1
邵伯溫喻樗洪興祖高閌程大昌林之奇林光朝楊萬里
Shao Bowen, Yu Chu, Hong Xingzu, Gao Kang, Cheng Dachang, Lin Zhiqi, Lin Guangchao, and Yang Wanli
2
邵伯溫
Shao Bowen
3
邵伯溫，字子文，洛陽人，康節處士雍之子也。 雍名重一時，如司馬光、韓維、呂公著、程頤兄弟皆交其門。 伯溫入聞父教，出則事司馬光等，而光等亦屈名位輩行，與伯溫為再世交，故所聞日博，而尤熟當世之務。 光入相，嘗欲薦伯溫，未果而薨。 後以河南尹與部使者薦，特授大名府助教，調潞州長子縣尉。
Shao Bowen, whose courtesy name was Ziwen, came from Luoyang and was the son of Shao Yong, the Kangjie Recluse. Yong's reputation stood at the height of the age, and figures such as Sima Guang, Han Wei, Lü Gongzhuo, and the Cheng brothers all sought his company. At home Bowen absorbed his father's instruction; abroad he moved in the circle of Sima Guang and the rest, who in turn set aside rank and seniority to treat him as a friend across two generations. What he learned thus grew ever wider, and he became especially adept at the affairs of the day. After Guang became chief minister, he had wished to recommend Bowen, but died before he could do so. He was later recommended by the Intendant of Henan and the circuit commissioners, given a special appointment as assistant instructor in Daming Prefecture, and transferred to serve as assistant magistrate of Changzi County in Luzhou.
4
初，蔡確之相也，神宗崩，哲宗立，邢恕自襄州移河陽，詣確謀造定策事。 及司馬光子康詣闕，恕召康詣河陽，伯溫謂康曰：「公休除喪未見君，不宜枉道先見朋友。」 康曰：「已諾之。」 伯溫曰：「恕傾巧，或以事要公休，若從之，必為異日之悔。」 康竟往。 恕果勸康作書稱確，以為他日全身保家計。 康、恕同年登科，恕又出光門下，康遂作書如恕言。 恕蓋以康為光子，言確有定策功，世必見信。 既而梁燾以諫議召，恕亦要燾至河陽，連日夜論確功不休，且以康書為證，燾不悅。 會吳處厚奏確詩謗朝政，燾與劉安世共請誅確，且論恕罪，亦命康分折，康始悔之。 康卒，子植幼。 宣仁後憫之。 呂大防謂康素以伯溫可托，請以伯溫為西京教授以教植。 伯溫既至官，則誨植曰：「溫公之孫，大諫之子，賢愚在天下，可畏也。」 植聞之，力學不懈，卒有立。
When Cai Que was chief minister, Shenzong died and Zhezong succeeded. Xing Shu was moved from Xiangzhou to Heyang and went to Que to plot how to fix the succession in their favor. When Sima Guang's son Kang set out for the capital, Shu summoned him to Heyang. Bowen told Kang, "You have finished mourning but have not yet seen the emperor—you should not go out of your way to visit friends first." Kang replied, "I have already given my word." Bowen said, "Shu is devious and unscrupulous. He may try to coerce you into something. If you yield, you will regret it for years to come." Kang went all the same. Shu did urge Kang to write a letter commending Que, framing it as a way to protect himself and his household in the future. Kang and Shu had passed the civil examinations in the same year, and Shu had studied under Guang as well, so Kang wrote the letter as Shu wished. Shu reckoned that because Kang was Guang's son, any claim that Que had helped fix the succession would be widely credited. Soon Liang Zhen was summoned as remonstrating censor. Shu also pressed Zhen to come to Heyang and for days on end argued Que's merits without cease, citing Kang's letter as proof. Zhen was displeased. When Wu Chuhou submitted a memorial accusing Que of seditious verse, Zhen and Liu Anshi jointly called for Que's execution and also pressed charges against Shu. Kang was ordered to examine the case as well, and only then did he repent. Kang died, leaving his young son Zhi. Empress Dowager Xuanren later showed them compassion. Lü Dafang said that Kang had always trusted Bowen with important matters and asked that Bowen be appointed professor in the Western Capital to instruct Zhi. After Bowen took up his post, he exhorted Zhi: "You are the grandson of Duke Wen and the son of a great remonstrating official. Whether you prove worthy or not will be known throughout the realm—that is something to be feared." Zhi took this to heart, applied himself without slackening, and in the end made his mark.
5
紹聖初，章惇為相。 惇嘗事康節，欲用伯溫，伯溫不往。 會法當赴吏部銓，程頤為伯溫曰：「吾危子之行也。」 伯溫曰：「豈不欲見先公於地下耶？」 至則先就部擬官，而後見宰相。 惇論及康節之學，曰：「嗟乎，吾於先生不能卒業也。」 伯溫曰：「先君先天之學，論天地萬物未有不盡者。 其信也，則人之仇怨反覆者可忘矣。」 時惇方興黨獄，故以是動之。 惇悚然。 猶薦之於朝，而伯溫願補郡縣吏，惇不悅，遂得監永興軍鑄錢監。 時元祐諸賢方南遷，士鮮訪之者。 伯溫見范祖禹於咸平，見範純仁於潁昌，或為之恐，不顧也。 會西邊用兵，復夏人故地，從軍者得累數階，伯溫當行，輒推同列。 秩滿，惇猶在相位。 伯溫義不至京師，從外台辟環慶路帥幕，實避惇也。
Early in the Shaosheng era, Zhang Dun became chief minister. Dun had once studied under Kangjie and wanted to employ Bowen, but Bowen would not go to him. When the regulations required him to go to the Ministry of Personnel for appointment, Cheng Yi told Bowen, "I fear for what may come of this journey." Bowen replied, "Would I not wish to face my late father in the world below?" When he arrived, he first went to the ministry to receive his proposed appointment and only afterward called on the chief minister. Dun spoke of Kangjie's learning and sighed, "Alas—I never finished my studies with the Master." Bowen said, "My father's teaching of the Prior Heaven encompasses heaven, earth, and the myriad things—there is nothing it does not fully treat. In its fidelity, even the enmities and reversals of men can be set aside." At the time Dun was inflaming the factional prosecutions, and Bowen meant to stir him with these words. Dun was shaken. He still recommended Bowen to the court, yet Bowen asked for a county or prefectural post. Dun was displeased, and Bowen was sent to superintend the Yongxing Army mint. At that time the worthies of the Yuanyou era were being exiled to the south, and few scholars dared visit them. Bowen visited Fan Zuyu at Xianping and Fan Chunren at Yingchang. Some warned him of the danger, but he paid no heed. When fighting broke out on the western frontier and former Xia territory was recovered, those who took the field could advance several ranks in succession. Bowen was due to go but always yielded the chance to colleagues of equal rank. When his term expired, Dun was still chief minister. On principle Bowen would not go to the capital. He accepted an appointment from the outer administration to the staff of the Huanqing commander—a move meant in truth to avoid Dun.
6
徽宗即位，以日食求言。 伯溫上書累數千言，大要欲復祖宗制度，辨宣仁誣謗，解元祐黨錮，分君子小人，戒勞民用兵，語極懇至。 宣仁太后之謗，伯溫既辨之，又著書名《辨誣》。 後崇寧、大觀間，以元符上書人分邪正等，伯溫在邪等中，以此書也。
When Huizong came to the throne, he called for memorials on the occasion of a solar eclipse. Bowen submitted a memorial of several thousand words. In substance he urged restoration of ancestral institutions, refutation of the slander against Xuanren, lifting of the Yuanyou faction ban, distinction between gentlemen and petty men, and caution against exhausting the people and resorting to war. His language was deeply earnest throughout. Bowen had already refuted the slander against Empress Dowager Xuanren and also wrote a book entitled Refutation of Slander. Later, during Chongning and Daguan, those who had submitted memorials in the Yuanfu era were classified as orthodox or heterodox. Bowen was placed among the heterodox on account of this book.
7
出監華州西嶽廟，久之，知陝州靈寶縣，徙芮城縣。 丁母憂，服除，主管永興軍耀州三白渠公事。 童貫為宣撫使，士大夫爭出其門，伯溫聞其來，出他州避之。 除知果州，請罷歲輸瀘南諸州綾絹、絲綿數十萬以寬民力。 除知興元府、遂寧府、邠州，皆不赴。 擢提點成都路刑獄，賊史斌破武休，入漢、利，窺劍門，伯溫與成都帥臣盧法原合謀守劍門，賊竟不能入，蜀人德之。 除利路轉運副使，提舉太平觀。 紹興四年，卒，年七十八。 初，邵雍嘗曰：「世行亂，蜀安，可避居。」 及宣和末，伯溫載家使蜀，故免於難。
He was sent out to superintend the Western Marchmount Temple in Huazhou. After a long interval he became magistrate of Lingbao County in Shanzhou and was later transferred to Ruicheng County. After mourning his mother and completing the mourning period, he was placed in charge of the Three White Canal works at Yaozhou under the Yongxing Army. When Tong Guan served as commissioner for pacification, court gentlemen vied to join his faction. On hearing that he was coming, Bowen left for another prefecture to avoid him. He was appointed prefect of Guozhou and petitioned to abolish the annual levy of hundreds of thousands of bolts of patterned silk and cotton floss from the southern Luzhou prefectures, so as to ease the people's burden. He was appointed to govern Xingyuan, Suining, and Bin prefectures, but declined every post. He was promoted to judicial commissioner of the Chengdu circuit. When the rebel Shi Bin seized Wuxiu and advanced into Han and Li, threatening Jianmen Pass, Bowen and the Chengdu commander Lu Fayuan jointly planned the defense of the pass. The rebels never broke through, and the people of Shu were grateful. He was appointed vice transport commissioner of the Li circuit and made overseer of the Taiping Abbey. He died in the fourth year of Shaoxing, at the age of seventy-eight. Long before, Shao Yong had said, "When the realm falls into chaos, Shu remains secure. One may take refuge there." At the end of the Xuanhe era, Bowen moved his family to Shu and so escaped the calamity.
8
伯溫嘗論元祐、紹聖之政曰：「公卿大夫，當知國體，以蔡確奸邪，投之死地，何足惜！ 然嘗為宰相，當以宰相待之。 範忠宣有文正餘風，知國體者也，故欲薄確之罪，言既不用，退而行確詞命，然後求去，君子長者仁人用心也。 確死南荒，豈獨有傷國體哉！ 劉摯、梁燾、王岩叟、劉安世忠直有餘，然疾惡已甚，不知國體，以貽後日縉紳之禍，不能無過也。」
Bowen once remarked on the politics of Yuanyou and Shaoshen: "Grandees of the court ought to understand what the state requires. Cai Que was treacherous and corrupt—sending him to his death is hardly a loss worth mourning! Yet he had once been chief minister and ought to have been treated as one. Fan Zhongxuan carried on Wen Zhengge's legacy and understood the needs of state. He therefore wished to mitigate Que's punishment. When his counsel was rejected, he withdrew, carried out Que's appointment documents, and only then sought leave—this was the conduct of a true gentleman and humane elder. Que died in the southern wilds—did that not alone wound the dignity of the state! Liu Zhi, Liang Zhen, Wang Yansou, and Liu Anshi had loyalty and integrity to spare, yet they hated evil beyond measure and failed to grasp the needs of state, bequeathing calamity to the court gentlemen who came after. They too were not without fault."
9
趙鼎少從伯溫遊，及當相，乞行追錄，始贈秘閣修撰。 嘗表伯溫之墓曰：「以學行起元祐，以名節居紹聖，以言廢於崇寧。」 世以此三語盡伯溫出處雲。
Zhao Ding had studied with Bowen in his youth. When he became chief minister, he petitioned for posthumous honors, and Bowen was at last granted the title of Honorary Compiler of the Secretariat. He once composed an epitaph for Bowen's tomb: "He rose through learning and conduct in Yuanyou, upheld his name and integrity in Shaosheng, and was silenced for his words in Chongning." Posterity has taken these three lines as summing up Bowen's entire career.
10
著書有《河南集》、《聞見錄》、《皇極係述》、《辨誣》、《辨惑》、《皇極經世序》、《觀物內外篇解》近百卷。 三子：溥、博、傅。
His writings came to nearly a hundred juan, including Collected Works of Henan, Records of What Was Heard and Seen, Succession of the Supreme Ultimate, Refutation of Slander, Dispelling Doubt, Preface to the Supreme Ultimate and the Ages of the World, and Exegesis of the Inner and Outer Chapters of Observing Things. He had three sons: Pu, Bo, and Fu.
11
喻樗，字子才，其先南昌人。 初，俞藥仕梁，位至安州刺史，武帝賜姓喻，後徙嚴，樗其十六世孫也。 少慕伊、洛之學，中建炎三年進士第，為人質直好議論。 趙鼎去樞筦，居常山，樗往謁，因諷之曰：「公之事上，當使啟沃多而施行少。 啟沃之際，當使誠意多而語言少。」 鼎奇之，引為上客。 鼎都督川陝、荊襄，辟樗為屬。
Yu Chu, whose courtesy name was Zicai, came of a family originally from Nanchang. His ancestor Yu Yao had served the Liang and risen to prefect of Anzhou. Emperor Wu of Liang granted the surname Yu, and the family later moved to Yan. Chu was their sixteenth-generation descendant. In youth he admired the learning associated with the Yi and Luo traditions. He passed the jinshi examination in the third year of Jianyan and was by nature plainspoken and fond of debate. When Zhao Ding left the Bureau of Military Affairs and retired to Changshan, Chu called on him and obliquely advised, "In serving the emperor, you should offer much counsel but carry out little yourself. When you offer counsel, let sincerity be abundant and words few." Ding was struck by this and took him on as a chief guest. When Ding served as overall commander of Shaanxi-Sichuan and Jing-Xiang-Huai, he recruited Chu as a staff officer.
12
紹興初，高宗親征，樗見鼎曰：「六龍臨江，兵氣百倍，然公自度此舉，果出萬全乎？ 或姑試一擲也？」 鼎曰：「中國累年退避不振，敵情益驕，義不可更屈，故讚上行耳。 若事之濟否，則非鼎所知也。」 樗曰：「然則當思歸路，毋以賊遺君父憂。」 鼎曰：「策安出？」 樗曰：「張德遠有重望，居閩。 今莫若使其為江、淮、荊、浙、福建等路宣撫使，俾以諸道兵赴闕，命下之日，府庫軍旅錢穀皆得專之。 宣撫來路，即朝廷歸路也。」 鼎曰：「諾。」 於是入奏曰：「今沿江經畫大計略定，非得大臣相應援不可。 如張浚人才，陛下終棄之乎？」 帝曰：「朕用之。」 遂起浚知樞密院事。 浚至，執鼎手曰：「此行舉措皆合人心。」 鼎笑曰：「子才之功也。」 樗於是往來鼎、浚間，多所裨益。 頃之，以鼎薦，授秘書省正字兼史館校勘。
Early in Shaoxing, Gaozong took the field in person. Chu saw Ding and asked, "With the imperial presence on the Yangzi, martial spirit runs high—but do you truly believe this campaign is utterly without risk? Or is it merely a gamble?" Ding replied, "For years the empire has retreated without rallying, and the enemy grows ever bolder. On principle we cannot bow again, so I supported the emperor's advance. Whether the venture succeeds is beyond my knowledge." Chu said, "Then you must plan the road home and not leave the enemy as a burden on the emperor and the realm." Ding asked, "What strategy do you propose?" Chu said, "Zhang Deyuan enjoys great prestige and is now in Fujian. The best course now is to appoint him commissioner for pacification over the Jiang, Huai, Jing, Zhe, and Fujian circuits, with authority to march the troops of every circuit to the capital. From the day the order is issued, treasuries, armies, and funds should be entirely at his disposal. The route by which the commissioner advances is the route by which the court withdraws." Ding said, "Very well." He then memorialized the throne: "The great plan along the river is now largely settled, but we cannot do without a senior minister to coordinate support. A man of Zhang Jun's ability—will Your Majesty truly leave him unused?" The emperor said, "I shall employ him." Jun was thereupon recalled to serve as director of the Bureau of Military Affairs. When Jun arrived, he took Ding's hand and said, "Every measure of this campaign has won the people's hearts." Ding laughed and said, "That is Zicai's doing." Chu then moved between Ding and Jun and contributed much to their cooperation. Before long, on Ding's recommendation, he was appointed regular scribe of the Secretariat with concurrent duty as collator in the History Office.
13
初，金既退師，鼎、浚相得歡甚。 人知其將並相，樗獨言：「二人宜且同在樞府，他日趙退則張繼之。 立事任人，未甚相遠，則氣脈長。 若同處相位，萬有一不合，或當去位，則必更張，是賢者自相背戾矣。」 後稍如其言。 又嘗曰：「推車者遇艱險則相詬病，及車之止也，則欣然如初。 士之於國家亦若是而已。」
After the Jin armies withdrew, Ding and Jun were on excellent terms. Everyone expected them soon to share the chancellorship, but Chu alone said, "The two should remain together in the Bureau of Military Affairs for now. When Zhao steps down, Zhang can succeed him. If their policies and appointments do not diverge too widely, the political momentum will endure. If they shared the chancellorship and the slightest disagreement arose, one would have to leave office and everything would be overturned—worthy men would end up at odds with one another." Events later unfolded much as he had predicted. He also once said, "Men pushing a cart reproach one another when the road grows hard, but once the cart stops, they are cheerful again as before. Scholars toward the state are no different."
14
初，樗善鑒識，宣和間，謂其友人沈晦試進士當第一。 建炎初，又謂今歲進士張九成當第一，淩景夏次之。 會風折大槐，樗以作二簡遺之，後果然。 趙鼎嘗以樊光遠免舉事訪樗，樗曰：「今年省試不可無此人。」 於是光遠亦第一。 初，樗二女方擇配，富人交請婚，不許。 及見汪洋、張孝祥，乃曰「佳婿也。」 遂以妻之。
Chu had a gift for judging men. During Xuanhe he told his friend Shen Hui that he would rank first in the jinshi examination. Early in Jianyan he predicted that Zhang Jiucheng would rank first among the jinshi that year and Ling Jingxia second. When a great locust tree was broken in a storm, Chu composed two slips and sent them to the candidates. Later events proved him right. Zhao Ding once consulted Chu about exempting Fan Guangyuan from the examination. Chu said, "This year's provincial examination cannot do without this man." Guangyuan indeed ranked first. When Chu's two daughters were choosing husbands, wealthy families vied to propose marriage, but he refused them all. When he met Wang Yang and Zhang Xiaoxiang, he declared, "These will make fine sons-in-law." He gave them his daughters in marriage.
15
洪興祖
Hong Xingzu
16
洪興祖，字慶善，鎮江丹陽人。 少讀《禮》至《中庸》，頓悟性命之理，績文日進。 登政和上舍第，為湖州士曹，改宣教郎。 高宗時在揚州，庶事草創，選人改秩軍頭司引見，自興祖始。 召試，授秘書省正字，後為太常博士。
Hong Xingzu, whose courtesy name was Qingshan, came from Danyang in Zhenjiang. As a youth he read the Rites through to the Doctrine of the Mean and suddenly grasped the principles of nature and destiny. His writing improved day by day. He passed the upper-college examination in the Zhenghe era, served as clerk for scholars in Huzhou, and was promoted to instructor. When Gaozong was at Yangzhou and the government was still being formed, candidates changing rank were first presented through the Army Head Office—Xingzu was the first. Summoned for examination, he was appointed regular scribe of the Secretariat and later became a doctor of the Court of Imperial Sacrifices.
17
上疏乞收人心，納謀策，安民情，壯國威。 又論國家再造，一宜以藝祖為法。 紹興四年，蘇、湖地震。 興祖時為駕部郎官，應詔上疏，具言朝廷紀綱之失，為時宰所惡，主管太平觀。
He submitted a memorial urging the court to win back popular loyalty, heed counsel, reassure the people, and strengthen national prestige. He also argued that in rebuilding the state, the court ought above all to take Taizu as its model. In the fourth year of Shaoxing, Suzhou and Huzhou were struck by earthquakes. Xingzu was then director of the Transport Office. By imperial order he memorialized, detailing the court's failures of discipline and regulation. The chief ministers took offense, and he was assigned to oversee the Taiping Abbey.
18
起知廣德軍，視水原為陂塘六百餘所，民無旱憂。 一新學舍，因定從祀：自十哲曾子而下七十有一人，又列先儒左丘明而下二十有六人。 擢提點江東刑獄。 知真州。 州當兵衝，瘡痍未瘳。 興祖始至，請復一年租，從之。 明年再請，又從之。 自是流民復業，墾辟荒田至七萬餘畝。
He was appointed prefect of Guangde Army, surveyed the water sources, and built more than six hundred reservoir ponds so that the people no longer feared drought. He renovated the school and fixed the accompanying sacrifices: from the Ten Sages and Zengzi downward, seventy-one persons, and from the early Confucians beginning with Zuo Qiuming, twenty-six persons. He was promoted to judicial commissioner of the Jiangdong circuit. He became prefect of Zhenzhou. The prefecture lay on a military thoroughfare, and its wounds had not yet healed. When Xingzu first arrived, he petitioned to remit one year's rent, and the request was granted. The following year he petitioned again, and again the court agreed. Thereafter displaced people returned to their fields and reclaimed more than seventy thousand mu of wasteland.
19
徙知饒州，先夢持六刀，覺曰：「三刀為益，今倍之，其饒乎？」 已而果然。 是時秦檜當國，諫官多檜門下，爭彈劾以媚檜。 興祖坐嘗作故龍圖閣學士程瑀《論語解序》，語涉怨望，編管昭州，卒，年六十有六。 明年，詔復其官，直敷文閣。
He was transferred to Raozhou. He had dreamed of holding six knives and on waking said, "Three knives form the character for 'benefit'; doubled, does this not spell 'Rao'?" Before long it proved so. At that time Qin Hui dominated the government. Most remonstrating officials belonged to his faction and competed to impeach others to win his favor. Xingzu was punished because he had written a preface to the former Academician Expositor Cheng Yu's Exegesis of the Analects containing language deemed resentful. He was banished to Zhaozhou, where he died at sixty-six. The following year an edict restored his office and conferred upon him the title of Direct Academician Expositor.
20
興祖好古博學，自少至老，未嘗一日去書。 著《老莊本旨》、《周易通義》、《係辭要旨》、《古文孝經序讚》、《離騷楚詞考異》行於世。
Xingzu loved antiquity and was broadly learned. From youth to old age he never went a day without books. His works—including Original Purport of Laozi and Zhuangzi, Comprehensive Meaning of the Book of Changes, Essential Purport of the Appended Phrases, Preface and Praise of the Old Text Classic of Filial Piety, and Critical Variants of the Songs of Chu and Li sao—circulated widely.
21
高閌，字抑崇，明州鄞縣人。 紹興元年，以上舍選賜進士第。 執政薦之，召為秘書省正字。 時將賜新進士《儒行》、《中庸》篇，閌奏《儒行》詞說不醇，請止賜《中庸》，庶幾學者得知聖學淵源，而不惑於他說，從之。
Gao Kang, whose courtesy name was Yichong, came from Yin County in Mingzhou. In the first year of Shaoxing he was granted the jinshi degree on selection from the upper college. The chief ministers recommended him, and he was summoned to serve as regular scribe of the Secretariat. The court was about to bestow on new jinshi graduates the Confucian Conduct and Doctrine of the Mean. Kang memorialized that the language of Confucian Conduct was impure and asked that only the Doctrine of the Mean be granted, so scholars might know the deep source of sage learning without being misled by other doctrines. The court agreed.
22
權禮部員外郎兼史館校勘。 麵對，言：「《春秋》之法，莫大於正名。 今樞密院號本兵柄，而諸路軍馬盡屬都督，是朝廷兵柄自分為二。 又周六卿，其大事則從其長，小事官屬猶得專達。 今一切拘以文法，雖利害灼然可見，官長且不敢自決，必請於朝，故廟堂之事益繁，而省曹官屬乃與胥吏無異。 又政事之行，給、舍得繳駁，台諫得論列，若給、舍以為然，台諫以為不然，則不容不改。 祖宗時有繳駁台諫章疏不以為嫌者，恐其得於風聞，致朝廷之有過舉。 然此風不見久矣，臣恐朝廷之權反在台諫。 且祖宗時，監察御史許言事，靖康中嘗行之。 今則名為台官，實無言責，此皆名之未正也。」
He was appointed acting vice minister of rites with concurrent duty as collator in the History Office. In audience he said, "In the method of the Spring and Autumn Annals, nothing is greater than rectifying names. The Bureau of Military Affairs is said to hold the root of military power, yet the armies of all circuits belong entirely to the overall commander. The court's military authority is thus split in two. In the Zhou six ministries, on great affairs they followed the department head, while on small matters subordinates could still report directly. Today everything is bound by written regulations. Even when benefit and harm are plainly visible, the department head dares not decide alone but must seek the court's approval. Court business grows ever heavier, while provincial officials are reduced to the status of clerks. In executing policy, the Secretariat and Chancellery may return documents for reconsideration and the censorate may debate them. If the Secretariat approves but the censorate objects, the measure cannot stand unchanged. Under the founders there were cases where returned censorial memorials were not taken as offensive, lest the censors, hearing rumors, cause the court to err. That practice has long vanished. I fear the court's authority has shifted instead to the censorate. Moreover, under the founders investigating censors were permitted to speak on affairs—a practice briefly revived in the Jingkang period. Today they are called censors in name but bear no real duty to speak. These are all failures to rectify names."
23
尋遷著作佐郎，以言者論罷，主管崇道觀。 召為國子司業。 時興太學，閌奏宜先經術，帝曰：「士習詩賦已久，遽能使之通經乎？」 閌曰：「先王設太學，惟講經術而已。 國初猶循唐制用詩賦，神宗始以經術造士，遂罷詩賦，又慮不足以盡人才，乃設詞學一科。 今宜以經義為主，而加詩賦。」 帝然之。 閌於是條具以聞。 其法以《六經》、《語》、《孟》義為一場，詩賦次之，子史論又次之，時務策又次之。 太學課試及郡國科舉，盡以此為法，且立郡國士補國學監生之制。 中興已後學製，多閌所建明。
He was soon transferred to assistant compiler, but censors attacked him and he was dismissed to oversee the Chongdao Abbey. He was summoned to serve as vice director of the Directorate of Education. The Imperial University was being expanded. Kang urged that classical learning come first. The emperor said, "Scholars have practiced poetry and fu for so long—can they suddenly be made to master the classics?" Kang replied, "The former kings established the Imperial University solely to teach the classics. At the founding the Tang system of poetry and fu was still followed. Shenzong first used the classics to form scholars and abolished poetry and fu, yet fearing this would not exhaust talent, he established the belles-lettres subject. Now the classics should be primary, with poetry and fu added." The emperor agreed. Kang thereupon submitted a detailed memorial. The method placed exegesis of the Six Classics, Analects, and Mencius in the first session, poetry and fu second, essays on the masters and histories third, and current-affairs policy questions last. University examinations and prefectural civil-service examinations all followed this method, and a system was established for prefectural scholars to enter the university as supervising students. After the Restoration, much of the academic system was of Kang's devising.
24
閌又言建學之始，宜得老成以誘掖後進。 乃薦全州文學師維藩，詔除國子錄。 維藩，眉山人，精《春秋》學，林栗其高第也，故首薦之。 新學成，閌奏補試者六千人，且乞臨雍，繼率諸生上表以請。 於是帝幸太學，秦熺執經，閌講《易·泰卦》，賜三品服。 胡寅聞之，以書責閌曰：「閣下為師儒之首，不能建大論，明天人之理，乃阿諛柄臣，希合風旨，求舉太平之典，欺天罔人孰甚焉！ 平生誌行掃地矣。」
Kang also said that in founding the university the court ought to obtain mature scholars to guide the young. He recommended Wei Weifan, instructor of letters in Quanzhou, who was appointed recorder of the Directorate by edict. Weifan of Meizhou was expert in Spring and Autumn learning. Lin Li had been his top student, and so he was recommended first. When the new university was completed, Kang reported that six thousand candidates sat for the qualifying examination and begged the emperor to visit the university. He then led the students in submitting a memorial requesting the visit. The emperor then visited the Imperial University. Qin Xi lectured on the classics while Kang expounded the Tai hexagram, and Kang was granted robes of the third rank. When Hu Yin heard of this, he wrote to reproach Kang: "You stand at the head of the teacher-scholars yet cannot establish a great argument or clarify the principle of Heaven and man. Instead you flatter a powerful minister and conform to the prevailing tone, seeking to perform the ceremony of the Great Peace. Who deceives Heaven and man more than this? Your life's resolve and conduct are swept to the ground."
25
閌少宗程頤學。 宣和末，楊時為祭酒，閌為諸生。 胡安國至京師，訪士於時，以閌為首稱，由是知名。 閌除禮部侍郎，帝因問閌張九成安否，明日，復以問秦檜，檜疑閌薦，中丞李文會承檜旨劾閌，出知筠州，不赴，卒。 初，秦棣嘗使姚孚請婚，閌辭之。 其著述有《春秋集傳》行於世。
In youth Kang revered the learning of Cheng Yi. At the end of Xuanhe, Yang Shi served as libationer and Kang was among his students. When Hu An'guo came to the capital, he sought scholars through Yang Shi and ranked Kang first. Thereby Kang became known. Kang was appointed vice minister of rites. The emperor asked whether Zhang Jiucheng was safe; the next day he asked Qin Hui again. Hui suspected Kang of recommending Zhang. Vice Censor Li Wenhuai, following Hui's intent, impeached Kang, who was sent out as prefect of Yunzhou. He did not take up the post and died. Early on, Qin Di had sent Yao Fu to propose marriage, but Kang declined. His Collected Commentary on the Spring and Autumn Annals circulated in the world.
26
程大昌
Cheng Dachang
27
程大昌，字泰之，徽州休寧人。 十歲能屬文，登紹興二十一年進士第。 主吳縣簿，未上，丁父憂。 服除，著十論言當世事，獻於朝，宰相湯思退奇之，擢太平州教授。 明年，召為太學正，試館職，為秘書省正字。
Cheng Dachang, whose courtesy name was Taizhi, came from Xiuning in Huizhou. At ten he could compose prose. He passed the jinshi examination in the twenty-first year of Shaoxing. He was appointed clerk of Wu County but had not yet reported for duty when his father died. When mourning ended he composed ten discourses on current affairs and presented them to court. Chief Minister Tang Sirui was impressed and appointed him professor in Taiping Prefecture. The following year he was summoned as director of the Imperial University, tested for a library post, and appointed regular scribe of the Secretariat.
28
孝宗即位，遷著作佐郎。 當是時，帝初政，銳意事功，命令四出，貴近或預密議。 會詔百官言事，大昌奏曰：「漢石顯知元帝信己，先請夜開宮門之詔。 他日，故夜還，稱詔啟關，或言矯製，帝笑以前詔示之。 自是顯真矯製，人不復言。 國朝命令必由三省，防此弊也。 請自今被御前直降文書，皆申省審奏乃得行，以合祖宗之規，以防石顯之奸。」 又言：「去歲完顏亮入寇，無一士死守，而兵將至今策勳未已。 惟李寶捷膠西，虞允文戰采石，實屠亮之階。 今寶罷兵，允文守夔，此公論所謂不平也。」 帝稱善，選為恭王府讚讀。 遷國子司業兼權禮部侍郎、直學士院。 帝問大昌曰：「朕治道不進，奈何？」 大昌對曰：「陛下勤儉過古帝王，自女真通和，知尊中國，不可謂無效。 但當求賢納諫，修政事，則大有為之業在其中，不必他求奇策，以幸速成。」 又言：「淮上築城太多，緩急何人可守？ 設險莫如練卒，練卒莫如擇將。」 帝稱善。
When Xiaozong acceded, he was transferred to assistant compiler. At that time the emperor was beginning his reign and keenly pursued achievement. Orders issued in all directions, and those close to him sometimes joined secret deliberations. When an edict called on all officials to speak, Dachang memorialized: "In Han, Shi Xian, knowing that Emperor Yuan trusted him, first requested an edict to open the palace gates at night. Another night he returned and claimed the edict to open the gate. Some said it was forged, but the emperor laughed and showed them the earlier edict. Thereafter Xian truly forged orders, and no one dared speak again. Our dynasty's commands must pass through the Three Departments—this guards against that abuse. I beg that hereafter all documents descending directly from the throne be submitted to the departments for review before execution, to accord with ancestral regulation and guard against Shi Xian's treachery." He also said, "Last year Wanyan Liang invaded, yet not a single scholar died defending his post, while soldiers and generals still plot merit to this day— only Li Bao's victory at Jiaoxi and Yu Yunwen's battle at Caishi truly cut off Liang's path to success. Now Bao has been removed from command while Yunwen guards Kui—this is what public opinion calls unfair." The emperor praised this and appointed him reader for the Prince of Gong. He was transferred to vice director of the Directorate of Education with concurrent acting vice minister of rites and academician expositor. The emperor asked Dachang, "My governance does not advance—what is to be done?" Dachang replied, "Your Majesty's diligence and frugality surpass the ancient emperors. Since peace with the Jurchen, they know to honor China—that cannot be called without effect. You need only seek worthy men, accept remonstrance, and repair government. The great enterprise lies therein; there is no need to seek strange stratagems for rapid success." He also said, "Too many fortresses are being built on the Huai—if crisis comes, who can hold them? In establishing defenses nothing surpasses drilling troops; in drilling troops nothing surpasses choosing generals." The emperor approved.
29
除浙東提點刑獄。 會歲豐，酒稅逾額，有挾朝命請增額者，大昌力拒之，曰：「大昌寧罪去，不可增也。」 徙江西轉運副使，大昌曰：「可以興利去害，行吾誌矣。」 會歲歉，出錢十餘萬緡，代輸吉、贛、臨江、南安夏稅折帛。 清江縣舊有破坑、桐塘二堰，以捍江護田及民居，地幾二千頃。 後堰壞，歲罹水患且四十年，大昌力復其舊。
He was appointed judicial commissioner of the Zhedong circuit. In a year of abundance the wine tax exceeded the quota. Some, bearing court orders, requested an increase. Dachang firmly refused: "I would rather be punished and leave than allow an increase." He was transferred to vice transport commissioner of Jiangxi. Dachang said, "Here I can promote benefit, remove harm, and carry out my resolve." In a year of famine he disbursed more than a hundred thousand strings of cash to pay the summer tax in silk for Ji, Gan, Linjiang, and Nan'an. Qingjiang County formerly had the Po Pit and Tongtang weirs to hold back the river and protect fields and dwellings—nearly two thousand qing of land. Later the weirs collapsed, and for nearly forty years the region suffered floods. Dachang strenuously restored them.
30
進秘閣修撰，召為秘書少監，帝勞之曰：「卿，朕所簡記。 監司若人人如卿，朕何憂？」 兼中書舍人。 六和塔寺僧以鎮潮為功，求內降給賜所置田產仍免科徭，大昌奏：「僧寺既違法置田，又移科徭於民，奈何許之！ 況自修塔之後，潮果不齧岸乎？」 寢其命。 權刑部侍郎，升侍講兼國子祭酒。 大昌言：「辟以止辟，未聞縱有罪為仁也。 今四方讞獄例擬貸死，臣謂有司當守法，人主察其可貸則貸之。 如此，則法伸乎下，仁歸乎上矣。」 帝以為然。 兼給事中。 江陵都統製率逢原縱部曲毆百姓，守帥辛棄疾以言狀徙帥江西。 大昌因極論「自此屯戍州郡，不可為矣」！ 逢原由是坐削兩官，降本軍副將。 累遷權吏部尚書。 言：「今日諸軍，西北舊人日少，其子孫伉健者，當教之戰陣。 不宜輕聽離軍。 且禁衛之士，祖宗非獨以備宿衛而已，南征北伐，是嘗為先鋒。 今率三年輒補外，用違其長，既有征行，無人在選。 奈何始以材武擇之，而終以庸常棄之乎？ 願留三衙勿遣。」
He was promoted to honorary compiler of the Secretariat and summoned as vice director of the Secretariat. The emperor said to him, "You are one I have marked for notice. If every circuit commissioner were like you, what would I have to worry about?" He was given concurrent appointment as drafting academician of the Secretariat. Monks of the Liuhe Pagoda Temple, claiming merit in calming the tide, sought an imperial grant of fields the temple had illegally acquired, with tax and corvée still shifted onto the people. Dachang memorialized, "The temple has illegally acquired fields and shifted burdens onto the people—how can this be permitted! Moreover, since the pagoda was repaired, has the tide truly ceased eroding the bank?" He shelved the order. He was appointed acting vice minister of justice and promoted to lecturer-in-attendance with concurrent libationer of the Directorate of Education. Dachang said, "Punishment exists to end punishment—no one has ever heard that pardoning the guilty counts as benevolence. Today criminal cases everywhere are routinely proposed for commutation of death. I hold that officials should uphold the law, and the sovereign may pardon when he sees fit. Thus the law will prevail below and benevolence will reside above." The emperor agreed. He was given concurrent appointment as supervising censor. The overall commander of Jiangling, Lü Fengyuan, allowed his troops to beat commoners. The defending commander Xin Qiji reported the facts and had Fengyuan transferred to command in Jiangxi. Dachang argued forcefully that from this point on, garrisoning prefectures and circuits would be impossible. Fengyuan was punished by reduction of two ranks and demotion to deputy general of his original army. He was repeatedly promoted to acting minister of personnel. He said, "In today's armies the old northwestern soldiers grow fewer by the day. Where their sons and grandsons are sturdy, they should be taught battle formations. They should not lightly be allowed to leave the army. Moreover, the forbidden guards were not established by the founders solely for night watch. In southern and northern campaigns they were once the vanguard. Now after three years they are generally posted outside, misusing their strengths. When campaigns arise, no capable men remain for selection. How can we first select them for martial talent and in the end discard them as mediocre? I beg that the Three Yamen guards not be dispatched."
31
會行中外更迭之制，力請郡，遂出知泉州。 汀州賊沈師作亂，戍將蕭統領與戰死，閩部大震。 漕檄統製裴師武討之。 師武以未得帥符不行，大昌手書趣之曰：「事急矣，有如帥責君，可持吾書自解。」 當是時，賊謀攻城，而先使諜者衷甲縱火為內應。 會師武軍至，復得諜者，賊遂散去。 遷知建寧府。 光宗嗣位，徙知明州，尋奉祠。 紹熙五年，請老，以龍圖閣學士致仕。 慶元元年卒，年七十三，諡文簡。
When the system of alternating inner and outer appointments was implemented, he strenuously requested a prefectural post and was sent out as prefect of Quanzhou. The bandit Shen Shi rebelled in Tingzhou. The garrison commander Xiao Tong led troops and died in battle, and the Min region was greatly shaken. The transport office ordered Overall Commander Pei Shiwu to suppress him. Shiwu would not move without the commander's order. Dachang wrote urging him: "The affair is urgent. If the commander blames you, use my letter to explain yourself." The bandits planned to attack the city and first sent spies to wear armor within and set fires as an internal signal. When Shiwu's army arrived, spies were captured again and the bandits dispersed. He was transferred to be prefect of Jianning Prefecture. When Guangzong succeeded, he was moved to Mingzhou and soon took leave for temple service. In the fifth year of Shaoxi he requested retirement and left office with the title of Academician Expositor of the Dragon Diagram Hall. In the first year of Qingyuan he died at seventy-three. His posthumous title was Wenhian.
32
大昌篤學，於古今事靡不考究。 有《禹貢論》、《易原》、《雍錄》、《易老通言》、《考古編》、《演繁露》、《北邊備對》行於世。
Dachang was devoted to learning and investigated exhaustively affairs ancient and modern. His works—including Discourse on the Tribute of Yu, Origins of the Changes, Record of Yong, Comprehensive Words on the Changes and Laozi, Collected Archaeological Studies, Extended Explanations, and Northern Frontier Preparedness—circulated widely.
33
林之奇
Lin Zhiqi
34
林之奇，字少穎，福州候官人。 紫微舍人呂本中入閩，之奇甫冠，從本中學。 時將試禮部，行次衢州，以不得事親而反。 學益力，本中奇之，由是學者踵至。 中紹興二十一年進士第，調莆田簿，改尉長汀，召為秘書省正字，轉校書郎。
Lin Zhiqi, whose courtesy name was Shaoying, came from Houguan in Fuzhou. When Academician Expositor Lü Benzhong entered Fujian, Zhiqi had just come of age and studied under him. He was about to take the Ministry of Rites examination but turned back while passing through Quzhou because he could not leave his parents. His learning grew stronger still. Benzhong marveled at him, and scholars came in succession. He passed the jinshi examination in the twenty-first year of Shaoxing, served as clerk of Putian, then as assistant magistrate of Changting, and was summoned as regular scribe of the Secretariat and later proofreader.
35
會朝廷欲令學者參用王安石《三經義》之說，之奇上言：「王氏三經，率為新法地。 晉人以王、何清談之罪，深於桀、紂。 本朝靖康禍亂，考其端倪，王氏實負王、何之責。 在孔、孟書，正所謂邪說、詖行、淫辭之不可訓者。」 或傳金人欲南侵，之奇作書抵當路，以為「久和畏戰，人情之常。 金知吾重於和，故常以虛聲喝我，而示我以欲戰之意，非果欲戰，所以堅吾和。 欲與之和，宜無憚於戰，則其權在我」。 又言：「戰之所須不一，而人才為先。 必求可與共患難者，非得如龐士元所謂俊傑者不可也。」
When the court wished scholars to use Wang Anshi's exegesis of the Three Classics, Zhiqi memorialized, "Wang's three classics served chiefly as ground for the New Policies. The Jin held Wang and He of the Pure Conversation school guilty of a crime deeper than Jie and Zhou. Examining the origins of our dynasty's Jingkang calamity, Wang in truth bore the guilt of Wang and He. In the books of Confucius and Mencius, this is precisely the heterodox doctrine, perverse conduct, and excessive language that cannot instruct." Rumor spread that the Jurchen wished to invade south. Zhiqi wrote to those in power: "Long peace breeds fear of war—that is human nature. The Jurchen know we value peace and therefore often threaten us with empty alarms while showing an intent to fight—not because they truly wish to fight, but to strengthen our commitment to peace. If we wish peace with them, we ought not fear war—then the initiative rests with us." He also said, "What war requires is many things, but talent comes first. We must seek those who can share our hardships—none but the outstanding men of whom Pang Shiyuan spoke will suffice."
36
以痹疾乞外，由宗正丞提舉閩舶，參帥議，遂以祠祿家居，自稱拙齋。 東萊呂祖謙嘗受學焉。 淳熙三年卒，年六十有五。
He begged leave on account of paralysis, was promoted from director of the Imperial Clan Court to oversee Fujian shipping and join commanders' deliberations, then retired on temple stipend at home under the name Clumsy Studio. Lü Zuqian of Donglai once studied under him. He died in the third year of Chunxi at sixty-five.
37
有《書》《春秋》《周禮說》、《論》、《孟》《楊子講義》、《道山記聞》等書行於世。
His works—including exegeses of the Documents, Spring and Autumn Annals, and Rites of Zhou, lectures on the Analects, Mencius, and Yangzi, and Records Heard on the Dao Mountain—circulated widely.
38
林光朝
Lin Guangchao
39
林光朝，字謙之，興化軍莆田人。 再試禮部不第，聞吳中陸子正嘗從尹焞學，因往從之遊。 自是專心聖賢踐履之學，通《六經》，貫百氏，言動必以禮，四方來學者亡慮數百人。 南渡後，以伊、洛之學倡東南者，自光朝始。 然未嘗著書，惟口授學者，使之心通理解。 嘗曰：「道之全體，全乎太虛。 《六經》既發明之，後世注解固已支離，若復增加，道愈遠矣。」
Lin Guangchao, whose courtesy name was Qianzhi, came from Putian in the Xinghua circuit. He twice failed the Ministry of Rites examination. Hearing that Lu Zizheng in Wu had studied with Yin Chun, he went to study with him. Thereafter he devoted himself to practicing the way of the sages, mastered the Six Classics, penetrated the hundred schools, and in speech and conduct always kept to ritual. Scholars came from all directions by the hundreds. After the southward move, Guangchao was the first to advocate the Yi and Luo learning in the southeast. Yet he never wrote books. He instructed scholars orally until they understood with the heart. He once said, "The full body of the Way is complete in the Great Void. The Six Classics have already elucidated it. Later exegeses were already fragmented; if one adds more, the Way grows ever farther."
40
孝宗隆興元年，光朝年五十，以進士及第。 調袁州司戶參軍。 乾道三年，龍大淵、曾覿以潛邸恩幸進，台諫、給舍論駁不行。 張闡自外召為執政，銳欲去之，覺其不可拙，遂以老疾力辭不拜。 而光朝及劉朔方以名儒薦對，頗及二人罪，由是光朝改左承奉郎、知永福縣。 而大臣論薦不已，召試館職，為秘書省正字兼國史編修、實錄檢討官，曆著作佐郎兼禮部郎官。 八年，進國子司業兼太子侍讀，史職如故。 是時，張說再除簽書樞密院事，光朝不往賀，遂出為廣西提點刑獄，移廣東。
In the first year of Longxing, Guangchao was fifty and passed the jinshi examination. He was appointed clerk for revenue in Yuanzhou. In the third year of Qiandao, Long Dayuan and Zeng Di advanced through favor from the hidden residence. Censors, remonstrators, and drafters debated and blocked them without effect. Zhang Kan was summoned from outside as chief minister and keenly wished to remove them. Perceiving this could not be done clumsily, he pleaded old age and illness and declined appointment. Guangchao and Liu Shuo were recommended as famous Confucians for audience and spoke at length of the two men's crimes. Guangchao was then changed to Left Gentleman for Court Service and made prefect of Yongfu County. Yet the great ministers kept recommending him. He was summoned to test for a library post, made regular scribe with concurrent duty compiling the national history and collating the veritable records, and served as assistant compiler with concurrent rites office official. In the eighth year he was promoted to vice director of the Directorate of Education with concurrent reader for the heir apparent, his history duties unchanged. At that time Zhang Yue was again appointed to sign documents in the Bureau of Military Affairs. Guangchao did not congratulate him and was sent out as judicial commissioner of Guangxi, then transferred to Guangdong.
41
茶寇自荊、湘剽江西，薄嶺南，其鋒銳甚。 光朝自將郡兵，檄摧鋒統製路海、本路鈐轄黃進各以軍分控要害。 會有詔徙光朝轉運副使，光朝謂賊勢方張，留屯不去，督二將遮擊，連敗之，賊驚懼宵遁。 帝聞之，喜曰：「林光朝儒生，乃知兵耶。」 加直寶謨閣，召拜國子祭酒兼太子左諭德。 四年，帝幸國子監，命講《中庸》，帝大稱善，麵賜金紫。 不數日，除中書舍人。 是時，吏部郎謝廓然由曾覿薦，賜出身，除殿中侍御史，命從中出。 光朝愕曰：「是輕台諫、羞科目也。」 立封還詞頭。 天子度光朝決不奉詔，改授工部侍郎，不拜，遂以集英殿修撰出知婺州。 光朝老儒，素有士望。 在後省未有建明，或疑之，及聞繳駁廓然，士論始服。 光朝因引疾提舉興國宮，卒，年六十五。
Tea bandits from Jing and Xiang plundered Jiangxi and pressed toward Lingnan with a very sharp edge. Guangchao himself led the prefectural troops and ordered Crushing Edge Overall Commander Lu Hai and circuit commander Huang Jin each to hold strategic points with their armies. When an edict arrived transferring him to vice transport commissioner, Guangchao said the bandits' momentum was still strong, remained without leaving, supervised the two generals in intercepting attacks, defeated them repeatedly, and the bandits fled by night in fear. The emperor heard of it and rejoiced: "Lin Guangchao is a Confucian scholar—yet he knows warfare!" He was given the title Direct Academician Expositor and summoned as libationer with concurrent left tutor of the heir apparent. In the fourth year the emperor visited the Imperial University and ordered him to lecture on the Doctrine of the Mean. The emperor greatly praised it and granted him gold and purple in audience. Within a few days he was appointed drafting academician of the Secretariat. At that time Xie Kuoran of the Ministry of Personnel was recommended by Zeng Di, granted office by favor, and appointed palace attendant censor by order from the inner court. Guangchao was startled and said, "This belittles the censorate and shames the examination system." He immediately sealed and returned the draft. The emperor gauged that Guangchao would not accept the order, changed the appointment to vice minister of works, but he did not accept and was sent out as compiler of the Hall for Assembling Excellence to be prefect of Wuzhou. Guangchao was an elder Confucian who had long enjoyed scholarly repute. In the Secretariat he had made no great proposals, and some doubted him. When they heard he had returned Kuoran's draft, scholarly opinion at last approved. Guangchao thereupon cited illness, was put in charge of the Xingguo Abbey, and died at sixty-five.
42
楊萬里
Yang Wanli
43
楊萬里，字廷秀，吉州吉水人。 中紹興二十四年進士第，為贛州司戶，調永州零陵丞。 時張浚謫永，杜門謝客，萬里三往不得見，以書力請，始見之。 浚勉以正心誠意之學，萬里服其教終身，乃名讀書之室曰誠齋。
Yang Wanli, whose courtesy name was Tingxiu, came from Jishui in Jizhou. He passed the jinshi examination in the twenty-fourth year of Shaoxing, served as clerk for revenue in Ganzhou, and was transferred to assistant magistrate of Lingling in Yongzhou. At that time Zhang Jun was banished to Yong and closed his gate to visitors. Wanli went three times without seeing him, wrote forcefully begging an audience, and at last was received. Jun exhorted him with the learning of rectifying the mind and making the will sincere. Wanli submitted to his teaching for life and named his study the Sincerity Studio.
44
浚入相，薦之朝。 除臨安府教授，未赴，丁父憂。 改知隆興府奉新縣，戢追胥不入鄉，民逋賦者揭其名市中，民讙趨之，賦不擾而足，縣以大治，會陳俊卿、虞允文為相，交薦之，召為國子博士。 侍講張栻以論張說出守袁，萬里抗疏留栻，又遺允文書，以和同之說規之，栻雖不果留，而公論偉之。 遷太常博士，尋升丞兼吏部侍右郎官，轉將作少監、出知漳州，改常州，尋提舉廣東常平茶鹽。 盜沈師犯南粵，帥師往平之。 孝宗稱之曰「仁者之勇」，遂有大用意，就除提點刑獄。 請於潮、惠二州築外砦，潮以鎮賊之巢，惠以扼賊之路。 俄以憂去。 免喪，召為尚左郎官。
When Jun became chief minister he recommended Wanli to court. He was appointed professor of Lin'an Prefecture but had not yet reported when his father died. He became prefect of Fengxin County in Longxing Prefecture, kept tax pursuers out of the villages, and posted the names of tax delinquents in the market. The people gladly paid, taxes were collected without disturbance, and the county was greatly well governed. When Chen Junqing and Yu Yunwen were chief ministers they jointly recommended him, and he was summoned as doctor of the Directorate of Education. Lecturer Zhang Shi, after debating Zhang Yue, went out to guard Yuan. Wanli memorialized strenuously to retain Shi and wrote Yunwen admonishing him with the doctrine of harmony. Though Shi was not retained, public opinion praised Wanli. He was transferred to doctor of the Court of Imperial Sacrifices, soon promoted to vice director with concurrent official of the Ministry of Personnel's right section, then director of works and sent out as prefect of Zhangzhou, changed to Changzhou, and soon promoted to oversee Guangdong grain and salt. The bandit Shen Shi invaded southern Yue. Wanli led troops to pacify him. Xiaozong praised him as "the courage of the humane" and thereupon intended to employ him greatly; he was appointed judicial commissioner. He requested outer fortresses at Chao and Hui—Chao to pin the bandits' nest, Hui to block their route. Before long he left on account of mourning. When mourning ended he was summoned as left official of the Ministry of Revenue.
45
淳熙十二年五月，以地震，應詔上書曰：
In the fifth month of the twelfth year of Chunxi, on account of an earthquake, by imperial order he memorialized:
46
臣聞：言有事於無事之時，不害其為忠； 言無事於有事之時，其為奸也大矣。 南北和好逾二十年，一旦絕使，敵情不測。 而或者曰：彼有五單于爭立之禍。 又曰：彼有匈奴困於東胡之禍，既而皆不驗。 道塗相傳，繕汴京城池，開海州漕渠，又於河南、北簽民兵，增驛騎，製馬櫪，籍井泉，而吾之間諜不得以入，此何為者耶？ 臣所謂言有事於無事之時者一也。
Your servant has heard: to speak of danger when there is no danger does not harm one's loyalty; to speak of safety when there is danger—its treachery is great. North and south have been at peace more than twenty years. Suddenly envoys are cut off and the enemy's intent cannot be gauged. Yet some say they have the calamity of five Shanyu contending for rule. Others say they have the calamity of the Xiongnu trapped by the Eastern Hu—yet in time neither proved true. Travelers report repairs to the walls of Bianjing, opening the transport canal at Haizhou, conscripting militia north and south of the Yellow River, increasing post horses, making horse mangers, and registering wells and springs—yet our spies cannot enter. What is all this for? This is the first of what your servant means by speaking of danger when there is no danger.
47
或謂金主北歸，可為中國之賀。 臣以中國之憂，正在乎此。 此人北歸，蓋懲創於逆亮之空國而南侵也。 將欲南之，必固北之。 或者以身填撫其北，而以其子與婿經營其南也。 臣所謂言有事於無事之時者二也。
Some say the Jin ruler's return to the north is cause for China to rejoice. Your servant holds that China's worry lies precisely in this. This ruler's return north was likely chastened by Prince Hailing's emptying the state to invade the south. To advance south, one must first secure the north. Perhaps he himself pacifies the north in person, while deploying his sons and sons-in-law to manage the south. This is the second of what your servant means by speaking of danger when there is no danger.
48
臣竊聞論者或謂緩急，淮不可守，則棄淮而守江，是大不然。 昔者吳與魏力爭而得合肥，然後吳始安。 李煜失滁、揚二州，自此南唐始蹙。 今曰棄淮而保江，既無淮矣，江可得而保乎？ 臣所謂言有事於無事之時者三也。
Your servant has heard some argue that in a crisis, if the Huai cannot be held, we should abandon it and defend the Yangzi. This is gravely mistaken. Long ago Wu struggled with Wei and secured Hefei; only then did Wu become secure. When Li Yu lost Chuz and Yang, South Tang began to shrink from that point on. If we abandon the Huai to preserve the Yangzi, once the Huai is lost, can the Yangzi truly be defended? This is the third of what your servant means by speaking of danger when there is no danger.
49
今淮東、西凡十五郡，所謂守帥，不知陛下使宰相擇之乎，使樞廷擇之乎？ 使宰相擇之，宰相未必為樞廷慮也； 使樞廷擇之，則除授不自己出也。 一則不為之慮，一則不自己出，緩急敗事，則皆曰：非我也。 陛下將責之誰乎？ 臣所謂言有事於無事之時者四也。
East and west of the Huai there are fifteen commanderies in all. As for their garrison commanders, does Your Majesty have the chief ministers choose them, or the Bureau of Military Affairs? If the chief ministers choose them, they need not necessarily consider the Bureau of Military Affairs; if the Bureau of Military Affairs chooses them, then appointments do not issue from one's own authority. One side fails to plan for it; the other fails to take responsibility—in a crisis, when things go wrong, everyone will say, "It was not I." Upon whom will Your Majesty fix blame? This is the fourth of what your servant means by speaking of danger when there is no danger.
50
且南北各有長技，若騎若射，北之長技也； 若舟若步，南之長技也。 今為北之計者，日繕治其海舟，而南之海舟則不聞繕治焉。 或曰：吾舟素具也，或曰：舟雖未具而憚於擾也。 紹興辛巳之戰，山東、采石之功，不以騎也，不以射也，不以步也，舟焉而已。 當時之舟，今可復用乎？ 且夫斯民一日之擾，與社稷百世之安危，孰輕孰重？ 事固有大於擾者也。 臣所謂言有事於無事之時者五也。
North and south each have their strengths: cavalry and archery are the north's; warships and infantry are the south's. Those planning for the north repair their sea vessels daily, yet one hears nothing of the south doing the same. Some say our fleet is already ready. Others say that though it is not ready, they fear the burden on the people. In the xinsi-year battle of Shaoxing, the victories at Shandong and Caishi owed nothing to cavalry, archery, or infantry—only to ships. Can the ships of that day be used again now? Moreover, one day's hardship for the people versus the security of the state for a hundred generations—which weighs more? There are matters more important than temporary hardship. This is the fifth of what your servant means by speaking of danger when there is no danger.
51
陛下以今日為何等時耶？ 金人日逼，疆場日擾，而未聞防金人者何策，保疆場者何道？ 但聞某日修某禮文也，某日進某書史也，是以鄉飲理軍，以幹羽解圍也。 臣所謂言有事於無事之時者六也。
What sort of time does Your Majesty take today to be? The Jurchen press closer each day; the frontier grows more troubled each day—yet one hears no strategy for guarding against them, no plan for securing the borders. One only hears that on such a day such ritual texts were revised, on such a day such books and histories were submitted—as though village drinking rites could discipline an army, or dance feathers could lift a siege. This is the sixth of what your servant means by speaking of danger when there is no danger.
52
臣聞古者人君，人不能悟之，則天地能悟之。 今也國家之事，敵情不測如此，而君臣上下處之如太平無事之時，是人不能悟之矣。 故上天見災異，異時熒惑犯南斗，邇日鎮星犯端門，熒惑守羽林。 臣書生，不曉天文，未敢以為必然也。 至於春正月日青無光，若有兩日相摩者，茲不曰大異乎？ 然天猶恐陛下不信也，至於春日載陽，復有雨雪殺物，茲不曰大異乎？ 然天猶恐陛下又不信也，乃五月庚寅，又有地震，茲又不曰大異乎？ 且夫天變在遠，臣子不敢奏也，不信可也； 地震在外，州郡不敢聞也，不信可也。 今也天變頻仍，地震輦轂，而君臣不聞警懼，朝廷不聞谘訪，人不能悟之，則天地能悟之。 臣不知陛下於此悟乎，否乎？ 臣所謂言有事於無事之時者七也。
Your servant has heard that in antiquity, when a ruler could not be awakened by men, Heaven and Earth could awaken him. Today the enemy's intent is so unpredictable, yet sovereign and ministers treat the realm as if it were at peace—men cannot awaken Your Majesty. Therefore Heaven has sent portents: Mars once trespassed on the Southern Dipper; recently Saturn trespassed on the Gate of Propriety, and Mars holds the Feathered Forest. Your servant is a mere scholar and does not understand astronomy; I dare not treat these as certain. As for the first month of spring, when the sun was dim and greenish, as though two suns were grinding together—is this not a great portent? Yet Heaven still feared Your Majesty would not believe; when spring should have brought warmth, snow and rain returned and killed living things—is this not a great portent? Yet Heaven still feared Your Majesty would not believe; then on gengyin day in the fifth month came another earthquake—is this not again a great portent? Celestial changes are distant, and subjects dare not report them—disbelief is possible; earthquakes in distant provinces go unreported—disbelief is possible. Now portents come one after another, and an earthquake has struck the capital—yet sovereign and ministers show no alarm, and the court holds no consultations. If men cannot awaken Your Majesty, Heaven and Earth can. Your servant does not know whether Your Majesty has been awakened by this. This is the seventh of what your servant means by speaking of danger when there is no danger.
53
自頻年以來，兩浙最近則先旱，江淮則又旱，湖廣則又旱，流徙者相續，道堇相枕。 而常平之積，名存而實亡； 入粟之令，上行而下慢。 靜而無事，未知所以振救之； 動而有事，將何以仰以為資耶？ 臣所謂言有事於無事之時者八也。
In recent years drought has struck Liangzhe first, then Jianghuai, then Huguang. Refugees have followed one after another, and the roads have been lined with the dead from famine. Yet the Ever-Normal granaries exist in name only; orders to submit grain are issued above but implemented slowly below. In times of peace we do not yet know how to provide relief; if crisis comes, what resources will we have to draw upon? This is the eighth of what your servant means by speaking of danger when there is no danger.
54
古者足國裕民，惟食與貨。 今之所謂錢者，富商、巨賈、閹宦、權貴皆盈室以藏之，至於百姓三軍之用，惟破楮券爾。 萬一如唐涇原之師，因怒糲食，蹴而覆之，出不遜語，遂起朱泚之亂，可不為寒心哉！ 臣所謂言有事於無事之時者九也。
In antiquity a state was made strong and its people enriched through grain and currency alone. Today what passes for money is hoarded by great merchants, eunuchs, and powerful nobles until their chambers overflow, while the people and the armies must make do with worn paper notes. If by any chance, as with the Jingyuan troops of Tang—enraged at coarse rations, they kicked over their food, spoke insolently, and gave rise to Zhu Ci's rebellion—can we not shudder at the thought? This is the ninth of what your servant means by speaking of danger when there is no danger.
55
古者立國必有可畏，非畏其國也，畏其人也。 故苻堅欲圖晉，而王猛以為不可，謂謝安、桓衝江左之望，是存晉者，二人而已。 異時名相如趙鼎、張浚，名將如岳飛、韓世忠，此金人所憚也。 近時劉珙可用則早死，張栻可用則沮死，萬一有緩急，不知可以督諸軍者何人，可以當一面者何人，而金人之所素憚者又何人？ 而或者謂人之有才，用而後見。 臣聞之《記》曰：「苟有車必見其式，苟有言必聞其聲。」 今曰有其人而未聞其可將可相，是有車而無式，有言而無聲也。 且夫用而後見，非臨之以大安危，試之以大勝負，則莫見其用也。 平居無以知其人，必待大安危、大勝負而後見焉。 成事幸矣，萬一敗事，悔何及耶？ 昔者謝玄之北禦苻堅，而郗超知其必勝； 桓溫之西伐李勢，而劉倓知其必取。 蓋玄於履屐之間無不當其任，溫於蒱博不必得則不為，二子於平居無事之日，蓋必有以察其小而後信其大也，豈必大用而後見哉？ 臣所謂言有事於無事之時者十也。
In antiquity a state had to command respect—not through its territory, but through its people. When Fu Jian wished to conquer Jin, Wang Meng thought it impossible, saying Xie An and Huan Chong were the hope of the lands east of the Yangzi—the men who preserved Jin were these two alone. In former times chief ministers such as Zhao Ding and Zhang Jun, and generals such as Yue Fei and Han Shizhong—these were the men the Jurchen feared. In recent times Liu Qi was available but died early; Zhang Shi was available but died from obstruction. If crisis comes, who can command all armies, who can hold a front alone—and whom do the Jurchen still fear? Yet some say a man's talent is known only after he is used. Your servant has heard it said in the Record: "If there is a chariot, one must see its tracks; if there is speech, one must hear its sound." Yet today we are told such men exist, yet no one is known who can serve as general or minister—this is a chariot without tracks, speech without sound. Moreover, if talent is seen only after use, unless tested by great peril or great victory and defeat, one will never see it. In ordinary times there is no way to know a man; one must wait for great peril or great victory and defeat before talent reveals itself. If affairs succeed, one is fortunate; if they fail, what regret can compare? When Xie Xuan defended the north against Fu Jian, Xi Chao knew he would surely win; when Huan Wen marched west against Li Shi, Liu Tan knew he would surely conquer. Xie Xuan handled even the putting on of shoes with perfect competence; Huan Wen would not gamble unless he was sure to win. Both men, in days of ordinary peace, must have had ways to read small signs before trusting great ones. Must talent wait for great employment before it is seen? This is the tenth of what your servant means by speaking of danger when there is no danger.
56
願陛下超然遠覽，昭然遠寤。 勿矜聖德之崇高，而增其所未能； 勿恃中國之生聚，而嚴其所未備。 勿以天地之變異為適然，而法宣王之懼災； 勿以臣下之苦言為逆耳，而體太宗之導諫。 勿以女謁近習之害政為細故，而監漢、唐季世致亂之由； 勿以仇讎之包藏為無他，而懲宣、政晚年受禍之酷。 責大臣以通知邊事軍務如富弼之請，勿以東西二府異其心； 委大臣以薦進謀臣良將如蕭何所奇，勿以文武兩途而殊其轍，勿使賂宦者而得旄節如唐大曆之弊，勿使貨近幸而得招討如梁段凝之敗。 以重蜀之心而重荊、襄，使東西形勢之相接； 以保江之心而保兩淮，使表裏唇齒之相依。 勿以海道為無虞，勿以大江為可恃。 增屯聚糧，治艦扼險。 君臣之所谘訪，朝夕之所講求，姑置不急之務，精專備敵之策。 庶幾上可消於天變，下不墮於敵奸。
May Your Majesty look far with clear detachment and awaken to what lies ahead. Do not pride yourself on lofty sagely virtue while neglecting what you have not yet achieved; Do not rely on China's population and wealth while failing to strengthen what is not yet prepared. Do not treat Heaven and Earth's portents as mere chance; emulate King Xuan's fear of calamity; Do not take your ministers' bitter words as grating to the ear; embody Taizong's way of welcoming remonstrance. Do not treat the harm to government from women's access and favored intimates as a minor matter; observe how Han and Tang fell into chaos in their final years; Do not assume the enemy harbors no hidden designs; take warning from the cruel suffering of the late Xuanhe and Zhenghe reigns. Charge chief ministers to master border affairs and military matters as Fu Bi urged; do not let the eastern and western departments work at cross purposes; entrust chief ministers to recommend wise counselors and able generals as Xiao He did; do not treat civil and military service as separate paths; do not let bribery to eunuchs win command seals as in the Tang Dalì abuse; do not let purchase of imperial favor win campaign commands as in Liang Duan Ning's defeat. Value Jing and Xiang as you value Shu, so that east and west strategic positions connect; Defend the two Huai as you defend the Yangzi, so that outer and inner defenses, like lips and teeth, depend on each other. Do not assume the sea routes are secure; do not assume the great river alone can be relied upon. Increase garrison stores, repair warships, and hold critical passes. What sovereign and ministers discuss and pursue day and night—set aside non-urgent business and concentrate exclusively on preparing against the enemy. Then perhaps above Heaven's portents may be dispelled, and below you will not fall prey to the enemy's designs.
57
然天下之事，有本根，有枝葉。 臣前所陳，枝葉而已。 所謂本根，則人主不可以自用。 人主自用，則人臣不任責，然猶未害也。 至於軍事，而猶曰「誰當憂此，吾當自憂」。 今日之事，將無類此？ 《傳》曰：「木水有本原。」 聖學高明，願益思其所以本原者。
Yet in all affairs under Heaven there are roots and branches. What your servant has stated before concerns only branches and leaves. What is called the root is that the ruler must not act on his own authority. If the ruler acts on his own authority, ministers do not bear responsibility—yet the harm is not yet grave. But when it comes to military affairs and one still says, "Who should worry about this? I alone will worry"— Will today's affairs not be of this sort? The Commentary says: "Wood and water have roots and sources." Your sacred learning is lofty and bright; may you further ponder what the root and source are.
58
東宮講官闕，帝親擢萬里為侍讀。 宮僚以得端人相賀。 他日讀《陸宣公奏議》等書，皆隨事規警，太子深敬之。 王淮為相，一日問曰：「宰相先務者何事？」 曰：「人才。」 又問：「孰為才？」 即疏朱熹、袁樞以下六十人以獻，淮次第擢用之。 曆樞密院檢詳，守右司郎中，遷左司郎中。
A vacancy opened among the Eastern Palace lecturers, and the Emperor personally elevated Wanli to reader-in-waiting. Palace staff congratulated one another on gaining an upright man. On another day, while reading the memorials of Lu Zhi and similar works, he admonished the Crown Prince on each matter as occasion arose, and the Crown Prince deeply respected him. When Wang Huai was chief minister, one day he asked: "What should a chief minister take first as his task?" He replied: "Talent." He asked again: "Who is talented?" He immediately submitted a list of Zhu Xi, Yuan Shu, and sixty others below them; Huai promoted them in turn. He served as inspector at the Bureau of Military Affairs, then as right section director, and was transferred to left section director.
59
十四年夏旱，萬里復應詔，言：「旱及兩月，然後求言，不曰遲乎？ 上自侍從，下止館職，不曰隘乎？ 今之所以旱者，以上澤不下流，下情不上達，故天地之氣隔絕而不通。」 因疏四事以獻，言皆懇切。 遷秘書少監。 會高宗崩，孝宗欲行三年喪，創議事堂，命皇太子參決庶務。 萬里上疏力諫，且上太子書，言：「天無二日，民無二王。 一履危機，悔之何及？ 與其悔之而無及，孰若辭之而不居。 願殿下三辭五辭，而必不居也。」 太子悚然。 高宗未葬，翰林學士洪邁不俟集議，配饗獨以呂頤浩等姓名上。 萬里上疏詆之，力言張浚當預，且謂邁無異指鹿為馬。 孝宗覽疏不悅，曰：「萬里以朕為何如主！」 由是以直秘閣出知筠州。
In the fourteenth year, during a summer drought, Wanli again responded to an imperial summons for memorials, saying: "The drought has lasted two months—only now are opinions sought. Is this not late? From attendants-in-waiting above to secretarial posts below—is the circle not too narrow? The drought today comes from upper moisture failing to descend and lower sentiment failing to rise—Heaven and Earth's qi is blocked and cannot pass through." He memorialized four matters in detail, all expressed with earnest conviction. He was promoted to vice director of the Secretariat. When Gaozong died, Xiaozong wished to observe three years of mourning, established the Deliberation Hall, and ordered the crown prince to decide routine affairs. Wanli memorialized strenuously in opposition and wrote the heir apparent: "Heaven has not two suns; the people have not two kings. Once you tread crisis, regret will be too late! Better to decline now than regret when it is too late. I beg Your Highness to decline three times, five times, and refuse the post entirely." The heir apparent was startled. Before Gaozong was buried, Academician Hong Mai, without awaiting collective deliberation, submitted for sacrificial companionship only the names of Lü Yihao and others. Wanli memorialized denouncing this, arguing that Zhang Jun ought to be included, and said Mai was no different from calling a deer a horse. Xiaozong read the memorial displeased and said, "What kind of ruler does Wanli take me for!" He was sent out as Direct Academician Expositor to serve as prefect of Yunzhou.
60
光宗即位，召為秘書監。 入對，言：「天下有無形之禍，僭非權臣而僭於權臣，擾非盜賊而擾於盜賊，其惟朋黨之論乎！ 蓋欲激人主之怒莫如朋黨，空天下人才莫如朋黨。 黨論一興，其端發於士大夫，其禍及於天下。 前事已然，願陛下建皇極於聖心，公聽並觀，壞植散群，曰君子從而用之，曰小人從而廢之，皆勿問其某黨某黨也。」 又論：「古之帝王，固有以知一己攬其權，不知臣下竊其權。 大臣竊之則權在大臣，大將竊之則權在大將，外戚竊之則權在外戚，近習竊之則權在近習。 竊權之最難防者，其惟近習乎！ 非敢公竊也，私竊之也。 始於私竊，其終必至於公竊而後已。 可不懼哉！」
When Guangzong acceded, Wanli was summoned as vice director of the Secretariat. In audience he said, "The realm has formless calamities—usurpation not by powerful ministers but by their power; disturbance not by bandits but by bandits' power—none other than factional doctrines! To stir the sovereign's anger nothing surpasses factions; to empty the realm's talent nothing surpasses factions. Once factional doctrine rises, it begins among court gentlemen and its calamity reaches the whole realm. The precedent is clear. I beg Your Majesty establish the supreme pole in your sacred heart, listen publicly and observe together, break up cliques, say of gentlemen—employ them, of petty men—dismiss them—and ask not which faction they belong to." He also discussed how ancient emperors grasped power themselves yet did not know subordinates stole it. When great ministers steal it, power lies with ministers; when generals steal it, with generals; when maternal kin steal it, with maternal kin; when close attendants steal it, with attendants. Of stolen power the hardest to guard against is close attendants! They dare not steal openly—they steal privately. Beginning with private theft, they necessarily end in open theft. Can one not fear this!"
61
紹熙元年，借煥章閣學士為接伴金國賀正旦使兼實錄院檢討官。 會《孝宗日曆》成，參知政事王藺以故事俾萬里序之，而宰臣屬之禮部郎官傅伯壽。 萬里以失職力丐去，帝宣諭勉留。 會進《孝宗聖政》，萬里當奉進，孝宗猶不悅，遂出為江東轉運副使，權總領淮西、江東軍馬錢糧。 朝議欲行鐵錢於江南諸郡，萬里疏其不便，不奉詔，忤宰相意，改知贛州，不赴，乞祠，除秘閣修撰，提舉萬壽宮，自是不復出矣。
In the first year of Shaoxi he was lent as Academician Expositor of the Huanzhang Hall to receive the Jin New Year's envoy, with concurrent collation duty in the Veritable Records Office. When the Xiaozong Daily Record was completed, Vice Minister Wang Lin by precedent assigned Wanli the preface, but the chief ministers gave it to Rites Office official Fu Boshou. Wanli, having lost the assignment, strenuously begged to leave; the emperor encouraged him to remain. When presenting the Xiaozong Sagely Governance, Wanli was to present it. Xiaozong remained displeased and sent him out as vice transport commissioner of Jiangdong with authority over funds and grain for Huai-West and Jiangdong armies. The court wished to circulate iron cash in Jiangnan prefectures. Wanli memorialized against it, disobeyed the edict, offended the chief minister, was appointed prefect of Ganzhou but did not go, begged temple service, was made honorary compiler overseeing the Wanshou Palace, and never took office again.
62
寧宗嗣位，召赴行在，辭。 升煥章閣待制、提舉興國宮。 引年乞休致，進寶文閣待制致仕。 嘉泰三年，詔進寶謨閣直學士，給賜衣帶。 開禧元年召，復辭。 明年，升寶謨閣學士，卒，年八十三，贈光祿大夫。
When Ningzong acceded, Wanli was summoned to court and declined. He was promoted to Attendant Academician Expositor of the Huanzhang Hall and put in charge of the Xingguo Palace. He cited old age and retired with the title Attendant Academician Expositor of the Baowen Hall. In the third year of Jiatai an edict promoted him to Direct Academician Expositor of the Baomo Hall and granted robes and belt. In the first year of Kaixi he was summoned and again declined. The following year he was promoted to Academician Expositor of the Baomo Hall, died at eighty-three, and was posthumously granted Grandee of Splendid Happiness.
63
萬里為人剛而褊。 孝宗始愛其才，以問周必大，必大無善語，由此不見用。 韓侂胄用事，欲網羅四方知名士相羽翼，嘗築南園，屬萬里為之記，許以掖垣。 萬里曰：「官可棄，記不可作也。」 侂胄恚，改命他人。 臥家十五年，皆其柄國之日也。 侂胄專僭日益甚，萬里憂憤，怏怏成疾。 家人知其憂國也，凡邸吏之報時政者皆不以告。 忽族子自外至，遽言侂胄用兵事。 萬里慟哭失聲，亟呼紙書曰：「韓侂胄奸臣，專權無上，動兵殘民，謀危社稷，吾頭顱如許，報國無路，惟有孤憤！」 又書十四言別妻子，筆落而逝。
Wanli was by nature firm and narrow. Xiaozong at first valued his talent and asked Zhou Bida about him. Bida spoke ill of him, and he was not employed. When Han Tuozhou held power he wished to gather famous men as supporters, built the Southern Garden, and asked Wanli to write its record, promising him a Secretariat post. Wanli said, "Office may be abandoned, but the record cannot be written." Tuozhou was enraged and gave the commission to another. He remained at home fifteen years—all while Tuozhou held power. Tuozhou's usurpation grew worse daily; Wanli grieved and fretted himself into illness. His family knew he grieved for the state and withheld courier reports on current policy. Suddenly a clansman arrived from outside and abruptly spoke of Tuozhou's military campaign. Wanli wailed aloud, called for paper, and wrote: "Han Tuozhou is a treacherous minister who monopolizes power, mobilizes troops and harms the people, and plots against the state. My head is thus—I have no road to serve the realm, only solitary indignation!" He wrote fourteen characters bidding farewell to wife and children; the brush fell and he died.
64
萬里精於詩，嘗著《易傳》行於世。 光宗嘗為書「誠齋」二字，學者稱誠齋先生，賜諡文節。 子長孺。
Wanli was expert in poetry and wrote an Exegesis of the Changes that circulated widely. Guangzong once wrote for him the two characters "Sincerity Studio." Scholars called him Master Sincerity Studio, and he was granted the posthumous title Wenhjie. His son was Changru.