1
○李璘 〈（甄婆兒）〉 徐承珪劉孝忠呂升 〈（王翰）〉 羅居通 〈（黃德輿）〉 齊得一李罕澄邢神留 〈（沈正）〉 許祚 〈（李琳等）〉 胡仲堯 〈（仲容）〉 陳兢洪文撫易延慶董道明郭琮 〈（畢讚）〉 顧忻 〈（李瓊）〉 朱泰成象陳思道方綱龐天祐劉斌樊景溫 〈（榮恕旻）〉 祁暐何保之李比侯義王光濟 〈（李祚等）〉 江白裘承詢 〈（孫浦等）〉 常真 〈（子晏王洤等）〉 杜誼姚宗明鄧中和毛安輿李訪朱壽昌侯可申積中郝戭支漸鄧宗古沈宣蘇慶文 〈（台亨）〉 仰忻趙伯深彭瑜毛洵 〈（李籌楊芾）〉 楊慶陳宗郭義申世寧苟與齡王珠顏詡張伯威蔡定鄭綺 〈（鮑宗岩附）〉
• Li Lin (Zhen Po'er) Xu Chenggui, Liu Xiaozhong, and Lü Sheng (Wang Han) Luo Jutong (Huang Deyu) Qi Deyi, Li Hancheng, and Xing Shenliu (Shen Zheng) Xu Zuo (Li Lin et al.) Hu Zhongyao (Zhongrong) Chen Jing, Hong Wenfu, Yi Yanqing, Dong Daoming, and Guo Cong (Bi Zan) Gu Xin (Li Qiong) Zhu Tai, Cheng Xiang, Chen Sidao, Fang Gang, Pang Tianyou, Liu Bin, and Fan Jingwen (Rong Shumin) Qi Wei, He Baozhi, Li Bi, Hou Yi, and Wang Guangji (Li Zuo et al.) Jiang Bai and Qiu Chengxun (Sun Pu et al.) Chang Zhen (Ziyan, Wang Quan, et al.) Du Yi, Yao Zongming, Deng Zhonghe, Mao Anyu, Li Fang, Zhu Shouchang, Hou Ke, Shen Jizhong, Hao Yan, Zhi Jian, Deng Zonggu, Shen Xuan, and Su Qingwen (Tai Heng) Yang Xin, Zhao Boshen, Peng Yu, and Mao Xun (Li Chou, Yang Fei) Yang Qing, Chen Zong, Guo Yi, Shen Shining, Gou Yuling, Wang Zhu, Yan Xu, Zhang Bowei, Cai Ding, and Zheng Qi (with Bao Zongyan appended)
2
冠冕百行莫大於孝，範防百為莫大於義。 先王興孝以教民厚，民用不薄； 興義以教民睦，民用不爭。 率天下而由孝義，非履信思順之世乎。 太祖、太宗以來，子有復父仇而殺人者，壯而釋之； 刲股割肝，咸見褒賞； 至於數世同居，輒復其家。 一百餘年，孝義所感，醴泉、甘露、芝草、異木之瑞，史不絕書，宋之教化有足觀者矣。 作《孝義傳》。
Among all virtues, none is greater than filial piety; among all norms of conduct, none is greater than righteousness. The ancient kings promoted filial piety to teach the people generosity, and the people were not mean-spirited; They promoted righteousness to teach the people harmony, and the people did not quarrel. When all under Heaven was guided by filial piety and righteousness, was this not an age of faithful conduct and dutiful thought? Since the reigns of Taizu and Taizong, when sons killed men to avenge their fathers, they were admired and set free; Those who cut flesh from their thighs or excised their livers were all praised and rewarded; As for families living together across generations, their households were regularly exempted from labor service. For more than a hundred years, moved by filial piety and righteousness, sweet springs, divine dew, auspicious mushrooms, and wondrous trees appeared as portents—the records never cease—and the moral transformation of Song is truly worth contemplating. Thus was composed the "Biographies of Filial Piety and Righteousness."
3
李璘，瀛州河間人。 晉開運末，契丹犯邊，有陳友者乘亂殺璘父及家屬三人。 乾德初，璘隸殿前散祗候，友為軍小校，相遇於京師寶積坊北，璘手刃殺友而不遁去，自言復父仇，案鞫得實，太祖壯而釋之。
Li Lin was a native of Hejian in Yingzhou. At the end of the Kaiyun era of Jin, when the Khitans invaded the frontier, a man named Chen You took advantage of the chaos to kill Lin's father and three other members of his household. In the early Qiande era, Lin served as a casual attendant of the Palace Front Office, while You was a petty officer in the army. They met north of Boji Lane in the capital, and Lin killed You with his own hand without fleeing. He declared that he had avenged his father; investigation confirmed the facts, and Taizu admired him and released him.
4
雍熙中，又有京兆鄠縣民甄婆兒，母劉與同里人董知政忿競，知政擊殺劉氏。 婆兒始十歲，妹方繈褓，托鄰人張氏乳養。 婆兒避仇，徙居赦村，後數年稍長大，念母為知政所殺，又念其妹寄張氏，與兄課兒同詣張氏求見妹，張氏拒之，不得見。 婆兒憤怒悲泣，謂兄曰：「我母為人所殺，妹流寄他姓，大仇不報，何用生為！」 時方寒食，具酒肴詣母墳慟哭，歸取條桑斧置袖中，往見知政。 知政方與小兒戲，婆兒出其後，以斧斫其腦殺之。 有司以其事上請，太宗嘉其能復母仇，特貸焉。
During the Yongxi era, there was also Zhen Po'er, a commoner of E County in Jingzhao Prefecture. His mother Liu quarreled with a fellow villager named Dong Zhizheng, who struck and killed her. Po'er was only ten years old at the time; his infant sister was entrusted to a neighbor surnamed Zhang to be nursed and raised. Po'er fled to avoid the feud and moved to She Village. Several years later, as he grew older, he brooded on his mother's murder by Zhizheng and on his sister living with the Zhang family. He and his elder brother Ke'er went together to the Zhang household to ask to see her, but the Zhangs refused and would not let them. Po'er wept in grief and anger and said to his brother, "Our mother was murdered, and our sister is living with strangers. If we do not avenge this great wrong, what is the point of going on living?" It was the Cold Food Festival. He prepared wine and food, went to his mother's grave, and wept bitterly. Then he returned home, took a mulberry-wood axe, hid it in his sleeve, and went to find Zhizheng. Zhizheng was playing with children when Po'er came up from behind and split his skull with the axe, killing him. The authorities reported the matter to the throne. Taizong praised him for avenging his mother and specially pardoned him.
5
徐承珪，萊州掖人。 幼失父母，與兄弟三人及其族三十口同甘藜藿，衣服相讓，曆四十年不改其操。 所居崇善鄉緝俗裏，木連理，瓜瓠異蔓同實，州以聞。 乾德元年，詔改鄉名義感，裏名和順。 承珪嘗為讚皇令。
Xu Chenggui was a native of Ye in Laizhou. He lost his parents in childhood. He and his three brothers, together with thirty members of their clan, shared a life of wild greens and coarse fare, yielding clothing to one another, and for forty years never abandoned this way of living. In their home village of Chongshan in Jisu Lane, trees grew with conjoined trunks, and melons and gourds on different vines bore fruit together. The prefecture reported these signs. In the first year of Qiande, an edict renamed the township Yigan and the lane Heshun. Chenggui once served as magistrate of Zanhuang County.
6
劉孝忠，并州太原人。 母病經三年，孝忠割股肉、斷左乳以食母； 母病心痛劇，孝忠然火掌中，代母受痛。 母尋愈。 後數歲母死，孝忠傭為富家奴，得錢以葬。 富家知其孝行，養為己子。 後養父兩目失明，孝忠為舐之，經七日復能視。 以親故，事佛謹，嘗於像前割雙股肉，注油創中，然燈一晝夜。 劉鈞聞而召見，給以衣服、錢帛、銀鞍勒馬，署宣陵副使。 開寶二年，太祖親征太原，召見慰諭。
Liu Xiaozhong was a native of Taiyuan in Bingzhou. His mother had been ill for three years. Xiaozhong cut flesh from his thigh and severed part of his left breast to feed her; When his mother's heart pain grew severe, Xiaozhong lit a fire in his palm to suffer the pain in her place. His mother soon recovered. Several years later, when his mother died, Xiaozhong hired himself out as a bondservant to a wealthy family and earned the money for her burial. The wealthy family, moved by his filial devotion, took him in and raised him as their own son. Later, when his adoptive father went blind in both eyes, Xiaozhong licked them, and after seven days the man could see again. Out of devotion to his parents he worshipped the Buddha with great care. Once before a Buddhist image he cut flesh from both thighs, poured oil into the wounds, and kept a lamp burning for a full day and night. Liu Jun heard of this and summoned him to court, presenting him with clothing, money and silk, a silver saddle and bridle, and a horse, and appointing him Vice Commissioner of Xuanling. In the second year of Kaibao, when Taizu personally campaigned against Taiyuan, he summoned Xiaozhong to court and comforted him with words of praise.
7
呂升，萊州人。 父權失明，剖腹探肝以救父疾，父復能視而升不死。 冀州南宮人王翰，母喪明，翰自抉右目睛補之，母目明如故。 淳化中，並下詔賜粟帛。
Lü Sheng was a native of Laizhou. When his father Quan went blind, he cut open his own belly and took out part of his liver to cure his father's illness. His father regained his sight, and Sheng himself survived. Wang Han of Nangong in Jizhou: when his mother lost her sight, he gouged out his own right eye and placed it in her socket, and her vision was restored as before. During the Chunhua era, edicts were issued granting grain and silk to them both.
8
羅居通，益州成都人。 母死，廬墓三年，有甘露降墳樹，芝草生其旁。 開寶四年，長吏以聞，詔以居通為延長主簿。
Luo Jutong was a native of Chengdu in Yizhou. When his mother died, he built a mourning hut by her grave and kept vigil for three years. Sweet dew fell on the trees at the grave, and auspicious mushrooms sprang up beside it. In the fourth year of Kaibao, the local chief reported the matter, and an edict appointed Jutong recorder of Yanzhang County.
9
大中祥符初，資州人黃德輿葬父母，負土成墳，甘泉湧其側，降詔旌表。
In the early Dazhong Xiangfu era, Huang Deyu of Zizhou buried his parents, carrying earth on his back to build their mound. A sweet spring welled up beside the grave, and an edict was issued to honor his household.
10
齊得一，密州諸城人。 幼嗜學，及長，能讀《五經》，善於教授鄉里。 士大夫子弟不遠百里，皆就之肄業焉。 晉末，皇甫暉為密州防禦使，得一父為客將。 及暉叛歸淮南，屢率眾剽劫於故郡，民之牛羊犬豕悉取以犒士卒，得一之家被略殆盡。 後王萬敢為防禦使，性貪暴，執鄉民十八家，責其嘗以牛酒饋賊，盡殺之而取其資產，得一親屬死者十餘人，唯得一與兄脫身獲免。 明年詣闕上訴，朝廷遣使按鞫之得實，萬敢削官，判官胡轍輒坐死。 得一乃歸鄉里，布衣蔬食，不樂仕進。 開寶中，詔郡國舉廉退孝悌之士，本郡即以得一應詔。 至闕，策試中選，授章丘主簿。
Qi Deyi was a native of Zhucheng in Mizhou. He loved learning from childhood. When he grew up, he could read the Five Classics and was skilled at teaching in his home district. Sons of scholar-official families came from as far as a hundred li away to study under him. At the end of the Jin dynasty, Huangfu Hui served as defense commissioner of Mizhou, and Deyi's father was a staff officer under him. When Hui rebelled and fled to Huainan, he repeatedly led raiding parties through the old prefecture, seizing the people's cattle, sheep, dogs, and pigs to reward his troops. Deyi's household was stripped nearly bare. Later Wang Wangan became defense commissioner. Greedy and brutal by nature, he arrested eighteen village households, accused them of having once supplied cattle and wine to bandits, killed them all, and seized their property. More than ten of Deyi's kinsmen died; only Deyi and his elder brother escaped alive. The following year he went to the capital to lodge an appeal. The court sent an investigator, who confirmed the facts. Wangan was stripped of office, and the judge Hu Zhe was immediately put to death. Deyi then returned home, living in plain clothes on simple fare, and had no desire to pursue an official career. During the Kaibao era, an edict ordered the prefectures to recommend men of integrity, modesty, filial piety, and brotherly respect. His home prefecture nominated Deyi in response. When he reached the capital, he passed the examination and was selected, and was appointed recorder of Zhangqiu County.
11
李罕澄，冀州阜城人也，七世同居。 漢乾祐三年，詔改鄉里名及旌其門閭。 太平興國六年，長吏以漢所賜詔書來上，復旌表之。
Li Hancheng was a native of Fucheng in Jizhou; seven generations of his family lived together under one roof. In the third year of Gan-you of Later Han, an edict renamed the township and lane and honored his household with a commemorative marker. In the sixth year of Taiping Xingguo, the local chief presented the edict granted by Later Han, and the household was honored again.
12
刑神留，深州陸澤人。 父超，逋官租，里胥督租，與超鬥，超歐里胥死。 神留年十六，詣吏求代父死。 州以聞，特詔減死，賜里胥家萬錢為棺斂具。
Xing Shenliu was a native of Luze in Shenzhou. His father Chao fell behind on his government land tax. When a village tax collector came to collect the arrears, he fought with Chao, and Chao struck the collector dead. Shenliu was only sixteen. He went to the magistrate and asked to die in his father's stead. The prefecture reported the case to the throne. An extraordinary edict commuted the death sentence, and ten thousand cash was granted to the tax collector's family for coffin and burial expenses.
13
端拱初，泰州海陵人沈正父為屯田院衙官，凶暴無賴，使酒毆平人死，正中塗見，父恐懾，述其故，正即號呼褫衣，就毆其屍。 巡警者捕送官，獄具，怡然就死，聞者悲之。
At the opening of the Duangong era, Shen Zheng of Hailing in Taizhou was the son of a clerk at the Tuntian Bureau. Brutal and unrestrained, he drank himself into a rage and beat a commoner to death. He encountered his father on the road; terrified, the father told him what had happened. Shen Zheng at once shouted, stripped off his clothes, and went to strike the corpse himself. Patrol officers seized him and handed him over to the authorities. Once the case was settled, he went to his execution with composure, and all who heard of it were moved to grief.
14
許祚，江州德化人。 八世同居，長幼七百八十一口。 太平興國七年，旌其門閭。 淳化二年，本州言祚家春夏常乏食，詔歲貸米千斛。
Xu Zuo was a native of Dehua in Jiangzhou. Eight generations lived under one roof, old and young together numbering seven hundred eighty-one souls. In the seventh year of Taiping Xingguo, the court honored his household with a commemorative marker at the gate. In the second year of Chunhua, the prefecture reported that Zuo's family often went hungry in spring and summer. The court ordered that a thousand hu of grain be lent to them each year.
15
胡仲堯，洪州奉新人。 累世聚居，至數百口。 構學舍於華林山別墅，聚書萬卷，大設廚廩，以延四方遊學之士。 南唐李煜時嘗授寺丞。 雍熙二年，詔旌其門閭。 仲堯詣闕謝恩，賜白金器二百兩。 淳化中，州境旱歉，仲堯發廩減市直以振饑民，又以私財造南津橋。 太宗嘉之，除本州助教，許每歲以香稻時果貢於內東門。 五年，遣弟仲容來賀壽寧節。 召見仲容，特授試校書郎，賜袍笏犀帶，又以御書賜之。 公卿多賦詩稱美。 仲堯稍遷國子監主簿，致仕，卒。
Hu Zhongyao was a native of Xinfeng in Hongzhou. Generation after generation they lived together as one household, until their number reached several hundred. At his country estate on Mount Hualin he built a schoolhouse, gathered a library of ten thousand scrolls, and stocked kitchens and granaries on a grand scale to host scholars who came from every direction. During the reign of Li Yu of Southern Tang, he was once appointed Assistant Director of a Temple. In the second year of Yongxi, an edict marked his household gate in recognition of its virtue. Zhongyao went to the capital to thank the throne for its favor and was rewarded with two hundred taels of silver vessels. During the Chunhua era, when drought and famine afflicted the prefecture, Zhongyao opened his storehouses, cut market prices, and fed the starving; he also built the Nanjin Bridge at his own expense. Emperor Taizong commended him, appointed him Assistant Instructor of the prefecture, and allowed him each year to present fragrant rice and seasonal fruit as tribute at the Inner East Gate. In the fifth year, he sent his younger brother Zhongrong to the capital to offer birthday felicitations on the Shouning Festival. The emperor summoned Zhongrong for an audience, specially appointed him Provisional Collator, and bestowed on him robes, court tablets, and a rhinoceros-horn belt, along with a scroll of the emperor's own calligraphy. Many court grandees wrote poems in praise of the family. Zhongyao was eventually promoted to Director of Studies at the Imperial Academy, then retired from office and died.
16
仲容字咸和，咸平三年，復至闕貢土物，改大理評事，屢被賜齎。 仲容建本縣孔子廟，頗為宏敞。 後遷光祿丞致仕，天禧中，特賜緋魚。 卒，年七十九。 以弟之子用訥為後，試校書郎。 仲容弟克順，端拱二年進士，至都官員外郎、三司戶部判官。 仲容子用之洎從子用莊、用舟，並進士及第。
Zhongrong, whose courtesy name was Xianhe, returned to the capital in the third year of Xianping to present local products, was appointed Judge of the Court of Judicial Review, and received repeated gifts from the throne. Zhongrong built the Confucius temple in his home county on a notably grand scale. He was later promoted to Vice Director of the Imperial Household Service and retired; during the Tianxi era he was specially granted the crimson fish insignia. He died at the age of seventy-nine. He adopted his younger brother's son Yongne as his heir and had him appointed Provisional Collator. Zhongrong's younger brother Kerun passed the jinshi examination in the second year of Duangong and eventually served as Vice Director in the Ministry of Revenue and Associate Administrator of the Household Bureau in the Three Departments. Zhongrong's son Yongzhi, together with his nephews Yongzhuang and Yongzhou, all passed the jinshi examination.
17
陳兢，江州德安人，陳宜都王叔明之後。 叔明五世孫兼，唐右補闕。 兼生京，秘書少監、集賢院學士，無子，以從子褒為嗣，褒至鹽官令。 褒生灌，高安丞。 灌孫伯宣，避難泉州，與馬總善注司馬遷《史記》行於世； 後遊廬山，因居德安，嘗以著作佐郎召，不起，大順初卒。 伯宣子崇為江州長史，益置田園，為家法戒子孫，擇群從掌其事，建書堂教誨之。 僖宗時嘗詔旌其門，南唐又為立義門，免其徭役。 崇子袞，江州司戶。 袞子昉，試奉禮郎。
Chen Jing was a native of De'an in Jiangzhou and a descendant of Chen Shuming, Prince of Yidu. Jian, Shuming's descendant in the fifth generation, served as Right Remonstrating Censor under the Tang. Jian's son Jing served as Vice Director of the Secretariat and Academician of the Hall of Assembled Worthies. Having no sons of his own, he adopted his cousin's son Bao as his heir; Bao rose to become Magistrate of Yanguan. Bao's son Guan served as Assistant Magistrate of Gao'an. Guan's grandson Boxuan took refuge in Quanzhou during the troubles and, together with Ma Zong, produced an acclaimed commentary on Sima Qian's Records of the Grand Historian that circulated widely; He later traveled to Mount Lu and settled in De'an. Once summoned to serve as Assistant Editorial Director, he declined the appointment and died at the beginning of the Dazhun era. Boxuan's son Chong served as Long History of Jiangzhou. He enlarged the family estates, set down household rules for his descendants, selected clansmen to manage family affairs, and built a library hall where they could be educated. During the reign of Emperor Xizong, an edict once honored the household gate; Southern Tang later established a Gate of Righteous Kinship for the family and exempted them from corvée service. Chong's son Gun served as Revenue Clerk of Jiangzhou. Gun's son Fang served as Provisional Ceremonial Attendant.
18
後兢死，其從父弟旭每歲止受貸粟之半，雲省嗇而食，可以及秋成。 屬歲儉穀貴，或勸其全受而糶之，可邀善價，旭曰：「朝廷以旭家群從千口，軫其乏食，貸以公粟，豈可見利忘義，為罔上之事乎？」 至道初，遣內侍裴愈就賜御書，還，言旭家孝友儉讓，近於淳古。 太宗嘗對近臣言之，參知政事張洎對曰：「旭宗族千餘口，世守家法，孝謹不衰，閨門之內，肅於公府。」 且言及旭受貸事。 上以遠民義聚，復能固廉節，為之歎息。 大中祥符四年，以旭為江州助教。 旭卒，弟蘊主家事。 天聖元年，又以蘊繼為助教。 蘊卒，弟泰主之。 泰弟度，太子中舍致仕。 從子延賞、可，並舉進士。 延賞職方員外郎。
After Jing died, his younger cousin Xu each year accepted only half the grain loan, saying that if they ate sparingly the supply would last until the autumn harvest. In a year of famine, when grain was costly, some urged him to take the full loan and sell it at a handsome profit. Xu said, "The court, knowing that the Xu clan numbers a thousand souls and pitying their hunger, lent them public grain—how could I chase profit and forget duty, and commit fraud against the throne?" At the beginning of the Zhidao era, the eunuch Pei Yu was sent to present imperial calligraphy in person. When he returned, he reported that the Xu household was filial, fraternal, frugal, and modest—virtues close to those of antiquity. Emperor Taizong once mentioned this to his close ministers. Vice Grand Councilor Zhang Bai replied, "The Xu clan numbers more than a thousand souls. For generations they have upheld the family code, their filial reverence never slackening; within their household, order is as strict as in a government yamen." He also told the emperor how Xu had handled the grain loan. The emperor sighed in admiration that people so far from the capital could live together in righteousness and still hold fast to their integrity. In the fourth year of Dazhong Xiangfu, Xu was appointed Assistant Instructor of Jiangzhou. When Xu died, his younger brother Yun took charge of the household. In the first year of Tiansheng, Yun succeeded him as Assistant Instructor. When Yun died, his younger brother Tai took over the household. Tai's younger brother Du had retired as Palace Attendant of the Heir Apparent. His nephews Yanshang and Ke both passed the jinshi examination. Yanshang served as Vice Director of the Bureau of Operations.
19
洪文撫，南康建昌人，本姓犯宣祖偏諱，改焉。 曾祖諤，唐虔州司倉參軍，子孫眾多，以孝悌著稱。 六世義居，室無異爨。 就所居雷湖北創書舍，招來學者。 至道中，本軍以聞，遣內侍裴愈齎御書百軸賜其家。 文撫遣弟文舉詣闕貢土物為謝，太宗飛白一軸曰「義居人」以賜之，命文舉為江州助教。 三年八月，又詔表其門閭。 自是每歲遣子弟入貢，必厚賜答之。 文撫兄子待用，登咸平二年進士第，至都官員外郎。
Hong Wenfu was a native of Jianchang in Nankang. His original surname contained a character that violated the taboo of the dynastic founder and was changed accordingly. His great-grandfather E had served as Revenue Assistant of Qianzhou under the Tang. The family grew large, and its members were renowned for filial piety and brotherly devotion. Six generations lived together under one roof, with no separate kitchens in the household. Beside Leihu Lake, where they made their home, he built a library hall and gathered students. During the Zhidao era, the local command reported the family's virtue to the court, and the eunuch Pei Yu was sent with a hundred scrolls of imperial calligraphy as gifts for the household. Wenfu sent his younger brother Wenju to the capital with local products to express thanks. Emperor Taizong bestowed a scroll in flying-white script inscribed "Righteous Dweller" and appointed Wenju Assistant Instructor of Jiangzhou. In the eighth month of the third year, another edict honored their household gate. Thereafter, whenever the family sent sons and nephews to court each year with tribute, the throne always responded with generous gifts. Wenfu's nephew Yongdai passed the jinshi examination in the second year of Xianping and eventually served as Vice Director in the Ministry of Revenue.
20
易延慶字餘慶，筠州上高人。 父贇，以勇力仕南唐至雄州刺史。 延慶幼聰慧，涉獵經史，尤長聲律，以父蔭為奉禮郎。 顯德四年，周師克淮南，贇歸朝，授道州刺史； 延慶亦授大名府兵曹參軍，後為大理評事，知臨淮縣。 乾德末，贇卒，葬臨淮。 延慶居喪摧毀，廬於墓側，手植松柏數百本，旦出守墓，夕歸侍母。 紫芝生於墓之西北，數年又生玉芝十八莖。 本州將表其事，延慶懇辭。 或畫其芝來京師，朝士多為詩賦，稱其孝感。
Yi Yanqing, whose courtesy name was Yuqing, was a native of Shanggao in Yunzhou. His father Yun entered the service of Southern Tang on the strength of his courage and rose to become Prefect of Xiongzhou. Yanqing was bright from childhood, read widely in the classics and histories, and excelled especially in prosody. Through his father's privilege he entered office as Ceremonial Attendant. In the fourth year of Xiande, when the Zhou army conquered Huainan, Yun submitted to the Song court and was appointed Prefect of Daozhou; Yanqing was also appointed Military Administrator of Daming Prefecture, later served as Judge of the Court of Judicial Review, and was appointed Magistrate of Linhuai County. Near the end of the Qiande era, Yun died and was buried at Linhuai. Yanqing was broken by grief. He built a mourning hut beside the tomb, planted several hundred pines and cypresses with his own hands, guarded the grave by day, and returned each evening to attend his mother. Purple fungus sprang up northwest of the tomb, and several years later eighteen stalks of jade fungus appeared as well. The prefecture was preparing to report the matter to the throne, but Yanqing firmly refused. Someone painted the fungi and brought the picture to the capital, and many court officials wrote poems and rhapsodies praising the responsiveness of his filial devotion.
21
服闋，延慶以母老稱疾不就官。 母卒後，槁殯數年，延慶出為大理寺丞。 嘗司建安市征，及母葬有期，私歸營葬，掩壙而返。 知軍扈繼升言其擅去職，坐免所居官，復廬墓側數年。 母平生嗜栗，延慶樹二栗樹墓側，二樹連理。 蘇易簡、朱台符為讚美之。 後知端州，卒。 子綸，大中祥符元年，進士及第。
When his mourning ended, Yanqing pleaded illness on account of his aged mother and declined to take office. After his mother died, he kept her coffin unburied for several years before Yanqing finally took office as Assistant Director of the Court of Judicial Review. While serving as overseer of market levies at Jian'an, he learned that his mother's burial had been scheduled; he left his post without leave, returned home to arrange the burial, sealed the grave, and then went back. The military commissioner Hu Jisheng reported his unauthorized absence, and Yanqing was stripped of office; he then kept vigil beside the tomb for several more years. His mother had loved chestnuts all her life, so Yanqing planted two chestnut trees beside the tomb; the trees grew together with entwined trunks. Su Yijian and Zhu Taifu wrote encomia in praise of the deed. He later served as Prefect of Duanzhou and died in office. His son Lun passed the jinshi examination in the first year of Dazhong Xiangfu.
22
董道明，蔡州褒信人。 母死出葬，道明潛匿墓中，人瘞之，經三日，家人發塚取之，道明無恙，終身廬於墓側。
Dong Daoming was a native of Baoxin in Caizhou. When his mother died and was carried out for burial, Daoming hid himself inside the tomb and was buried alive with her. Three days later the family opened the grave and pulled him out; Daoming was unharmed, and he kept vigil beside the tomb for the rest of his life.
23
郭琮，台州黃岩人。 幼喪父，事母極恭順。 娶妻有子，移居母室。 凡母之所欲，必親奉之。 居常不過中食，絕飲酒茹葷者三十年，以祈母壽。 母年百歲，耳目不衰，飲食不減，鄉里異之。 至道三年，詔書存恤孝悌，鄉老陳讚率同里四十人狀琮事於轉運使以聞，有詔旌表門閭，除其徭役。 明年，母無疾而終。 琮哀號幾乎滅性，鄉閭率金帛以助葬。
Guo Cong was a native of Huangyan in Taizhou. He lost his father as a child and served his mother with the utmost respect and obedience. After marrying and having a son, he moved into his mother's home. Whatever his mother wanted, he personally saw to it himself. He ordinarily ate only one meal a day and, for thirty years, abstained from wine and meat in prayer for his mother's long life. When his mother reached a hundred, her hearing and sight remained keen and her appetite undiminished, and the whole village wondered at it. In the third year of Zhidao, an edict called for the care and honoring of the filial and fraternal. The village elder Chen Zan led forty neighbors in submitting a report on Cong's conduct to the transport commissioner, who forwarded it to the throne. An edict marked the household gate in recognition and exempted the family from corvée service. The following year, his mother died peacefully, without illness. Cong wailed until grief nearly destroyed him, and the neighbors pooled gold and silk to help with the burial.
24
又有越州應天寺僧者，幼貧無以養母，剃髮乞食以給晨夕。 母年一百五歲而終。
There was also a monk at Yingtian Temple in Yuezhou who, from childhood, was too poor to support his mother; he shaved his head and begged for alms to feed her morning and night. His mother lived to one hundred five and then died.
25
潭州長沙人畢讚，仕郡為引讚吏，性至孝，父母皆年八十餘。 轉運使表其事，詔讚解職終養。
Bi Zan of Changsha in Tanzhou served the prefecture as an usher clerk. Deeply filial by nature, he had parents both in their eighties. The transport commissioner reported the case, and an edict released Zan from office so that he could devote himself to caring for his parents until the end.
26
顧忻，泰州泰興人。 十歲喪父，以母病，葷辛不入口者十載。 雞初鳴，具冠帶率妻子詣母之室，問其所欲，如此五十年，未嘗離母左右。 母老，目不能睹物，忻日夜號泣祈天，刺血寫佛經數卷。 母目忽明，燭下能縫衽，九十餘無疾而終。
Gu Xin was a native of Taixing in Taizhou. He lost his father at the age of ten. Because his mother was ill, for ten years he ate no meat or pungent food. At the first cockcrow he dressed in cap and sash, led his wife and children to his mother's room, and asked what she wished. He did this for fifty years and never left his mother's side. When his mother grew old and lost her sight, Xin wept day and night, praying to Heaven, and copied several scrolls of Buddhist scriptures in his own blood. His mother's eyes suddenly regained their sight; by lamplight she could sew again, and she died peacefully in her nineties without illness.
27
又有杭州仁和人李瓊，以鬻繒為業，事母孝，夜常十餘起省母。 母喜食時新，瓊百方求市，得必十倍酬其直。
There was also Li Qiong of Renhe in Hangzhou, who earned his living selling silk. Filial toward his mother, he often got up more than ten times each night to check on her. His mother loved seasonal delicacies. Qiong searched everywhere to buy them, and whenever he found them he paid ten times the going price.
28
朱泰，湖州武康人。 家貧，鬻薪養母，常適數十里外易甘旨以奉母。 泰服食粗糲，戒妻子常候母色。 一日，雞初鳴入山，及明，憩於山足，遇虎搏攫負之而去。 泰已瞑眩，行百餘步，忽稍醒，厲聲曰：「虎為暴食我，所恨母無托爾！」 虎忽棄泰於地，走不顧，如人疾驅狀。 泰匍匐而歸。 母扶持以泣，泰亦強舉動，不逾月如故。 鄉里聞其孝感，率金帛遺之，里人目為朱虎殘。
Zhu Tai was a native of Wukang in Huzhou. His family was poor. He sold firewood to support his mother and often traveled dozens of li to obtain delicacies for her. Tai ate coarse fare himself and told his wife and children always to watch his mother's mood. One day, at the first cockcrow, he entered the mountains. By dawn he was resting at the foot of the slope when a tiger seized him and carried him away. Tai had already lost consciousness. After more than a hundred paces he suddenly came partly to his senses and cried out, "Tiger, if you must devour me, what I regret is that my mother will have no one to depend on!" The tiger suddenly dropped Tai on the ground and fled without looking back, as if a man were racing away in panic. Tai crawled home on hands and knees. His mother supported him, weeping. Tai also forced himself to move about, and within a month he had recovered as before. When the village heard of his filial devotion, neighbors brought him gold and silk. The locals called him Zhu, the One the Tiger Wounded.
29
成象，渠州流江人。 以詩書訓授里中，事父母以孝聞。 母病，割股肉食之，詔賜束帛醪酒。 淳化中，李順盜據郡縣，象父母驚悸而死，燼骨寄浮圖舍，象號泣營葬。 賊平，鄉里率錢三百萬贈之。 象廬於墓側，以衰服襟袂篩土於墳上，日三斗。 每慟，聞者戚愴。 未嘗食肉衣帛，或贈之亦不受。 虎豹環廬而臥，象無畏色。 燕百餘集廬中，禾生墓側吐九穗。 服終猶未還家，知禮者為書以諭之，遂歸教授，遠近目為成孝子。
Cheng Xiang was a native of Liujiang in Quzhou. He taught poetry and the classics in his village and was known for filial service to his parents. When his mother fell ill, he cut flesh from his thigh and fed it to her. The court issued an edict granting him silk rolls and libation wine. During the Chunhua era, the rebel Li Shun seized the prefectures and counties. Xiang's parents died of shock and fright. Their charred bones were kept in a Buddhist monastery while Xiang wailed and arranged their burial. After the rebels were suppressed, the village collectively gave him three million cash. Xiang built a mourning hut beside the tomb and sifted earth onto the grave with the sleeves of his mourning robes—three pecks each day. Whenever he wailed in grief, those who heard him were deeply moved. He never ate meat or wore silk, and even when such things were offered to him he refused them. Tigers and leopards lay in a ring around his hut, yet Xiang showed no fear. More than a hundred swallows gathered in his hut, and millet sprang up beside the tomb with nine ears on each stalk. When mourning ended he still had not returned home. Men versed in ritual wrote to counsel him, and he then went home to teach again. People near and far called him Filial Son Cheng.
30
方綱，池州青陽人。 八世同爨，家屬七百口，居室六百區，每旦鳴鼓會食。 嘗出稻五千{易}振貸貧民。 景德二年，轉運使馮亮以聞，詔旌其門。 天禧中，侍御史韓億安撫江南，使還，言綱家稅籍錢四百餘千，米二千五百斛，同居四百年，而本縣科率一無寬假，望蠲其戶雜科，詔從之。
Fang Gang was a native of Qingyang in Chizhou. Eight generations cooked at a single hearth. The household numbered seven hundred members in six hundred dwellings, and each morning a drum was beaten to call everyone to eat together. He once distributed five thousand shi of rice to relieve and lend to the poor. In the second year of Jingde, Transport Commissioner Feng Liang reported the matter to the throne, and an edict honored his household gate. During the Tianxi era, Censor Han Yi was sent to pacify Jiangnan. On his return he reported that Gang's household was registered for more than four hundred thousand cash in taxes and twenty-five hundred hu of grain, and that the family had lived together for four hundred years, yet the home county had granted not a single exemption. He asked that miscellaneous levies on the household be remitted, and an edict approved.
31
龐天祐，江陵人。 以經籍教授里中。 父疾，天祐割股肉食之； 疾愈，又復病目喪明，天祐號泣祈天舐之。 父年八十餘，大中祥符四年卒，天祐負土封墳，結廬其側，晝夜號不絕聲。 知府陳堯谘親往致奠，上其事，詔旌表門閭。 天祐家無儋石儲，居委巷中，堯谘為徙裏門之右，築闕表之。
Pang Tianyou was a native of Jiangling. He taught the classics in his village. When his father fell ill, Tianyou cut flesh from his thigh and fed it to him; When the illness cleared, his father again fell ill in the eyes and went blind. Tianyou wailed, prayed to Heaven, and licked his eyes. His father was over eighty. In the fourth year of Dazhong Xiangfu he died. Tianyou carried earth to seal the grave, built a mourning hut beside it, and wailed day and night without stopping. Prefect Chen Yaozi went in person to offer sacrifices, reported the matter to the throne, and an edict honored his gate and neighborhood. Tianyou's family had scarcely a dan or shi of grain in store and lived in a narrow lane. Yaozi had him moved to the right side of the district gate and built a memorial arch to mark the honor.
32
劉斌，定州人。 父加友，端拱中為從弟誌元所殺。 斌兄弟皆幼，隨母改適人，母嘗戒之曰：「爾等長，必復父仇。」 景德中，斌兄弟挾刀伺誌元於道，刺之不殊，即詣吏自陳。 州具獄上請，詔誌元黥麵配隸汝州，釋斌等罪。
Liu Bin was a native of Dingzhou. His father Jiayou was killed in the Duangong era by his younger cousin Zhiyuan. Bin and his brothers were still young when their mother remarried and they went with her. She once warned them, "When you grow up, you must avenge your father's death." During the Jingde era, Bin and his brothers took knives and lay in wait for Zhiyuan on the road. They stabbed him but did not kill him, then went straight to the magistrates and confessed. The prefecture compiled the case and submitted it for imperial decision. An edict ordered Zhiyuan tattooed on the face and assigned as a bonded servant in Ruzhou, and released Bin and his brothers from punishment.
33
樊景溫，陝州芮城人； 榮恕旻，雄州歸信人。 兄弟異居積年。 大中祥符中，景溫樗樹五枝並為一，恕旻家榆樹兩本自合，兩家感其異，復義聚，鄉人稱雍睦。
Fan Jingwen was a native of Ruicheng in Shanzhou; Rong Shumin was a native of Guixin in Xiongzhou. The brothers had lived apart for many years. During the Dazhong Xiangfu era, five branches of Jingwen's chinaberry tree merged into one, and two elms at Shumin's home joined of their own accord. Both families were moved by the omen and reunited under one roof. The villagers called them a model of harmony.
34
祁暐字坦之，萊州膠水人。 淳化三年進士，曆度支員外郎、直集賢院。 天禧中，出知濰州，母卒。 葬於州城之南。 暐既解官，就墳側構小室，號泣守護，蔬食，經六冬，墮足二指。 有白烏白兔馴擾墳側，州人異之，以狀聞。 有詔旌美，賜帛三十匹、粟三十石，令長吏每月存問。
Qi Wei, whose courtesy name was Tanzhi, was a native of Jiaoshui in Laizhou. He passed the jinshi examination in the third year of Chunhua and served successively as Vice Director in the Bureau of Revenue and as a direct appointee to the Hall of Assembled Eminence. During the Tianxi era he was appointed prefect of Weizhou. His mother died. She was buried south of the prefectural city. Wei then resigned from office, built a small room beside the grave, and wailed as he kept watch, eating only vegetables. Over six winters he lost two toes to frostbite. A white crow and a white rabbit tamely lingered beside the grave. People in the prefecture marveled at the omen and reported it to the throne. An edict praised his conduct, granted thirty bolts of silk and thirty shi of grain, and ordered the chief local officials to visit him each month.
35
何保之，梓州通泉人。 業進士，有至行。 母卒，負土成墳，廬於其側。 日有群烏飛集墳上，哀鳴不去，又嘗有兔馴於坐隅，人稱異焉。 大中祥符降詔旌恤。
He Baozhi was a native of Tongquan in Zizhou. He pursued the jinshi degree and was known for exemplary conduct. When his mother died, he carried earth to build the grave and erected a mourning hut beside it. Each day flocks of crows gathered on the grave, wailing mournfully and refusing to leave. A rabbit also once grew tame in the corner where he sat. People called these marvels. During the Dazhong Xiangfu era an edict was issued to honor and console him.
36
李比，大名宗城人。 性篤孝，力耕以事母。 母卒，讓田與其弟堅，遂廬於葬所，晝夜號泣，負土築墳高丈餘。 又以二代及諸族父母槁葬者盡禮築之，凡三年成六墳，皆丈餘。 不食肉衣帛，不預人事，遑遑然唯恐築之不及，墳成，復留守墳三年。 常令兄之子賣藥以自給。 年六十餘，足未嘗入縣門。 鄉人目為李孝子。 天禧中，知府張知白以狀聞，詔賜粟帛，令府縣安存之。 里中有母在而析產者聞比被旌，兄弟慚懼，復相率同居。
Li Bi was a native of Zongcheng in Daming. Deeply filial by nature, he farmed with his own hands to support his mother. When his mother died he gave his fields to his younger brother Jian, built a hut at the burial site, and wailed day and night as he carried earth to raise a grave more than ten feet high. He also gave proper burial mounds to parents of two generations and to clan members who had received only dry burial, completing six graves over three years, each more than ten feet high. He ate no meat and wore no silk, took no part in worldly affairs, and anxiously feared he could not finish the work in time. When the graves were complete, he remained to guard them for three more years. He often had his brother's son sell medicine to support him. Past sixty, his feet had never crossed the county gate. The villagers called him Filial Son Li. During the Tianxi era, Prefect Zhang Zhibai reported the matter to the throne. An edict granted grain and silk and ordered the prefecture and county to look after him. In the village, brothers who had divided the family property while their mother was still alive heard that Bi had been honored. Ashamed and afraid, they gathered again to live together.
37
侯義，應天府楚丘人。 貧無產，傭田以事母。 里人有葬其親而遽返者，義母過其塚，泣謂義曰：「我死，其若是乎！」 義乃感激自誓而不欲言，但慰其母曰：「勿悲，義必不爾。」 咸平中，母卒，義力自辦葬，不掩墳壙，晝則負土築墳，夜則慟哭柩側。 妻子困匱不給，田主曹氏哀憐之，資以餱糧。 逾年，墳間瓜異蒂、木連理，又有巨蛇繞其側不暴物，野鴿飛而不去。 嘗遇盜劫其衣服，既而知是義物，悉還之。
Hou Yi was a native of Chuqiu in Yingtian Prefecture. Poor and landless, he hired himself out to farm in order to support his mother. A neighbor buried a relative and hurried back. Yi's mother passed the grave and wept, saying to him, "When I die, will it be like this?" Yi was deeply moved and swore a private oath, but he did not wish to speak of it. He only comforted his mother, saying, "Do not grieve—I shall certainly not be like that." During the Xianping era his mother died. Yi strained to arrange the burial himself and did not seal the grave chamber. By day he carried earth to build the mound; by night he wailed beside the coffin. His wife and children were destitute and could not make ends meet. The landowner, the Cao family, took pity on him and supplied him with dry provisions. After more than a year, melons at the grave bore fruit on shared stems and trees grew conjoined. A great serpent also coiled beside the site without harming anything, and wild pigeons flew there but would not leave. Robbers once seized his clothes, but when they learned they belonged to Yi they returned them all.
38
王光濟，廬州人。 喪母，因刻像日夕奉事如平生，孝道純篤。 咸平二年，本州以孝聞，有詔旌之。
Wang Guangji was a native of Luzhou. After his mother's death he carved her image and waited on it morning and evening as though she were still alive. His filial devotion was pure and steadfast. In the second year of Xianping the prefecture reported his filial piety to the throne, and an edict honored him.
39
時又有徐州豐人李祚，親喪，廬墓側凡二十七年，家人百計勉諭，不聽。 益州雙流人周善敏，喪父，廬於墓側。 母病，又割股肉以啖之，遂愈。 大中祥符九年，特詔旌表祚，賜善敏粟帛存慰之。
At the time there was also Li Zuo of Feng in Xuzhou. After a parent's death he lived beside the tomb for twenty-seven years. His family tried every means to persuade him, but he would not listen. Zhou Shanmin of Shuangliu in Yizhou mourned his father and built a hut beside the tomb. When his mother fell ill, he again cut flesh from his thigh and fed it to her, and she recovered. In the ninth year of Dazhong Xiangfu, a special edict honored Zuo, and granted Shanmin grain and silk as consolation.
40
江白，建昌人。 景德二年進士。 父禹錫，有節義，高年不仕，躬自教授，大中祥符初，獻《東封詩》十五篇，有詔嘉美，賜以粟帛，歲時遣使存問。 五年，卒。 白自鄞尉罷還，負土營葬，廬於墓側，藜羹芒屩，晝夜號泣，將終製猶然。 轉運使以其狀聞，詔賜帛二十匹，粟麥二十石，醪酒十缸。
Jiang Bai was a native of Jianchang. He passed the jinshi examination in the second year of Jingde. His father Yuxi was a man of integrity and moral courage. In his old age he did not take office and taught on his own. At the beginning of the Dazhong Xiangfu era he presented fifteen poems on the Eastern Sacrifice. An edict praised him, granted grain and silk, and sent envoys at the proper seasons to inquire after him. In the fifth year he died. Bai returned after leaving his post as Assistant Magistrate of Yin. He carried earth to arrange the burial, built a hut beside the grave, ate wild vegetable broth and wore straw sandals, and wailed day and night—even as mourning neared its end. The transport commissioner reported his condition to the throne. An edict granted twenty bolts of silk, twenty shi of grain and wheat, and ten jars of libation wine.
41
裘承詢，越州會稽人。 居雲門山前，十九世無異爨。 子弟習弦誦，鄉里稱其敦睦。 州以聞，詔旌其門閭。
Qiu Chengxun was a native of Kuaiji in Yuezhou. The family lived below Yunmen Mountain. For nineteen generations they shared a single hearth without separate kitchens. Sons and nephews studied the classics, and the village praised their warmth and harmony. The prefecture reported the matter, and an edict honored their gate and neighborhood.
42
咸平後，又有保定軍孫浦、襄州常元紹、蔡州王美、解州董孝章並十世同居； 莫州高珪、永定軍朱仁貴、潞州邢濬、相州趙祚八世同居； 麟州楊榮、隰州趙友、開封李居正、潁州張可象、衛州張珪、滄州崔諒七世同居； 邢州王覺、趙州曹遵六世同居； 兗州童升、陳州樊可行、京兆元守全、平定軍段德五世同居； 開封張仁遇、亳州王子上、建昌軍瞿肅四世同居。 肅家百五十口，長幼孝悌，鄉人化之。 又河陰王世及、大名李宗祐、陳州劉閏、宣州汪政、潭州李耕，或聚居至七百口，累數十百年。 並所在請加旌表，詔從之，仍蠲其課調。
After the Xianping era there were also Sun Pu of Baoding Army, Chang Yuanshao of Xiangzhou, Wang Mei of Caizhou, and Dong Xiaozhang of Jiezhou—all of whom had lived together for ten generations; Gao Gui of Mozhou, Zhu Rengui of Yongding Army, Xing Jun of Luzhou, and Zhao Zuo of Xiangzhou—eight generations living together; Yang Rong of Linzhou, Zhao You of Xizhou, Li Juzheng of Kaifeng, Zhang Kexiang of Yingzhou, Zhang Gui of Weizhou, and Cui Liang of Cangzhou—seven generations living together; Wang Jue of Xingzhou and Cao Zun of Zhaozhou—six generations living together; Tong Sheng of Yanzhou, Fan Kexing of Chenzhou, Yuan Shouquan of Jingzhao, and Duan De of Pingding Army—five generations living together; Zhang Renyu of Kaifeng, Wang Wangzi of Bozhou, and Qu Su of Jianchang Army—four generations living together. Su's household numbered one hundred fifty members. Young and old were filial and fraternal, and the village was transformed by their example. Also Wang Shiji of Heyin, Li Zongyou of Daming, Liu Run of Chenzhou, Wang Zheng of Xuanzhou, and Li Geng of Tanzhou—some of whose households gathered as many as seven hundred members and had lived together for decades and centuries. In each locality they requested further honors, and an edict approved, remitting their tax levies as well.
43
大中祥符初，東封泰山，判兗州王欽若言曲阜東野宜、乾封竇益合居五六世，有節行。 四年，祀汾陰，考制度使馬起言陝州張化基、閻用和、楊忠義聚族累世，孝悌可稱。 並即行在所降詔褒美，各優賜粟帛。
At the beginning of the Dazhong Xiangfu era, when the Eastern Sacrifice was performed at Mount Tai, Wang Qinruo, acting prefect of Yanzhou, reported that Dong Yiyi of Qufu and Dou Yi of Qianfeng had lived together for five or six generations and were known for upright conduct. In the fourth year, when the sacrifice was performed at Fenyin, Commissioner for Examining Rites Ma Qi reported that Zhang Huaji, Yan Yonghe, and Yang Zhongyi of Shanzhou had gathered their clans for successive generations, and that their filial piety and brotherly devotion were worthy of praise. Edicts of commendation were immediately issued from the imperial procession, and each was specially granted grain and cloth.
44
常真，陳州項城人。 父母死，廬墓終喪，負土成墳，不茹葷血。 周廣順中，詔旌其門閭。 開寶七年，本州以聞，詔再加旌表。 真妻病，子晏割股肉以養母，及死，次子守規徒跣，日一食，廬墓三年。 太平興國八年，詔旌表之。
Chang Zhen was a native of Xiangcheng in Chenzhou. When his parents died, he built a mourning hut at their grave and completed the mourning period, carrying earth on his back to build the mound. He ate no meat. During the Guangshun era of Later Zhou, an edict honored his household. In the seventh year of Kaibao, the prefecture reported him to the throne, and an edict further honored his household. When Zhen's wife fell ill, his son Yan cut flesh from his thigh to nourish her. When she died, the second son Shougui went barefoot, ate one meal a day, and lived in a hut beside the grave for three years. In the eighth year of Taiping Xingguo, an edict honored their household.
45
又有齊州王洤、河南李繼成、滄州胡元興，並母死負土成墳，晝夜哭不絕聲。 州郡繼以聞，皆降詔旌其門閭，賜以粟帛。
There were also Wang Ping of Qizhou, Li Jicheng of Henan, and Hu Yuanxing of Cangzhou—all of whom, after their mothers died, carried earth on their backs to build graves and wept day and night without stopping. The prefectures successively reported them to the throne. In each case edicts were issued to honor their households, and they were granted grain and cloth.
46
杜誼字漢臣，台州黃岩人。 事父母至孝。 父剛嚴，誼獨失愛，惴惴不自容，伺顏色而後進。 繼喪父母，號慟晝夜不絕，勺水不入口者累日。 卜葬，徒跣負土為墳，往來十餘里，日渡塘澗，泥水沒骭，雖大雨雪未嘗少止。 手足皸裂血流，以漆塗之。 每覆一畚，必三繞墳號而後去。 既葬，遂茇舍墓旁，負土終喪，人往視之，輒遣去。 日一飯，不葷。 雖虎狼交於墓側，誼泰然無所畏。 明年，吳越大水，山皆發洚，推巨石走十數里。 台州山最高而水又夜至，旁山之民，居廬、墓田、畜牧漂壞者甚眾，而獨不及誼。 邑人狀其事以聞，詔書嘉獎。
Du Yi, courtesy name Hanchen, was a native of Huangyan in Taizhou. He was supremely filial in serving his parents. His father was stern and severe. Yi alone did not enjoy his favor and lived in constant fear, watching his father's expression before daring to approach. After burying both parents in succession, he wailed day and night without stopping and for many days refused even a spoonful of water. When he chose a burial site, he went barefoot and carried earth on his back to build the grave, making daily trips of more than ten li and crossing ponds and brooks with mud and water up to his shins. Even in driving rain and snow he never slackened. His hands and feet cracked and bled, and he treated them with lacquer. Each time he deposited one basketload of earth, he would circle the grave wailing three times before departing. After the burial he built a thatched hut beside the grave and carried earth until mourning was complete. Whenever people came to visit, he sent them away. He ate one meal a day and abstained from meat. Although tigers and wolves prowled beside the grave, Yi remained calm and unafraid. The next year a great flood struck Wu-Yue. Mountains burst into torrents that sent boulders rolling for miles. Taizhou's mountains were the highest, and the flood came by night as well. Among the people on neighboring peaks, very many lost their dwellings, burial plots, fields, and livestock—yet Yi alone was spared. The townspeople submitted a petition to report the matter, and an imperial edict praised and rewarded him.
47
事族父衍甚謹，衍愛之均諸子。 以祖垂象蔭入官，至讚善大夫。 嘗知永城縣，歲捐奉錢三十萬，以收瘞汴渠之溺死者凡四十餘。 又出奉錢率其下新文宣王廟，兩旁為學舍數十區，旦夕講學於其堂。 永城父老稱誼之政為不可及。
He served his uncle Yan, a clansman, with great respect, and Yan loved him as he did his own sons. Through the yin privilege of his grandfather Chuixiang he entered official service and rose to Attendant Gentleman for Moral Instruction. He once served as magistrate of Yongcheng County. Each year he donated three hundred thousand cash from his salary to recover and bury the drowned in the Bian Canal—more than forty in all. He also used his salary to lead his subordinates in rebuilding the Temple of the Cultural Sage, erecting several dozen schoolrooms on both sides and lecturing there morning and evening. The elders of Yongcheng said that Yi's governance was beyond compare.
48
誼生平敦厚，尚信義，有大志，家貧，不恤有無，常推以濟親友。 後通判梓州，卒。 子揆才十六歲，哭誼墓旁卒。
Yi was sincere and generous by nature, valued faith and righteousness, and harbored great ambition. Though his family was poor, he gave little thought to his own wants and often shared what he had to help kinsmen and friends. He later served as vice prefect of Zizhou, where he died. His son Kui was only sixteen when he died weeping beside Yi's grave.
49
姚宗明，河中永樂人也。 其十世祖棲雲。 當唐貞元中，調卒戍邊，棲雲之父語其兄曰：「兄嗣未立，可無往。 某幸有子，請代兄行。」 遂戰沒塞上。 時棲雲方三歲，其母再嫁，棲雲養於伯母。 既長，事伯母如其母，伯母亡，棲雲葬之。 又招魂葬其父，痛其父死於邊，乃廬於墓次，終身哀慕不衰。 縣令蘇轍以俸錢買地，開阡刻石表之。 河中尹渾瑊上其事，詔加優賜，表其門，名其鄉曰孝悌，社曰節義，裏曰敬愛。
Yao Zongming was a native of Yongle in Hezhong. His tenth-generation ancestor was Qiyun. During the Zhenyuan era of Tang, when conscripts were summoned to garrison the frontier, Qiyun's father said to his elder brother, "Your succession is not yet secured. You need not go. I am fortunate to have a son. Please let me go in your place." He then fell in battle on the frontier. At that time Qiyun was only three years old. His mother remarried, and Qiyun was raised by his aunt. When he grew up he served his aunt as though she were his own mother. When she died, Qiyun buried her. He also performed a soul-summoning burial for his father. Deeply grieved that his father had died on the frontier, he built a hut beside the grave and remained in mourning and longing for the rest of his life. The county magistrate Su Zhe used his salary to buy land, open a burial path, and erect a stone marker. Hezhong Prefect Hun Zhen memorialized the matter. An edict granted additional rewards, honored his household gate, and named his village Filial and Fraternal, his community Integrity and Righteousness, and his hamlet Reverence and Love.
50
棲雲生嶽，嶽生君儒，君儒生師正。 自嶽至師正，四世廬墓。 五世孫曰厚，六世曰雅，七世曰文，八世曰敬真，九世曰直，十世曰宗明。 當慶曆初，有司以姚氏十世同居聞於朝，仁宗詔復其家。 十一世孫用和，十二世孫士明，十三世孫德。 自宗明至德又三世，自慶曆以後又五十餘年，而其家孝睦不替。
Qiyun begot Yue; Yue begot Junru; and Junru begot Shizheng. From Yue to Shizheng, four generations lived in mourning huts beside the graves. The fifth-generation descendant was Hou; the sixth was Ya; the seventh was Wen; the eighth was Jingzhen; the ninth was Zhi; and the tenth was Zongming. At the beginning of the Qingli era, officials reported to the court that the Yao clan had lived together for ten generations. Emperor Renzong issued an edict remitting their household tax obligations. The eleventh-generation descendant was Yonghe; the twelfth was Shiming; and the thirteenth was De. From Zongming to De covered another three generations; more than fifty years had passed since the Qingli era, yet the clan's filial harmony had not faded.
51
姚氏世為農，無為學者。 家不甚富，有田數十頃，聚族百餘人。 子孫躬事農桑，僅給衣食，曆三百餘年無異辭者。 經唐末、五代，兵戈亂離，而子孫保守墳墓，骨肉不相離散，求之天下，未或有焉。
The Yao clan were farmers for generations; none became scholars. The family was not very wealthy. They held several dozen qing of land and numbered more than a hundred clan members living together. The descendants personally worked the fields and tended the silkworms, barely supplying their own food and clothing. For more than three hundred years none among them had ever quarreled. Through the end of Tang and the Five Dynasties, amid warfare and turmoil, the descendants preserved the graves and kin did not scatter. Searched for throughout the empire, perhaps nowhere else was there such a case.
52
鄧中和字祖德，開封長垣人。 舉《三禮》。 景祐、慶曆間喪親，廬墓終其喪，定省往來如事生者二十年，負土累墳高三丈。
Deng Zhonghe, courtesy name Zude, was a native of Changyuan in Kaifeng. He passed the examination in the Three Rites. Between the Jingyou and Qingli eras he mourned his parents, lived in a hut beside the grave through the full mourning period, and for twenty years attended the site morning and evening as though they were still alive, carrying earth until the mound stood three zhang high.
53
毛安輿，嘉州洪雅人。 年九歲父死，負土為墳，廬於其側三年。 知益州張方平聞之，遺以酒餼，狀其事以聞。
Mao Anyu was a native of Hongya in Jiazhou. When he was nine his father died. He carried earth on his back to build the grave and lived in a hut beside it for three years. Zhang Fangping, prefect of Yizhou, heard of this, sent him wine and food gifts, and submitted a memorial to the throne.
54
李訪，韶州人，業進士。 廬父母墓，有虎暴傷旁人而不近訪，又有白烏集墓上。
Li Fang was a native of Shaozhou and pursued the jinshi degree. He built a hut beside his parents' grave. A tiger ravaged the area and injured others but would not approach Fang. White crows also gathered atop the grave.
55
朱壽昌字康叔，揚州天長人。 以父巽蔭守將作監主簿，累調州縣，通判陝州、荊南，權知岳州。 州濱重湖，多水盜。 壽昌籍民船，刻著名氏，使相伺察，出入必以告。 盜發，驗船所向窮討之，盜為少弭，旁郡取以為法。
Zhu Shouchang, courtesy name Kangshu, was a native of Tianchang in Yangzhou. Through the yin privilege of his father Sun he served as registrar of the Directorate of Palace Buildings. After successive postings in prefectures and counties, he served as vice prefect of Shaanzhou and Jingnan, and as acting prefect of Yuezhou. The prefecture bordered a great lake and suffered from many river pirates. Shouchang registered civilian boats and inscribed their owners' names, making them watch one another. Departures and arrivals had to be reported without fail. When theft occurred, he traced the boats' movements and pursued the culprits to the end. Piracy eased somewhat, and neighboring prefectures took his method as a model.
56
富弼、韓琦為相，遣使四出寬恤民力，擇壽昌使湖南。 或言邵州可置冶采金者，有詔興作。 壽昌言州近蠻，金冶若大發，蠻必爭，自此邊境恐多事，且廢良田數百頃，非敦本抑末之道也。 詔亟罷之。
When Fu Bi and Han Qi served as chief ministers, they dispatched envoys in all directions to lighten the people's burdens. Shouchang was chosen to serve as envoy to Hunan. Someone proposed establishing gold-smelting works in Shaozhou. An edict ordered construction to begin. Shouchang argued that the prefecture lay near tribal territories, that large-scale gold smelting would provoke conflict with the tribes and likely bring trouble to the frontier, and that several hundred qing of good farmland would be ruined—all contrary to the principle of nurturing the fundamental and restraining secondary pursuits. An edict immediately halted the project.
57
知閬州，大姓雍子良屢殺人，挾財與勢得不死。 至是，又殺人而賂其裏民出就吏。 獄具，壽昌覺其奸，引囚詰之曰：「吾聞子良與汝錢十萬，許納汝女為婦，且婿汝子，故汝代其命，有之乎？」 囚色動，則又擿之曰：「汝且死，書券抑汝女為婢，指錢為顧直，又不婿汝子，將奈何？」 囚悟，泣涕覆麵，曰：「囚幾誤死。」 以實對。 立取子良正諸法。 郡稱為神，蜀人至今傳之。
As prefect of Langzhou, he confronted Yong Ziliang, a powerful clan member who had repeatedly killed people yet escaped death through wealth and influence. On this occasion he again killed someone and bribed a man from his hamlet to surrender to the authorities in his stead. When the case was complete, Shouchang sensed the fraud. He brought the prisoner forward and questioned him: "I hear Ziliang gave you one hundred thousand cash, promising to take your daughter as wife and betroth her to your son—that is why you would die in his place. Is this true?" The prisoner's face changed. Shouchang pressed further: "You are about to die. The written contract would reduce your daughter to a maidservant and treat the money as a hiring fee, and he will not betroth her to your son—what then?" The prisoner understood, wept with his face covered, and said, "I nearly died for nothing." He told the full truth. Shouchang immediately had Ziliang executed according to law. The prefecture hailed him as miraculous, and people of Shu still tell the story to this day.
58
知廣德軍。 壽昌母劉氏，巽妾也。 巽守京兆，劉氏方娠而出。 壽昌生數歲始歸父家，母子不相聞五十年。 行四方求之不置，飲食罕禦酒肉，言輒流涕。 用浮屠法灼背燒頂，刺血書佛經，力所可致，無不為者。 熙寧初，與家人辭訣，棄官入秦，曰：「不見母，吾不反矣。」 遂得之於同州。 劉時年七十餘矣，嫁黨氏有數子，悉迎以歸。 京兆錢明逸以其事聞，詔還就官，由是以孝聞天下。 自王安石、蘇頌、蘇軾以下，士大夫爭為詩美之。 壽昌以養母故，求通判河中府。 數歲母卒，壽昌居喪幾喪明。 既葬，有白烏集墓上。 拊同母弟妹益篤。
He served as prefect of Guangde Army. Shouchang's mother, Lady Liu, was a concubine of Sun. When Sun served as prefect of Jingzhao, Lady Liu had just become pregnant when she was sent away. Shouchang was several years old when he first returned to his father's household. Mother and son had no contact for fifty years. He traveled everywhere searching for her without rest. He rarely touched wine or meat and wept whenever he spoke of her. Using Buddhist practices he burned his back and scorched his crown, pricked his finger to copy sutras in blood—there was nothing within his power that he did not try. At the beginning of the Xining era he bade farewell to his family, resigned his post, and entered Qin, saying, "If I do not find my mother, I shall not return." He found her in Tongzhou. Liu was then over seventy. She had married into the Dang clan and borne several sons. Shouchang welcomed them all to return with him. Qian Mingyi of Jingzhao reported the matter to the throne. An edict ordered him to return and resume office, and from this his filial piety became known throughout the empire. From Wang Anshi, Su Song, and Su Shi on down, scholar-officials competed to compose poems in his praise. Shouchang, to care for his mother, requested appointment as vice prefect of Hezhong Prefecture. Several years later his mother died. Shouchang observed mourning and nearly lost his sight. After the burial, white crows gathered atop the grave. He grew especially devoted to his younger half-siblings.
59
又知鄂州，提舉崇禧觀，累官司農少卿，易朝議大夫，遷中散大夫，卒，年七十。 壽昌勇於義，周人之急無所愛，嫁兄弟兩孤女，葬其不能葬者十餘喪，天性如此。
He later served as prefect of Ezhou and as commissioner of the Chongxi Abbey, rose through appointments including Vice Minister of Revenue in the Ministry of Agriculture, was given the rank of Grandee for Discussion, promoted to Grandee of Palace Attendance, and died at age seventy. Shouchang was bold in righteousness and held back nothing when others were in urgent need. He provided dowries for two orphaned nieces, buried more than ten families who could not afford funerals—and such was his nature.
60
侯可，字無可，華州華陰人。 少倜儻不羈，以氣節自許。 既壯，盡易前好，篤誌為學。 隨計入京，里中醵金贐行。 比還，悉散其餘與同舉者，曰：「此金，鄉里所以資應詔者也，不可以為他利。」 且行，聞鄉人病，念曰：「吾歸，則彼死矣！」 遂留不去。 病者愈，輟己馬載之，徒步而歸。
Hou Ke, courtesy name Wuke, was a native of Huayin in Huazhou. In youth he was free-spirited and unrestrained, holding himself to a standard of heroic integrity. Once grown, he wholly abandoned his former ways and devoted himself resolutely to learning. He traveled to the capital for the provincial examination, and his neighbors pooled money to assist his journey. When he returned, he distributed the remainder entirely to fellow examinees, saying, "This money is what our neighbors provided to support us in answering the imperial summons. It must not be used for personal gain." As he was about to depart, he heard a fellow villager was ill and thought, "If I go home now, he will die!" So he stayed and would not leave. When the sick man recovered, Ke gave up his own horse to carry him home and walked back on foot.
61
孫沔征儂徭，請參軍事，奏功得官，知巴州化城縣。 巴俗尚鬼而廢醫，唯巫言是用。 娶婦必責財，貧人女至老不得嫁。 可為約束，立制度，違者有罪，幾變其習。 再調華原主簿。 富人有不占田籍而質人田券至萬畝，歲責其租。 可晨馳至富家，發櫝出券歸其主。 郡吏趙至誠貪狡凶橫，持守以下短長，前後莫能去。 可暴其罪，荷校置獄，言於大府誅之，聞者快服。
When Sun Mian campaigned against the Nong Yao, Ke volunteered for his staff; merit he earned in the campaign won him an office, and he was made magistrate of Huacheng County in Bazhou. In Ba, custom favored spirits over physicians, and only a shaman's word was obeyed. Marriage demanded a bride-price so steep that poor men's daughters often remained unmarried into old age. Ke imposed rules and established a system with penalties for violators, and the old ways were nearly transformed. He was transferred again to serve as chief clerk of Huayuan. A rich man who owned no land on the register held others' pledged land deeds totaling ten thousand mu and collected rent on them every year. Ke rode out at dawn to the rich man's house, opened his chest, took out the deeds, and restored them to their rightful owners. The county clerk Zhao Zhicheng was greedy, cunning, fierce, and overbearing; he held compromising leverage over the prefect and his subordinates, and no one before or after could get rid of him. Ke exposed his crimes, placed him in the cangue and in prison, and petitioned the superior prefecture to have him executed; all who heard of it were gratified and submitted.
62
簽書儀州判官。 西夏寇邊，使者使可按視，即以數十騎涉夏境，猝與之遇，亟分其騎為三四，令之曰：「建爾旗幟，旋山徐行。」 夏人循環間見，疑以為誘騎不敢擊。 韓琦鎮長安，薦知涇陽縣。 說渭源羌酋輸地八千頃，因城熟羊以撫之。 琦上其功。 又議復鄭白渠，得召對，旋以微罪罷。 官至殿中丞，卒於家，年七十二。
He was appointed signing secretary and vice-prefect of Yizhou. When Western Xia raided the frontier, an envoy was dispatched for Ke to inspect the situation; he took several dozen horsemen and crossed into Xia territory, where he suddenly encountered the enemy; he quickly split his riders into three or four groups and commanded them, "Raise your banners and flags, circle the hills, and advance slowly." As the Xia troops caught glimpses of them circling round and round, they suspected a decoy force and did not dare attack. Han Qi, stationed at Chang'an, recommended Ke for appointment as magistrate of Jingyang County. He persuaded the Qiang chieftain of Weiyuan to surrender eight thousand qing of land and built the fortified settlement of Shuyang to win them over. Qi memorialized the court with an account of his achievements. He also proposed restoring the Zheng-Bai Canal, was summoned for an imperial audience, but was soon dismissed on a minor charge. He rose to Vice Director within the Palace Secretariat and died at home at the age of seventy-two.
63
可輕財樂義，急人之急，憂人之憂。 與田顏為友。 顏病重，千里求醫，未歸而顏死，目不瞑。 人曰：「其待侯君乎？」 且斂而可至，拊之乃瞑。 顏無子，不克葬，可辛勤百營，鬻衣相役，卒葬之。 方天寒，單衣以居，有饋白金者，顧顏之妹處室，舉以佐其奩具。 一日自遠歸，家以窶告，適友人郭行扣門曰：「吾父病，醫邀錢百千，賣吾廬而不售。」 可惻然，計橐中裝略當其數，盡與之。 關中稱其賢。
Ke held wealth lightly and took joy in righteousness; he rushed to others in their emergencies and grieved for others in their troubles. He was friends with Tian Yan. When Yan fell gravely ill, Ke traveled a thousand li to find a physician; before he returned, Yan had died, and his eyes would not close. People said, "Is he waiting for Master Hou?" When the body was about to be placed in the coffin and Ke arrived, they patted the corpse and only then did the eyes close. Yan had no son and could not be buried; Ke labored tirelessly by every means, selling clothes and working alongside others, until at last the burial was accomplished. In the depths of winter he lived in a single layer of clothing; when someone gave him white gold, he thought of Yan's unmarried sister and gave it all to help furnish her dowry. One day, returning from afar, his family told him how impoverished they were; just then his friend Guo Xing knocked at the door and said, "My father is ill; the physician wants a hundred thousand cash, and I have tried to sell my hut but cannot find a buyer." Ke was deeply moved; reckoning that what he had in his purse came to about that sum, he gave it all away. All of Guanzhong praised him as a man of virtue.
64
申積中，成都人。 繈褓中，楊繪從其父起求之為子。 及長，知非楊氏而絕口不言。 年十九，登進士第。 事所養父母，盡孝終身。 有二弟一妹，為畢婚娶，始歸本族，復為申氏，蜀人以純孝歸之。 政和六年，以奉議郎通判德順軍。 翰林學士許光凝嘗守成都，得其事薦諸朝，召赴京師，擢提舉永興軍學事，道卒。 光凝復與宣和殿學士薛嗣昌、中書舍人宇文黃中表其操行，詔予一子官。
Shen Jizhong was a native of Chengdu. While still in swaddling clothes, Yang Hui accompanied his father to request him as an adopted son. When he grew up and learned he was not of the Yang clan, he never spoke a word of it. At nineteen he passed the jinshi examination. He served his adoptive parents with complete filial devotion for the rest of his life. He had two younger brothers and one sister; after seeing them all married, he returned to his original clan and resumed the surname Shen, and the people of Shu credited him with pure filial devotion. In the sixth year of the Zhenghe era, he served as acting prefect of Deshun Army with the rank of Gentleman for Discussion. Hanlin Academician Xu Guangning had once governed Chengdu; learning of his story, he recommended him to the court. Summoned to the capital, he was promoted to superintendent of educational affairs for Yongxing Army, but died on the journey. Guangning, together with Xuanhe Hall Academician Xue Sichang and Secretariat Drafter Yuwen Huangzhong, submitted a memorial praising his conduct, and an edict granted an official post to one of his sons.
65
初，光凝所同薦者三人：其一河陽故大理丞陳芳，一門十四世，同居三百年； 一鄧州王襄，經術登科，年未六十，請老，事孀嫂如母，養孤甥如子，教誨後進，周恤鄉里貧民，以學行稱。 乞加獎異。 詔表芳門閭，賜襄號「處士」。
Earlier, of the three men Guangning had jointly recommended, one was the former Assistant Director of the Court of Judicial Review Chen Fang of Heyang, whose clan had lived together for fourteen generations over three hundred years; Another was Wang Xiang of Dengzhou, who had passed the examinations through classical learning; before the age of sixty he requested retirement. He served his widowed sister-in-law as a mother, raised his orphaned nephew as a son, instructed younger scholars, and generously aided the poor of his neighborhood, and was renowned for learning and conduct. They requested that special honors be conferred. An edict honored Chen Fang's gateway with an inscribed tablet and bestowed on Wang Xiang the title Recluse.
66
郝戭，字伯牙，石州定胡人。 家貧，竭力營養。 或憐傷之，貸以錢數百萬，使取息自贍，戭重謝，留錢五六年不用，復返之。 舉進士，調宛丘尉、舞陽主簿、通山令。 時年未五十，以父樵老不第，上書請致仕，為父求官。 執政諭使赴官而後請，曰：「如是，則可升朝籍，遇恩及親矣。」 於是留妻子於家，獨奉父行，逾歲竟謝事。 上官以其治縣有績，惜其去，固留之； 耆老拜庭遮道，皆不能止。 得太子中允以歸，未至鄉里而樵卒。 自畚土造塚，人有助之者，使置土塚上，去則隨撤之。 服除，州以狀聞，詔賜粟帛。
Hao Yan, courtesy name Boya, was a native of Dinghu in Shizhou. His family was poor, and he exerted every effort to support and provide for them. Someone who pitied him lent him several million cash so he could live on the interest; Yan earnestly declined, kept the money five or six years without using it, and then returned it. He passed the jinshi examination and was appointed assistant commandant of Wanshill, chief clerk of Wuyang, and magistrate of Tongshan. Though not yet fifty, because his father Qiao was old and had never passed the examinations, he submitted a memorial requesting retirement so that he might obtain an office for his father. The chief ministers advised him to take office first and then make his request, saying, "In that way you can enter the court register, and when imperial favors are granted, your parents will share in them as well." He therefore left his wife and children at home, traveled alone with his father, and after more than a year finally resigned from office. His superiors, impressed by his achievements in governing the county, regretted his departure and tried hard to keep him; The elders bowed in the courtyard and blocked the road, but none could stop him. He obtained the post of Vice Director in the Crown Prince's Household and set out for home, but before he reached his hometown his father Qiao died. He built the tomb himself with basket and shovel; when others offered help, he had them place earth on the mound, and as soon as they left he removed it. When his mourning period ended, the prefecture reported his circumstances to the court, and an edict bestowed grain and silk upon him.
67
治平末，以翰林學士呂公著薦，起為奉寧軍推官，涇原經略使亦奏辟幕府。 戭曰：「向所以未老致仕，欲官及親也。 既不能及，尚庶幾以恩得贈，今則無及矣！」 姻族語其妻聶氏，使勸戭仕，曰：「吾不德，無以助君子，矧敢強其所不欲以累其高哉。」 聶事舅姑亦以孝義著。 戭忠信自將，篤行苦節，不仕而卒。 司馬光為銘其墓。
Near the end of the Zhiping era, on the recommendation of Hanlin Academician Lü Gongzhu, he was summoned to serve as judicial officer of Fengning Army, and the Jingyuan frontier commissioner also memorialized to recruit him to his staff. Yan said, "The reason I retired before I was old was that I wanted an office to reach my parents while they lived. Since that could not be achieved, I still hoped that through imperial grace they might receive posthumous honors—but now even that is beyond reach!" Relatives spoke to his wife Lady Nie and urged her to persuade Yan to take office; she said, "I lack virtue and have no way to assist my husband—how much less would I dare force upon him what he does not wish and burden his lofty integrity!" Nie also served her parents-in-law with renowned filial devotion. Yan conducted himself with loyalty and trustworthiness, practiced steadfast conduct and austere integrity, held no office, and died. Simu Guang composed the epitaph for his tomb.
68
支漸，資州資陽人。 年七十，持母喪，既葬，廬墓側，負土成墳，蓬首垢麵，三時號泣，哀毀瘠甚。 白蛇狸兔擾其旁，白雀白烏日集於壟木，五色雀至萬餘，回翔悲鳴若助哀者。 鄉人句文鼎自娶婦即與父母離居，睹漸至行，深自悔責，號慟而歸，孝養盡誌。 鄉閭觀感而化者甚眾。
Zhi Jian was a native of Ziyang in Zizhou. At seventy he observed mourning for his mother; after the burial he built a hut beside the tomb, carried earth to raise the mound, wore disheveled hair and a grimy face, wailed through the three mourning seasons, and grieved himself into emaciation. White snakes and foxes hovered nearby; white magpies and white crows gathered daily on the trees above the mound; more than ten thousand multicolored finches arrived, wheeling and crying mournfully as though sharing his grief. A fellow villager, Ju Wenting, had lived apart from his parents ever since taking a wife; witnessing Jian's conduct, he deeply reproached himself, wailing returned home, and devoted himself wholly to filial care. Very many in the village were moved by what they saw and changed their ways.
69
鄧宗古，簡州陽安人。 父死，自培土為墳，廬其側，晨夕號慟，甘露降於墓木。 里中號為鄧孝子。
Deng Zonggu was a native of Yang'an in Jianzhou. When his father died, he mounded the earth for the tomb himself, built a hut beside it, and wailed morning and evening; sweet dew descended on the trees above the grave. The village called him Filial Son Deng.
70
沈宣，汝州梁人。 母亡，既葬，不塞墓門三十有六月，晝負土，夜拊棺而臥，為墳廣百尺。 妻高氏亦有孝行。 漸以下三人，元豐中，皆褒賜粟帛。
Shen Xuan was a native of Liang in Ruzhou. When his mother died, after the burial he did not seal the tomb entrance for thirty-six months; by day he carried earth, by night he slept beside the coffin stroking it, and he made the mound a hundred chi broad. His wife, Lady Gao, also practiced filial devotion. The three men below Jian—in the Yuanfeng era, all were commended and granted grain and silk.
71
蘇慶文、台亨，皆夏縣人。 慶文事父母以孝聞。 母少寡，慶文懼其妻不能敬事，每戒之曰：「汝事吾母，少不謹必逐汝。」 妻奉教，母得安其室終身。
Su Qingwen and Tai Heng were both natives of Xia County. Qingwen was renowned for serving his parents with filial devotion. His mother had been widowed young; Qingwen feared his wife might not serve her respectfully and regularly warned her, "In serving my mother, if you are the least bit remiss I shall drive you out." The wife obeyed his instruction, and the mother lived peacefully in the household for the rest of her life.
72
亨工畫，元豐中，朝廷修景靈宮，調天下畫工詣京師，選試其優者待詔翰林，畀以官祿，亨名第一。 以父老固辭歸養，閭里賢之。
Heng was skilled in painting; in the Yuanfeng era, when the court restored the Jingling Palace, painters from across the realm were summoned to the capital, and the best were selected as Hanlin attendants and granted office and salary; Heng ranked first. Because his father was old, he firmly declined the appointment and returned home to support him; neighbors praised his virtue.
73
仰忻，字天貺，溫州永嘉人。 力學，以篤行稱。 年五十餘，執母喪盡孝禮。 躬自負土，廬於墓側，有慈烏白竹之瑞。 紹聖中，郡守楊蟠表其裏「孝廉坊」。 大觀二年，以行取士，郡以忻應詔。 未幾卒，特贈將仕郎。
Yang Xin, courtesy name Tiankuang, was a native of Yongjia in Wenzhou. He studied diligently and was known for steadfast conduct. Past the age of fifty, he observed his mother's mourning with complete filial rites. He personally carried earth and built a hut beside the tomb; there were auspicious signs of compassionate crows and white bamboo. During the Shaosheng era, Prefect Yang Pan had his neighborhood honored with the plaque Filial and Incorruptible. In the second year of the Daguan era, when officials were selected on the basis of conduct, the prefecture nominated Xin in response to the imperial decree. Before long he died; he was specially granted the posthumous rank of Junior Gentleman for Merit.
74
趙伯深，字逢原。 父子佪，宣和間為棣州兵官屬。 會兵動燕雲，子佪被檄往塞上。 伯深時尚幼，與其母張留居棣州。 既而金人渡河，伯深母子相失。 子佪亦隔絕，建炎二年，始得南歸。 子佪卒，伯深訪尋其母二十餘年。 一旦聞在滬南，伯深徒步入蜀，間關累年。 紹興二十一年，乃得其母，相持號泣，哀感行路。 曾慥在夔州，賦詩以美其孝。
Zhao Boshen, courtesy name Fengyuan. His father Zibian, during the Xuanhe era, served on the military staff in Dizhou. When troops were mobilized for Yan-Yun, Zibian was dispatched by order to the frontier. Boshen was still young and remained in Dizhou with his mother, Lady Zhang. Soon afterward the Jurchens crossed the river, and Boshen and his mother were separated. Zibian was also cut off from them; in the second year of the Jianyan era he finally returned south. Zibian died, and Boshen searched for his mother for more than twenty years. One day he learned she was south of the Hu River; Boshen walked on foot into Shu, enduring hardships for many years. In the twenty-first year of the Shaoxing era he finally found his mother; they clung to each other wailing, moving all who passed on the road to tears. Zeng Zao, while serving in Kuizhou, composed a poem praising his filial devotion.
75
彭瑜，字君玉，吉之安福人。 熙寧間失其母，瑜朝夕焚香祈天，願知母所在，如是十餘年。 俄有人言母為泰和倪氏婦，瑜竟迎以歸。
Peng Yu, courtesy name Junyu, was a native of Anfu in Ji Prefecture. During the Xining era he lost track of his mother; Yu burned incense morning and evening, praying to Heaven to learn where she was, and did so for more than ten years. Suddenly someone said his mother had become a wife of the Ni clan in Taihe; Yu went at once and brought her home.
76
毛洵字子仁，吉州吉水人。 天聖二年進士，又中拔萃科。 性至孝，凡守四官，再以親疾解任，執藥調膳，嘗而後進，三月不之寢室。 父應佺通判太平州，卒官，母高繼卒於池陽舟次。 持鍤荷土以為墳，手胝麵黔，親友不能識，廬於墓凡二十一月，朝夕哭踴，食裁脫粟。 諸生請問經義，對之流涕，未嘗言文。 抱疾歸，數日而卒。 郡以孝聞，賜其家帛五十匹、米五十斛。 兄溥，字文祖，亦以哀毀卒於舟中。
Mao Xun, courtesy name Ziren, was a native of Jishui in Jizhou. In the second year of the Tiansheng era he passed the jinshi examination and also passed the special selection examination. His nature was profoundly filial; of the four offices he held, twice he resigned on account of a parent's illness. He prepared medicine and meals, tasted them before serving them, and for three months at a time did not enter the bedchamber. His father Yingquan had served as vice prefect of Taiping Prefecture and died in office; his mother Gao Ji died at Chiyang while their boat was still at anchor. He took up a spade and carried earth to build the tombs himself. His hands grew calloused and his face turned dark until relatives and friends could no longer recognize him. He lived in a hut beside the graves for twenty-one months in all, weeping and stamping in grief morning and evening, and ate nothing but husked millet. When fellow students asked him about the meaning of the classics, he would answer in tears and never speak of literary pursuits. He returned home ill and died within a few days. The prefecture reported his filial devotion to the court, and his family was granted fifty bolts of silk and fifty hu of rice. His elder brother Pu, courtesy name Wenzu, likewise died aboard a boat from grief that had wasted his body.
77
李籌者，洵同縣人，字彥良。 與弟衡字平國生同乳，二歲喪母，十歲喪父，兄弟每以不逮事親為恨。 政和中，改葬其母於楊山，負土成墳，廬於墓左。 未幾，廬所產木一本兩幹，高丈許復合於一，至其末乃分兩幹五枝，鄉人以為瑞。
Li Chou was a native of the same county as Mao Xun, courtesy name Yanliang. He and his younger brother Heng, courtesy name Pingguo, had shared the same wet nurse. They lost their mother at the age of two and their father at ten, and the brothers always grieved that they had never had the chance to serve their parents properly. During the Zhenghe era he reburied his mother on Yang Mountain, carried earth to build the tomb himself, and lived in a hut to the left of the grave. Before long a tree sprang up at the hut with one root and two trunks. About a zhang in height the trunks merged into one, then at the top divided again into two trunks bearing five branches. The villagers regarded it as an auspicious omen.
78
有楊芾者，亦同縣人，字文卿，性至孝，歸必市酒肉以奉二親，未嘗及妻子。 紹興五年大饑，為親負米百里外，遇盜奪之不與，盜欲兵之，芾慟哭曰：「吾為親負米，不食三日矣。 幸哀我。」 盜義而釋之。
There was Yang Fei, also of the same county, courtesy name Wenqing, whose nature was profoundly filial. Whenever he came home he would buy wine and meat for both parents and never spared any for his wife and children. In the fifth year of the Shaoxing era, during a great famine, he carried rice for his parents from a hundred li away. He met a bandit who tried to rob him of it and he refused to give it up; the bandit was about to attack him with a weapon. Fei wept aloud and said, "I am carrying this rice for my parents and have not eaten for three days. I beg you to take pity on me." The bandit was moved by his righteousness and let him go.
79
楊慶，鄞人。 父病，貧不能召醫，乃刲股肉啖之，良已。 其後母病不能食，慶取右乳焚之，以灰和藥進焉，入口遂差，久之乳復生。 宣和三年，守樓異名其坊曰「崇孝」。 紹興七年，守仇悆為之請。 十二年，詔表其門，復之。 悆曰：「韓退之作《鄠人對》，以毀傷支體為害義。 而匹夫單人，身膏草莽，軌訓之理未宏，汲引之徒多闕，而乃行成於內，情發自天。 使稍知詩書禮義之說，推其所存，出身事主，臨難伏節死義，豈減介之推、安金藏哉！」
Yang Qing was a native of Yin. When his father fell ill, the family was too poor to call a physician, so he cut flesh from his own thigh and fed it to him; his father soon recovered. Later his mother fell ill and could not eat. Qing cut off his right breast, burned it, mixed the ash with medicine, and gave it to her; as soon as she took it she recovered, and in time the breast grew back. In the third year of the Xuanhe era, Prefect Lou Yi named his neighborhood the Revering Filial Piety Ward. In the seventh year of the Shaoxing era, Prefect Qiu Yu submitted a memorial on his behalf. In the twelfth year an imperial edict ordered his gate honored and granted his household tax exemption. Qiu Yu said, "Han Yu wrote The Response from the Man of E, arguing that mutilating one's body violates righteousness. Yet for a solitary commoner whose body may lie buried in the wild grass, the norms of moral instruction are not widely taught and those who guide and uplift others are often absent—yet his conduct was perfected within and his feeling sprang from Heaven itself. Had he known even a little of the teachings of the classics, ritual, and righteousness, and carried what he possessed to its full extent—going forth to serve his sovereign, facing hardship with steadfast integrity and dying for righteousness—would he not have stood equal to Jie Zhitui and An Jinzang!"
80
陳宗，永嘉人。 年十六，母蔡病篤，刲股為餌，病愈。 已而復病不救，宗一慟而絕。 郡守陸德輿云：「陳宗自毀其體，哀慟傷生，雖非孝道之正，而能為人所難為之事，亦天性之至。」 官為合葬，榜曰「陳孝子墓」。
Chen Zong was a native of Yongjia. At the age of sixteen his mother Lady Cai fell gravely ill; he cut flesh from his thigh to make medicine for her, and she recovered. Soon she relapsed and could not be saved; Zong died in one convulsion of grief. Prefect Lu Deyu said, "Chen Zong mutilated his own body and grief destroyed his life; though this is not the orthodox path of filial piety, in doing what others find impossible he reached the utmost of natural feeling. The authorities gave them a joint burial and erected a plaque reading Tomb of the Filial Son Chen."
81
郭義，興化軍人。 早遊太學，以操尚稱。 年四十餘，客錢塘，聞母喪，徒跣奔喪，每一慟輒嘔血。 家貧甚，故人有所饋，不受。 聚土為墳，手蒔鬆竹，而廬於其旁。 甘露降於墓上，烏鵲馴集。 郡上其事，詔旌表其閭，於所居前安綽楔，左右建土台，高一丈二尺，方正，下廣上狹，飾白，間以赤，仍植所宜木。
Guo Yi was a native of Xinghua Army. He entered the Imperial Academy at a young age and was known for the integrity of his conduct. Past the age of forty he was staying in Qiantang; when he heard of his mother's death he ran home barefoot to mourn, and each time grief seized him he vomited blood. His family was extremely poor, and when old friends offered gifts he refused to accept them. He piled earth to build the tomb, planted pine and bamboo with his own hands, and lived in a hut beside it. Sweet dew fell upon the tomb, and crows and magpies gathered there tamely. The prefecture reported the matter to the court, and an imperial edict ordered his neighborhood honored. Honor posts were erected before his residence, and earthen platforms were built on either side, one zhang and two chi in height, square in form, wide at the base and narrow at the top, decorated in white with red accents, and appropriate trees were planted as well.
82
申世寧，信州鉛山人。 紹興六年，潘達兵襲鉛山，父愈年七十，未及出戶遇賊，賊意其有藏金，欲殺之。 世寧年未冠，亟引頸願代父死，賊感其孝，兩全之。
Shen Shining was a native of Qianshan in Xin Prefecture. In the sixth year of the Shaoxing era, the troops of Pan Da raided Qianshan. His father Yu was seventy years old and, before he could step outside, encountered the bandits. They suspected he had hidden gold and intended to kill him. Shining was not yet twenty; he quickly bared his neck and offered to die in his father's place. The bandits were moved by his filial devotion and spared them both.
83
苟與齡字壽隆，滁州來安人。 誌尚高潔，事其親，生養死葬，力竭而禮盡，鄉黨稱之。 母歿，廬墓側，有芝十九莖生於墓亭。 郡縣以事聞，旌其門。
Gou Yuling, courtesy name Shoulong, was a native of Laian in Chuzhou. His aspirations were lofty and pure. In serving his parents he sustained them in life and buried them in death, exhausting his strength and fulfilling every rite, and the whole community praised him. When his mother died he lived in a hut beside the tomb, and nineteen stalks of lingzhi mushroom grew at the tomb pavilion. The prefecture and county reported the matter to the court, and his gate was honored.
84
王珠字仲淵，吉州龍泉人，以孝謹聞。 建炎間，居父憂，芝數本生墓側，倒植竹以為杙，復生柯葉。 紹興間，再罹母喪，復有雙竹靈芝之祥。
Wang Zhu, courtesy name Zhongyuan, was a native of Longquan in Jizhou, renowned for filial piety and careful conduct. During the Jianyan era, while mourning his father, several lingzhi mushrooms grew beside the tomb; he planted bamboo upside down to serve as stakes, and they sprouted branches and leaves anew. During the Shaoxing era he mourned his mother a second time, and once again there were auspicious signs of twin bamboo and lingzhi.
85
顏詡，唐太師真卿之後。 真卿嘗謫廬陵，故詡為吉州永新人。 詡少孤，兄弟數人，事繼母以孝聞。 一門千指，家法嚴肅，男女異序，少長輯睦，匜架無主，廚饌不異。 義居數十年，終日怡愉，家人不見其喜慍。 年七十餘卒。
Yan Xu was a descendant of Yan Zhenqing, Grand Mentor of Tang. Zhenqing had once been exiled to Luling, and so Xu was a native of Yongxin in Jizhou. Xu lost his father while still young; he and his several brothers served their stepmother and were renowned for filial devotion. The household numbered a thousand mouths; its rules were strict and solemn, men and women kept to their proper places, young and old lived in harmony, wash basins belonged to no one in particular, and food from the kitchen was shared without distinction. They lived together in communal harmony for decades; all day long he was cheerful and at ease, and his family never saw him show anger or delight. He died in his seventies.
86
張伯威，大安軍人。 武翼大夫、御前前軍正將祥之子。 紹熙元年，武舉進士。 調神泉尉。 大母黃，年九十八，不忍之官。 黃得血痢疾瀕殆，伯威剔左臂肉食之，遂愈。 繼母楊因姑病篤，驚而成疾，伯威復剔臂肉作粥以進，其疾亦愈。 伯威妹嫁崔均，其姑王疾，妹亦剔左臂肉作粥以進，達旦即愈。 知大安軍羅植即伯威所居立純孝坊，崔均所居立孝婦坊。 事聞，詔伯威與升擢，倍賜其妹束帛。
Zhang Bowei was a native of Da'an Army. He was the son of Xiang, who held the rank of Military Gentleman of Martial Hawk Feathers and served as chief commander of the front army of the Imperial Guard. In the first year of the Shaoxi era he passed the military examination and received the jinshi degree. He was appointed assistant magistrate of Shenquan. His grandmother Lady Huang was ninety-eight years old, and he could not bear to leave her and take up his post. Lady Huang contracted bloody dysentery and was near death; Bowei cut flesh from his left arm for her to eat, and she recovered. His stepmother Lady Yang, alarmed by the gravity of his grandmother's illness, fell ill herself; Bowei again cut flesh from his arm, made porridge, and gave it to her, and she too recovered. Bowe's sister had married Cui Jun; when her mother-in-law Lady Wang fell ill, the sister likewise cut flesh from her left arm, made porridge, and gave it to her, and by dawn she had recovered. Luo Zhi, military prefect of Da'an Army, established the Pure Filial Piety Ward at Bowei's residence and the Filial Woman Ward at Cui Jun's residence. When the matter reached the court, an imperial edict ordered Bowei promoted and granted an elevated appointment, and doubled the silk gift to his sister.
87
蔡定，字元應，越州會稽人。 家世微且貧。 父革，依郡獄吏傭書以生，資定使學，遊鄉校，稍稍有稱。 郡獄吏一日坐舞文法被係，革以詿誤，年七十餘矣，法當免係。 鞫胥任澤削其籍年而入之，罪且與獄吏等。 案具，府奏上之。 方待命於朝，故俱久囚，而革不得獨決。 定切痛念父當耆年，以非辜墮圄狴，誓將身贖。 數詣府號訴，請代坐獄，弗許； 請效命於戎行，弗許； 請隸五符為兵，又弗許。 定知父終不可贖也，仰而呼曰：「天乎！ 將使定坐視父纏徽纆乎！ 父老耄，不應連係； 傭書，罪不應與獄吏等。 理明矣，而無所雲訴。 父老而刑，定之生其何益乎？ 定圖死矣，庶有司哀憐而釋父，則雖死無憾矣！」 於是預為誌銘其墓，又為狀若詣府者結置袂間，皆敘陳致死之由，冀其父之必免也。 以建炎元年十二月甲申，自赴河死。 府帥聞之，驚曰「真孝」，立命出革，厚為定具棺斂事，而撫周其家。
Cai Ding, courtesy name Yuanying, was a native of Kuaiji in Yue Prefecture. His family was of humble origin and poor. His father Ge made a living doing copywork for a county prison clerk, supported Ding in his studies, and sent him to the district school, where he gradually came to be spoken of with respect. One day the county prison clerk was charged with twisting the law and imprisoned; Ge was implicated through a mistake. He was over seventy, and by law should have been exempt from imprisonment. The interrogating clerk Ren Ze reduced his registered age and entered him as guilty, so that his punishment would equal that of the prison clerk. When the case was complete, the prefecture memorialized it to the court. They were awaiting orders from the court, and so both remained imprisoned for a long time, while Ge could not be released on his own. Ding was deeply anguished that his father in old age had fallen into prison through no fault of his own, and vowed to redeem him with his own life. Repeatedly he went to the prefectural office wailing in petition, asking to take his father's place in prison; this was refused; he asked to offer his life in military service; this was refused; he asked to be enrolled as a soldier under the Five Talismans; again this was refused. Ding knew his father could never be redeemed; he looked up to Heaven and cried, "O Heaven! Would you have me sit by and watch my father bound in fetters! My father is old and frail and should not be imprisoned together with another; he did copywork—his offense should not be treated as equal to that of the prison clerk. The justice of the case is clear, yet there is nowhere I can appeal. If my father grows old in punishment, what good is my life to anyone? I mean to die; perhaps the authorities will take pity and release my father—then even in death I shall have no regret! Thereupon he wrote in advance an epitaph for his own grave and also prepared a petition as if he were going to the prefectural office, folded it, and placed it in his sleeve; all of it set forth the reasons for his death, in the hope that his father would surely be released. On the jiashen day of the twelfth month in the first year of the Jianyan era he drowned himself in the river. The prefectural commander heard of it, exclaimed, "True filial piety," immediately ordered Ge released, generously arranged coffin and burial for Ding, and comforted and provided for his family.
88
鄭綺，婺州浦江人。 善讀書，通《春秋穀梁》學。 以肅睦治家，九世不異爨。 四世孫德珪、德璋，孝友天至，晝則聯几案，夜則同衾寢。 德璋素剛直，與物多迕，宋亡，仇家遂陷以死罪，當會逮揚州。 德珪哀弟之見誣，乃陽謂曰：「彼欲害吾也，何預爾事？ 我往則奸狀白，爾去得不死乎！」 即治行。 德璋追至諸暨道中，兄弟相持頓足哭，爭欲就死。 德珪默計沮其行，遂紿以無往，夜將半，從間道逸去。 德璋復追至廣陵，德珪已斃於獄。 德璋聞之，慟絕者數四，負骨歸葬。 廬墓再期，每一悲號，烏鳥皆翔集不食。 德珪之子文嗣，幼病僂，德璋鞫之如己子。
Zheng Qi was a native of Pujiang in Wu Prefecture. He was well read and mastered the Guliang Commentary tradition of the Spring and Autumn Annals. He governed his household with solemn harmony; nine generations cooked at a single hearth. His fourth-generation descendants De'gui and De'zhang possessed filial brotherhood that sprang from Heaven itself; by day they shared a desk, by night they slept under the same blanket. De'zhang was by nature upright and uncompromising and often came into conflict with others; when the Song dynasty fell, an enemy family framed him on a capital charge, and he was to be summoned and arrested in Yangzhou. De'gui grieved that his brother had been falsely accused; he pretended to say to him, "They mean to harm me—what does that have to do with you? If I go, the wicked plot will be exposed; if you go, how can you hope to live! With that he made ready to depart. De'zhang caught up with him on the road to Zhuji; the brothers clung to each other, stamping their feet and weeping, each insisting on going to face death in the other's place. De'gui silently resolved to keep his brother from going; he deceived him into thinking he would not travel, and near midnight slipped away by a hidden path. De'zhang pursued him again as far as Guangling, but De'gui had already died in prison. When De'zhang heard the news he fainted from grief several times, then carried the bones home and buried them. He lived in a hut beside the tomb for two full mourning cycles; with each cry of grief crows and birds flew down, gathered around him, and refused to eat. De'gui's son Wensi had been hunchbacked since childhood; De'zhang raised him as if he were his own son.
89
有鮑宗岩者，字傅叔，徽州歙人。 子壽孫字子壽。 宋末，盜起里中。 宗岩避地山谷間，為賊所得，縛宗岩樹上，將殺之。 壽孫拜前願代父死，宗岩曰：「吾老矣，僅一子奉先祀，豈可殺之？ 吾願自死。」 盜兩釋之。
There was Bao Zongyan, courtesy name Fushu, a native of She in Huizhou. His son Shousun had the courtesy name Zishou. At the end of the Song dynasty, bandits arose in their village. Zongyan fled for safety into the mountain valleys; the bandits captured him, bound him to a tree, and were about to kill him. Shousun stepped forward, bowed, and offered to die in his father's place. Zongyan said, "I am old, and I have only this one son to carry on the ancestral sacrifices—how could I let him be killed? I am the one who should die. The bandits released them both.