugees and surrendered troops would have reason to stay.

又謂：“戎司舊分地戍守，殿步兵戍真、揚、六合，鎮江兵戍揚、楚、盱眙，建康馬司兵戍滁、濠、定遠，都統司兵戍廬、和、安豐，以至池司兵戍舒、蘄、巢縣，江司兵戍蘄、黃、浮光，地勢皆順，皆以統製部之出外，而皆常有帥臣居內，以本軍財賦葺營柵，撫士卒，備器械，以故軍事常整辦。遇警急則帥臣親統重兵以行。比乃有以建康馬帥而知黃州者，都統而知光州者，以池司都統而在楚州，以鎮江都統而在應天者，將不知兵，兵不屬將，往往以本軍之財，資他處之用，以致營柵壞而莫修，士卒貧而莫給，器械鈍而莫繕，宜與盡還舊制。 ”及請寬邊民，請團民兵，請援浮光，請邊民之能捍邊者，常厚其賞而小其官，使常得其力。其後兵興用窘，履畝之令行，則又言之廟堂曰：“今名更化，可反為故相之所不為乎？ ”其他敷陳，往往累數萬言，其自任之篤，切於當世如此。三年。授樞密院編修官。

He also recalled how each command once held its own sector: Palace Foot at Zhen, Yang, and Liuhe; Zhenjiang troops on the Yang and Chu line through Xuyi; Jiankang cavalry at Chu, Haozhou, and Dingyuan; metropolitan forces at Lu, He, and Anfeng; and so on through Chizhou and Jiang commands at their proper posts. Terrain dictated deployment; a commander stayed home to spend his command's funds on walls, pay the ranks, and stock arms--and the frontier stayed ready. When crisis came the commander himself led the main force out. Now a cavalry commander from Jiankang might govern Huangzhou, a metropolitan commander Guangzhou, a Chizhou commander sit in Chuzhou, a Zhenjiang commander in Yingtian--generals estranged from their men, men from their paymasters. One command's funds built another's posts; ramparts crumbled, soldiers went unpaid, arms rusted untouched. He pleaded to restore the old order. " He also asked relief for frontier households, militia musters, aid for Fuguang, and generous pay with modest rank for local defenders who could hold the line. When war strained the treasury and the field-survey tax was imposed, he rose again in court: "The reign is called Renewal and Transformation--will we repeat what the former chief minister would not do?" " His other memorials often ran to tens of thousands of words; he charged himself with the age in just this spirit. In the third year of the era. He was made a compiler at the Bureau of Military Affairs.

嘉熙六年，兼權屯田郎中，因轉對，言：“天命去留原於君心，陛下一一而思之，凡惻然有觸於心而未能安者，皆心之未能同乎天者也。天不在天，而在陛下之心，苟能天人合一，永永勿替，天命在我矣。 ”差知台州，至郡日，惟蔬飯，終日坐廳事，事至立斷，吏無所售，往往改業散去，民亦化之不復訟，上下肅然，郡以大治。才五月，乞祠去。三年，遷屯田員外郎兼編修，轉對，言：“君臣上下盡克私心，以服人心，以回天心。 ”遷尚右郎官，尋兼崇政殿說書。

In Jiaxi 6 (1246), while acting director of garrison fields, he spoke on rotated audience: "Heaven's favor rests on the ruler's heart. Your Majesty, weigh each doubt that pricks your conscience--every unease is a sign that heart and Heaven are not yet one. Heaven is not above us but within Your Majesty's heart; if ruler and Heaven become one and never part, the mandate is ours again." Posted prefect of Taizhou, he took office on nothing but plain vegetables, sat in the yamen from dawn to dusk, and settled each case on the spot. Clerks found no market for graft and drifted away; the people followed his example and lawsuits dwindled. The prefecture grew orderly and thrived. After only five months he asked leave on a temple stipend and departed. In the third year he was promoted vice director of garrison fields and compiler; on audience he urged that court and officials alike shed private interest to win the people and move Heaven. " He was shifted to the Shangyou Bureau and soon made lecturer at Chongzheng Hall.

四年，擢監察御史。首論史宅之，故相之子，曩者弄權，不當復玷從班。上命丞相再三諭旨，迄不奉詔。上不得已，出宅之知平江府。又論之，疏凡五上，史嵩之自江上董師入相，萬又首論之，謂其“事體迫遽，氣象傾搖，太學生欲趣其歸，則賄賂之跡已形。近或謂有族人發其私事，肆為醜詆者，以相國大臣而若此，非書之所謂大臣矣”。然當時論相之事已決，疏入，遷大理少卿。萬即日還常熟寓舍。遷太常少卿，辭。差知寧國府，辭。召赴行在奏事，出為福建提點刑獄，加直煥章閣、四川宣諭司參議官，皆力辭，乞休致。詔特轉朝奉郎，守太常少卿致仕，卒。嵩之罷相，眾方交論其非，上思萬先見，親賜禦劄，謂萬“立朝蹇諤，古之遺直，為郡廉平，古之遺愛。聞其母老家貧，朕甚念之，賜新會五千貫，田五百畝，以贍給其家。”

In the fourth year he was raised investigating censor. His first target was Shi Zaizhi, son of a former chief minister who had once abused power; he should not again soil the inner court. The emperor had the chief minister repeat the order again and again, yet Wan would not yield. At last the throne sent Zaizhi out to govern Pingjiang. He pressed the attack in five more memorials. When Shi Songzhi left the river front to become chief minister, Wan led the opposition, charging that "his conduct was rash, the court unsteady; when students demanded his recall, the trail of bribes was already plain. Some now say kinsmen aired his secrets and he answered with vilification--for a man styled chief minister of the state, this is not the minister the classics mean." By then the court had already settled on Songzhi; when the memorial arrived Wan was transferred to vice director of the Court of Judicial Review. That day Wan went home to his lodging in Changshu. Promoted vice director of the Court of Imperial Sacrifices, he declined. Offered Ningguo prefecture, he declined again. Called to court, then offered Fujian judicial intendant, Direct Huanshang Pavilion, and a post on the Sichuan pacification staff--he refused each and asked to retire. The throne specially promoted him Court Gentleman for Admonition and let him retire as vice director of the Court of Imperial Sacrifices; he died soon after. After Songzhi fell, the court turned on him; remembering Wan's foresight, the emperor sent a personal note: "In office you were blunt and upright, a straight remnant of the ancients; as prefect you were clean and fair, a kindness the ancients would praise. Hearing your mother is aged and your household poor, We are moved to grant five thousand strings of Xinhuizi cash and five hundred mou of land for their upkeep.

初，萬之學專有得於“時習”之語，謂學莫先於言顧行，言然而行，未然者非言之偽也，習未熟也，熟則言行一矣。故終其身，行無不顧其言。發於設施論諫，皆根於中心。遺文有《時習編》及其他奏劄及論天下事者凡十卷。

Wan's thought rested on the Analects' "practice at the proper time": learning begins when speech looks to deed; if words are true the act will follow, and what lags is not hypocrisy but habit still unformed--once formed, word and act are one. All his life his deeds answered his words. What he proposed, argued, and remonstrated all sprang from the same inward root. His literary remains include the 《Compilation on Practice》 and other memorials on affairs of the realm, ten juan in all.

馬光祖，字華父，婺州金華人。寶慶二年進士，調新喻主簿，已有能名。從真德秀學。改知餘幹縣，差知高郵軍，遷軍器監主簿，差充督視行府參議官。奉雲台祠。差知處州，監登聞鼓院，進太府寺丞兼莊文府教授、右曹郎官。出知處州，乞降僧道牒振濟，詔從之。加直秘閣，浙東提舉常平。移浙西提點刑獄，時暫兼權浙西提舉常平。起復軍器監、總領淮東軍馬錢糧兼知鎮江。進直徽猷閣、江西轉運副使兼知隆興府。以右正言劉漢弼言罷。後九年，起直徽猷閣、知太平州、提領江西茶鹽所。進直寶文閣，遷太府少卿，仍知太平州、提領江、淮茶鹽所。遷司農卿、淮西總領兼權江東轉運使。

Ma Guangzu, styled Huafu, was from Jinhua in Wuzhou. He took the jinshi in Baoqing 2 (1226), served as recorder at Xinyu, and was already known for competence. He was a student of Zhen Dexiu. Made magistrate of Yugan, then acting prefect of Gaoyou, registrar in the Armaments Directorate, and staff officer on the campaign headquarters. He took the Yuntai temple stipend. He governed Chuzhou on additional duty, oversaw the Petition Drum Court, and rose to vice director of the Grand Treasury with posts at Zhuangwen Palace and in the Right Bureau. As prefect of Chuzhou he asked to sell monastic and Daoist ordination certificates for famine relief, and the court agreed. Raised to Direct Secretarial Pavilion, he became Zhedong intendant of Ever-Normal Granaries. Moved to Zhexi as judicial intendant, for a time also acting intendant of Ever-Normal Granaries there. Recalled from mourning to the Armaments Directorate, he took charge of Huaidong funds and supplies while governing Zhenjiang. Promoted to Direct Huixian Pavilion, he became Jiangxi transport vice commissioner and prefect of Longxing. He was removed after Remonstrator of the Right Liu Hanbi attacked him. Nine years later he returned as Direct Huixian Pavilion, prefect of Taiping, and head of the Jiangxi tea and salt monopoly. He rose to Direct Baowen Pavilion and vice director of the Grand Treasury while keeping Taiping and the Jiang-Huai tea and salt office. He became director of the Ministry of Agriculture, Huai west overall commander, and acting Jiangdong transport commissioner.

拜戶部尚書兼知臨安府、浙西安撫使。帝諭丞相謝方叔趣入覲，乞嚴下海米禁，曆陳京師艱食、和糴增價、海道致寇三害。加寶章閣直學士、沿江製置使、江東安撫使、知建康府兼行宮留守兼節製和州無為軍安慶府三郡屯田使，加煥章閣，尋加寶章閣學士。始至官，即以常例公用器皿錢二十萬緡支犒軍民，減租稅，養鰥寡孤疾無告之人，招兵置砦，給錢助諸軍昏嫁。屬縣稅折收絲綿絹帛，倚閣除免以數萬計。興學校，禮賢才，辟召僚屬，皆極一時之選。

He was made minister of revenue, prefect of Lin'an, and Zhexi pacification commissioner. The emperor told Chief Minister Xie Fangshu to bring him in at once; he asked a strict ban on rice by sea and laid out three evils: famine prices in the capital, inflated state grain purchases, and pirates drawn by coastal traffic. Made Academician of Baozhang Pavilion, he became riverine Pacification Commissioner, Jiangdong pacifier, and prefect of Jiankang with custody of the traveling palace and garrison-field authority over Hezhou, Wuwei, and Anqing; he was soon also raised to Huanshang and Baozhang academies. On taking office he spent two hundred thousand strings of the usual public-service fund to reward troops and civilians, cut rents and taxes, cared for widows, orphans, and the destitute, raised troops and built stockades, and gave cash for soldiers' weddings. In the counties he deferred or remitted taxes taken in silk and cloth, to the tune of tens of thousands. He revived schools, honored talent, and recruited aides who ranked among the best men of the day.

拜端明殿學士、荊湖製置、知江陵府，去而建康之民思之不已。帝聞，命以資政殿學士、沿江製置大使、江東安撫使再知建康，士女相慶。光祖益思寬養民力，興廢起壞，知無不為，蠲除前政逋負錢百餘萬緡，魚利稅課悉罷減予民，修建明道、南軒書院及上元縣學。扌尊節費用，建平糴倉，貯米十五萬石，又為庫貯糴本二百餘萬緡，補其折閱，發糴常減於市價，以利小民。修飭武備，防拓要害，邊賴以安。其為政寬猛適宜，事存大體。

Made Academician of Duanming Hall, Jinghu pacifier, and prefect of Jiangling, he left Jiankang to a populace that would not forget him. Hearing of it, the emperor sent him back as Academician of Zizheng Hall, grand riverine pacifier, and Jiangdong pacifier at Jiankang; the city rejoiced. Guangzu devoted himself to sparing the people and restoring what had decayed, leaving nothing undone: he canceled over a million strings of debt left by his predecessor, cut fish taxes to the bone, and rebuilt Mingdao Academy, Nanxuan Academy, and the Shangyuan county school. He economized expenses, opened a public granary with a hundred fifty thousand shi of rice in store and a fund of more than two million strings for purchases; he covered losses on sales and regularly sold grain below market price to help the poor. He put the defenses in order and secured the critical passes, and the frontier grew calm under his hand. In office he balanced leniency and severity as the situation required and always kept the larger principles in view.

公田法行，光祖移書賈似道言公田法非便，乞不以及江東，必欲行之，罷光祖乃可。進大學士兼淮西總領。召赴行在，遷提領戶部財用兼知臨安府、浙西安撫使。會歲饑，榮王府積粟不發廩，光祖謁王，辭以故，明日往，亦如之，又明日又往，臥客次，王不得已見焉。光祖厲聲曰：“天下孰不知大王子為儲君，大王不於此時收人心乎？ ”王以無粟辭；光祖探懷中文書曰：“某莊某倉若干。 ”王無以辭，得粟活民甚多。進同知樞密院事，尋差知福州、福建安撫使，以侍御史陳堯道言罷，以前職提舉洞霄宮。再以沿江製置、江東安撫使知建康，郡民為建祠六所。乞致仕，不許。鹹淳三年，拜參知政事。五年，拜知樞密院事兼參知政事，以監察御史曾淵子言罷。給事中盧鉞復繳奏新命，以金紫光祿大夫致仕，卒，諡莊敏。

When the public-field law took effect, Guangzu wrote to Jia Sidao that the measure was ill-advised and asked that Jiangdong be exempt; if it had to proceed, he said, remove him first. He was promoted to grand academician while also serving as overall controller of Huai-West. He was summoned to the mobile court and made supervisor of the Ministry of Revenue's finances while also governing Lin'an and serving as Zhexi pacification commissioner. During a famine the Prince of Rong hoarded grain and would not release it. Guangzu called on him and was put off with excuses. He returned the next day and the day after, finally lying down in the antechamber until the prince was forced to receive him. Guangzu said sharply, "Everyone knows you are the heir apparent. Will you not win the people's hearts now? " The prince pleaded that he had no grain; Guangzu drew papers from his robe and read, "Such-and-such estate, such-and-such granary, so much grain. " The prince could not answer and released the grain, keeping a great many people alive. He was promoted to vice director of the Bureau of Military Affairs, then sent to govern Fuzhou and serve as Fujian pacification commissioner. Attending Censor Chen Yaodao had him removed, and he was made superintendent of the Dongxiao Palace at his former rank. He was again made riverine pacification commissioner and Jiangdong pacification commissioner while governing Jiankang, and the people erected six shrines in his honor. He asked to retire but was refused. In the third year of Xianchun he was appointed vice grand councilor. In the fifth year he was made director of the Bureau of Military Affairs while also serving as vice grand councilor, but Supervising Censor Zeng Yuanzi had him removed. Supervising Secretary Lu Yue returned the new appointment with a memorial. He retired as grandee of the golden purple and golden radiance, died, and was posthumously titled Zhuangmin.

光祖之在外，練兵豐財；朝廷以之為京尹，則專治浩穰，風績凜然。三至建康，終始一紀，威惠並行，百廢無不修舉雲。

In the provinces Guangzu trained troops and built up revenues; when the court made him capital prefect he devoted himself to governing the great metropolis, and his stern reputation was widely felt. He governed Jiankang three times over a full twelve years, combining authority and kindness, and left nothing neglected that he could restore.

論曰：吳淵才具優長，而嚴酷累之。餘玠意氣豪雄，而誌不克信。賈似道不用汪立信之策，殆天奪其魄矣。向士璧卒厄於似道，宋之不足圖存，蓋可知也。胡穎好毀淫祠，非其中之無慊，不能爾也。冷應澄安邊之才。曹叔遠、王萬皆正人端士。馬光祖治建康，逮今遺愛猶在民心，可謂能臣已。

The historians comment: Wu Yuan's talent was outstanding, but his harshness held him back. Yu Jie was bold and heroic in spirit, but his promises could not be relied upon. Jia Sidao refused Wang Lixin's plans—as if Heaven had stolen his judgment. Xiang Shibi was destroyed in the end by Sidao; from this one may see that the Song was no longer worth trying to save. Hu Ying delighted in tearing down illicit shrines; only a man inwardly at peace could act so fearlessly. Leng Yingcheng had a gift for securing the frontier. Cao Shuyuan and Wang Wan were men of integrity and principle. Ma Guangzu governed Jiankang, and the affection he left still lives in people's hearts; he may truly be called a capable minister.

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