Volume 421 Biographies 180: Yang Dong, Yao Xide, Bao Hui, Chang Ting, Chen Zongli, Chang Mao, Jia Xuanweng, Li Tingzhi

楊棟姚希得包恢常挺陳宗禮常楙家鉉翁李庭芝

Yang Dong, Yao Xide, Bao Hui, Chang Ting, Chen Zongli, Chang Mao, Jia Xuanweng, and Li Tingzhi

楊棟，字元極，眉州青城人。紹定二年進士第二。授簽書劍南西川節度判官廳公事。未上，丁母憂。服除，遷荊南制置司，改辟西川，入為太學正。丁父憂，服除，召試授秘書省正字兼吳益王府教授，遷校書郎、樞密院編修官。入對，言：「飛蝗蔽天，願陛下始終一德，庶幾感格天心，消弭災咎。」又言：「邇來中外之臣，如主兵理財，聽其言無非可用，跡其實類皆欺誣，上下相蒙，無一可信。陛下先之以至誠，而後天下之事可為也。」又言：「祖宗立國，不恃兵財法，惟恃民心固結而已。願陛下常存忠厚之意，勿用峻急之人。」理宗悅，以臣僚言奉祠。

Yang Dong, whose style was Yuanji, came from Qingcheng in Meizhou. In the second year of the Shaoding reign he placed second on the jinshi examination. He was appointed signing clerk in the administrative office of the Jiannan West Circuit military commission. Before he could take up the post, his mother died and he entered mourning. When his mourning ended he was posted to the Jingnan military commission, then transferred by invitation to the West Circuit commission, and finally entered the capital as director of the Imperial Academy. After his father died and mourning ended, he was summoned for examination and appointed rectifier of the Secretariat while also serving as instructor at the Prince of Wu Yi’s household; he was then promoted to collating editor and compiler at the Bureau of Military Affairs. At an audience he said, “Locusts blot out the sky. I beg Your Majesty to hold fast to a single consistent virtue from first to last, so that Heaven’s heart may be touched and these calamities put to rest.” He went on, “Of late, whether at court or in the provinces, those who command armies or manage finances—listen to what they say and it all sounds workable; look at what they actually do and it is mostly deceit. Court and country deceive one another; there is no one left to trust. Only if Your Majesty leads with utmost sincerity can anything under Heaven truly be accomplished.” He also said, “When our founders established the dynasty they did not rely on armies, wealth, or statutes, but solely on binding the people’s hearts together. I pray Your Majesty will always keep a generous and honest disposition, and will not put harsh and precipitate men in power.” Emperor Lizong was pleased; on a colleague’s recommendation he was granted a ceremonial post.

起知興化軍。孔子之裔有居𣷉頭鎮者，棟為建廟辟田，訓其子弟。遷福建提點刑獄，尋加直秘閣兼權知福州，兼本路安撫使，遷都官郎官，又遷左司郎官，尋為右司郎官兼玉牒所檢討官，除宗正少卿。進對，帝曰：「止是正心修身之說乎？」棟對曰：「臣所學三十年，止此一說。用之事親取友，用之治雕郡、察冤獄，至為簡易。」時有女冠出入宮禁，頗通請謁，外廷多有以為言者。棟上疏曰：「陛下何惜一女冠，天下所側目而不亟去之乎？」帝不謂然。棟曰：「此人密交小人，甚可慮也。」又言：「京、襄、兩淮、四川殘破郡縣之吏，多是兵將權攝，科取無藝，其民可矜，非陛下哀之，誰實哀之。」帝從之。

He was recalled to serve as prefect of Xinghua. Descendants of Confucius who lived at Paitou town—Dong built a temple for them, set aside fields, and taught their young. He was transferred to Fujian judicial intendant, soon given direct appointment to the Secretariat while also serving as acting prefect of Fuzhou and pacification commissioner of that circuit; he was promoted to director in the Ministry of Personnel, then to Left Division director, and soon became Right Division director while also serving as examiner at the Imperial Genealogy Office; he was appointed vice director of the Imperial Clan Court. At an audience the Emperor said, “Is that all—just the teaching about rectifying the mind and cultivating the person?” Dong replied, “What I have studied for thirty years is this one teaching alone. Apply it to honoring parents and choosing friends, apply it to governing a remote prefecture or examining wrongful cases—it is still the same, and still simple.” At the time a female Daoist priest was going in and out of the inner palace, openly trading on petitions and favors, and many at the outer court were speaking of it. Dong submitted a memorial: “Your Majesty, why spare a single female Daoist when the whole realm watches in dismay and you do not remove her at once?” The Emperor did not agree. Dong said, “This person secretly consorts with petty men; she is deeply alarming.” He went on, “In the shattered prefectures and counties of Jing, Xiang, the two Huai circuits, and Sichuan, most officials are military men holding temporary authority, levying exactions without restraint. Those people deserve pity—if Your Majesty does not pity them, who truly will?” The Emperor assented.

遷太常少卿、起居郎，差知滁州，以殿中侍御史周坦論罷。起直龍圖閣、知建寧府，不拜。提舉千秋鴻禧觀，遷起居郎兼權侍左侍郎、崇政殿說書，繼遷吏部侍郎兼同修國史、實錄院同修撰兼侍讀，以集英殿修撰兼中書舍人兼侍講，出知太平州，以右補闕蕭泰來論罷，依舊職提舉太平興國宮。起知婺州。召奏事，以舊職奉祠。度宗立為太子，帝親擢棟太子詹事。遷工部侍郎，仍為詹事兼同修國史、實錄院同修撰兼中書舍人，兼直學士院，權刑部尚書兼國子祭酒，遷禮部尚書，加端明殿學士、同簽書樞密院事兼太子賓客，進同知樞密院事兼權參知政事，拜參知政事。

He was promoted to vice director of the Court of Imperial Sacrifices and drafter of the Privy Archives, then assigned as prefect of Chuzhou, but was dismissed after impeachment by the palace censor Zhou Tan. He was recalled with direct appointment to the Dragon Diagram Hall and as prefect of Jianning, but declined the post. He was made superintendent of the Qianqiu Hongxi Abbey, promoted to drafter of the Privy Archives while also serving as acting vice minister of the left secretariat and lecturer at the Chongzheng Hall, then to vice minister of Personnel while also co-compiling the National History and the Veritable Records and serving as reader-in-waiting; as compiler of the Hall for Assembling Excellence he also served as drafting secretary and lecturer-in-waiting, then was sent out as prefect of Taiping, dismissed after impeachment by the remonstrance officer Xiao Tailai, and appointed superintendent of the Taiping Xingguo Abbey at his former rank. He was recalled to serve as prefect of Wuzhou. Summoned to report on affairs, he was granted a ceremonial post at his former rank. When Duzong was installed as heir apparent, the Emperor personally promoted Dong to tutor of the crown prince. He was promoted to vice minister of Works while remaining tutor of the crown prince, also co-compiling the National History and Veritable Records and serving as drafting secretary, then as academician of the Hanlin Academy, acting minister of Justice and chancellor of the Imperial University, and finally minister of Rites; he was given the title academician of the Duanming Hall, made co-signatory of the Bureau of Military Affairs and guest of the crown prince, advanced to vice director of the Bureau of Military Affairs and acting vice grand councilor, and appointed vice grand councilor.

臺州守王華甫建上蔡書院，言於朝，乞棟為山主，詔從之。因卜居於臺。尋授資政殿學士、知建寧府，不拜。以舊職提舉洞霄宮，復依舊職知慶元府、沿海制置使。以監察御史胡用虎言罷，仍奉祠。加觀文殿學士知慶元府、沿海制置使，又不拜，仍奉祠。乃以資政殿大學士充萬壽觀使。卒，遺表上，帝輟朝，特贈少保。

Wang Huafu, prefect of Taizhou, founded the Shangcai Academy, petitioned the court to appoint Dong as its head, and the emperor approved. He accordingly made his home in Taizhou. Soon he was appointed academician of the Zizheng Hall and prefect of Jianning, but again declined. At his former rank he was made superintendent of the Dongxiao Abbey, then again appointed prefect of Qingyuan and coastal military commissioner at the same rank. He was dismissed after impeachment by the investigating censor Hu Yonghu and again granted a ceremonial post. Promoted to academician of the Guanwen Hall while also appointed prefect of Qingyuan and coastal military commissioner, he declined once more and was again granted a ceremonial post. He was then appointed grand academician of the Zizheng Hall and superintendent of the Wanshou Abbey. When he died his final memorial was submitted; the emperor suspended court and specially posthumously granted him the title Junior Guardian.

棟之學本諸周、程氏，負海內重望。方賈似道入相，登用故老，列之從官，棟亦預焉。及彗星見，棟乃言蚩尤旗，非彗也，故為世所少云。或謂棟姑為是言，陰告於帝，謀逐似道，似道覺之，遂蒙疑而去。所著有《崇道集》、《平舟文集》。

Dong’s learning derived from the Zhou and Cheng masters, and he enjoyed great renown throughout the empire. When Jia Sidao became chief councilor he brought back veteran statesmen and placed them among the attendant officials; Dong was among them. When a comet appeared Dong declared it was the Banner of Chiyou, not a comet—hence he is seldom praised by later ages. Some said Dong made that claim only for show while secretly informing the emperor of a plan to drive Sidao out; Sidao learned of it, Dong fell under suspicion, and he left office. His writings include the Collected Works on Honoring the Way and the Collected Works of the Level Boat.

姚希得

Yao Xide

姚希得，字逢原，一字叔剛，潼川人，嘉定十六年進士。授小溪主簿，待次三年，朝夕討論《六經》、諸子百家之言。調盤石令。會蜀有兵難，軍需調度不擾而集，更調嘉定府司理參軍。改知蒲江縣。巨室挾勢，邑號難治。希得綏強扶弱，聲聞著聞。同知樞密院事遊似以希得名聞，召審察，遷行在都進奏院，通判太平州，改福州，徒步至候官，吏不知為通判也。

Yao Xide, whose style was Fengyuan and who also went by Shugang, came from Tongchuan and passed the jinshi examination in the sixteenth year of the Jiading reign. Appointed registrar of Xiaoxi, he spent three years awaiting assignment studying the Six Classics and the writings of the hundred schools from morning till night. He was transferred to serve as magistrate of Panshi. When military troubles broke out in Shu, he mobilized army supplies without disturbing the people and was transferred to judicial administrator of Jiading prefecture. He was reassigned as magistrate of Pujiang county. Powerful clans threw their weight around, and the county had a reputation for being hard to govern. Xide restrained the strong and aided the weak, and his reputation became widely known. You Si, vice director of the Bureau of Military Affairs, heard of Xide’s reputation, summoned him for review, and had him transferred to the capital Memorial Transmission Office and then as deputy prefect of Taiping; reassigned to Fuzhou, he walked on foot to Houguan, and the clerks did not even realize he was the deputy prefect.

召為國子監丞，遷太府寺丞，時暫書擬金部文字兼沂靖王府教授。時帝斥逐權奸，收召名德，舉朝相慶。希得以為外觀形狀，似若清明之朝；內察脈息，有類危亡之證。乃上疏言：「堯、舜、三代之時，無危亡之事，而常喜危亡之言；秦、漢以來，多危亡之事，而常諱危亡之言。夫危亡之事不可有，而危亡之言不可亡。後世人主乃履危如履坦，諱言如諱病。」又言：「君子非不收召，而意向猶未調一；小人非不斥逐，而根株猶未痛斷。大權若操握，而不能無旁蹊曲逕之疑；大勢若更張，而未見有長治久安之道。廷臣之所諷諫，封囊之所奏陳，非不激切，而陛下固不之罪，亦不之行。自古甘蹈危亡之機，非獨暗主，而明君亦有焉，此臣之所甚懼。朝廷者，萬化之所自出也，實根於人君之一心。夫何大明當天，猶有可議者？內小學之建，人皆知陛下有意建儲也。然歲月逾邁，未睹施行，人心危疑，無所系屬。秦、漢而下，嗣不蚤定，事出倉卒，或宮闈出令，或宦寺主謀，或奸臣首議，此皆足以危人之國也。陛下何憚而不蚤定大計？邸第之盛，人皆知篤於親愛也。然依馮者眾，輕視王法，請托之行，捷於影響。楊幹，晉侯弟也，亂行於曲梁，而魏絳戮其仆，晉侯始怒而終悔，晉卒以霸。平原君，趙王弟也，不出租稅，而趙奢刑其用事者，趙王賢而用之，趙卒以強。皆足以興人之國也。陛下何為而不少伸國法？今女冠者流，眾所指目；近珰小臣，時竊威福。此皆陛下之心乍明乍晦之所致，豈不謂之危乎？國有善類，猶人有元氣，善類一敗一消，元氣一病一衰。善類能幾，豈堪數消，消極則國隨之矣。陛下明於知人，公於用人，固無權奸再用之意。然道路之人往往竊議，此元祐、紹聖將分之機也。禍根猶伏而未去，不幾於安其危乎？」帝改容曰：「朕決不用史嵩之。」

Summoned as vice director of the Directorate of Education, he was promoted to vice director of the Court of the Imperial Treasury, and for a time drafted documents for the Revenue Section while also serving as instructor at the Prince of Yi Jing’s household. At the time the emperor was expelling powerful traitors and recalling men of renown; the whole court rejoiced. Xide thought that outwardly the court looked bright and orderly; but when he felt the pulse within, it bore the signs of a state nearing collapse. He therefore submitted a memorial: “In the age of Yao and Shun and the Three Dynasties there were no crises of collapse, yet rulers always welcomed talk of crisis; from Qin and Han onward there have been many collapses, yet rulers constantly taboo such talk. The events of collapse must not be allowed to happen, but the language of collapse must never be allowed to die out. Later emperors walk through danger as if on level ground and avoid such words as they avoid naming a disease.” He also said, “Worthy men are indeed being recalled, yet minds are still not united in one purpose; petty men are indeed being driven out, yet their roots have not been cut to the quick. Supreme power seems firmly held, yet suspicion remains that side doors and crooked paths still exist; the great course seems to be changing, yet no path to lasting peace and stability is in sight. The admonitions of court ministers and the memorials in sealed packets are not lacking in urgency, yet Your Majesty neither punishes the speakers nor acts on what they say. From antiquity those who willingly court the brink of ruin are not only benighted rulers—enlightened rulers have done so as well. That is what I fear most. The court is where the myriad transformations of state originate; it truly takes root in the sovereign’s single heart. How can it be that with such brightness shining over the realm, there are still matters open to dispute? The founding of the inner elementary school—everyone knows Your Majesty intends to establish an heir. Yet the years go by with no sign of action; hearts are anxious and doubtful, with nothing to hold them steady. From Qin and Han onward, whenever succession was not settled early, events erupted in haste—sometimes orders from the inner palace, sometimes eunuchs directing the plot, sometimes treacherous ministers leading the counsel—all enough to endanger a state. Why should Your Majesty hesitate to settle this great matter early? The grandeur of the princely mansions—everyone knows Your Majesty is devoted to your kin. Yet those who lean on patronage are many; they treat the royal law lightly, and favor-seeking moves faster than a shadow. Yang Gan, younger brother of the Marquis of Jin, committed an outrage at Qu Liang; Wei Jiang executed his servant. The marquis was angry at first but repented in the end, and Jin ultimately achieved hegemony. Lord Pingyuan, younger brother of the King of Zhao, paid no rent or tax; Zhao She punished those who acted in his name. The king recognized his worth and employed him, and Zhao ultimately grew strong. Both cases were enough to revive a state. Why should Your Majesty not enforce the royal law even a little? Today the female Daoist priests are what everyone points at; nearby eunuchs and petty officials steal authority and favor at will. All this comes from Your Majesty’s heart flickering between clarity and obscurity—is this not peril? A state has worthy men as a person has vital breath; with each worthy man defeated and removed, vital breath sickens and wanes. How many worthy men are there? They cannot bear to be worn away again and again; when they are exhausted, the state follows. Your Majesty is discerning in knowing men and fair in employing them; you certainly have no wish to bring powerful traitors back. Yet people on the roads whisper among themselves—this is the moment when factions like those of Yuanyou and Shaosheng threaten to split apart again. The roots of disaster still lie hidden and have not been removed—is this not nearly treating danger as safety?” The emperor’s expression changed and he said, “I will certainly never employ Shi Songzhi again.”

遷知大宗正丞兼權金部郎官。李韶以病告，十上疏欲去。希得言：「韶有德望，雖以病告，曷若留奉內祠，侍經幄，亦足為朝廷重。」又言：「財用困竭，民生憔悴，移此不急之費，以實軍儲，以厚民生，敬天莫大於此，豈在崇大宮宇，莊嚴設像哉！」又條救錢楮三策，請置惠民局，帝皆以為可行。

He was promoted to vice director of the Imperial Clan Court while also serving as acting director of the Revenue Section. Li Shao reported illness and submitted ten memorials asking to retire. Xide said, “Shao has virtue and standing; though he reports illness, how much better to keep him in an inner ceremonial post, attending the classics curtain—that alone would add weight to the court.” He went on, “Revenue is exhausted and the people are worn down. Shift these non-urgent expenses to fill the army stores and relieve the people—nothing honors Heaven more than this. Is reverence found in enlarging palaces and setting up ornate images?” He also set forth three policies to rescue paper currency and asked that a Bureau to Benefit the People be established; the emperor deemed all of them feasible.

進秘書丞，尋遷著作郎，授江西提舉常平。役法久壞，臨川富室有賂吏求免者，希得竟罪之。遂提點刑獄，加直秘閣。未幾，加度支員外郎，尋直寶章閣，移治贛州。盜有偽號「崔太尉」者，據石壁，連結數郡；劉老龍等聚眾焚掠，一方繹騷。希得指授方略，不五旬平之。以直寶謨閣、廣西轉運判官兼權靜江府。尋授直徽猷閣、知靜江府、主管廣西經略安撫司公事兼轉運判官。母喪，免。召為秘書少監兼中書門下省檢正諸房公事。入對，言君子小人邪正之辯，且曰：「君子犯顏敢諫，拂陛下之意，退甘家食，此乃為國計，非為身計也。小人自植朋黨，擠排正人，甘言佞語，一切順陛下之意，遂取陛下官爵，此乃為身計，非為國計也。」遷宗正少卿兼國史編修、實錄檢討兼權給事中，兼權刑部侍郎、同修國史、實錄院同修撰。時西方用兵，有為嵩之復出計者，謂非此人不能辦。帝有意再用，知希得必執之，出旨諭意，希得毅然具疏密奏，不報。又繳鄧泳予祠之命。右正言邵澤、監察御史吳衍、殿中侍御史朱熠相繼論罷。

He was promoted to vice director of the Secretariat, soon to compiler, and appointed Jiangxi intendant of the Ever-Normal Granaries. The corvée law had long been in ruins; wealthy families in Linchuan bribed clerks to seek exemption, and Xide punished them to the full extent of the law. He was then made judicial intendant and given direct appointment to the Secretariat. Before long he was given the rank of outer vice director of the Revenue Section, soon direct appointment to the Baozhang Pavilion, and transferred to govern Ganzhou. Among the bandits was one who took the false title “Grand Marshal Cui,” held Shibi, and linked several prefectures; Liu Laolong and others gathered mobs to burn and plunder, throwing the whole region into turmoil. Xide laid out the strategy, and in less than fifty days the rebels were pacified. He was given direct appointment to the Baomo Pavilion, appointed Guangxi transport deputy commissioner, and concurrently acting prefect of Jingjiang. Soon he was given direct appointment to the Huiyou Pavilion, appointed prefect of Jingjiang and superintendent of Guangxi military commission affairs while also serving as transport deputy commissioner. When his mother died he left office for mourning. He was summoned as vice director of the Secretariat while also serving as rectifier of all bureaus of the Secretariat-Chancellery. At an audience he spoke on the distinction between worthies and petty men, the upright and the corrupt, saying, “Worthy men risk your displeasure and dare to remonstrate, going against your wishes and retiring content with a modest home life—this is for the sake of the state, not for themselves. Petty men build factions of their own, drive out upright men, and with sweet flattery do whatever pleases you, thereby winning your offices and ranks—for themselves, not for the state.” He was promoted to vice director of the Imperial Clan Court while also compiling the National History and examining the Veritable Records, serving as acting drafting censor and acting vice minister of Justice, and co-compiling the National History and Veritable Records. At the time war was raging in the west; some plotted to bring Songzhi back, claiming that no one else could handle the crisis. The emperor intended to employ Songzhi again; knowing Xide would certainly oppose it, he issued an edict stating his intent. Xide resolutely submitted a full secret memorial, but received no reply. He also returned the order granting Deng Yong a ceremonial post. The remonstrance officer Shao Ze, the investigating censor Wu Yan, and the palace censor Zhu Yi impeached him in succession until he was dismissed.

久之，以集英殿修撰提點千秋鴻禧觀。未幾，依舊職兩淮宣撫使司判官，俄加寶謨閣待制，移京西、湖南北、四川。詔敘復元官。護江陵有功，召為戶部侍郎。帝曰：「姚希得才望可為閫帥。」乃進煥章閣待制、知慶元府、沿海制置使，繼升敷文閣待制。詔增沿海舟師，希得為之廣募水軍，造戰艦，蓄糧食，蠲米一萬二千石、舊逋一百萬。去官，庫余羨悉以代民輸。召為工部尚書兼侍讀。入侍經筵，帝問慶元之政甚悉。以華文閣直學士、沿江制置使知建康府、江東安撫使、行宮留守。希得按行江上，慰勞士卒，眾皆歡說。溧陽饑，發稟勸分，全活者眾。創寧江軍，自建康、太平至池州列砦置屋二萬餘間，屯戍七千餘人。帝聞之，一再降詔獎諭。加寶章閣學士，尋加刑部尚書，依舊任兼淮西總領。

After a long interval he was appointed compiler of the Hall for Assembling Excellence and superintendent of the Qianqiu Hongxi Abbey. Before long he was reappointed at his former rank as administrative aide of the Two Huai pacification commission; soon promoted to attendant of the Baomo Pavilion and transferred to Jingxi, Hunan North, and Sichuan. An edict restored his original rank. For his merit in defending Jiangling he was summoned as vice minister of Revenue. The emperor said, “Yao Xide’s talent and standing qualify him to command on the frontier.” He was then promoted to attendant of the Huanzhang Pavilion, appointed prefect of Qingyuan and coastal military commissioner, and soon advanced to attendant of the Fuwen Pavilion. When an edict ordered the coastal fleet enlarged, Xide widely recruited sailors, built warships, and stockpiled grain; he also remitted twelve thousand piculs of grain and one million in old arrears. When he left office he used the entire treasury surplus to pay the people’s levies on their behalf. He was summoned as minister of Works and reader-in-waiting. At the classics lecture the emperor questioned him in detail about his administration in Qingyuan. He was appointed academician of the Huawen Hall, riverine military commissioner, prefect of Jiankang, Jiangdong pacification commissioner, and resident commissioner of the traveling palace. Xide toured the river line, comforted and rewarded the troops, and the men were all delighted. When Liyang suffered famine he opened the granaries and urged mutual relief, saving many lives. He founded the Ningjiang Army, building more than twenty thousand quarters in a chain of forts from Jiankang and Taiping to Chizhou, with a garrison of more than seven thousand men. When the emperor heard of this he repeatedly issued edicts of praise. He was made academician of the Baozhang Pavilion, soon promoted to minister of Justice while continuing in his post and also serving as Huai West general superintendent.

景定五年，召為兵部尚書兼侍讀。乃言用人才、修政事、治兵甲、惜財用四事。拜端明殿學士、簽書樞密院事兼太子賓客。公星變，上疏引咎，乞解機務。兼權參知政事。度宗即位，授同知樞密院事兼權參知政事，尋授參知政事。以言罷，授資政殿學士、提舉洞霄宮。起知潭州、湖南安撫使，以疾甚，辭，乃仍舊職奉祠。請致仕，詔不許，力請，以資政殿大學士、金紫光祿大夫、依舊潼川郡公致仕。咸淳五年，卒。遺表聞，帝輟朝，贈少保。

In the fifth year of the Jingding reign he was summoned as minister of War and reader-in-waiting. He then spoke on four matters: employing talent, repairing government, managing arms and armor, and husbanding revenue. He was appointed academician of the Duanming Hall, signatory of the Bureau of Military Affairs, and guest of the crown prince. When the Duke Star changed he submitted a memorial taking blame and asked to be relieved of state affairs. He was concurrently appointed acting vice grand councilor. When Duzong acceded to the throne he was appointed vice director of the Bureau of Military Affairs and acting vice grand councilor, and soon made vice grand councilor. Dismissed after impeachment, he was appointed academician of the Zizheng Hall and superintendent of the Dongxiao Abbey. Recalled as prefect of Tanzhou and Hunan pacification commissioner, he declined because his illness was severe and was again granted a ceremonial post at his former rank. He asked to retire; the emperor refused, but when he pressed the request he was allowed to retire as grand academician of the Zizheng Hall, Grandee of the Golden Girdle and Purple Purity, and Duke of Tongchuan at his former rank. In the fifth year of the Xianchun reign he died. When his final memorial arrived the emperor suspended court and posthumously granted him the title Junior Guardian.

希得忠亮平實，清儉自將，好引善類，不要虛譽，蓋有誦薦於上而其人莫之知者。廣西官署以錦為帟幕，希得曰：「吾起身書生安用此！」命以繒纈易之。蜀之親族姻舊相依者數十家，希得廩之終身，昏喪悉損己力，晚年計口授田，各有差。所著有《續言行錄》、《奏稿》、《橘州文集》。

Xide was loyal, upright, even-tempered, and plain; he lived frugally, delighted in recommending worthy men, and scorned empty fame—often praising someone to the throne while the man himself never knew. The Guangxi official quarters used brocade for curtains and screens. Xide said, “I rose from a mere scholar—what use have I for this!” He ordered them replaced with plain silk. Several dozen families of Shu relatives and old friends depended on him; Xide supported them for life, paid for all their weddings and funerals from his own purse, and in his later years allotted fields to each according to their needs. His writings include the Continued Record of Words and Deeds, Memorial Drafts, and the Collected Works of Juzhou.

包恢，字宏父，建昌人。自其父揚、世父約、叔父遜從朱熹、陸九淵學。恢少為諸父門人講《大學》，其言高明，諸父驚焉。嘉定十三年，舉進士。調金谿主簿。邵武守王遂辟光澤主簿，平寇亂。建寧守袁甫薦為府學教授，監虎翼軍，募土豪討唐石之寇。授掌故，改沿海制置司幹官。會歲饑，盜起金壇、溧陽之間，恢部諸將為十誅夷之。沿江制置使陳韡辟為機宜，復有平寇功，改知吉州永豐縣，未行，差發運幹官。福建安撫使陳塏檄平寇，遷武學諭、宗正寺主簿，添差通判臺州。徐鹿卿討溫寇，辟兼提點刑獄司主管文字，議收捕。改通判臨安府，遷宗正寺主簿、知臺州。有妖僧居山中，號「活佛」，男女爭事之，因為奸利，豪貴風靡，恢誅其僧。

Bao Hui, whose style was Hongfu, came from Jianchang. His father Yang, his uncle Yue, and his uncle Xun had all studied with Zhu Xi and Lu Jiuyuan. As a youth Hui lectured on the Great Learning to his uncles’ disciples; his exposition was so penetrating that his uncles were astonished. In the thirteenth year of the Jiading reign he passed the jinshi examination. He was appointed registrar of Jinxi. Wang Sui, prefect of Shaowu, invited him to serve as registrar of Guangze, where he pacified bandit unrest. Yuan Fu, prefect of Jianning, recommended him as prefectural school instructor; he supervised the Tiger Wing Army and recruited local militia to attack the Tang Shi bandits. Appointed record keeper, he was transferred to staff officer of the coastal military commission. When famine struck, bandits rose between Jintan and Liyang; Hui deployed his generals and exterminated them. Chen Kai, riverine military commissioner, invited him as confidential aide; he again distinguished himself pacifying bandits; appointed magistrate of Yongfeng in Jizhou, he did not take up the post and was instead assigned as transport staff officer. Chen Kai, Fujian pacification commissioner, ordered him to pacify bandits; he was promoted to military instructor and registrar of the Imperial Clan Court, with additional assignment as deputy prefect of Taizhou. When Xu Luqing campaigned against the Wen bandits he invited Hui as chief clerk of the judicial commission to plan their capture. Transferred to deputy prefect of Lin’an, he was promoted to registrar of the Imperial Clan Court and prefect of Taizhou. A sorcerer monk in the mountains styled himself the Living Buddha; men and women vied to serve him, and through them he sought illicit profit until the powerful all followed his lead; Hui had the monk executed.

進左司郎官，未行，改湖北提點刑獄，未行，移福建兼知建寧。閩俗以九月祠「五王」生日，靡金帛，傾市奉之。恢曰：「彼非犬豕，安得一日而五子同生，非不祥者乎？而尊畏之若是。」眾感悟，為之衰止。兼轉運判官，以侍御史周坦論罷。光州布衣陳景夏上書云：「包恢剛正不屈之臣，言者汙蔑之耳。」又四年，起為廣東轉運判官，權經略使，遷侍右郎官，尋為大理少卿，即日除直顯文閣、浙西提點刑獄。是時海寇為亂，恢單車就道、調許、澉浦分屯建砦，一旦集諸軍討平之。嘉興吏因和糴受賕百萬，恢被旨慮囚，曰：「吾用此消沴氣。」乃減死，斷其手。

Promoted to Left Division director, he did not take up the post; reassigned as Hubei judicial intendant, he again did not go; he was transferred to Fujian while also governing Jianning. Fujian custom held that in the ninth month people sacrificed to the birthday of the Five Kings, squandering gold and silk as the whole market turned out to worship them. Hui said, “They are not dogs or pigs—how could five sons be born on the same day? Is that not an ill omen? Yet you honor and fear them as you do.” The people were moved and the practice died away. While also serving as transport deputy commissioner, he was dismissed after impeachment by the attendant censor Zhou Tan. Chen Jingxia, a commoner of Guangzhou, memorialized: “Bao Hui is an upright and unyielding minister; his accusers merely slander him.” Four years later he was recalled as Guangdong transport deputy commissioner and acting military commissioner, promoted to Right Attendant Division director, soon appointed vice director of the Court of Judicial Review, and the same day given direct appointment to the Xianwen Pavilion and made Zhexi judicial intendant. Sea bandits were then in revolt; Hui went alone to take up his post, deployed troops at Xu and Ganpu in separate camps, and in a single day gathered all forces and pacified them. A Jiaxing clerk had taken a million in bribes through the harmonized-purchase system; ordered to review the case, Hui said, “I will use this to dispel the malign influence.” He commuted the death sentence and had the man’s hand cut off.

進直龍圖閣、權發運，升秘閣修撰，知隆興府兼江西轉運。沈妖妓於水，化為狐，人皆神之。有母訴子者，年月後狀作「疏」字，恢疑之，呼其子至，泣不言。及得其情，母孀居，與僧通，惡其子諫，以不孝坐之，狀則僧為之也。因責子侍養跬步不離，僧無由至。母乃托夫諱日，入寺作佛事，以籠盛衣帛，因納僧於內以歸。恢知之，使人要之，置籠公庫，逾旬，吏報籠中臭達於外，恢命沉於江，語其子曰：「為汝除此害矣。」又姑死者假子婦棺以斂，家貧不能償，婦於恢，恢怒，買一棺，紿其婦臥棺中以試，就掩而葬之。改湖南轉運使，罷。

Promoted with direct appointment to the Dragon Diagram Hall and acting transport commissioner, he was advanced to compiler of the Secretariat, appointed prefect of Longxing, and made Jiangxi transport commissioner. He drowned a sorceress in the water; she was said to have turned into a fox, and people regarded the deed as miraculous. A mother sued her son; years later the petition formed the character for “sparse”; Hui grew suspicious, summoned the son, and the boy wept without speaking. When he learned the truth: the widowed mother was having an affair with a monk; she hated her son’s remonstrance and had him convicted of unfilial conduct on a petition the monk had written. He ordered the son to attend his mother constantly, never leaving her side, so the monk could no longer gain access. The mother then used her husband’s taboo day to enter a temple for Buddhist rites, placed clothes and silk in a cage, and smuggled the monk inside it back to her home. Hui learned of it, sent men to intercept her, and placed the cage in the public storehouse; after ten days clerks reported that the stench reached outside; Hui ordered it sunk in the river and told the son, “I have removed this scourge for you.” On another occasion, when an aunt died she borrowed her daughter-in-law’s coffin; the family was too poor to replace it and the daughter-in-law complained to Hui. Enraged, Hui bought a coffin, tricked the woman into lying in it to test the fit, and had her sealed inside and buried. Transferred to Hunan transport commissioner, he was soon dismissed.

景定初，拜大理卿、樞密都承旨兼侍講，權禮部侍郎，尋為中書舍人。林希逸奏恢守法奉公，其心如水。權刑部侍郎，進華文閣直學士、知平江府兼發運。豪有奪民包舉田寄公租誣上者，恢上疏，指為以小民祈天永命之一事，帝覽奏惻然，罪任事者，即歸民田。召赴闕，辭，改知紹興，又辭。度宗即位，召為刑部尚書，進端明殿學士，簽書樞密院事，封南城縣侯。郊祀禮成，還，以資政殿學士致仕。

At the start of the Jingding reign he was appointed chief of the Court of Judicial Review, chief receptionist of the Bureau of Military Affairs and lecturer-in-waiting, acting vice minister of Rites, and soon drafting secretary. Lin Xiyi memorialized that Hui observed the law and served the public faithfully, and that his heart was clear as water. As acting vice minister of Justice he was advanced to academician of the Huawen Hall, appointed prefect of Pingjiang, and made transport commissioner. A powerful man had seized commoners’ contracted fields and registered them as public rent to deceive the throne; Hui memorialized, calling this a matter in which the common people pray Heaven for the dynasty’s enduring mandate. Reading the memorial, the emperor was moved, punished those responsible, and immediately returned the fields to the people. Summoned to court, he declined; offered Shaoxing, he declined again. When Duzong acceded he was summoned as minister of Justice, advanced to academician of the Duanming Hall and signatory of the Bureau of Military Affairs, and enfeoffed as Marquis of Nancheng county. When the suburban sacrifice rites were completed he returned and retired as academician of the Zizheng Hall.

恢歷仕所至，破豪猾，去奸吏，治蠱獄，課盆鹽，理銀欠，政聲赫然。嘗因輪對曰：「此臣心惻隱所以深切為陛下告者，陛下惻隱之心如天地日月，其閉而食之者曰近習、曰外戚耳。」參知政事董槐見而嘆曰：「吾等有慚色矣。」他日講官因稱恢疏剴切，願容納。理宗欣然曰：「其言甚直，朕何嘗怒直言！」經筵奏對，誠實懇惻，至身心之要，未嘗不從容諄至。度宗至比恢為程顥、程頤。恢侍其父疾，滌濯拚除之役不命僮仆。年八十有七，臨終，舉盧懷慎臥簀窮約事戒諸子斂以深衣，作書別親戚而後卒，有光隕其地。遺表聞，帝輟朝，贈少保，謚文肅，賻銀絹五百。

Wherever Hui served he broke powerful scoundrels, removed corrupt officials, tried witchcraft cases, assessed basin salt, and settled silver arrears—his reputation for governance blazed bright. Once at a rotating audience he said, “This is what my compassionate heart urgently tells you: your compassionate heart is like heaven and earth, sun and moon—but those who shut it in and feed on it are your close attendants and your maternal kin.” Vice grand councilor Dong Huai read it and sighed, “We ought to feel ashamed.” On another day a lecturer praised Hui’s memorial as earnest and incisive and urged that it be heeded. Emperor Lizong said with pleasure, “His words are very blunt—when have I ever been angry at blunt speech!” At the classics lecture his answers were sincere and earnest; on essentials of mind and body he was always leisurely and thorough. Duzong even compared Hui to Cheng Hao and Cheng Yi. When his father was ill Hui attended him himself, doing the washing and sweeping without calling on servants. At eighty-seven, on his deathbed he cited Lu Huaishen’s dying on a rush mat in poverty, admonished his sons to bury him in plain deep garments, wrote farewell letters to his kin, and then died; a light was seen to fall at the spot. When his final memorial arrived the emperor suspended court, posthumously granted him Junior Guardian, gave him the posthumous title Wensu, and bestowed five hundred in silver and silk.

常挺字方叔，福州人。嘉熙二年進士。歷官為太學錄，召試館職，遷秘書省正字兼莊文府教授，升校書郎。輪對，乞以李若水配享高宗。改秘書郎兼考功郎官，出知衢州，拜監察御史兼崇政殿說書。疏言邊閫三事：曰辟實才，曰奏實功，曰招實兵。朝廷二事：曰選良吏，曰擢正人。又言：「願陛下深思宏遠之規模，奮發清明之志氣，立綱陳紀必為萬世之法程，昭德塞違以示百官之憲度。」遷太常少卿兼國子司業，兼國史編修、實錄檢討兼直舍人院。遷起居郎，權工部侍郎兼直學士院。遷工部侍郎、給事中。右諫議大夫陳堯道論罷。以寶章閣直學士知漳州，改知泉州，權兵部尚書兼侍讀，權禮部尚書兼同修國史、實錄院同修撰。進《帝學發題》，遷吏部尚書。咸淳三年，授同知樞密院事兼權參知政事，封合沙郡公，拜參知政事。四年，致仕，尋卒，贈少保。

Chang Ting, whose style was Fangshu, came from Fuzhou. He passed the jinshi examination in the second year of the Jiaxi reign. He served as recorder of the Imperial Academy, was summoned for examination for archive posts, promoted to rectifier of the Secretariat while also instructing at the Zhuangwen estate, and advanced to collating editor. At a rotating audience he asked that Li Ruoshui be granted associated sacrifice with Emperor Gaozong. Transferred to secretary while also serving as director of the Merit Section, he was sent out as prefect of Quzhou and appointed investigating censor while also lecturing at the Chongzheng Hall. In a memorial he urged three reforms for the frontier commands: appoint men of genuine ability, report genuine achievements, and recruit genuine fighting men. For the court he proposed two measures: choose capable officials and promote upright men. He went on, “I pray Your Majesty will ponder a grand and far-reaching design, rouse a clear and resolute spirit, establish standards that will endure for ten thousand generations, and make virtue manifest while shutting out wrongdoing, so that the hundred officials may see the measure of the law.” He was promoted to vice director of the Court of Imperial Sacrifices while also serving as vice chancellor of the Imperial University, compiler of the National History, examiner of the Veritable Records, and reader-in-waiting at the drafts office. He was promoted to palace attendant and made acting vice minister of Works while also serving as an academician of the Hanlin Academy. He was promoted to vice minister of Works and appointed drafting censor. He was dismissed after Right Remonstrance Officer Chen Yaodao impeached him. Appointed direct academician of the Baozhang Pavilion and prefect of Zhangzhou, he was then transferred to Quanzhou; he served as acting minister of War and reader-in-waiting, and as acting minister of Rites while also co-compiling the National History and Veritable Records. He presented his Topics for Imperial Learning and was promoted to minister of Personnel. In the third year of the Xianchun reign he was made vice director of the Bureau of Military Affairs and acting vice grand councilor, enfeoffed as Duke of Hesha Commandery, and appointed vice grand councilor. In the fourth year he retired from office; he died soon afterward and was posthumously granted the title Junior Guardian.

陳宗禮

Chen Zongli

陳宗禮字立之。少貧力學，袁甫為江東提點刑獄，宗禮往問學焉。淳祐四年，舉進士。調邵武軍判官，入為國子正，遷太學博士、國子監丞，轉秘書省著作佐郎。入對，言火不循軌。帝以星變為憂，宗禮曰：「上天示戒，在陛下修德布政以回天意。」又曰：「天下方事於利欲之中，士大夫奔競趨利，惟至公可以遏之。」兼考功郎官，兼國史實錄院校勘，兼景獻府教授，升著作郎，遷尚左郎官兼右司。時丁大全擅國柄，以言為諱。宗禮嘆曰：「此可一日居乎！」陛對，言：「願為宗社大計，毋但為倉廩府庫之小計；願得天下四海之心，毋但得左右便嬖戚畹之心；願寄腹心於忠良，毋但寄耳目於卑近；願四通八達以來正人，毋但旁蹊曲徑類引貪濁。」拜太常少卿，以直寶謨閣、廣東提點刑獄進直煥章閣，遷秘書監。以監察御史虞慮言追兩官，送永州居住。

Chen Zongli, whose style was Lizhi, was poor in youth but studied diligently. When Yuan Fu served as judicial intendant of Jiangdong, Zongli went to him to pursue his studies. He passed the jinshi examination in the fourth year of the Chunyou reign. He was posted as signing clerk of Shaowu Army, then entered the capital as director of the Imperial University; he was promoted to doctor of the Imperial Academy and vice director of the Directorate of Education, and transferred to assistant compiler in the Secretariat. At an audience he spoke of a fire star wandering from its proper course. The emperor was troubled by the celestial omen. Zongli said, “Heaven is issuing a warning; Your Majesty must cultivate virtue and govern well to turn Heaven’s will.” He went on, “The empire is now sunk in profit and desire; officials rush and scramble for gain. Only the utmost fairness can hold this in check.” He served concurrently as director of the Merit Section and collator of the National History and Veritable Records Office, and as instructor at the Jingxian estate; he was promoted to compiler and transferred to left-section director while also serving in the right section. At that time Ding Daquan monopolized state power and made frank speech taboo. Zongli sighed and said, “How can one remain in such a place even for a day!” At a palace audience he said, “I pray Your Majesty will plan for the altars of state and the ancestral temples, and not merely for the petty accounts of granaries and treasuries; I pray to win the hearts of all within the four seas, and not merely the hearts of those at Your Majesty’s side, of favorites, and of consort kin; I pray to entrust Your Majesty’s inmost trust to the loyal and good, and not merely Your Majesty’s eyes and ears to the base and near at hand; I pray to bring upright men by open roads in every direction, and not by side paths and crooked byways to bring in the greedy and corrupt.” He was appointed vice director of the Court of Imperial Sacrifices; as direct academician of the Baomo Pavilion and judicial intendant of Guangdong he was promoted to direct academician of the Huanzhang Pavilion, then transferred to director of the Secretariat. After Supervising Censor Yu Lü impeached him, he was stripped of two ranks and sent to live in exile at Yongzhou.

景定四年，拜侍御史，直龍圖閣、淮西轉運判官，遷刑部尚書。以起居舍人曹孝慶言罷。度宗即位，兼侍講，拜殿中侍御史。疏言：「恭儉之德自上躬始，清白之規自宮禁始，左右之言利者必斥，蹊隧之私獻者必誅。」以《詩》進講，因奏：「帝王舉動，無微不顯，古人所以貴於慎獨也。」權禮部侍郎兼給事中。進讀《孝宗聖訓》，因奏：「安危治亂，常起於一念慮之間，念慮少差，禍亂隨見。天下之亂未有不起於微而成於著。」又言：「不以私意害公法，乃國家之福。」帝曰：「孝宗家法，惟賞善罰惡為尤謹。」宗禮言：「有功不賞，有罪不罰，雖堯舜不能治天下，信不可不謹也。」

In the fourth year of the Jingding reign he was appointed palace censor, made direct academician of the Longtu Pavilion and transport vice commissioner of Huai West, and promoted to minister of Justice. He was dismissed after Palace Diarist Cao Xiaoqing impeached him. When Duzong ascended the throne, Zongli was given concurrent service as lecturer-in-waiting and appointed palace censor in attendance. In a memorial he said, “The virtue of reverence and frugality must begin with Your Majesty’s own person; the standard of purity must begin within the palace precincts; flatterers who speak of profit must be expelled, and those who make secret offerings by back channels must be punished.” While lecturing on the Book of Poetry he memorialized, “A ruler’s every act, however slight, is never hidden from view—this is why the ancients prized vigilance in solitude.” He served as acting vice minister of Rites while also serving as drafting censor. While reading aloud Emperor Xiaozong’s Sacred Instructions he memorialized, “Safety and danger, order and chaos, often arise in the space of a single thought; let thought stray even slightly and calamity follows at once. No disorder under Heaven has ever failed to begin in what was slight and grow into what was manifest.” He also said, “When private intent does not harm public law, that is the state’s good fortune.” The emperor said, “In Xiaozong’s family method, rewarding good and punishing evil was especially strict.” Zongli replied, “If merit goes unrewarded and guilt unpunished, even Yao and Shun could not govern the empire. This truly cannot be treated lightly.”

遷禮部侍郎，尋權禮部尚書，乞奉祠，帝曰：「豈朕不足與有為耶？」以華文閣直學士知隆興府，再辭，依舊職與待次差遣。逾年，依舊職廣東經略安撫使兼知廣州，加端明殿學士、簽書樞密院事，尋兼權參知政事。疏奏：「國所以立，曰天命人心。因其警而加敬畏，天命未有不可回也；因其未墜而加綏定，人心未嘗不可回也。」卒官，遺表上，贈開府儀同三司、盱江郡侯，謚文定。所著有《寄懷斐稿》、《曲轅散木集》、《兩朝奏議》、《經筵講義》、《經史明辯》、《經史管見》、《人物論》。

He was promoted to vice minister of Rites and soon made acting minister of Rites; when he asked for a sinecure post, the emperor said, “Am I not worth accomplishing great things with?” He was appointed direct academician of the Huawen Pavilion and prefect of Longxing; he declined twice and was left at his former rank to await the next assignment. A year later he was made pacification commissioner of Guangdong and prefect of Guangzhou at his former rank, given the title academician of the Duanming Hall and made co-signatory of the Bureau of Military Affairs; soon afterward he also served as acting vice grand councilor. In a memorial he said, “A state stands upon two things: the Mandate of Heaven and the hearts of the people. If, when Heaven sends warnings, one responds with reverence and awe, the Mandate of Heaven can still be turned back; and if, before the people’s hearts have fallen away, one adds reassurance and stability, those hearts can still be won back.” He died in office; when his final memorial was submitted, he was posthumously granted Grand Preceptor of the Palace with ceremonial honors equal to the Three Excellencies and enfeoffed posthumously as Marquis of Xujiang Commandery, with the posthumous title Wendi. His writings included Drafts of Heartfelt Reflections, Collection of Crooked Axles and Scattered Wood, Memorials from Two Reigns, Lectures for the Classics Colloquium, Clarifications of Classics and History, My Humble Views on Classics and History, and Discourses on Personages.

常楙字長孺，顯謨閣直學士同之曾孫。入太學。淳祐七年舉進士。調常熟尉。公廉自持，不畏強禦，部使者交薦之。調婺州推官。疏決滯訟，以剸繁裁劇稱。臨安府尹馬光祖又薦於朝，辟差平江府百萬倉檢察，不受和糴事例，戢吏卒苛取。發運使趙與芮兼提點刑獄，屬楙檢核，雪無錫翟氏冤獄。監江淮茶鹽所蕪湖局，不受商稅贏，光祖益敬之。改知嘉定縣。歲大水，勸分和糴，按籍均敷。發運使王爚、提點刑獄孫子秀俱特薦於朝，簽書臨安府判官，不為權勢撓。有為淮東提舉常平，辟楙提管，楙知其不可與共事，笑而卻之。未幾，政府強楙行，遂拂衣去，朝野高之。主管城南廂，聽訟嚴明，豪石益憚之。都城火後，瓦礫充斥，差民船徙運，在籍者百五十家，惟二十有五家應役，余率為勢要宦官所庇。楙悉追之，不服者杖其人，械於他所，無不聽命。又力拒戶部科買。葉夢鼎、陳昉深期獎焉。添差臨安通判。朝命鞫封樁庫吏範成獄，不肯承廟堂風旨，無辜者悉出之。

Chang Mao, whose style was Changru, was the great-grandson of Xianmo Pavilion Direct Academician Chang Tongzhi. He entered the Imperial Academy. He passed the jinshi examination in the seventh year of the Chunyou reign. He was posted as assistant magistrate of Changshu. Upright and incorruptible, he held himself to strict standards, did not fear the powerful, and circuit inspectors repeatedly recommended him to the court. He was transferred to serve as judicial assistant of Wuzhou. He cleared the backlog of pending lawsuits and won renown for cutting through complex and difficult cases. Lin'an Prefect Ma Guangzu recommended him again to the court, and he was appointed inspector of the Million-Granary in Pingjiang Prefecture; he refused commutation-purchase precedent fees and restrained clerks and soldiers from harsh exactions. Transport Commissioner Zhao Yurui, who also served as judicial intendant, assigned Mao to investigate and cleared the wrongful conviction of the Zhai clan of Wuxi. While supervising the Wuhu office of the Jianghuai Tea and Salt Agency, he refused to accept excess commercial tax, and Guangzu respected him all the more. He was transferred to serve as magistrate of Jiading County. In a year of severe flooding he urged shared relief and commutation purchases, apportioning the burden evenly according to the household registers. Transport Commissioner Wang Yao and Judicial Intendant Sun Zixiu both specially recommended him to the court; as signing clerk of Lin'an Prefecture he would not yield to power and influence. When a man serving as Huaidong Commutation Intendant invited Mao to serve under him, Mao knew they could not work together and smilingly declined. Before long the chief ministers forced him to accept; he shook off his robes and resigned, and both court and public held him in high esteem. While in charge of the Chengnan ward he heard cases with strict clarity, and the local magnates feared him all the more. After the capital fire, rubble filled the streets and civilian boats were conscripted for transport. Of the one hundred fifty households on the register, only twenty-five answered the corvée; the rest were mostly shielded by powerful men and eunuchs. Mao pursued them all; those who refused to obey were beaten and shackled elsewhere, and in the end none failed to submit. He also forcefully resisted the Ministry of Revenue’s forced purchases. Ye Mengding and Chen Fang praised him warmly. He was given an added appointment as vice prefect of Lin'an. When the court ordered him to try the case of sealed-reserve treasury clerk Fan Cheng, he refused to follow the chief ministers’ intended direction and released all who were innocent.

知廣德軍。郡有水災，發社倉粟以活饑民，官吏難之，楙先發而後請專命之罪，置慈幼局，立先賢祠。故事，郡守秋苗例可得米千石，乃以代屬縣償大農綱欠。拜監察御史，知無不言。嘗論天變及賈似道家爭田事，論繼皇子竑嗣，觸度宗怒，遷司農卿，尋為兩浙轉運使。禁戢吏奸，不以急符督常賦。海鹽歲為咸潮害稼，楙請於朝，捐金發粟，復輟己帑，大加修築新塘三千六百二十五丈，名曰海晏塘。是秋，風濤大作，塘不浸者尺許，民得奠居，歲復告稔，邑人德之。

He was appointed prefect of Guangde Army. When the commandery suffered flooding, he opened the communal granary to save starving people; though officials objected, Mao distributed the grain first and afterward asked to be punished for acting without special authorization. He also established a bureau for orphans and infants and built a shrine to former sages. By precedent a commandery prefect’s share of the autumn grain tax amounted to one thousand shi of rice; Mao used this to cover subordinate counties’ shortfalls in the Grand Granary transport quota. Appointed supervising censor, he spoke frankly on everything he knew. He once memorialized on celestial omens and the land dispute involving Jia Sidao’s family, and argued that Prince Qi should succeed to the throne; this provoked Duzong’s anger, and he was transferred to minister of Agriculture, then soon made transport commissioner of the Two Zhes. He forbade clerical corruption and did not use urgent edicts to press the collection of regular taxes. Each year in Haiyan saline tides damaged the crops; Mao petitioned the court for funds and grain, also contributed from his own treasury, and undertook a major reconstruction of a new embankment three thousand six hundred twenty-five zhang long, which he named the Haiyan Embankment. That autumn wind and waves rose fiercely; the embankment was submerged by only about one chi, the people were able to live in safety, the year brought a good harvest again, and the people of the district were grateful to him.

遷戶部侍郎。受四方民詞，務通下情。兼中書門下省檢正諸房公事，兼刑部侍郎。極論檢覆之敝。上進故事，首論雷雪非時之變，帝意不悅。丐祠，不許，以集英殿修撰知平江。值旱。故事，郡守合得緡錢十五萬，悉以為民食、軍餉助。蠲苗九萬、稅十三萬、版帳十六萬，又蠲新苗二萬八千，大寬公私之力。飛蝗幾及境，疾風飄入太湖。節浮費，修府庫。既代，有送還事例，自給吏卒外，余金萬楮，楙悉不受。吏驚曰：「人言常侍郎不愛錢，果然。」改浙東安撫使。值水災，捐萬楮以振之，復請糴於朝，得米萬石，蠲新苗三萬八千。又以諸暨被水尤甚，給二萬楮付縣折運，民食不至乏絕。民各祀於家。兩浙及會稽、山陰死者暴露與貧而無以為殮者，乃以十萬楮置普惠庫，取息造棺以給之。尋以刑部侍郎召。申明期赦敘改法，與廟堂爭可否，辯偽關獄，救八倉虧欠免死罪，平反天井巷殺人獄，全活者甚眾。兼給事中，封還隆國夫人從子黃進觀察使錄黃。帝怒，似道以御書令委曲書行，楙迄不奉命。以寶章閣待制提舉太平興國宮。

He was promoted to vice minister of Revenue. Receiving petitions from people throughout the empire, he strove to convey the concerns of those below to the court. He served concurrently as rectifier of the various offices of the Secretariat-Chancellery and as vice minister of Justice. He spoke forcefully against the abuses of the review-and-reverification system. He submitted precedents to the throne, opening with a discussion of untimely thunder and snow; the emperor was displeased. He requested a sinecure post, but the request was denied; he was appointed compiler of the Jiying Hall and prefect of Pingjiang. A drought struck the region. By precedent a prefect was entitled to one hundred fifty thousand strings of cash; Mao used all of it to aid the people’s food supply and military rations. He remitted ninety thousand in seedling tax, one hundred thirty thousand in regular tax, and one hundred sixty thousand in ledger tax, and also remitted twenty-eight thousand in new seedling tax, greatly easing the burden on both public and private purses. Flying locusts nearly reached the border, but a fierce wind blew them into Lake Tai. He cut wasteful spending and repaired the prefectural treasury. After he was replaced, customary return fees were offered; apart from provisions for his clerks and soldiers, ten thousand in paper currency remained, and Mao refused all of it. A clerk exclaimed, “People say Vice Minister Chang has no love of money—and it is true.” He was transferred to serve as pacification commissioner of Eastern Zhe. When flooding struck, he donated ten thousand in paper currency for relief, petitioned the court for grain purchases, obtained ten thousand shi of rice, and remitted thirty-eight thousand in new seedling tax. Because Zhuji was especially hard hit by the flood, he gave twenty thousand in paper currency to the county for transport and conversion, so that the people’s food supply did not run out. The people each enshrined him in their homes. For corpses left exposed in the Two Zhes and in Kuaiji and Shanyin, and for the poor who had no means of burial, he placed one hundred thousand in paper currency in the Universal Benefit Treasury and used the interest to provide coffins. He was soon recalled to serve as vice minister of Justice. He clarified the law on scheduled amnesty reinstatement, debated its merits with the chief ministers, argued false customs-barrier cases, saved the eight granaries from death penalties for capital shortfalls, reversed the Tianjing Lane murder case, and preserved a great many lives. While also serving as drafting censor, he sealed and returned the recorded yellow appointing Huang Jin, nephew of Lady Longguo, as observation commissioner. The emperor was enraged; Sidao sent an imperial letter ordering that the appointment be executed by indirect drafting, but Mao never obeyed. He was appointed expectant compiler of the Baozhang Pavilion and superintendent of the Taiping Xingguo Palace.

德祐元年，拜吏部尚書，以老病辭，累詔不許，專官趣行甚峻。楙入見，首言「霅川之變，非其本心，置之死，過矣，不與立後，又過矣。巴陵帝王之胄，生不得正命，死不得血食，沉冤幽憤，郁結四五十年之久，不為妖為劄於冥冥中者幾希。願陛下勿搖浮議，特發神斷，宗社幸甚」。於是詔國史院討論典故以聞。明堂禮成，進端明殿學士、提領戶部財用，特與執政恩數。楙以國步方艱，非臣子貪榮之時，力辭恩數。與廟堂議事不合，以疾謁告。二年春，拜參知政事，為夏士林繳駁，拜疏出關，後六年卒。

In the first year of the Deyou reign he was appointed minister of Personnel. He declined on grounds of age and illness, but repeated edicts refused to accept his resignation, and a special envoy was sent with stern orders that he proceed at once. Mao entered audience and began by saying, “The Zhechuan incident was not of Prince Qi's own heart's intent. To put him to death was excessive, and not to establish an heir for him was excessive as well. The Prince of Baling was of imperial blood. In life he was denied a proper fate; in death he receives no sacrificial offerings. Deep wrong and hidden resentment have been pent up for four or five decades — it would be rare indeed if he did not become a vengeful spirit or bring calamity from the unseen realm. I pray Your Majesty will not be swayed by loose talk but will reach a resolute decision of your own — the altars of state would be greatly fortunate.” Thereupon the court ordered the Institute of National History to examine historical precedents and report back. When the Bright Hall rites were completed, he was promoted to academician of the Duanming Hall and put in charge of Revenue finances, granted the special perquisites accorded a chief minister. Mao held that the dynasty was in grave peril and that this was no time for a subject to grasp at honors; he forcefully declined the special perquisites. He disagreed with the chief ministers on policy and, citing illness, requested leave of absence. In the spring of the second year he was appointed vice grand councilor, but Xia Shilin circulated a memorial rejecting the appointment. Mao submitted a memorial and left the capital; six years later he died.

家鉉翁

Jia Xuanweng

家鉉翁，眉州人。以蔭補官。累官知常州，政譽翕然。遷浙東提點刑獄，入為大理少卿，直華文閣，以秘閣修撰充紹興府長史，遷樞密都丞旨，知建寧府兼福建轉運副使，權戶部侍郎兼知臨安府、浙西安撫使，遷戶部侍郎，權侍右侍郎，仍兼樞密都丞旨。賜進士出身，拜端明殿學士、簽書樞密院事。

Jia Xuanweng came from Meizhou. He received an official appointment through hereditary privilege. Rising through the ranks, he became prefect of Changzhou, where his administrative reputation flourished. He was transferred to judicial intendant of Eastern Zhe, then entered the capital as vice director of the Court of Judicial Review and was attached to Huawen Pavilion. As an expectant compiler of the Secretariat he served as chief administrator of Shaoxing Prefecture, was promoted to chief clerk of the Bureau of Military Affairs, appointed prefect of Jianning while also serving as Fujian transport vice commissioner, made acting vice minister of Revenue while also serving as prefect of Lin'an and Western Zhe pacification commissioner, promoted to vice minister of Revenue, made acting right vice minister while still retaining his post as Bureau chief clerk. Granted jinshi status, he was appointed academician of the Duanming Hall and signing clerk of the Bureau of Military Affairs.

大元兵次近郊，丞相吳堅、賈餘慶檄告天下守令以城降，鉉翁獨不署。元帥遣使至，欲加縛，鉉翁曰：「中書省無縛執政之理。」堅奉表祈請於大元，以鉉翁介之，禮成不得命，留館中。聞宋亡，旦夕哭泣不食飲者數月。大元以其節高欲尊官之，以示南服。鉉翁義不二君，辭無詭對。宋三宮北還，鉉翁再率故臣迎謁，伏地流涕，頓首謝奉使無狀，不能感動上衷，無以保存其國。見者莫不嘆息。文天祥女弟坐兄故，系奚官，鉉翁傾橐中裝贖出之，以歸其兄璧。

When Yuan troops reached the suburbs of the capital, chancellors Wu Jian and Jia Yuqing issued proclamations ordering prefects and magistrates throughout the empire to surrender their cities. Xuanweng alone refused to sign. The marshal sent envoys intending to bind him. Xuanweng said, “The Central Secretariat has no precedent for binding a chief minister.” Jian submitted a petition to the Yuan court with Xuanweng as envoy. When the rites were complete Xuanweng could not obtain permission to leave and was detained in the guesthouse. When he learned that the Song had fallen, for months he wept day and night and would neither eat nor drink. The Yuan court, impressed by his lofty integrity, wished to honor him with high office as a display to the southern domains. Xuanweng's loyalty would not admit a second sovereign; he declined without evasive or dissembling replies. When the three Song palaces were taken north, Xuanweng again led former officials to welcome and pay respects. He prostrated himself weeping, kowtowed, and apologized that as envoy he had performed so poorly that he could not move the emperor's heart and could not preserve the state. All who witnessed it sighed in sorrow. Wen Tianxiang's younger sister, implicated because of her brother, was imprisoned as a palace servant. Xuanweng emptied his traveling funds to ransom her and returned her to her brother Bi.

鉉翁狀貌奇偉，身長七尺，被服儼雅。其學邃於《春秋》，自號則堂，改館河間，乃以《春秋》教授弟子，數為諸生談宋故事及宋興亡之故，或流涕太息。大元成宗皇帝即位，放還，賜號「處士」，錫賫金幣，皆辭不受。又數年以壽終。

Xuanweng had a striking appearance, stood seven chi tall, and was dignified in dress and bearing. His learning ran deep in the Spring and Autumn Annals. He styled himself Zetang. After taking up residence in Hejian, he used the Spring and Autumn Annals to instruct his disciples and often spoke to students of Song history and the causes of the dynasty's rise and fall, sometimes weeping and sighing as he did so. When Emperor Chengzong of the Yuan took the throne, Xuanweng was released and granted the title “Recluse,” along with gifts of gold and coin — all of which he declined. Several years later he died at an advanced age.

李庭芝

Li Tingzhi

李庭芝，字祥甫。其先汴人，十二世同居，號「義門李氏」，後徙隨之應山縣。金亡，襄、漢被兵，又徙隨。然特以武顯。

Li Tingzhi, whose style was Xiangfu. His ancestors were from Bian. Twelve generations of the family lived together and were known as “the Righteous Gate Li clan.” Later they moved to Yingshan County in Suizhou. When the Jin fell and Xiangyang and Hanzhong were ravaged by war, the family moved again to Suizhou. Yet the family came to prominence specifically through martial achievement.

庭芝生時，有芝產屋棟，鄉人聚觀，以為生男祥也，遂以名之。少穎異，日能誦數千言，而智識恒出長老之上。王旻守隨，庭芝年十八，告其諸父曰：「王公貪而不恤下，下多怨之，隨必亂，請徙家德安以避。」諸父勉強從之，未浹旬，旻果為部曲挾之以叛，隨民死者甚眾。嘉熙末，江防甚急，庭芝得鄉舉不行，以策幹荊帥孟珙請自效。珙善相人，且夜夢車騎稱李尚書謁己，明日庭芝至。珙見其魁偉，顧諸子曰：「吾相人多，無如李生者，其名位當過我。」時四川有警，即以庭芝權施之建始縣。庭芝至，訓農治兵，選壯士雜官軍教之。期年，民皆知戰守，善馳逐，無事則植戈而耕，兵至則悉出而戰。夔帥下其法於所部行之。淳祐初始去，舉進士，中第。辟珙幕中，主管機宜文字。珙卒，遺表舉賈似道自代，而薦庭芝於似道，庭芝感珙知己，扶其柩葬之興國，即棄官歸，為珙行三年喪。

When Tingzhi was born, fungus sprouted on the roof beams of the house. Villagers gathered to look and took it as an auspicious sign presaging the birth of a son, and so named him accordingly. From youth he was exceptionally bright. Each day he could recite several thousand words, and his wisdom and insight always surpassed those of his elders. When Wang Min was defending Suizhou, the eighteen-year-old Tingzhi told his uncles, “Lord Wang is greedy and does not care for his men. Many below resent him. Suizhou will surely fall into disorder — please move our family to De'an to avoid it.” His uncles reluctantly complied. Within ten days Wang Min was indeed seized by his own troops and forced into rebellion, and a great many people of Suizhou died. At the end of the Jiaxi reign, river defenses were urgently needed. Tingzhi passed the local examination but did not proceed to the capital; instead he submitted a strategy to the Jing commissioner Meng Gong and offered his services. Gong was skilled at reading faces, and that night he dreamed of chariots and horsemen announcing that Vice Minister Li was coming to visit him. The next day Tingzhi arrived. Gong saw his imposing stature and turned to his sons. “I have read many faces,” he said, “but none like this young Li. His name and rank will surpass mine.” At that time Sichuan was under threat, so Gong immediately made Tingzhi acting magistrate of Jianshi County in Shi Prefecture. When Tingzhi arrived, he organized farming and managed the troops, selecting strong men to train alongside the regular army. Within a year the people all knew how to fight and defend, and were skilled at pursuit. In peacetime they planted spears and plowed the fields; when enemy troops came they all turned out to fight. The Kui commander adopted his method and implemented it throughout his jurisdiction. At the beginning of the Chunyou reign he left office, took the jinshi examination, and passed. He was invited into Gong's staff as superintendent of urgent paperwork. When Gong died, his final memorial recommended Jia Sidao to succeed him and recommended Tingzhi to Sidao. Moved by Gong's recognition of his worth, Tingzhi escorted the coffin to bury him at Xingguo, immediately resigned his post, and observed three years of mourning for Gong.

似道鎮京湖，起為制置司參議，移鎮兩淮，與似道議柵清河五河口，增淮南烽百二十。繼知濠州，復城荊山以備淮南。皆切中機會。開慶元年，似道宣撫京湖，留庭芝權揚州。尋以大兵在蜀，奏知峽州，以防蜀江口。朝廷以趙與芮為淮南制置，李應庚為參議官。應庚發兩路兵城南城，大暑中暍死者數萬。李亶窺其無謀，奪漣水三城，渡淮奪南城。鄂兵解，庭芝丁母憂去。朝議擇守揚者，帝曰：「無如李庭芝。」乃奪情主管兩淮制置司事。庭芝再破亶兵，殺亶將厲元帥，夷南城而歸。明年，復敗亶於喬村，破東海、石圃等城。又明年，亶降，徙三城民於通、泰之間。又破蘄縣，殺守將。

When Sidao took command of Jing-Hu, Tingzhi was summoned as planning commissioner of the military commission. When Sidao transferred to command the Two Huai, Tingzhi worked with him to plan palisades at the Five River Mouth of the Qinghe and added one hundred twenty beacon towers along the Huai frontier. He was subsequently made prefect of Haozhou and rebuilt Jingshan city to defend Huainan. All these measures were timely and seized the right opportunities. In the first year of the Kaiqing reign, when Sidao went to Jing-Hu as pacification commissioner, he left Tingzhi as acting prefect of Yangzhou. Soon afterward, with major enemy forces in Shu, he memorialized to appoint Tingzhi prefect of Xiasi to guard the Sichuan river mouth. The court appointed Zhao Yourui as Huainan military commissioner and Li Yinggeng as planning officer. Yinggeng mobilized troops from two routes south of the city wall. In the intense summer heat tens of thousands died of heatstroke. Li Dan saw that they had no strategy, seized three cities of Lianshui, crossed the Huai, and captured the south city. When the Ezhou relief force was disbanded, Tingzhi left office to observe mourning for his mother. When the court deliberated on who should defend Yangzhou, the emperor said, “There is no one like Li Tingzhi.” Thereupon, exempted from mourning, he was put in charge of the Two Huai military commission. Tingzhi twice defeated Li Dan's troops, killed Dan's general Li Yuanshuai, razed the south city, and returned. The next year he again defeated Li Dan at Qiaocun and captured Donghai, Shipu, and other cities. The year after that Li Dan surrendered, and the people of the three cities were relocated between Tongzhou and Taizhou. He also captured Qixian and killed the defending general.

庭芝初至揚時，揚新遭火，廬舍盡毀。州賴鹽為利，而亭戶多亡去，公私蕭然。庭芝悉貸民負逋，假錢使為屋，屋成又免其假錢，凡一歲，官民居皆具。鑿河四十里入金沙餘慶場，以省車運。兼浚他運河，放亭戶負鹽二百餘萬。亭民無車運之勞，又得免所負，逃者皆來歸，鹽利大興。始，平山堂瞰揚城，大元兵至，則構望樓其上，張車弩以射城中。庭芝乃築大城包之，城中募汴南流民二萬人以實之，有詔命為武銳軍。又大修學，為詩書、俎豆，與士行習射禮。郡中有水旱，即命發廩，不足則以私財振之。揚民德之如父母。劉槃自淮南入朝，帝問淮事，槃對曰：「李庭芝老成謹重，軍民安之。今邊塵不驚，百度具舉，皆陛下委任得人之效也。」

When Tingzhi first arrived at Yangzhou, the city had recently suffered a fire and dwellings had been destroyed throughout. The prefecture depended on salt for its revenue, but most of the salt workers had fled, and both public and private affairs were in ruin. Tingzhi fully remitted the people's overdue debts, lent them money to build houses, and when the houses were finished remitted those loans as well. Within a year both official and private dwellings were restored. He dug a canal forty li long to reach the Jinsha Yuying salt field, saving the cost of cart transport. He also dredged other transport canals and remitted more than two million in salt workers' outstanding debts. The salt workers were spared the labor of cart transport and had their debts remitted as well. Fugitives all returned, and salt revenues greatly revived. Initially Ping Hill Hall overlooked Yangzhou. When Yuan troops arrived they built watchtowers on it and deployed carriage-mounted crossbows to shoot into the city. Tingzhi then built a great outer wall enclosing it. Within the city he recruited twenty thousand refugees from south of Bian to garrison it, and an edict named them the Elite Militia Army. He also greatly expanded the schools, provided books of poetry and sacrificial vessels, and practiced archery rites with the local scholars. Whenever the commandery suffered flood or drought, he immediately ordered the granaries opened; when they were insufficient he used his private wealth for relief. The people of Yangzhou regarded him as they would their own parents. When Liu Pan came to court from Huainan, the emperor asked about affairs on the Huai frontier. Pan replied, “Li Tingzhi is seasoned and careful, and both soldiers and civilians are at peace under him. The frontier is now undisturbed and all affairs are in order — all the result of Your Majesty appointing the right men.”

咸淳五年，北兵圍襄陽急，夏貴入援，大敗虎尾州；范文虎總諸兵再入，又敗，文虎以輕舠遁，兵亂，士卒溺漢水死者甚眾。冬，命庭芝以京湖制置大使督師援襄陽。文虎聞庭芝至，貽書似道曰：「吾將兵數萬入襄陽，一戰可平，但無使聽命於京閫，事成則功歸恩相矣。」似道喜，即除文虎福州觀察使，其兵從中制之。文虎日攜美妾，走馬擊球軍中為樂。庭芝屢欲進兵，曰：「吾取旨未至也。」明年六月，漢水溢，文虎不得已始一出師，未至鹿門，中道遁去。庭芝數自劾請代，不允，竟失襄陽。陳宜中請誅文虎，似道庇之，止降一官知安慶府，而貶庭芝及部將蘇劉義、范友信廣南。庭芝罷居京口。

In the fifth year of the Xianchun reign, northern troops pressed the siege of Xiangyang. Xia Gui marched in to relieve the city and was heavily defeated at Huweizhou; Fan Wenhu then took overall command and marched in again, but was defeated once more. Wenhu fled in a light boat; the army fell into disorder, and a great many soldiers drowned in the Hanshui. That winter the court ordered Tingzhi, as metropolitan commissioner of Jing-Hu, to supervise the relief army for Xiangyang. When Wenhu learned that Tingzhi had arrived, he wrote to Sidao: “I am leading tens of thousands of troops into Xiangyang. One battle could settle it — only do not let them take orders from the capital commander. When it is done, the credit will belong to Chancellor Sidao.” Sidao was pleased and immediately made Wenhu observation commissioner of Fuzhou, allowing his troops to control operations from within. Wenhu spent his days with beautiful concubines, riding horses and playing polo in camp for amusement. Tingzhi repeatedly wanted to advance, but said, “My orders from the court have not yet arrived.” The next year, in the sixth month, the Hanshui overflowed its banks. Wenhu reluctantly marched out at last, but before reaching Lumen he fled midway. Tingzhi repeatedly memorialized impeaching himself and requesting replacement, but permission was not granted, and Xiangyang was ultimately lost. Chen Yizhong requested that Wenhu be executed, but Sidao sheltered him — Wenhu was merely demoted one rank and made prefect of Anqing, while Tingzhi and his generals Su Liuyi and Fan Youxin were banished to Lingnan. Dismissed from office, Tingzhi lived at Jingkou.

未幾，大元兵圍揚州，制置印應雷暴死，即起庭芝制置兩淮。庭芝請分淮西夏貴，而己得專力淮東，從之。十年，築清河口，詔以為清河軍。十二月，大元兵破鄂，詔天下勤王，庭芝首遣兵為諸道倡。德祐元年春，似道兵潰蕪湖，沿江諸郡或降或遁，無一人能守者。庭芝率所部郡縣城守。有李虎者持招降榜入揚州，庭芝誅虎，焚其榜。總制張俊出戰，持孟之縉書來招降，庭芝焚書，梟俊五人於市。而日調苗再成戰其南，許文德戰其北，姜才、施忠戰其中。時出金帛牛酒燕犒將士，人人為之死鬥。朝廷亦以督府金勞之，加庭芝參知政事。七月，以知樞密院事征入朝，徙夏貴知揚州，貴不至，事遂已。

Before long Yuan troops besieged Yangzhou. The military commissioner Yin Yinglei died suddenly, and Tingzhi was immediately recalled to command the Two Huai. Tingzhi requested that western Huainan be assigned to Xia Gui while he concentrated on Huaidong, and the court agreed. In the tenth year he fortified Qinghekou, and an edict established it as Qinghe Army. In the twelfth month Yuan troops captured Ezhou. When an edict called the empire to arms, Tingzhi was the first to dispatch troops, leading all routes in the effort. In the spring of the first year of the Deyou reign, Sidao's army was routed at Wuhu. Prefectures along the river either surrendered or fled — not one man could hold his post. Tingzhi led the prefectures and counties under his command in holding their walls. A man named Li Hu entered Yangzhou carrying a surrender placard. Tingzhi executed him and burned the placard. The overall commander Zhang Jun went out to fight, bearing a letter from Meng Zhijin offering surrender. Tingzhi burned the letter and displayed the heads of Zhang Jun and four others in the marketplace. Each day he deployed Miao Zaicheng to fight in the south, Xu Wende in the north, and Jiang Cai and Shi Zhong in the center. He frequently distributed gold, silk, cattle, and wine to feast and reward his troops, and every man fought to the death for him. The court also sent gold from the supervisory office to reward him and promoted Tingzhi to vice grand councilor. In the seventh month he was summoned to court as knowledge of the Bureau of Military Affairs. Xia Gui was transferred to take charge of Yangzhou, but Gui never arrived, and the matter came to nothing.

十月，大元丞相伯顏入臨安，留元帥阿術軍鎮江以遏淮兵。阿術攻揚久不拔，乃築長圍困之。冬，城中食盡，死者滿道。明年二月，饑益甚，赴濠水死者日數百，道有死者，眾爭割啖之立盡。宋亡，謝太后及瀛國公為詔諭之降，庭芝登城曰：「奉詔守城，未聞有詔諭降也。」已而兩宮入朝，至瓜州，復詔庭芝曰：「比詔卿納款，日久未報，豈未悉吾意，尚欲固圉邪？今吾與嗣君既已臣伏，卿尚為誰守之？」庭芝不答，命發弩射使者，斃一人，餘皆退去。姜才出兵奪兩宮，不克，復閉城守。三月，夏貴以淮西降，阿術驅降兵至城下以示之，旌旗蔽野，幕客有以言覘庭芝者，庭芝曰：「吾惟一死而已。」阿術使者持詔來招降，庭芝開壁納使者，斬之，焚詔陴上。已而知淮安州許文德、知盱眙軍張思聰、知泗州劉興祖皆以糧盡降。庭芝猶括民間粟以給兵，粟盡，令官人出粟，粟又盡，令將校出粟，雜牛皮、曲糵以給之。兵有烹子而食者，猶日出苦戰。七月，阿術請赦庭芝焚詔之罪，使之降，有詔從之。庭芝亦不納。是月，益王遣使以少保、左丞相召庭芝，庭芝以朱煥守揚，與姜才將兵七千人東入海，至泰州，阿術將兵追圍之。朱煥既以城降，驅庭芝將士妻子至泰州城下，陴將孫貴、胡惟孝等開門降。庭芝聞變，赴蓮池，水淺不得死。被執至揚州，朱煥請曰：「揚自用兵以來，積骸滿野，皆庭芝與才所為，不殺之何俟？」於是斬之。死之日，揚之民皆泣下。

In the tenth month the Yuan chancellor Bayan entered Lin'an and left Marshal Azhu's army at Zhenjiang to block the Huai troops. Azhu besieged Yangzhou for a long time without taking it, and then built a long encirclement to starve the city into submission. That winter the city ran out of food, and the dead filled the streets. The following February the famine grew worse; hundreds each day threw themselves into the moat and drowned. When corpses lay in the streets, people fought to cut them up and eat them on the spot until nothing remained. When the Song fell, Empress Dowager Xie and the Duke of Ying issued an edict ordering him to surrender. Tingzhi mounted the wall and said, “I received an edict to hold this city; I have heard no edict ordering me to surrender.” Soon the two palaces went north to court; reaching Guazhou they again instructed Tingzhi: “We earlier ordered you to submit, yet days pass without reply. Do you not understand our intent? Do you still mean to hold the walls? I and the heir have already submitted as subjects—for whom do you still hold the city?” Tingzhi did not answer. He ordered crossbows fired at the envoys, killing one; the rest withdrew. Jiang Cai led troops out to recover the two palaces but failed, and the city was shut again for defense. In the third month Xia Gui surrendered with Huai West. Azhu drove surrendered troops to the foot of the wall to display them, banners covering the plain. A staff member tried to sound Tingzhi out; Tingzhi said, “I have only death left.” Azhu’s envoy came with an edict summoning surrender. Tingzhi opened the gate, admitted the envoy, beheaded him, and burned the edict on the parapet. Before long it was learned that Xu Wende of Huai’an, Zhang Sicong of Xuyi, and Liu Xingzu of Sizhou had all surrendered when their grain ran out. Tingzhi still requisitioned grain from the people to feed the army. When that was gone he ordered officials to contribute grain; when that too was gone he ordered officers to contribute grain, mixing ox hide and malt lees to feed the men. Some soldiers boiled their own sons for food, yet each day they still went out to fight desperately. In the seventh month Azhu asked that Tingzhi be pardoned for burning the edict so he might surrender; the court approved. Tingzhi still would not accept. That month the Prince of Yi sent envoys summoning Tingzhi as Junior Guardian and left grand councilor. Tingzhi left Zhu Huan to hold Yangzhou and with Jiang Cai led seven thousand men east toward the sea, reaching Taizhou, where Azhu pursued and encircled them. Zhu Huan had already surrendered the city and drove the wives and children of Tingzhi’s officers and soldiers to the foot of Taizhou’s wall. Rampart generals Sun Gui, Hu Weixiao, and others opened the gate and surrendered. Hearing of the betrayal, Tingzhi threw himself into the lotus pond, but the water was too shallow and he could not drown. Seized and brought back to Yangzhou, Zhu Huan pleaded: “Since the war began, bones have piled across the fields—all the work of Tingzhi and Cai. If we do not kill them now, when will we?” He was beheaded. On the day he died the people of Yangzhou wept.

有宋應龍者為泰州咨議官，泰守孫良臣之弟舜臣自軍中來說降，良臣召應龍與計，應龍極陳國家恩澤，君臣大義，請殺舜臣以戒持二心者，良臣不得已殺之。及泰州降，應龍夫婦自經死。提刑司諮議褚一正置司高郵，督戰被創，沒水死。知興化縣胡拱辰，城破亦死。

Song Yinglong served as Taizhou advisory official. The prefect Sun Liangchen’s younger brother Shunchen came from the army to urge surrender. Liangchen summoned Yinglong to counsel him. Yinglong spoke at length of the state’s grace and the bond between ruler and minister, and asked that Shunchen be killed to warn those of divided loyalty; Liangchen reluctantly killed his brother. When Taizhou fell, Yinglong and his wife hanged themselves. Chu Yizheng, adviser of the judicial commission, had established his office at Gaoyou; supervising the fighting he was wounded and drowned. Hu Gongchen, magistrate of Xinghua, also died when his city fell.

論曰：楊棟學本伊、洛，而尼於權臣，速謗召尤，誰之過歟？姚希得藹然君子。包恢以嚴為治，抑以衰世之民非可以縱馳待之耶？常挺、陳宗禮咸通濟，著聲望。常楙晚訟皇子竑事，光明正大，公義炳然。家鉉翁義不二君，足為臣軌。李庭芝死於國難，其可憫哉！

The historians comment: Yang Dong’s learning derived from the Yi and Luo masters, yet he was hemmed in by a powerful minister, quickly slandered and inviting blame—whose fault was that? Yao Xide was a gracious gentleman. Bao Hui governed with severity—yet can the people of a declining age really be handled with loose reins? Chang Ting and Chen Zongli were both broadly accomplished and won lasting renown. In his later years Chang Mao pleaded the case of Prince Qi—open and upright, public justice shining clear. Jia Xuanweng’s loyalty to a single sovereign is enough to stand as a minister’s standard. Li Tingzhi died in the nation’s calamity—how pitiable!

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