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文苑七
Literature, Part Seven.
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○陳與義汪藻葉夢得程俱張嵲韓駒朱敦儒葛勝仲熊克張即之 〈（趙蕃附）〉
Chen Yuyi, Wang Zao, Ye Mengde, Cheng Ju, Zhang Wei, Han Ju, Zhu Dunru, Ge Shengzhong, Xiong Ke, and Zhang Jizhi. (with Zhao Fan appended)
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陳與義
Chen Yuyi
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陳與義，字去非，其先居京兆，自曾祖希亮始遷洛。 故為洛人。 與義天資卓偉，為兒時已能作文，致名譽，流輩斂衽，莫敢與抗。 登政和三年上舍甲科，授開德府教授。 累遷太學博士，擢符寶郎，尋謫監陳留酒稅。
Chen Yuyi, whose style name was Qufei, came of a family originally from Jingzhao. His great-grandfather Xiliang was the first to settle in Luoyang. He was thus reckoned a native of Luoyang. Yuyi possessed a towering natural talent. As a boy he already wrote with distinction and won a reputation; his contemporaries held back and none dared measure themselves against him. In 1113 he took first place in the Upper College examination and was made professor at Kaide Prefecture. He rose through the ranks to Erudite of the Imperial Academy and then Gentleman of the Talismans and Seals, but was soon demoted to overseer of the wine tax at Chenliu.
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及金人入汴，高宗南遷，遂避亂襄漢，轉湖湘，逾嶺嶠。 久之，召為兵部員外郎。 紹興元年夏，至行在。 遷中書舍人，兼掌內製。 拜吏部侍郎，尋以徽猷閣直學士知湖州。 召為給事中。 駁議詳雅。 又以顯謨閣直學士提舉江州太平觀。 被召，會宰相有不樂與義者，復用為中書舍人、直學士院。 六年九月，高宗如平江，十一月，拜翰林學士、知制誥。
When the Jurchens took Bianjing and Gaozong withdrew to the south, he fled the chaos through the middle Yangtze, wandered Hunan and the lake country, and crossed the southern ranges. After some time he was recalled and appointed Vice Director of the Ministry of War. In the summer of 1131 he arrived at the court in exile. He was promoted to Drafting Attendant of the Secretariat and put in charge of imperial drafting. He was made Vice Minister of Personnel, then shortly afterward served as prefect of Huzhou with the title Academician Expositor of the Huixuan Pavilion. He was recalled to the post of Supervising Censor. His memorials of objection were learned and elegant. He was again named Academician Expositor of the Xianmo Pavilion and appointed superintendent of the Taiping Abbey in Jiangzhou. On his recall a chief minister who disliked him intervened, and he was reappointed Drafting Attendant of the Secretariat and to the Hanlin Academy. In the ninth month of 1136 the emperor traveled to Pingjiang; in the eleventh month Yuyi was made Hanlin Academician and Drafter of Edicts.
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七年正月，參知政事，唯師用道德以輔朝廷，務尊主威而振綱紀。 時丞相趙鼎言：“人多謂中原有可圖之勢，宜便進兵，恐他時咎今日之失機。 ”上曰：“今梓宮與太后、淵聖皆未還，若不與金議和，則無可還之理。 ”與義曰：“若和議成，豈不賢於用兵，萬一無成，則用兵必不免。 ”上曰：“然。 ”三月，從帝如建康。 明年，扈蹕還臨安。 以疾請，復以資政殿學士知湖州，陛辭，帝勞問甚渥，遂請閑，提舉臨安洞霄宮。 十一月，卒，年四十九。
In the first month of 1137 he was made Vice Grand Councilor. He sought to guide the court through moral example alone and to restore the emperor's authority and the discipline of government. At that time Chief Councilor Zhao Ding said, "Many argue that the north can still be recovered and that we should march immediately, lest posterity blame us for letting this moment slip." The emperor replied, "The late emperor's coffin, the empress dowager, and the captive former emperor have not yet been returned. Unless we treat with the Jin, there is no way to secure their release. Yuyi said, "If peace succeeds, is that not preferable to war? And if it fails, war will become unavoidable in any case. The emperor said, "That is so. In the third month he accompanied the emperor to Jiankang. The following year he escorted the court back to Lin'an. He pleaded illness and stepped down, then served again as prefect of Huzhou with the title Academician of the Zizheng Hall. At his farewell audience the emperor treated him with exceptional warmth; he then asked to retire and was made superintendent of the Dongxiao Abbey near Lin'an. He died in the eleventh month, at the age of forty-nine.
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與義容狀儼恪，不妄言笑，平居雖謙以接物，然內剛不可犯。 其薦士於朝，退未嚐以語人，士以是多之。 尤長於詩，體物寓興，清邃紆餘，高舉橫厲，上下陶、謝、韋、柳之間。 嚐賦墨梅，徽宗嘉賞之，以是受知於上雲。
Yuyi was grave in manner and sparing of speech and laughter. Though courteous in daily dealings, he was inwardly unyielding and not to be crossed. When he recommended men to office he never mentioned it afterward, and scholars admired him all the more for that discretion. He excelled above all in poetry, giving voice to things observed and feelings stirred—clear, deep, and lingering, yet also bold and soaring—standing with Tao Yuanming, Xie Lingyun, Wei Yingwu, and Liu Zongyuan. He once wrote a poem on ink-painted plum blossoms that Huizong admired, and through it he came to the emperor's attention.
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汪藻，字彥章，饒州德興人。 幼穎異，入太學，中進士第。 調婺州觀察推官，改宣州教授，稍遷江西提舉學事司幹當公事。
Wang Zao, whose style name was Yanzhang, came from Dexing in Raozhou. He was precocious as a boy, entered the Imperial Academy, and passed the jinshi examination. He was posted as investigating censor at Wuzhou, then made professor at Xuanzhou, and later rose to a clerkship in the Jiangxi Education Commission.
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徽宗親製《君臣慶會閣詩》，群臣皆賡進，惟藻和篇，眾莫能及。 時胡伸亦以文名，人為之語曰：“江左二寶，胡伸、汪藻。 ”尋除《九域圖志》所編修官，再遷著作佐郎。 時王黼與藻同舍，素不鹹，出通判宣州，提點江州太平觀，投閑凡八年，終黼之世不得用。
When Huizong wrote the "Poem of the Monarch and Ministers' Celebratory Assembly Hall," the whole court submitted matching verses, yet none could rival Zao's response. Hu Shen was then equally renowned for letters, and people said, "The two treasures of the south—Hu Shen and Wang Zao." He was soon appointed compiler for the Nine Regions Gazetteer project and later promoted to Assistant Compiler. Wang Fu had once been his roommate and they had never gotten along. Zao was sent out as vice prefect of Xuanzhou and then superintendent of the Taiping Abbey in Jiangzhou, where he spent eight idle years and was never employed again while Fu lived.
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欽宗即位，召為屯田員外郎，再遷太常少卿、起居舍人。 高宗踐祚，召試中書舍人。 時次揚州，藻多論奏，宰相黃潛善惡之，遂假他事，免為集英殿修撰、提舉太平觀。 明年，復召為中書舍人兼直學士院，擢給事中，遷兵部待郎兼侍講，拜翰林學士。 帝以所禦白團扇，親書“紫誥仍兼綰，黃麻似《六經》”十字以賜，縉紳豔之。
When Qinzong came to the throne Zao was recalled as Vice Director of the Directorate of Agriculture, then promoted to Vice Minister of Rites and Recorder of the Emperor's Actions. When Gaozong ascended the throne Zao was examined and appointed Drafting Attendant of the Secretariat. While the court was at Yangzhou Zao submitted many policy memorials. Chief Councilor Huang Qianshan took offense and, on a pretext, removed him to Compiler of the Jiying Hall and superintendent of the Taiping Abbey. The following year he was recalled as Drafting Attendant of the Secretariat and to the Hanlin Academy, promoted to Supervising Censor, then Vice Minister of War and Lecturer-in-Waiting, and finally Hanlin Academician. The emperor took a white round fan from his own hand and inscribed ten characters—"Purple edicts still bound together; yellow edict paper like the Six Classics"—and gave it to him, to the envy of the court.
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屬時多事，詔令類出其手。 嚐論諸大將擁重兵，浸成外重之勢，且陳所以待將帥者三事，後十年，卒如其策。 又言：“崇、觀以來，貲結權幸，奴事閹宦，與開邊誤國，得職名自觀文殿大學士而下直秘閣、官至銀青光祿大夫者，近稍鐫褫，而建炎恩宥，又當甄復，盍依國初法，止中大夫。”
In those troubled years most imperial edicts passed through his pen. He once warned that the great generals, holding vast armies, were tipping the balance of power toward the provinces, and he laid out three principles for handling commanders. A decade later events unfolded exactly as he had predicted. He also argued that since the Chongning and Daguan reigns men who bought influence, fawned on eunuchs, and pushed reckless frontier wars had been rewarded with lofty titles from Academician of the Guanwen Hall down to Direct Access to the Secret Archives and ranks as high as Grandee of Splendid Happiness with Silver Seal. Though some honors had lately been stripped away, the Jianyan amnesty threatened to restore them. He urged following the founding precedent and capping such men at Grandee of Governance.
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紹興元年，除龍圖閣直學士、知湖州，以顏真卿盡忠唐室，嚐守是邦，乞表章之，詔賜廟忠烈。 又言：“古者有國必有史，古書榻前議論之辭，則有時政記，錄柱下見聞之實，則有起居注，類而次之，謂之日曆，修而成之，謂之實錄。 今逾三十年，無復日曆，何以示來世？ 乞即臣所領州，許臣訪尋故家文書，纂集元符庚辰以來詔旨，為日曆之備。 ”製可。 史館既開，修撰綦崇禮言不必別設外局，乃已。 郡人顏經投匭訴其敷糴軍食，遂貶秩停官。 起知撫州，御史張致遠又論之，予祠。 六年，修撰範衝言：“日曆，國之大典，比詔藻纂修，事復中止，恐遂散逸，宜令就閑復卒前業。 ”詔賜史館修撰餐錢，聽辟屬編類。 八年，上所修書，自元符庚辰至宣和乙巳詔旨，凡六百六十五卷。 藻再進官，其屬鮑延祖、孟處義鹹增秩有差。 藻升顯謨閣學士，遣使賜茶藥。 尋知徽州，逾年，徙宣州。 言者論其嚐為蔡京、王黼之客，奪職居永州，累赦不宥。 二十四年，卒。
In 1131 he was appointed Academician Expositor of the Longtu Pavilion and prefect of Huzhou. Citing Yan Zhenqing's loyalty to the Tang and his former service in that prefecture, he asked that Yan be publicly honored; the court granted his temple the posthumous title Loyal and Stern. He also observed that every state in antiquity kept a history: court deliberations were entered in Current Policy Notes, and what the censors observed below the pillars went into Records of the Emperor's Actions. Arranged in sequence these became the Calendar; polished into final form they became the Veritable Record. More than thirty years have now passed without a Calendar. How can we leave posterity nothing to read? He asked permission, within the prefecture he governed, to gather documents from old families and compile edicts from 1098 onward as the foundation for a new Calendar. The request was approved. After the History Office reopened, Compiler Qi Chongli argued that a separate external bureau was unnecessary, and the project was halted. A local man named Yan Jing lodged a complaint accusing him of misallocating grain meant for the army, and Zao was demoted and suspended from office. He was reappointed prefect of Fuzhou, but Censor Zhang Zhiyuan attacked him again and he was given only a temple stipend. In 1136 Compiler Fan Chong memorialized that the Calendar was a great state document. Zao had been ordered to compile it, but the work had stalled again and might be lost. He urged that Zao be allowed to finish the project in retirement. An edict granted him a compiler's stipend from the History Office and allowed him to recruit assistants for the compilation. In 1138 he presented his compilation: edicts from 1098 through 1125, six hundred sixty-five juan in all. Zao was promoted again, and his assistants Bao Yanzu and Meng Chuyi received rank increases in varying degrees. He was promoted to Academician of the Xianmo Pavilion, and the court sent gifts of tea and medicine. He was soon made prefect of Huizhou and, a year later, transferred to Xuanzhou. Critics charged that he had once been a client of Cai Jing and Wang Fu. He was stripped of office and sent to Yongzhou, and repeated amnesties did not restore him. He died in 1154.
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秦檜死，復職，官其二子。 二十八年，《徽宗實錄》成書，右仆射湯思退言藻嚐纂集詔旨，比修實錄，所取十蓋七八，深有力於斯文。 詔贈端明殿學士。
After Qin Hui's death his offices were restored and both his sons were given government posts. In 1158, when the Veritable Record of Huizong was completed, Right Vice Director Tang Situi noted that Zao's earlier compilation of edicts had supplied seven or eight tenths of the source material and had been indispensable to the work. The court posthumously granted him the title Academician of the Duanming Hall.
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藻通顯三十年，無屋廬以居。 博極群書，老不釋卷，尤喜讀《春秋左氏傳》及《西漢書》。 工儷語，多著述，所為製詞，人多傳誦。 子六人，恬、恪、憺、怲、懍、憘。
Though prominent in office for thirty years, Zao never owned a house of his own. He read voraciously and never set books aside even in old age, especially favoring the Zuo Commentary to the Spring and Autumn Annals and the History of the Former Han. He excelled in parallel prose, wrote extensively, and his edict drafts were widely copied and recited. He had six sons: Tian, Ke, Dan, Bing, Lin, and Xi.
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葉夢得
Ye Mengde
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葉夢得，字少蘊，蘇州吳縣人。 嗜學蚤成，多識前言往行，談論癖不窮。 紹聖四年登進士第，調丹徒尉。 徽宗朝，自婺州教授召為議禮武選編修官。 用蔡京薦，召對，言：“自古帝王為治，廣狹大小，規模各不同，然必自先治其心者始。 今國勢有安危，法度有利害，人材有邪正，民情有休戚，四者，治之大也。 若不先治其心，或誘之以貨利，或陷之以聲色，則所謂安危、利害、邪正、休戚者，未嚐不顛倒易位，而況求其功乎？ ”上異其言，特遷祠部郎官。
Ye Mengde, whose style name was Shaoyun, came from Wu County in Suzhou. He loved learning and matured early, knew the words and deeds of past sages, and could discourse without end. In 1097 he passed the jinshi examination and was posted as magistrate of Dantu. Under Huizong he was recalled from a professorship at Wuzhou to serve as compiler for Rites Deliberation and Military Selection. Recommended by Cai Jing, he was summoned to audience and said, "Emperors of old governed realms of every size by different means, yet all began by governing their own hearts first." Today the state's security, the soundness of its laws, the quality of its officials, and the people's welfare are the four great pillars of rule. Unless the ruler first governs his own heart—whether tempted by profit or ensnared by pleasure—security and danger, benefit and harm, the upright and the corrupt, and the people's welfare will all be reversed. How then can he expect real achievement? The emperor was impressed and specially promoted him to Gentleman of the Directorate of Sacrifices.
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大觀初，京再相，向所立法度已罷者復行，夢得言：“《周官》太宰以八柄詔王馭群臣，所謂廢置賞罰者，王之事也，太宰得以詔王而不得自專。 夫事不過可不可二者而已，以為可而出於陛下，則前日不應廢，以為不可而不出於陛下，則今不可復，今徒以大臣進退為可否，無乃陛下有未了然於中者乎？ ”上喜曰：“邇來士多朋比媒進，卿言獨無觀望。 ”遂除起居郎。 時用事者喜小有才，夢得言：“自古用人必先辨賢能。 賢者，有德之稱，能者，有才之稱，故先王常使德勝才，不使才勝德。 崇寧以來，在內惟取議論與朝廷同者為純正，在外惟取推行法今速成者為幹敏，未聞器業任重、識度輕遠者，特有表異。 恐用才太勝，願繼今用人以有德為先。”
Early in the Daguan reign Cai Jing returned to power and revived laws he had earlier abolished. Mengde said, "In the Offices of Zhou the Grand Steward used the eight handles to advise the king in governing his ministers. Appointment, dismissal, reward, and punishment were the king's prerogatives; the steward could counsel the king but not decide on his own." Policy is simply a matter of what is right and what is not. If something is right because Your Majesty decrees it, then what was abolished yesterday should never have been abolished; if it is wrong because it does not come from Your Majesty, then it should not be revived today. To let a minister's rise or fall decide what is permissible—is Your Majesty not still unclear in his own mind? The emperor said with pleasure, "Lately officials flock together and advance through patronage, but your words show no such calculation. He was then appointed Recorder of the Emperor's Actions. Those in power then favored men of minor talent. Mengde said, "From antiquity, appointing officials began with distinguishing the worthy from the merely capable." "Worthy" names those with virtue; "capable" names those with talent. Former kings always let virtue outweigh talent, never the reverse. Since Chongning the court had favored only those whose opinions matched its own, and the provinces only those who enforced the new laws with quick results. Men of broad capacity and far-seeing judgment were never singled out for praise. I fear talent has been valued too highly. I ask that hereafter appointments put virtue first.
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二年，累遷翰林學士，極論士大夫朋黨之弊，專於重內輕外，且乞身先眾人補郡。 蔡京初欲以童貫宣撫陝西，取青唐。 夢得見京問曰：“祖宗時，宣撫使皆是見任執政，文彥博，韓絳因此即軍中拜相，未有以中人為之。 元豐末，神宗命李憲，雖王珪亦能力爭，此相公所見也。 昨八寶恩遽除貫節度使，天下皆知非祖宗法，此已不可救。 今又付以執政之任，使得青唐，何以處之？ ”京有慚色，然卒用貫取青唐。
In the second year he rose to Hanlin Academician. He spoke at length against faction among officials and the court's habit of favoring capital posts over provincial service, and asked to be the first to take a prefectural appointment. Cai Jing at first planned to make Tong Guan pacification commissioner of Shaanxi to recover Qingtang. Mengde went to Jing and asked, "Under our ancestors pacification commissioners were always sitting chief administrators—Wen Yanbo and Han Jiang were made chief ministers right in camp for that reason. A eunuch has never held the post." At the end of Yuanfeng Shenzong appointed Li Xian, and even Wang Gui fought the appointment with all his strength—as you yourself saw, sir. Yesterday, on an imperial grace, Guan was suddenly made military commissioner. Everyone knows that violates ancestral precedent, and that mistake cannot be undone. Now you would give him the powers of a chief minister as well. If he takes Qingtang, how will you handle him then? Jing looked ashamed, but in the end he used Guan and Qingtang was taken.
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三年，以龍圖閣直學士知汝州，尋落職，提舉洞霄宮。 政和五年，起知蔡州，復龍圖閣直學士。 移帥潁昌府，發常平粟振民，常平使者劉寄惡之。 宦官楊戩用事，寄括部內，得常平錢五十萬緡，請糴粳米輸後苑以媚戩。 戩委其屬持禦筆來，責以米樣如蘇州。 夢得上疏極論潁昌地力與東南異，願隨品色，不報。 時旁郡糾民輸鏹就糴京師，怨聲載道，獨潁昌賴夢得得免。 李彥括公田，以黠吏告訐，籍郟城、舞陽隱田數千頃，民詣府訴者八百戶。 夢得上其事，捕吏按治之，郡人大悅。 戩、彥交怒，尋提舉南京鴻慶宮，自是或廢或起。
In the third year he was made prefect of Ruzhou as Academician Expositor of the Longtu Pavilion, but was soon dismissed and appointed superintendent of the Dongxiao Abbey. In 1115 he was recalled as prefect of Caizhou and restored as Academician Expositor of the Longtu Pavilion. Transferred to command Yingchang Prefecture, he released Ever-Normal Granary grain to relieve the people, which the granary commissioner Liu Ji resented. The eunuch Yang Jian was in power. Liu Ji squeezed the prefecture for five hundred thousand strings of Ever-Normal funds and sought to buy polished rice for the imperial gardens to curry favor with Jian. Jian sent an agent with the emperor's brush to demand rice of Suzhou quality. Mengde memorialized that Yingchang's soil could not match the southeast's and asked that grades be adjusted accordingly. His plea went unanswered. Neighboring prefectures were forcing people to pay cash to buy grain for the capital, and popular resentment was everywhere. Only Yingchang, thanks to Mengde, was spared. Li Yan was surveying public fields. A crafty clerk denounced hidden holdings, and thousands of qing in Yancheng and Wuyang were seized. Eight hundred households petitioned the prefecture. Mengde reported the case, arrested the clerk, and prosecuted him, to the great joy of the prefecture. Jian and Yan were furious. Mengde was soon made superintendent of the Hongqing Abbey in Nanjing and thereafter was repeatedly dismissed and recalled.
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逮高宗駐蹕揚州，遷翰林學士兼侍讀，除戶部尚書。 陳“待敵之計有三，曰形、曰勢、曰氣而已。 形以地理山川為本，勢以城池、芻粟、器械為重，氣以將帥士卒為急。 形固則可恃以守，勢強則可資以立，氣振則可作以用，如是則敵皆在吾度內矣”。 因請上南巡，阻江為險，以備不虞。 又請命重臣為宣總使，一居泗上，總兩淮及東方之師以待敵； 一居金陵，總江、浙之路以備退保。 疏入，不報。
When Gaozong halted at Yangzhou, Mengde became Hanlin Academician and Lecturer-in-Waiting and was appointed Minister of Revenue. He argued that strategy against the enemy rested on three things: terrain, material strength, and morale. Terrain depends on geography; material strength on cities, supplies, and arms; morale on commanders and troops. Firm terrain permits defense, strong resources sustain the state, and high morale makes armies effective—then the enemy lies within our grasp. He urged the emperor to move south, use the Yangtze as a defensive barrier, and prepare for contingencies. He also proposed appointing senior ministers as overall commanders—one at Si to gather the Huai and eastern armies against the enemy; another at Jinling to control the Jiang-Zhe routes as a line of retreat. The memorial was submitted but received no answer.
21
既而帝駐蹕杭州，遷尚書左丞，奏監司、州縣擅立軍期司掊斂民財者，宜罷。 上諭以兵、食二事最大，當擇大臣分掌。 門下侍郎顏岐、知杭州康允之皆嫉夢得，又與宰相朱勝非議論不協，會州民有上書訟夢得過失者，上以夢得深曉財賦，乃除資政殿學士、提舉中太一宮，專一提領戶部財用，充車駕巡幸頓遞使，辭不拜，歸湖州。
When the court moved to Hangzhou he was made Left Vice Director of the Department of State Affairs and urged abolishing the ad hoc military supply offices that prefectures had set up to extort the people. The emperor replied that war and provisions were the greatest concerns and should be entrusted to separate senior ministers. Vice Director Yan Qi and Hangzhou prefect Kang Yunzhi envied him, and he clashed with Chief Councilor Zhu Shengfei. When locals petitioned against him, the emperor—recognizing his mastery of finance—named him Academician of the Zizheng Hall and superintendent of the Zhongtaiyi Abbey with sole charge of revenue for the traveling court. Mengde declined and returned to Huzhou.
22
紹興初，起為江東安撫大使兼知建康府，兼壽春等六州宣撫使。 時建康荒殘，兵不滿三千。 夢得奏移統製官韓世清軍屯建康，崔增屯采石，閻皋分守要害。 會王才降劉豫，引兵入寇，夢得遣使臣張偉諭才降之，以其眾分隸諸軍。 濠、壽叛將寇宏、陳卞雖陽受朝命，陰與劉豫通，夢得諭以福禍，皆聽命。 及豫入寇，卞擊敗之，齊兵宵遁。
Early in the Shaoxing era he was recalled as Grand Pacification Commissioner of Jiangdong and prefect of Jiankang, with concurrent authority as pacification commissioner over six prefectures including Shouchun. Jiankang lay in ruins, with fewer than three thousand troops. He moved Han Shiqing's forces into Jiankang, posted Cui Zeng at Caishi, and assigned Yan Gao to hold key positions. When Wang Cai, who had defected to Liu Yu, led a raid, Mengde sent Zhang Wei to induce his surrender and distributed his troops among the regular armies. The defectors Kou Hong and Chen Bi of Hao and Shou nominally accepted imperial orders but secretly dealt with Liu Yu. Mengde warned them of the consequences, and both submitted. When Liu Yu invaded, Chen Bi routed him and the Qi forces fled overnight.
23
八年，除江東安撫製置大使兼知建康府、行宮留守。 又奏防江措畫八事：一、申飭邊備，二、分布地分，三、把截要害，四、約束舟船，五、團結鄉社，六、明審斥堠，七、措置積聚，八、責官吏死守。 又言建康、太平、池州緊要隘口、江北可濟渡去處共一十九處，願聚集民兵，把截要害，命諸將審度敵形，並力進討。
In 1138 he was appointed Grand Commissioner for Pacification and Defense of Jiangdong, prefect of Jiankang, and keeper of the traveling palace. He also proposed eight measures for river defense: tighten border discipline, distribute forces, hold choke points, control shipping, organize local militia, clarify scouting, stockpile supplies, and require officials to defend their posts to the death. He identified nineteen critical crossings along the Jiankang-Taiping-Chizhou line and on the north bank, urged assembling militia to hold them, and ordered generals to coordinate a joint offensive after assessing enemy movements.
24
金都元帥宗弼犯含山縣，進逼曆陽，張俊諸軍遷延未發，夢得見俊，請速出軍，曰：“敵已過含山縣，萬一金人得和州，長江不可保矣。 ”俊趣諸軍進發，聲勢大振，金兵退屯昭關。 明年，金復入寇，遂至柘皋，夢得團結沿江民兵數萬，分據江津，遣子模將千人守馬家渡，金兵不得渡而去。
When the Jin marshal Zongbi took Hanshan and pressed Liyang, Zhang Jun's armies lingered. Mengde urged him to march at once: "The enemy has passed Hanshan. If they take Hezhou, the Yangtze will be lost." Zhang Jun hurried his armies forward. Their momentum revived, and the Jin fell back to Zhaoguan. The next year the Jin invaded again as far as Zhegao. Mengde rallied tens of thousands of river militia, seized the crossings, and sent his son Mo with a thousand men to hold Majia Ford. The Jin could not cross and withdrew.
25
初，建康屯兵歲費錢八百萬緡，米八十萬斛，榷貨務所入不足以支。 至是，禁旅與諸道兵鹹集，夢得兼總四路漕計以給饋餉，軍用不乏，故諸將得悉力以戰。 詔加觀文殿學士，移知福州，兼福建安撫使。
The Jiankang garrison had cost eight million strings and eight hundred thousand hu of rice annually, more than the Monopoly Bureau could supply. When the palace guard and provincial armies converged, Mengde took charge of transport from four circuits. Supplies held, and the generals could fight at full strength. He was promoted to Academician of the Guanwen Hall and transferred to Fuzhou as prefect and Pacification Commissioner of Fujian.
26
海寇朱明猖獗，詔夢得挾御前將士便道之鎮，或招或捕，或誘之相戕，遂平寇五十餘群。 然頗與監司異議，上章請老，特遷一官，提舉臨安府洞霄宮。 尋拜崇信軍節度使致仕。 十八年，卒湖州，贈檢校少保。
When the pirate Zhu Ming ravaged the coast, Mengde was ordered to take imperial guards to Fujian by express route. By recruiting, capturing, and setting bandits against one another, he suppressed more than fifty bands. He clashed frequently with supervisory commissioners, petitioned to retire, received a special promotion, and was made superintendent of the Dongxiao Abbey near Lin'an. He soon retired with the title Military Commissioner of Chongxin. He died at Huzhou in 1148 and was posthumously granted Acting Junior Guardian.
27
程俱，字致道，衢州開化人。 以外祖尚書左丞鄧潤甫恩，補蘇州吳江主簿，監舒州太湖茶場，坐上書論事罷歸。 起知泗州臨淮縣，累遷將作監丞。 近臣以詵述薦，遷著作佐郎。 宣和二年，進頌，賜上舍出身，除禮部郎，以病告老，不俟報而歸。
Cheng Ju, whose style name was Zhidao, came from Kaihua in Quzhou. Through his maternal grandfather, Left Vice Director Deng Runfu, he became registrar of Wujiang in Suzhou and superintendent of the Taihu tea plantation in Shuzhou, but was dismissed after memorializing on policy. He was recalled as magistrate of Linhuai in Sizhou and rose to Vice Director of the Directorate of Palace Buildings. A court intimate recommended his literary talent, and he was made Assistant Compiler. In 1120 he presented a court eulogy, received Upper College standing, and was made Gentleman of the Ministry of Rites, but retired on grounds of illness without waiting for approval.
28
建炎中，為太常少卿、知秀州。 會車駕臨幸，賜對。 俱言：“陛下德日新，政日舉，賞罰施置，仰當天意，俯合人心，則趙氏安而社稷固； 不然，則宗社危而天下亂，其間蓋不容發。 ”高宗嘉納之。 金兵南渡，據臨安，遣兵破崇德、海鹽，馳檄諭降。 俱率官屬棄城保華亭，留兵馬都監守城。 朝廷命俱部金帛赴行在，既至，以病乞歸。
During the Jianyan era he served as Vice Minister of Rites and prefect of Xiuzhou. When the imperial procession visited, he was granted an audience. Ju said, "If Your Majesty's virtue and governance advance daily, and rewards and punishments align with Heaven above and the people's hearts below, the Zhao house will be secure and the realm firm;" "otherwise the altars will totter and the realm fall into chaos—and between the two lies no margin at all." Gaozong praised his counsel. Jin forces crossed the river, seized Lin'an, attacked Chongde and Haiyan, and sent urgent summons to surrender. Ju led his staff out of the city to Huating, leaving the military inspector to hold Xiuzhou. The court ordered him to escort gold and silks to the traveling palace. After delivering them he pleaded illness and asked to retire.
29
紹興初，始置秘書省，召俱為少監。 奏修日曆，秘書長貳得預修纂，自俱始。 時庶事草創，百司文書例從省記，俱摭三館舊聞，比次為書，名曰《麟台故事》上之。 擢中書舍人兼侍講。 俱論：“國家之患，在於論事者不敢盡情，當事者不敢任責，言有用否，事有成敗，理固不齊。 今言不合則見排於當時，事不諧則追咎於始議。 故雖有智如陳平，不敢請金以行間； 勇如相如，不敢全璧以抗秦； 通財如劉晏，不敢言理財以贍軍食。 使人人不敢當事，不敢盡謀，則艱危之時，誰與圖回而恢復乎？”
When the Secretariat was re-established early in Shaoxing, Ju was summoned as its Vice Director. He petitioned to compile the Calendar, establishing the precedent that senior Secretariat officials could take part in historical compilation. With government still being rebuilt, ministries relied on Secretariat records. Ju compiled old reports from the Three Halls into the 《Records of the Lin Terrace》 and presented it to the throne. He was promoted to Drafting Attendant of the Secretariat and Lecturer-in-Waiting. Ju argued that the state's trouble was that advisers dared not speak frankly and officials dared not accept responsibility. Counsel might be right or wrong and policies might succeed or fail—that was natural. Today dissent is punished immediately, and failed policies are blamed on whoever proposed them first. Thus even a man as clever as Chen Ping would not dare ask for gold to run espionage; nor one as bold as Lin Xiangru risk keeping the jade whole to defy Qin; nor one as skilled in finance as Liu Yan propose managing revenues to feed the armies. If no one dares take responsibility or speak fully, who in such desperate times will help plan recovery?
30
武功大夫蘇易轉橫行，俱論：“祖宗之法，文臣自將作監主簿至尚書左仆射，武臣自三班奉職至節度使，此以次遷轉之官也。 武臣自閣門副使至內客省使為橫行，不係磨勘遷轉之列，其除授皆頒特旨。 故元豐之製，以承務郎至特進為寄祿官，易監主簿至仆射之名； 武臣獨不以寄祿官易之者，蓋有深意也。 政和間，改武臣官稱為郎、大夫，遂並橫行易之為轉官等級，蓋當時有司不習典故，以開僥幸之門。 自改使為大夫以來，常調之官，下至皂隸，轉為橫行者，不可勝數。 且文臣所謂庶官者，轉不得過中大夫，而武臣乃得過皇城使，此何理也！ 夫官職輕重在朝廷，朝廷愛重官職，不妄與人，則官職重； 反是則輕，輕則得者不以為恩，未得者常懷觖望，此安危治亂所關也。”
When Martial Achievement Grandee Su Yi was moved to lateral rank, Ju argued that under ancestral law civil officials from registrar of the Directorate of Palace Buildings to Left Vice Director, and military officials from Third Class Attendant to military commissioner, advanced by regular sequential promotion. Military lateral ranks from Vice Commissioner of the Palace Gate to Commissioner of the Inner Reception Bureau lay outside the merit-review ladder and required special edicts. The Yuanfeng reforms therefore made Court Gentleman through Special Advancement salary ranks, renaming posts from registrar through vice director; but deliberately did not apply salary ranks to military posts—a measure of deep significance. Under Zhenghe military titles were renamed as Gentleman and Grandee, folding lateral ranks into the regular ladder—ignorance of precedent that opened the door to favoritism. Since commissioners were renamed grandees, countless routine officials—even clerks—have been shifted into lateral ranks. Civil subordinates cannot rise above Grandee of Governance, yet military officers can rise above Commissioner of the Imperial City. What principle is that? Whether offices carry weight depends on the court. When the court values them and grants them sparingly, they remain weighty; otherwise they become cheap. Cheap offices bring no gratitude to recipients and breed resentment in those passed over—matters on which safety and ruin depend.
31
徐俯為諫議大夫，俱繳還，以為：“俯雖才俊氣豪，所曆尚淺，以前任省郎，遽除諫議，自元豐更製以來，未之有也。 昔唐元稹為荊南判司，忽命從中出，召為省郎，使知制誥，遂喧朝聽，時謂監軍崔潭峻之所引也。 近聞外傳，俯與中官唱和，有‘魚須’之句，號為警策。 臣恐外人以此為疑，仰累聖德。 陛下誠知俯，姑以所應得者命之。 ”不報。 後二日，言者論俱前棄秀州城，罷為提舉江州太平觀。 久之，除徽猷閣待制。
When Xu Fu was appointed Remonstrance Grandee, Ju returned the edict, arguing that though talented and bold, Fu's experience was shallow and his leap from provincial gentleman to remonstrance official was unprecedented since Yuanfeng. In Tang, Yuan Zhen was a mere aide in Jingnan when a sudden inner order made him a provincial drafter—throwing the court into uproar as a protégé of the army supervisor Cui Tanjun. Rumors abroad say Fu exchanges poetry with palace eunuchs, including a celebrated line on 'fish whiskers.' I fear outsiders will suspect impropriety and cast doubt on Your Majesty's virtue. If Your Majesty truly values Fu, appoint him only to the rank he has earned. The court did not respond. Two days later critics cited his abandonment of Xiuzhou, and he was dismissed to superintendent of the Taiping Abbey in Jiangzhou. After some time he was made Attendant Drafter of the Huixuan Pavilion.
32
俱晚病風痹，秦檜薦俱領史事，除提舉萬壽觀、實錄院修撰，使免朝參，俱力辭不至。 卒，年六十七。 俱在掖垣，命令下有不安於心者，必反覆言之，不少畏避。 其為文典雅閎奧，為世所稱。
In later life Ju suffered from paralysis. Qin Hui recommended him to head historical compilation as superintendent of the Wanshou Abbey and Veritable Record compiler with exemption from court attendance. Ju firmly declined. He died at the age of sixty-seven. In the Secretariat, whenever an edict troubled him he spoke against it repeatedly, without fear. His writing was elegant and profound, and widely admired.
33
張嵲，字巨山，襄陽人。 宣和三年，上舍選中第。 調唐州方城尉，改房州司刑曹。 劉子羽薦於川、陝宣撫使張浚，辟利州路安撫司幹辦公事，以母病去官。
Zhang Wei, whose style name was Jushan, came from Xiangyang. In 1121 he passed the Upper College examination. He was posted as magistrate of Fangcheng in Tangzhou, then made judicial officer of Fangzhou. Liu Ziyu recommended him to Zhang Jun, pacification commissioner of Sichuan and Shaanxi. He served as clerk in the Lizhou Pacification Office but left when his mother fell ill.
34
紹興五年，召對，嵲上疏曰：“金人去冬深涉吾地，王師屢捷，一朝宵遁，金有自敗之道，非我幸勝之也。 今士氣稍振，乘其銳而用之； 固無不可。 然兵疲民勞，若便圖進取，似未可遽。 臣竊謂為今日計，當築塢堡以守淮南之地，興屯田以為久戍之資，備舟楫以阻長江之險，以我之常，待彼之變。 又荊、襄、壽春皆古重鎮，敵之侵軼，多出此途。 願速擇良將勁兵，戍守其地，以重上流之勢。 ”召試，除秘書省正字。
In 1135 he was summoned to audience and memorialized: "Last winter the Jin penetrated deep into our territory. Our armies won repeated victories, then the Jin fled overnight. They defeated themselves; we did not merely get lucky." Morale has revived somewhat, and it is tempting to strike while enthusiasm is high; that is not impossible in itself. Yet the armies are weary and the people exhausted, and an immediate offensive seems premature. I believe we should build fortified posts to hold Huainan, establish military colonies for long-term defense, ready the fleet to control the Yangtze, and with steady preparation await the enemy's next move. Jing, Xiang, and Shouchun are ancient strategic centers, and most enemy raids come through them. I urge swift selection of able generals and strong troops to garrison them and secure the upper Yangtze. He was examined and appointed Corrector of the Secretariat.
35
六年，地震。 嵲奏：“比年以來，賦斂繁重，征求百出，流移者擠溝壑，土著者失常業，地震之異，殆或為此。 願深思變異之由，修政之闕，致民之安。”
In 1136 there was an earthquake. Wei memorialized that in recent years taxes and exactions had multiplied, driving refugees into ditches and ruining settled livelihoods—the earthquake likely stemmed from this. I ask Your Majesty to ponder the cause of such omens, correct failures in governance, and restore the people's peace.
36
七年，遷校書郎兼史館校勘，再遷著作郎。 嵲因對言：“吳、蜀，唇齒之勢也。 蜀去朝廷遠，今無元帥一年矣。 蜀之利害，臣粗知之。 忠勇之人，使之捍外侮則可，至於撫循斯民，則非所能辦也。 宜於前宰執中，擇其可以任川事者委任之。 然川蜀係國利害，非腹心之臣不可，今早得一賢宣撫使為要。 ”又言：“自駐蹕吳會以來，似未嚐以襄陽、荊南為意，今宜亟選儒臣有牧禦之才者為二路帥，使之招集流散，興農桑，治城壁，以為保固之資，益重上流之勢。”
In 1137 he was made Collator and History Office proofreader, then Compiler. In audience Wei replied: "Wu and Shu stand in the same lip-and-teeth alliance." Sichuan is distant from the court, and the region has gone a year without a supreme commander. I have some understanding of what is at stake in Sichuan. Brave and loyal men can defend against foreign aggression, but they cannot govern and care for the local population. The court should choose from among former chief ministers someone capable of handling Sichuan affairs and appoint him. But Sichuan bears directly on the nation's fortunes, so only a trusted inner minister will do—and the urgent need now is to find a worthy Pacification Commissioner. He added: "Since the court settled in the southeast, Xiangyang and southern Jing seem to have received too little attention. The court should quickly appoint learned officials with governing and defensive ability to command both circuits, to gather refugees, revive farming, repair fortifications, build a secure base, and strengthen the upper Yangtze."
37
既而何掄以刊改《神宗實錄》得罪，語連嵲，出為福建路轉運判官。 上疏略曰：“古之人君，其患有二，不在於拒諫，在納諫而不能用； 不在於不知天下利害，在知而不以為意。 陛下渡江十年矣，外有敵之國，內有驕悍之兵，下有窮困無聊之民。 進言者多矣，今皆以為陳腐而別取新奇之說； 任事者眾矣，今皆習是以為當然而更為迂闊之事。 此近於納諫而不知用，知利害而不知恤也。 為今之計，朝斯夕斯，非是二者不務，數年之後，庶其有濟！ 有國之所惡者，莫大於朋黨，今一宰相用，凡其所與者，不擇賢否而盡用之，一宰相去，凡其所與者，不擇賢否而盡逐之，宜其朋黨之浸成也。”
Soon afterward He Lun was punished for altering the Veritable Records of Emperor Shenzong; his case implicated Wei, who was demoted to Vice Transport Commissioner of Fujian Circuit. He submitted a memorial in summary: "Ancient rulers suffered from two faults—not refusing advice, but accepting it and then failing to act on it; not in ignorance of what helps or harms the realm, but in knowing and yet not caring. Your Majesty has been south of the Yangtze for ten years. Abroad there is a hostile power, at home unruly troops, and below a people driven to destitution and despair. Many have offered counsel, yet sound advice is dismissed as stale while novel theories are sought instead; many hold office, yet routine is mistaken for wisdom while ever more impractical schemes are pursued. This comes close to hearing advice without using it, and knowing what matters without truly caring. For the present, let the court devote itself morning and night to nothing else. In a few years there may yet be hope! Nothing harms a state more than factionalism. When one chief minister takes power, all his associates are appointed regardless of merit; when he falls, all are purged regardless of merit. Small wonder factions keep growing.
38
九年，除司勳員外郎兼實錄院檢討官。 金人叛盟，上命兩省、卿、監、郎、曹各草檄以進，獨取嵲所進者，播之四方。 十年，擢中書舍人，升實錄院同修撰。 論王德收復宿、亳兩郡，乃擅退軍，使岳飛勢孤，金人猖獗，授承宣防禦使，何應罰而反賞？ 封還詞頭，乞罷已降轉官指揮。 未幾，右正言万俟卨論嵲為侍從日，薦引非才，以酬私恩，邊報始至，托疾家居，由是罷去。 頃之，起知衢州，除敷文閣待制。 為政頗尚嚴酷，歲滿，得請提舉江州太平興國宮。 時方修好息兵，朝廷講稽古禮文之事，嵲作《中興復古詩》以進。 上將召用，會疽發背卒，年五十三。 子昌時。
In 1139 he was made Outer Gentleman of the Ministry of Personnel and compiler-reviewer at the Veritable Record Office. When the Jurchens broke the treaty, the emperor ordered officials throughout both secretariats to draft proclamations. Only Wei's was chosen and published across the realm. In 1140 he was promoted to Drafting Attendant of the Secretariat and co-compiler of the Veritable Record Office. He argued that Wang De had recovered Su and Bo but then withdrew on his own authority, leaving Yue Fei isolated and the Jurchens emboldened—yet Wang was rewarded with the rank of Defense Commissioner. Why punish when one should reward, or reward when one should punish? He returned the draft appointment and asked that the promotion order be revoked. Soon Right Remonstrance Officer Wan Qixie accused Wei of recommending unworthy men to repay private favors while in court service, and of feigning illness at home when frontier reports first arrived. Wei was dismissed. Shortly afterward he was reappointed prefect of Quzhou and made Awaiting-Edict of the Fuwen Pavilion. His administration was notably harsh. When his term ended he requested appointment as superintendent of the Taiping Xingguo Abbey in Jiangzhou. Peace had been restored and the court was reviving ancient ritual and scholarship. Wei composed the Poems on Restoring Antiquity in the Restoration and presented them to the throne. The emperor was about to recall him to office when he died of a back abscess at the age of fifty-three. He had a son named Changshi.
39
韓駒，字子蒼，仙井監人。 少有文稱。 政和初，以獻頌補假將仕郎，召試舍人院，賜進士出身，除秘書省正字。 尋坐為蘇氏學，請監華州蒲城縣市易務。 知洪州分寧縣。 召為著作郎，校正御前文籍。 駒言國家祠事，歲一百十有八，用樂者六十有二，舊撰樂章，辭多牴牾。 於是詔三館士分撰親祠明堂、圓壇、方澤等樂曲五十餘章，多駒所作。
Han Ju, whose style name was Zicang, came from Xianjing Superintendency. He was known for literary talent from an early age. At the start of the Zhenghe era he earned provisional rank by submitting a eulogy, passed the Drafting Academy examination, received jinshi standing, and was appointed Secretariat Corrector. He was soon punished for association with Su-shi Learning and requested appointment as supervisor of the market-trade office in Pucheng County, Huazhou. He served as magistrate of Fenning County in Hongzhou. He was recalled as Compiler and assigned to collate the imperial archives. Ju reported that the state performed 118 sacrificial rites each year, 62 with music, and that the old hymn texts contained many inconsistencies. The emperor then ordered Three Academies scholars to compose more than fifty hymn texts for imperial sacrifices at the Bright Hall, Round Altar, and Square Mound, most of them written by Ju.
40
宣和五年，除秘書少監。 六年，遷中書舍人兼修國史，入謝。 上曰：“近年為製誥者，所褒必溢美，所貶必溢惡，豈王言之體。 且《盤》、《誥》具在，寧若是乎？ ”駒對：“若止作製誥，則粗知文墨者皆可為，先帝置兩省，豈止使行文書而已。 ”上曰：“給事實掌封駁。 ”駒奏：“舍人亦許繳還詞頭。 ”上曰：“自今朝廷事有可論者，一切繳來。 ”尋兼權直學士院，製詞簡重，為時所推。 未幾，復坐鄉黨曲學，以集英殿修撰提舉江州太平觀。
In 1123 he was appointed Vice Director of the Secretariat. The following year he became Drafting Attendant and national history compiler, and entered court to give thanks. The emperor said: "In recent years edict writers have lavished excessive praise on those commended and excessive condemnation on those censured. Is that the proper tone of royal pronouncements? The models of the Pan and Gao documents still survive—would they read like this? Ju replied: "If drafting edicts were all that mattered, anyone literate could do the job. The late emperor did not establish the two secretariats merely to circulate documents. The emperor said: "Supervising Secretariat Attendants are indeed charged with reviewing and rebutting edicts. Ju replied: "Drafting attendants are also allowed to return draft commissions for reconsideration. The emperor said: "From now on, return any court matter you find objectionable. Soon he was also made acting director of the Hanlin Academy. His edicts were concise and dignified, and he was widely respected. Before long he was again punished for partisan narrow learning and made Academy Compiler of the Jiying Hall while superintending the Taiping Abbey in Jiangzhou.
41
高宗即位，知江州。 紹興五年，卒於撫州。 進一官致仕，贈中奉大夫，與遺澤三人。 駒嚐在許下從蘇轍學，評其詩似儲光羲。 其後由宦者以進用，頗為識者所薄雲。 子遜、遊。
When Emperor Gaozong took the throne, Ju was appointed prefect of Jiangzhou. He died at Fuzhou in 1135. He was promoted one rank upon retirement, posthumously granted Grandee of Palace Attendance, and given hereditary privilege for three descendants. Ju had studied under Su Zhe at Xu and remarked that his poetry resembled that of Chu Guangxi. Later he rose through eunuch patronage, and knowledgeable contemporaries held him in low regard. He had sons Xun and You.
42
朱敦儒
Zhu Dunru
43
朱敦儒，字希真，河南人。 父勃，紹聖諫官。 敦儒誌行高潔，雖為布衣，而有朝野之望。 靖康中，召至京師，將處以學官，敦儒辭曰：“麋鹿之性，自樂閑曠，爵祿非所願也。 ”固辭還山。 高宗即位，詔舉草澤才德之士，預選者命中書策試，授以官，於是淮西部使者言敦儒有文武才，召之。 敦儒又辭。 避亂客南雄州，張浚奏赴軍前計議，弗起。
Zhu Dunru, whose style name was Xizhen, came from Henan. His father Bo had served as a remonstrance officer under Emperor Zhezong. Dunru was known for lofty integrity. Though a commoner, he enjoyed esteem both at court and beyond it. During the Jingkang crisis he was summoned to the capital and offered a scholarly post. Dunru declined: "Deer by nature love quiet and open country. Rank and salary are not what I want. He firmly refused and returned to the mountains. When Gaozong took the throne, an edict called for talented men from among the people. Those selected were examined at the Secretariat and given office. The envoy of western Huai then reported that Dunru possessed both civil and military ability, and he was summoned. Dunru declined again. Fleeing the turmoil he stayed in Nanxiong Prefecture. Zhang Jun memorialized that he come to headquarters for consultation, but he did not go.
44
紹興二年，宣諭使明橐言敦儒深達治體，有經世才，廷臣亦多稱其靖退。 詔以為右迪功郎，下肇慶府敦遣詣行在，敦儒不肯受詔。 其故人勸之曰：“今天子側席幽士，翼宣中興，譙定召於蜀，蘇庠召於浙，張自牧召於長蘆，莫不聲流天京，風動郡國，君何為棲茅茹藿，白首岩穀乎！ ”敦儒始幡然而起。 既至，命對便殿，論議明暢。 上悅，賜進士出身，為秘書省正字。 俄兼兵部郎官，遷兩浙東路提點刑獄。 會右諫議大夫汪勃劾敦儒專立異論，與李光交通。 高宗曰：“爵祿所以厲世，如其可與，則文臣便至侍從，武臣便至節鉞。 如其不可，雖一命亦不容輕授。 ”郭儒遂罷。 十九年，上疏請歸，許之。
In 1132 Persuasion Commissioner Ming Nang reported that Dunru had a deep grasp of governance and talent for statecraft, and many court officials praised his quiet withdrawal from office. He was appointed Right Assistant Gentleman for Merit, and Zhaoqing Prefecture was ordered to escort him urgently to the traveling court. Dunru refused the appointment. An old friend urged him: "The emperor now seeks out reclusive scholars to help restore the dynasty. Qiao Ding was summoned from Shu, Su Kuang from Zhe, Zhang Zimu from Changlu—all won fame at court and influence across the realm. Why should you live in a thatched hut on wild greens, growing old in the mountains? At that Dunru changed his mind and accepted. When he arrived he was granted audience in the informal hall, and his remarks were clear and persuasive. The emperor was pleased, granted him jinshi standing, and appointed him Secretariat Corrector. Soon he also served as bureau chief in the Ministry of War, then became Judicial Intendant of eastern Zhejiang. Right Remonstrance and Discussion Censor Wang Bo then impeached Dunru for holding unorthodox views and associating with Li Guang. Gaozong said: "Rank and salary exist to encourage public service. When a man deserves them, a civil official may rise straight to court attendance and a military man to command of armies. When he does not deserve them, even the smallest appointment must not be granted lightly. Dunru was thereupon dismissed. In 1149 he memorialized asking to retire, and permission was granted.
45
郭儒素工詩及樂府，婉麗清暢。 時奏檜當國，喜獎用騷人墨客以文太平，檜子熺亦好詩，於是先用敦儒子為刪定官，復除敦儒鴻臚少卿。 檜死，郭儒亦廢。 談者謂敦儒老懷舐犢之愛，而畏避竄逐，故其節不終雲。
Dunru had long excelled at poetry and yuefu songs, which were graceful, lucid, and flowing. When Qin Hui dominated the government he liked to patronize poets and literary men to adorn an age of peace. Qin Hui's son Xi also loved poetry, so Dunru's son was first made a collation officer and Dunru himself was reappointed Vice Minister of Ceremonials. When Qin Hui died, Dunru was dismissed as well. Commentators said that in old age Dunru indulged affection for his son while fearing exile, and so did not preserve his integrity to the end.
46
葛勝仲
Ge Shengzhong
47
葛勝仲，字魯卿，丹陽人。 登紹聖四年進士第，調杭州司理參軍。 林希薦試學官及詞科，俱第一，除兗州教授，入為太學正。 上幸學，多獻頌者，勝仲獨獻賦，上命中書第其優劣，勝仲為首，差提舉議曆所檢討官兼宗正丞。 始，朝廷以從臣提舉議曆所，至是，代以郭天信，勝仲力請罷之。 稍遷禮部員外郎。 會御史中丞石公弼言：“僖祖原廟增置殿室，違元豐之舊。 ”詔禮官議。 勝仲建言：“予而復奪，在常人猶難之，況在天之靈乎！ ”議者非之，責知歙州休寧縣，復召為禮部員外郎，權國子司業。 時朝廷命諸生習雅樂，樂成，進一官，遷太常少卿。
Ge Shengzhong, whose style name was Luqing, came from Danyang. He passed the jinshi examination in 1097 and was assigned as judicial administrator of Hangzhou. Lin Xi recommended him for the academic and prose-poetry examinations, and he placed first in both. He was appointed professor at Yanzhou and later became Director of the Imperial Academy. When the emperor visited the Academy, most students submitted eulogies, but Shengzhong alone submitted a fu. The emperor ordered the Secretariat to rank the entries, and Shengzhong placed first. He was then made compiler-reviewer of the Calendar Reforms Office and Vice Director of the Imperial Clan Court. At first attendant ministers had supervised the Calendar Reforms Office, but now Guo Tianxin was put in charge instead. Shengzhong strongly urged that the change be reversed. He was soon promoted to Outer Gentleman of the Ministry of Rites. Censor-in-Chief Shi Gongbi reported: "The addition of hall chambers to Emperor Xi's primary temple departs from the Yuanfeng precedent. An edict ordered rites officials to deliberate. Shengzhong argued: "To grant something and then take it back is hard even for ordinary people—how much more for an imperial ancestor in Heaven! His opponents prevailed, and he was demoted to magistrate of Xiuning County in Shezhou. Later he was recalled as Outer Gentleman of Rites and acting Vice Director of the Directorate of Education. When the court ordered students to study court music and the project was completed, he was promoted one rank and made Vice Director of the Court of Imperial Sacrifices.
48
宋自建隆至治平所行典禮，歐陽修嚐裒集為書，凡百篇，號《太常因革禮》，詔勝仲續之，增為三百卷，詔藏太常。 及建春宮，以勝仲兼諭德，勝仲為《仁》、《孝》、《學》三論獻之太子，復采春秋、戰國以來曆代太子善惡成敗之跡，日進數事。 詔嘉之，徙太府少卿，除國子祭酒，尋知汝州。 李彥括田，破產者眾，勝仲請蠲不當括者，彥怒，劾勝仲，上寢其奏，改湖州，尋徙鄧州。 朱勔先求白雀之屬，勝仲不與，至是媒蘖其短，罷歸。
Ouyang Xiu had once compiled the rites practiced from Jianlong through Zhiping into a work of one hundred chapters titled Records of Rites Reforms at the Court of Imperial Sacrifices. The emperor ordered Shengzhong to continue it, expanding it to three hundred juan, and commanded that it be kept at the Court of Imperial Sacrifices. When the crown prince's residence was established, Shengzhong was made Preceptor. He wrote three treatises On Benevolence, On Filial Piety, and On Learning and presented them to the crown prince. He also collected examples from the Spring and Autumn period through the Warring States onward of crown princes' successes and failures, submitting several each day. The emperor praised him by edict, transferred him to Vice Director of the Court of the Imperial Treasury, appointed him Chancellor of the Directorate of Education, and soon made him prefect of Ruzhou. Li Yan's land surveys ruined many households. Shengzhong asked that improper seizures be remitted. Yan angrily impeached him, but the emperor shelved the accusation and transferred Shengzhong to Huzhou, then soon to Dengzhou. Zhu Mi had earlier asked for white magpies and the like, and Shengzhong had refused. Now Zhu Mi fabricated charges against him, and Shengzhong was dismissed and sent home.
49
建炎中，範宗尹為相，凡前日以朋附被罪遠貶者，鹹赦還，復知湖州，時群盜縱橫，聲搖諸郡，勝仲修城郭，作戰艦，閱士卒，賊知有備，引去。 歲大饑，發官廩振之，民賴以濟。 紹興元年，丐祠歸。 十四年，卒，年七十三，諡文康。 子立方，官至侍從。 孫邲，為右相，自有傳。
During the Jianyan era Fan Zongyin became chief minister and pardoned those earlier punished for factional ties and exiled far away. Shengzhong was again appointed prefect of Huzhou. Bandits were then rampant and threatening neighboring prefectures, but Shengzhong repaired the walls, built warships, and drilled troops. Seeing the city prepared, the bandits withdrew. When famine struck he opened government granaries for relief, and the people were saved. In 1131 he requested a temple appointment and retired home. He died in 1144 at the age of seventy-three and was given the posthumous title Wenkang. His son Lifang rose to a position in imperial attendance. Sun Bin served as Right Grand Counselor and has a separate biography.
50
熊克，字子復，建寧建陽人，御史大夫博之後。 將生，有翠羽雀翔臥內。 克幼而翹秀，既長，好學善屬文，郡博士胡憲器之，曰：“子學老於年，他日當以文章顯。 ”紹興中進士第，知紹興府諸暨縣，越帥課賦頗急，諸邑率督趣以應，克曰：“寧吾獲罪，不忍困吾民。 ”他日，府遣幕僚閱視有亡，時方不雨，克對之泣曰：“此催租時耶！ ”部使者芮輝行縣至其境，謂克曰：“曩知子文墨而已，今乃見古循吏。 ”為表薦之，入為提轄文思院。
Xiong Ke, styled Zifu, came from Jianyang in Jianning and was a descendant of the Censor-in-Chief Bo. Just before his birth, a sparrow with emerald feathers flew into the chamber and settled there. Xiong Ke showed exceptional talent from childhood. As an adult he loved learning and wrote well. Hu Xian, the district erudite, took notice of him and said, "You have learning beyond your years; one day you will make your name through letters." During the Shaoxing period he passed the jinshi examination and became magistrate of Zhuji in Shaoxing Prefecture. The regional commander pressed urgently for tax collection, and every county rushed to comply. Xiong Ke said, "I would rather face punishment than squeeze my people." One day the prefecture sent aides to check for arrears while drought persisted. He wept before them and cried, "Is this really the moment to demand rent!" When circuit commissioner Rui Hui toured the county and entered his district, he told Xiong Ke, "I knew you only as a man of letters; now I see a magistrate in the old worthy mold." Rui Hui recommended him by memorial, and Xiong Ke was appointed Supervisor of the Hall of Literary Reflection at court.
51
嘗以文獻曾覿，覿持白於孝宗，孝宗喜之，內出御筆，除直學士院。 宰相趙雄甚異之，因奏曰：“翰院清選，熊克小臣，不由論薦而得，無以服眾論，請自朝廷召試，然後用之。 ”上曰：“善。 ”乃以為校書郎，累遷學士院權直，上御選德殿，召諭曰：“卿製誥甚工，且有體，自此燕閑可論治道。”
He once submitted a piece of writing to Zeng Di, who showed it to Emperor Xiaozong. The emperor was delighted and issued a personal edict appointing Xiong Ke directly to the Hanlin Academy. Grand Counselor Zhao Xiong was greatly surprised and memorialized, "The Hanlin Academy is an elite appointment. Xiong Ke is a minor official who received it without the usual review and recommendation, and that will not satisfy critics. Let the court summon him for examination before appointing him." The emperor said, "Very well." He was made Collator and eventually rose to Acting Hanlin Academician. The emperor received him at the Hall of Virtuous Selection and said, "You draft edicts with great skill and proper style. When we have leisure, you may discuss statecraft with me."
52
克自以見知於上，數有論奏。 嚐言：“金人雖講和，而不能保於他日，今宜以和為守，以守為攻。 當和好之時，為備守之計，彼不能禁吾不為也。 邊備既實，金人萬一猖獗，必不得誌於我，退而乘我，曲不在我矣。 且今日之守，莫重淮東。 金犯淮西，負糧自隨，其勢必難。 若犯淮東，清河糧船直下，易耳。 然則守淮之策，以墾田、修堰、教民兵為先。 援淮東之策，莫若即江陰建水軍，緩急可相應。 然驟立一軍，慮敵生疑，當托以海道商賈之衝，多奪攘，置一巡檢警督之，自此歲增兵，不出十年，隱然一軍矣。 中興之際，不患兵不可用，而患將權難收。 今日之弊，不患將不可馭，而患軍情易動。 往時諸大將拊士卒如家人，自罷諸將兵權，御前主帥，更徙不常，凡軍中筦榷之利，所以養士卒者，今皆轉而為包苴矣，又朘其餘以佐之，得無怨乎！ 宜嚴戒將帥，毋縱掊削。 ”帝嘉其有誌，召草明堂赦書。 克言：“二浙薦饑，蝗且起，赦文不宜飾詞。 ”帝嘉其識體。 除起居郎兼直學士院，以言者出知台州，奉祠。
Feeling he had won the emperor's trust, Xiong Ke submitted policy proposals again and again. He once argued, "Though the Jurchen are at peace with us, that peace may not hold. For now we should treat peace as a form of defense, and defense as preparation for attack." While relations remain amicable, we should prepare our defenses; they cannot stop us from doing so. Once our frontier defenses are strong, even if the Jurchen grow aggressive they cannot prevail against us. If they retreat and then turn on us, the moral blame will not be ours. Of all our defensive priorities today, none matters more than the eastern Huai region. A Jin attack across the western Huai would force them to carry their own supplies, making the campaign far harder. An attack east of the Huai would let grain ships sail straight down the Qing River, making supply much easier. The strategy for holding the Huai should prioritize land reclamation, dyke repair, and militia training. The best way to support the eastern Huai is to establish a naval force at Jiangyin that can respond quickly in crisis. A sudden new army would alarm the enemy. Better to cite the rampant piracy on the sea lanes, post an inspector to patrol the route, and increase troops year by year. Within ten years we would quietly have a full force. At the time of the Restoration, the concern was not that soldiers could not fight, but that military authority was hard to bring back under central control. Today's problem is no longer unmanageable generals but troops whose temper is easily unsettled. In the past great generals treated their men like family. Since those generals were stripped of command and Imperial Front commanders were rotated endlessly, the monopolies that once supported the troops have become bribes instead, with whatever is left skimmed away on top—how could soldiers not resent it! Commanders should be sternly warned not to exploit their men. The emperor admired his public-spiritedness and had him draft the amnesty edict for the Hall of Brightness rites. Xiong Ke said, "The two Zhe provinces face famine and locusts are rising; the amnesty proclamation should not use flowery language." The emperor praised his sense of what was appropriate. He was made Recorder and Hanlin Academician, but critics drove him out to serve as prefect of Taizhou before he received a stipend appointment.
53
克博聞強記，自少至老，著述外無他嗜。 尤淹習宋朝典故，有問者酬對如響。 家素儉約，雖貴不改，舊所居卑陋，門不容轍，雖部使者、郡守至，必降車乃入。 嚐愛臨川童子王克勤之才，將妻以女而乏資遣，會草制獲賜金，遂以歸之，人稱其清介。 卒，年七十三。
Xiong Ke was widely learned with a prodigious memory, and from youth to old age wrote almost to the exclusion of all else. He knew Song institutional history inside out and answered every question on the spot as though the reply were already waiting. He came from a frugal family and did not change when he rose to high office. His old home was so narrow the gate would not admit a carriage, and even visiting commissioners and prefects had to dismount before entering. He admired the young scholar Wang Keqin of Linchuan and wished to marry his daughter to him but lacked a dowry. When he received a gold grant for drafting an edict, he gave it for the marriage, and people praised his incorruptible character. He died at the age of seventy-three.
54
張即之
Zhang Jizhi
55
張即之，字溫夫，參知政事孝伯之子。 以父恩授承務郎，銓中兩浙轉運司進士舉，曆監平江府糧料院。 丁父憂，服除，監臨安府樓店務。 丁母憂，服除，監臨安府龍山稅、寧國府城下酒曲務，簽書荊門軍判官廳公事，烏程丞，特差簽書江陰軍判官廳公事，提領戶部犒賞酒庫所幹辦公事，添差兩浙轉運司主管文字，行在檢點贍軍激賞酒庫所主管文字，監尚書六部門，淮南東路提舉常平司主管文字，添差通判揚州，改鎮江，又改嘉興，將作監簿，軍器監丞，司農寺丞，知嘉興，未赴，以言者罷，丐祠，主管雲台觀，引年告老，特授直秘閣致仕。
Zhang Jizhi, styled Wenfu, was the son of Vice Grand Counselor Zhang Xiaobo. By privilege of his father's rank he received the office of Master of Service, passed the jinshi quota of the Two-Zhe Transport Commission, and served as superintendent of the Pingjiang Prefecture grain office. After mourning his father's death, he was appointed superintendent of the Lin'an Prefecture inn office. After mourning his mother, he served in succession as superintendent of the Longshan tax office in Lin'an Prefecture and superintendent of the lower-city wine monopoly office in Ningguo Prefecture; signing secretary for general affairs at the Jingmen military judge's office; assistant magistrate of Wucheng; specially assigned signing secretary for general affairs at the Jiangyin military judge's office; manager of general affairs at the Ministry of Revenue Commemorative Wine Warehouse; additionally assigned document controller at the Two-Zhe Transport Commission; document controller at the temporary capital's inspection office for army-support and reward wine warehouses; superintendent of the Six Ministries gate; document controller at the Huainan East Circuit Ever-Normal Granary Office; additionally assigned as vice prefect of Yangzhou, then transferred to Zhenjiang and again to Jiaxing; registrar of the Directorate of Palace Buildings; assistant director of the Directorate of Armaments; assistant director of the Ministry of Revenue; and prefect of Jiaxing. Before he could take up the prefecture, critics had him removed. He petitioned for a stipend shrine, served as director of the Cloud Terrace Abbey, and citing age petitioned to retire, receiving the special grant of Directly Assembled Secretariat Pavilion and retirement.
56
惟忠字肖尊，慶元之鄞人，嘉定十三年進士。
Weizhong, styled Xiaozun, came from Yin in Qingyuan and passed the jinshi examination in 1220.
57
附趙蕃
Zhao Fan (appended biography)
58
趙蕃字昌父，其先鄭州人。 建炎初，大父暘以秘書少監出提點坑冶，寓信州之玉山。 蕃以暘致仕恩，補州文學。 調浮梁尉、連江主簿，皆不赴。 為太和主簿，受知於楊萬里。 調辰州司理參軍，與郡守爭獄，罷，人以蕃為直。
Zhao Fan, styled Changfu, came from a family originally of Zhengzhou. At the start of the Jianyan era his grandfather Yang left the capital as Vice Director of the Secretariat and Commissioner of Mining and Smelting, settling at Yushan in Xinzhou. Zhao Fan received the post of prefectural erudite through his grandfather Yang's retirement privilege. He was offered posts as magistrate of Fuliang and chief clerk of Lianjiang but declined both. As chief clerk of Taihe he won the admiration of Yang Wanli. Posted as judicial officer of Chenzhou, he disputed a case with the prefect and was removed from office; people regarded Zhao Fan as a man of integrity.
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始，蕃受學於劉清之，清之守衡州，乃求監安仁贍軍酒庫，因以卒業。 至衡而清之罷，蕃即丐祠，從清之歸。 其後真德秀書之《國史》曰：“蕃於師友之際蓋如此，肯負國乎！ ”家居，連書祠官之考者三十有一，理宗即位，以太社令與劉宰同召，不拜，特改奉議郎、直秘閣，又辭。 奉祠，得致仕，轉承議郎，依前直秘閣。 卒，年八十七。
Zhao Fan first studied with Liu Qingzhi. When Qingzhi became prefect of Hengzhou, Fan asked to serve as superintendent of the Anren army-support wine warehouse so he could finish his studies nearby. When he arrived at Hengzhou, Qingzhi had already lost his post. Zhao Fan immediately petitioned for a stipend appointment and went home with his teacher. Later Zhen Dexiu wrote in the National History, "Zhao Fan was this devoted to his teachers and friends—how could he betray his country!" He lived in retirement and submitted thirty-one consecutive annual review reports for his stipend post. When Emperor Lizong came to the throne, he and Liu Zai were summoned to serve as Grand Sacrificer of Earth. He refused, was specially granted the rank of Proposal-Discussing Gentleman and Directly Assembled Secretariat Pavilion, and declined again. He retained his stipend appointment, received formal retirement, was promoted to Order-Discussing Gentleman, and kept his Directly Assembled Secretariat Pavilion title. He died at the age of eighty-seven.
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蕃年五十，猶問學於朱熹。 既耄，猶患末路之難，命所居曰難齋。 蕃賦性寬平，與人樂易而剛介不可奪。 丞相周必大與蕃契，屢加引薦，蕃竟不受。 宰之言曰：“文獻之家，典刑之彥，巋然獨存，猶有以係學者之望者，蕃一人而已。 ”信州守吳旂乞錄其後，詔其子遂補上州文學，遂亦力辭。 又詔以承務郎致仕，與一子恩澤。 景定三年，秘閣修撰鄭協等請諡，乃諡文節。
Even at fifty Zhao Fan continued his studies with Zhu Xi. In old age he still worried about life's final trials and named his study the Studio of Difficulty. By nature Zhao Fan was open and even-tempered, easy in company, yet resolute and unyielding in matters of principle. Grand Counselor Zhou Bida was fond of him and recommended him many times, but Zhao Fan always refused. Liu Zai said, "In a house of literary distinction, among the last exemplars of the old standard still standing, one man alone keeps scholars' hopes alive — and that is Zhao Fan." The prefect of Xinzhou, Wu Qi, asked that his descendants be granted office. The emperor ordered his son Zhao Sui to receive the post of upper-prefecture erudite, but Sui firmly declined. Another edict granted him retirement at the rank of Master of Service and one privilege appointment for a son. In 1262 compilers of the Secretariat Pavilion including Zheng Xie petitioned for a posthumous title, and he was given the posthumous name Wenjie.