Volume 478 Biographies 237: Hereditary Houses 1 - Southern Tang and Li clans Li Jing (son: Yu, relative Shan, relative Bu, nephew: Ji Cao, grandson: Zhong Yu, relatives: Shu Yuan, Han Xizai, Feng Mi, Pan You, Huang Fujixun, Zhou Weijian)

世家一○南唐李氏

Hereditary Houses 1: The Southern Tang and the House of Li

唐自安、史之亂，藩鎮專製，百有餘年，浸成割據。及巢賊蹂躪，郡邑丘墟。降臻五季，豪傑蜂午，各挾智力，擅為封疆，自製位號，以爭長雄。天厭禍亂，授宋大柄。太祖命將出師，十餘年間，南平荊、楚，西取巴、蜀，劉鋹既俘，李氏納款。至於太宗，吳越請吏，漳、泉來歸，薄伐太原，遂僨北漢，而海內一矣！王稱《東都事略》用東漢隗囂、公孫述例，置孟昶、劉鋹等於列傳，舊史因之。今仿歐陽修《五代史記》，列之世家。凡諸國治亂之原，天下離合之勢，有足鑒者，悉著於篇。其子孫諸臣事業有可考者，各疏本國之下。作《列國世家》。

After the An Lushan and Shi Siming rebellions shattered the Tang, military governors ruled autonomously for over a century, and the realm slowly fragmented into rival domains. When Huang Chao's rebels swept the empire, cities and towns lay in ruins. By the Five Dynasties, rival warlords abounded; each relied on wit and force, carved out his own territory, proclaimed his own titles, and strove for mastery. Heaven had had enough of chaos and entrusted the great mandate to the Song. Taizu sent his armies forth; within little more than a decade the south was pacified—Jing and Chu fell, Ba and Shu were taken in the west—and once Liu Chang was captured, the House of Li tendered its submission. Under Taizong, Wuyue asked to be administered directly, Zhang and Quan came back into the fold, Taiyuan was attacked and Northern Han destroyed, and the empire was united at last. Wang Cheng's Eastern Capital Affairs followed the Eastern Han precedent of treating Wei Xiao and Gongsun Shu in biographical chapters rather than as central dynasties, placing Meng Chang, Liu Chang, and others in ordinary biographies—and later official histories did the same. Following Ouyang Xiu's Historical Records of the Five Dynasties, this history places them in the Hereditary Houses section. Whatever in these states' rise and fall, or in the realm's shifting unity and division, is worth heeding as a lesson is set out in these pages. Sons, grandsons, and officials whose careers can be traced are each treated under their respective state. Thus was compiled the Hereditary Houses of the Various States.

南唐李景，本名景通，後改為璟。避周廟諱，復改為景。父，吳楊行密將徐溫養子，冒姓徐氏，名知誥，《五代史》有傳。景十餘歲，以父任駕部郎中、諸衛將軍。後唐天成二年，溫卒，遂專吳政。將出鎮，欲以國事付景，拜兵部尚書、參知政事。出鎮金陵，遷景司徒、平章事、知內外左右諸軍事。頃之，亦赴金陵，為中外諸軍副都統，受吳禪，國號大齊，改元升元，僭帝號，居金陵。自雲唐宗室建王恪之後，下令復姓李氏，國號唐。封景吳王、諸道元帥、錄尚書事，改封齊王。

Li Jing of Southern Tang was born Jingtong and later changed his name to Jing (the character with the jade radical). To avoid a Zhou dynasty temple taboo he changed it again to Jing (the character with the sun radical). His father was Xu Zhigao, Xu Wen's adopted heir and a Wu general under Yang Xingmi who had assumed the surname Xu; he has a biography in the History of the Five Dynasties. While still in his teens, Jing received appointments as Director of the Chariot Office and as a guards general through his father's influence. In the second year of Tiancheng of Later Tang, Xu Wen died, and Zhigao seized sole control of Wu. Before leaving to take up a provincial command, he meant to entrust state affairs to Jing and appointed him Minister of War and Participant in Governance. When he went to garrison Jinling, he promoted Jing to Grand Preceptor, Grand Councilor, and director of all military affairs at court and in the field. Soon he too moved to Jinling, became deputy overall commander of all armies, accepted the Wu abdication, declared the state Great Qi with the era name Shengyuan, took an imperial title, and made Jinling his capital. Claiming descent from Tang's Prince of Jian, Li Ke, he ordered the restoration of the surname Li and renamed the state Tang. He enfeoffed Jing as Prince of Wu and commander-in-chief of all circuits and recorder of the masters of writing, later changing the title to Prince of Qi.

昪立七年卒，景襲位，改元保大，尊母宋氏為皇太后，立妻鍾氏為皇后。用宋齊丘、周宗為宰相，郊祀天地。天福末，遣其將祖思全、何洙侵福建漳、泉之地。漢乾祐初，李守貞以河中叛，潛遣舒元、楊訥間道求援於景。景命其將李金全、郭全義出師應之。金全以聲勢不接，初不願行，景固遣之。至沭陽，聞守貞敗，乃還。周廣順初，景又遣其將邊鎬平湖湘，尋復失之。

Bian died seven years after taking power; Jing succeeded him, adopted the era name Baoda, honored his mother Lady Song as empress dowager, and made his wife Lady Zhong empress. He appointed Song Qiqiu and Zhou Zong prime ministers and performed the suburban sacrifices to Heaven and Earth. Near the end of the Tianfu era he sent generals Zu Siquan and He Zhu to attack Zhang and Quan in Fujian. Early in the Qianyou era of Later Han, Li Shouzhen rebelled at Hezhong and secretly sent Shu Yuan and Yang Ne by back roads to ask Jing for help. Jing ordered his generals Li Jinquan and Guo Quanyi to march out in support. Jinquan at first refused to go, judging that his forces could not link up with Shouzhen's, but Jing insisted and sent him anyway. When he reached Shuyang he learned that Shouzhen had already been defeated and turned back. Early in the Guangshun era of Later Zhou, Jing again sent Bian Hao to pacify Hunan, but soon lost the region once more.

顯德二年，周世宗征淮南，破景眾於正陽，遂進圍壽州。太祖時總禁兵，破景將何延錫於渦口，又擒皇甫暉於滁州。景大懼，遣其臣鍾謨、李德明奉表原為附庸。未幾，又遣其臣孫晟、王崇質奉表獻濠、壽、泗、楚、光、海六州之地，願罷兵，世宗未之許。

In the second year of Xiande, Zhou Shizong marched against Huainan, routed Jing's army at Zhengyang, and pressed on to besiege Shouzhou. Taizu, then commanding the palace guards, defeated Jing's general He Yansi at Wokou and captured Huangfu Hui at Chuzhou. Terrified, Jing sent his ministers Zhong Mo and Li Deming with a memorial offering to become a vassal state. Soon afterward he sent Sun Sheng and Wang Chongzhi with a memorial ceding the six prefectures of Hao, Shou, Si, Chu, Guang, and Hai and asking for an armistice, but Shizong refused.

四年春，世宗大破景軍於紫金山，降其將朱元，克壽州。冬，又克濠、泗二州。五年春，改元中興。未幾，又改元交泰。是春，周師克楚州，又進克揚州。將議濟江，景大懼，請盡割江北之地，畫江為界，稱臣於中朝，歲貢土物數十萬，世宗許之。始稟周之正朔，上表稱唐國主。世宗答書用唐報回鶻可汗之制，雲「皇帝恭問江南國主」，臨汴水置懷信驛以待其使。景又上言世宗，請傳位於世子冀，世宗賜書勉諭之乃止。景既失淮南之地，頗躁憤，惡其大臣宋齊丘、陳覺、李征古，皆殺之。六年十月，冀卒，命禦廚使張延範充使吊祭。

In the spring of the fourth year Shizong routed Jing's army at Purple Gold Mountain, won over his general Zhu Yuan, and took Shouzhou. That winter he also captured Hao and Si. In the spring of the fifth year Jing changed the era name to Zhongxing. Before long he changed it again to Jiaotai. That spring the Zhou forces took Chuzhou and then advanced to capture Yangzhou. As the Zhou prepared to cross the Yangzi, Jing in terror offered to surrender all territory north of the river, accept the river as the border, submit as a vassal of the central court, and pay annual tribute in the tens of thousands; Shizong agreed. He then adopted Zhou's calendar and reign title and addressed himself in memorials as Lord of the Tang State. Shizong's reply followed the Tang formula used for the Uyghur qaghan—"The Emperor respectfully inquires of the Lord of the Jiangnan State"—and established the Huaixin courier station on the Bian River to receive his envoys. Jing also asked Shizong's permission to abdicate in favor of his heir Li Ji; Shizong wrote back urging him to remain on the throne, and Jing desisted. After losing Huainan, Jing grew restless and bitter; he turned on his chief ministers Song Qiqiu, Chen Jue, and Li Zhenggu and had them all executed. In the tenth month of the sixth year Li Ji died; Zhou ordered the imperial kitchen commissioner Zhang Yanfan to go as condolence envoy.

建隆元年，太祖受命，即遣使以書諭景。初，顯德中，江南將校相繼來降，周成等三十四人皆在京師，至是遣歸。三月，景遣使貢絹二萬匹、銀萬兩，賀登極。及澤、潞平，景又貢銀五千兩為賀，七月還京，又貢金器五百兩、銀器三千兩、羅紈千匹、絹五千匹，又遣其禮部郎中龔慎儀貢乘輿服御物。每歲冬、正、端午、長春節皆以土產珍異、金銀器用、繒帛、片茶為貢。每景及錢俶遣親屬入貢，皆御前殿曲宴以寵之。景生日，遣使賜以金幣及賜羊萬口、馬三百疋、橐駝三十，以為常制。是年，親征李重進，駐蹕廣陵，遣其左僕射嚴續來犒師。俄遣其子蔣國公從鎰朝行在所，又遣其戶部尚書馮延魯貢金買宴，並伶官五十人作樂上壽，又貢金銀器、金玉鞍勒、銀裝兵器及錢銀、綾絹，皆有加常數，太祖亦厚賜之。

In the first year of Jianlong, as soon as Taizu received the Mandate, he sent envoys with a letter to notify Jing. During Xiande many Jiangnan officers had defected to Zhou; thirty-four men including Zhou Cheng had remained in the capital, and now Taizu sent them home. In the third month Jing sent tribute of twenty thousand bolts of silk and ten thousand taels of silver to congratulate Taizu on taking the throne. When Ze and Lu were pacified Jing sent another five thousand taels of silver in congratulation; when Taizu returned to the capital in the seventh month, Jing sent five hundred taels of gold vessels, three thousand taels of silver vessels, a thousand bolts of gauze, five thousand bolts of silk, and his Ministry of Rites director Gong Shenyi with imperial carriage regalia as tribute. Each year at the winter solstice, New Year, Dragon Boat Festival, and Long Spring Festival he sent tribute of local exotica, gold and silver wares, silks, and pressed tea. Whenever Jing or Qian Chu sent kinsmen with tribute, Taizu entertained them at intimate banquets in the imperial hall to show his favor. On Jing's birthday the court routinely sent envoys with gold coins, ten thousand sheep, three hundred horses, and thirty camels. That year Taizu campaigned in person against Li Chongjin and halted at Guangling; Jing sent his Left Vice Director Yan Xu to bring supplies for the army. Soon Jing sent his son, Duke of Jiangguo Congyi, to the imperial camp, and his Minister of Revenue Feng Yanlu with gold to fund a banquet, fifty musicians to perform and offer birthday wishes, and extra gifts of gold and silver vessels, jade-mounted saddlery, silver-mounted arms, cash, silver, and silks beyond the usual tribute; Taizu responded with lavish gifts in return.

初，景之襲父位也，屬中原多故，盧文進、李金全、皇甫暉之徒皆奔於景。跨據江、淮三十餘州，擅魚鹽之利，即山鑄錢，物力富盛。嘗試貢士《高祖入關詩》，頗有窺覦中土之意。自世宗平淮甸，浸以衰弱。及太祖平揚州，日習馬舫戰艦於京城之南池，景懼甚。其小臣杜著頗有辭辨，偽作商人，由建安渡來歸；又彭澤令薛良坐事責授池州文學，亦挺身來奔，獻《平南策》，景聞之益懼。太祖命斬著於下蜀市，良配隸廬州衙校，景乃安。終以國境蹙弱，不遑寧居，遂遷於豫章。上遣通事舍人王守正持詔撫之。

When Jing first succeeded his father, the central plains were in turmoil, and men such as Lu Wenjin, Li Jinquan, and Huangfu Hui all fled to his court. He held more than thirty prefectures along the Yangzi and Huai, controlled the salt and fishing trades, minted coin from mountain copper, and enjoyed great material wealth. He once set "Gaozu Enters the Pass" as a civil examination topic, betraying his ambition to seize the central plains. After Shizong pacified Huainan, his power steadily declined. When Taizu took Yangzhou, the Song court daily drilled war junks in the southern pond of the capital, and Jing was deeply alarmed. A minor official of his, Du Zhuo, was clever with words; disguised as a merchant he crossed from Jian'an and defected to Song; and Xue Liang, magistrate of Pengze who had been demoted to literary officer at Chizhou for an offense, also fled to Song and offered a plan to conquer the south—news that frightened Jing all the more. Taizu had Zhuo executed in the Lower Shu market and assigned Liang to service under a Luchou yamen guard; only then did Jing feel reassured. Ultimately, with his territory shrinking and his position insecure, he could no longer remain at ease in his capital and moved his court to Yuzhang. The emperor sent communications chamberlain Wang Shouzheng with an edict of reassurance.

俄而景卒，其臣桂陽郡公徐邈奉遺表來上，太祖廢朝五日，遣鞍轡庫使梁義吊祭，贈賻絹三千匹。子煜又遣其臣馮謐奉表，願追尊帝號，許之。煜乃諡景為明道崇德文宣孝皇帝，廟號元宗，陵號順陵。

Soon afterward Jing died; his minister, Duke of Guiyang Xu Miao, brought his final memorial; Taizu suspended court for five days, sent saddle-store commissioner Liang Yi to offer condolences, and granted three thousand bolts of silk as funeral gifts. His son Yu then sent Feng Mi with a memorial asking to posthumously honor his father with an imperial title, and the court agreed. Yu posthumously styled him Emperor Xiaowen of Illustrious Virtue in the Mingdao and Chongde traditions, with temple name Yuanzong and tomb name Shunling.

景始嗣位，以弟齊王景遂為元帥，居東宮，燕王景達為副元帥，就柩前盟約，兄弟相繼，中外庶政，並委景遂參決。景長子冀為東都留守，後又立景遂為太弟，景達為齊王、元帥，冀為燕王、副元帥。冀鎮京口，周師征淮，吳越圍常州，冀部將敗之。景達屯濠州，丘衄遁還。及割地後，出景遂為洪州元帥，封晉王。景達撫州元帥，立冀為太子。景遂尋卒，數月冀亦卒，乃立從嘉為吳王。

When Jing first took the throne he made his younger brother, Prince of Qi Jing Sui, commander-in-chief and titular heir in the Eastern Palace, with Prince of Yan Jing Da as deputy; at their father's coffin they swore that brothers would succeed in turn, and Jing Sui was given joint authority over all civil and military affairs. Jing's eldest son Ji was made guardian of the eastern capital; later Jing Sui was named Imperial Younger Brother, Jing Da Prince of Qi and commander-in-chief, and Ji Prince of Yan and deputy commander. Ji was stationed at Jingkou; when Zhou marched against Huainan and Wuyue besieged Changzhou, his subordinates routed the besiegers. Jing Da held Haozhou while Qiu Yin retreated in defeat. After the cession of territory he posted Jing Sui to Hongzhou as regional commander and enfeoffed him as Prince of Jin. Jing Da was made commander at Fuzhou, and Ji was named crown prince. Jing Sui died soon afterward; a few months later Ji died as well, and Congjia was made Prince of Wu.

建隆二年，景遷洪州，立為太子監國，是秋襲位，居建康，改名煜。立母鍾氏為聖尊后，以鍾氏父名泰章故也，妻周氏為國后。遣戶部尚書馮謐來貢金器二千兩、銀器二腕兩、紗羅繒彩三萬匹。且奉表陳紹襲之意曰：

In the second year of Jianlong, Jing moved to Hongzhou and made Congjia crown prince regent; that autumn Congjia succeeded, took up residence at Jiankang, and changed his name to Yu. He made his mother Lady Zhong Sacred Honored Empress—the title avoiding the character in her father's name, Taizhang—and his wife Lady Zhou state empress. He sent his Minister of Revenue Feng Mi with two thousand taels of gold vessels, two thousand taels of silver vessels, and thirty thousand bolts of gauze, silk, and brocade as tribute. He also submitted a memorial on his succession, which read:

臣本於諸子，實愧非才，自出膠庠，心疏利祿。被父兄之蔭育，樂日月以優遊，思追巢、許之餘塵，遠慕夷、齊之高義。繼傾懇悃，上告先君，固匪虛詞，人多知者。徒以伯仲繼沒，次第推遷，先世謂臣克習義方，既長且嫡，俾司國事，遽易年華。及乎暫赴豫章，留居建業，正儲副之位，分監撫之權，懼弗克堪，常深自勵。不謂掩丁艱罰，遂玷纘承，因顧肯堂，不敢滅性。然念先世君臨江表垂二十年，中間務在倦勤，將思釋負。臣亡兄文獻太子從冀將從內禪，已決宿心，而世宗敦勸既深，議言因息。及陛下顯膺帝籙，彌篤睿情，方誓子孫，仰酬臨照。則臣向於脫屣，亦匪邀名，既嗣宗枋，敢忘負荷。唯堅臣節，上奉天朝。若曰稍易初心，輒萌異志，豈獨不遵於祖禰，實當受譴於神明。方主一國之生靈，遐賴九天之覆燾。況陛下懷柔義廣，煦嫗仁深，必假清光，更逾曩日。遠憑帝力，下撫舊邦，克獲宴安，得從康泰。然所慮者，吳越國鄰於弊土，近似深仇，猶恐輒向封疆，或生紛擾。臣即自嚴部曲，終不先有侵漁，免結釁嫌，撓幹旒扆。仍慮巧肆如簧之舌，仰成投杼之疑，曲構異端，潛行詭道。願回鑒燭，顯諭是非，庶使遠臣得安危懇。

I was born one of many sons and have always known myself unworthy; since leaving the heir's school I have cared little for rank or reward. Sheltered by my father and brothers, I passed my days in leisure, hoping to follow the recluses Chao Fu and Xu You and emulating from afar the integrity of Boyi and Shuqi. I told my late father again and again, in all sincerity, that I wished no part of rule; that was no empty phrase, and many can attest to it. Only because my elder brothers died in turn was I pushed forward; my forebears judged that I had learned proper conduct and, as the eldest legitimate son, put me in charge of state affairs—and the years slipped away. When my father went temporarily to Yuzhang and left me at Jiankang as regent, I was confirmed as heir and given a share in government, fearing I was unequal to the task and striving constantly to do better. I never imagined that bereavement would place the succession in my hands; remembering my father's hall, I did not dare let grief destroy me. Yet I recall that my father ruled the south for nearly twenty years, growing weary in office and wishing to lay down his burden. My late brother, Crown Prince Congji, was ready to accept abdication in my father's favor; Shizong's earnest persuasion put an end to that plan. When Your Majesty received the Mandate, my father's loyalty deepened; he vowed that his sons and grandsons would repay your gracious oversight. My old wish to cast off power as one casts off worn shoes was never for reputation's sake; now that I have succeeded to the ancestral altar, how can I forget the burden I bear? I will hold firmly to my duty as a subject and serve the celestial dynasty above. Should I ever change my heart or harbor disloyal intent, I would offend not only my ancestors but the spirits themselves. I now govern the people of my state and look to Your Majesty's heaven-spanning protection from afar. Your Majesty's kindness and righteousness are boundless, your nurturing grace profound; I must rely on your enlightened favor more than ever before. Leaning on your imperial power from afar, I shall govern my old domain below and hope to secure peace and prosperity for my people. Yet I worry that Wuyue, our neighbor and ancient enemy, may yet raid my borders and stir up trouble. I shall discipline my troops strictly and never strike first, lest border quarrels trouble Your Majesty's court. I still fear that clever tongues may slander me to Your Majesty, as in the tale of the mother who cast away her shuttle, weaving false charges and secret intrigues. I beg Your Majesty to look clearly upon truth and falsehood and make plain who is right, so that your distant subject may know whether he stands in safety or peril.

太祖詔答焉。自景畫江內附，周世宗貽書於景，至是，因煜之立，始下詔而不名。

Taizu issued an edict in reply. Since Jing had accepted the Yangzi as border and submitted, Zhou Shizong had addressed him by letter; only now, with Yu's accession, did Song begin to issue edicts without naming him personally.

會昭憲太后葬，煜遣戶部侍郎韓熙載、太府卿田霖來貢。三年，詔煜應朝廷橫海、飛江、水鬥、懷順諸軍親屬有在江表者，悉遣令渡江。煜每聞朝廷出師克捷及嘉慶之事，必遣使犒師修貢。其大慶，即更以買宴為名，別奉珍玩為獻。吉凶大禮，皆別修貢助。煜有母妻之喪，亦遣使往吊。乾德元年，煜上表乞呼名，詔不許。二年，又詔江北，許諸州民及諸監鹽亭戶緣江采捕及過江貿易。先是，江北置榷場，禁商人渡江及百姓緣江樵采。是歲，以江南薦饑，特弛其禁。三年，獻銀二萬兩、金銀龍鳳茶酒器數百事。開寶四年，又以占城、闍婆、大食國所送禮物來上，又遣弟從謙奉珍寶器用金帛為貢，且買宴，其數皆倍於前。是冬，以將郊祀，又遣弟從善來貢。

When the Zhaoxian Empress Dowager was buried, Yu sent Vice Minister of Revenue Han Xizai and Grand Storekeeper Tian Lin with tribute. In the third year an edict required Yu to send across the river all relatives of Song troops in the Henghai, Feijiang, Shuidou, and Huaishun armies who were still living south of the Yangzi. Whenever Li Yu heard that Song armies had won a campaign or that the court was celebrating a joyous occasion, he always sent envoys to reward the troops and renew his tribute. On major celebrations he would additionally send tribute under the rubric of purchasing the imperial banquet, separately offering rare treasures as gifts. For major ceremonies of joy or mourning he would likewise send separate tribute offerings. When Li Yu mourned the death of his mother or wife, the Song court also sent envoys to offer condolences. In the first year of Qiande, Li Yu submitted a memorial asking that imperial edicts address him by name; the court refused. In the second year another edict permitted people north of the Yangzi—commoners of the various prefectures and salt-yard households attached to the salt commissions—to gather and fish along the river and to cross the river to trade. Previously the Song had established monopoly markets north of the Yangzi and forbidden merchants to cross the river or commoners to gather firewood along its banks. That year, because Jiangnan was suffering repeated famine, the restriction was specially lifted. In the third year he presented twenty thousand taels of silver and more than a hundred gold and silver tea and wine vessels decorated with dragons and phoenixes. In the fourth year of Kaibao he also forwarded upward tribute gifts sent by Champa, Java, and the Arab lands, and sent his younger brother Congqian with precious treasures, utensils, gold, and silk as tribute—including banquet tribute—and every amount was twice what he had sent before. That winter, as the court was preparing for the suburban sacrifice, he again sent his younger brother Congshan with tribute.

會嶺南平，煜懼，上表，遂改唐國主為江南國主，唐國印為江南國印。又上表請所賜詔呼名，許之。煜又貶損制度，下書稱教；改中書門下省為左右內史府，尚書省為司會府，御史臺為司憲府，翰林為文館，樞密院為光政院；降封諸王為國公，官號多所改易。五年，長春節，別貢錢三十萬，遂以為常。太祖以從善為泰寧軍節度，賜第留京師。是歲，煜又貢米麥二十萬石。雖外示畏服，修藩臣之禮，而內實繕甲募兵，潛為戰備。太祖慮其難製，令從善諭旨於煜，使來朝，煜但奉方物為貢。六年，賜米麥十萬斛，振其饑民。

When Lingnan was pacified, Li Yu grew alarmed and submitted a memorial; the court thereupon changed his title from Prince of Tang to Prince of Jiangnan and replaced the seal of Tang with the seal of Jiangnan. He submitted another memorial asking that edicts addressed to him use his personal name, and this was granted. Li Yu further scaled back his institutions, styling his written orders "instructions"; renaming the Secretariat-Chancellery the Left and Right Inner Secretariat, the Department of State Affairs the Office of Accounts, the Censorate the Office of Law, the Hanlin Academy the Literary Institute, and the Bureau of Military Affairs the Bureau of Glorious Governance; demoting all princes to state dukes and changing many official titles. In the fifth year, on his birthday festival, he sent a separate tribute of three hundred thousand strings of cash, and this thereafter became customary. Emperor Taizu appointed Congshan military commissioner of the Taining Army, granted him a residence, and kept him in the capital. That year Li Yu also sent two hundred thousand shi of rice and wheat as tribute. Outwardly he showed fear and performed every rite of a vassal, but inwardly he repaired armor, recruited troops, and secretly prepared for war. Taizu, fearing that Li Yu would prove hard to control, had Congshan convey the imperial command that he come to court; Li Yu responded only by sending local products as tribute. In the sixth year the court granted one hundred thousand hu of rice and wheat to relieve his famine-stricken people.

七年秋，遂詔煜赴闕，煜稱疾不奉詔。冬，乃興師致討，以宣徽南院使、義成軍節度曹彬為升州西南面行營都部署，山南東道節度潘美為都監。煜初聞大兵將舉，甚惶懼，遣其弟從鎰及潘慎修來買宴，貢絹二十萬匹、茶二十萬斤及金銀器用、乘輿服物等。及至，遂留於別館。王師克池州，又破其眾二萬於采石磯，擒其龍驤都虞候楊收等，獲馬三百匹。江表無戰馬，朝廷歲賜之。及是所獲，觀其印文，皆歲賜之馬也。初，將有事江表，江南進士樊若水詣闕獻策，請造浮梁以濟師。太祖遣高品石全振往荊湖造黃黑龍船數千艘，又以大艦載巨竹縆，自荊渚而下。及命曹彬等出師，乃遣八作使郝守濬等率丁匠營之。議者以為古未有作浮梁渡大江者，恐不能就。乃先試於石牌口，移置采石，三日而成，渡江若履平地。煜初聞朝廷作浮梁，語其臣張洎，洎對曰：「載籍已來，長江無為梁之事。」煜曰：「吾亦以為兒戲耳。」

In the autumn of the seventh year an edict summoned Li Yu to court; he pleaded illness and refused to obey. That winter the court raised an army to punish him, appointing Xuannui Southern Court commissioner and Yicheng Army military commissioner Cao Bin overall commander of the mobile camp southwest of Sheng Prefecture, with Shannan East Circuit military commissioner Pan Mei as overall supervisor. When Li Yu first heard that a great army was about to march, he was deeply alarmed and sent his younger brother Congyi and Pan Shenxiu with banquet tribute, offering two hundred thousand bolts of silk, two hundred thousand jin of tea, and gold and silver utensils, imperial carriage garments, and the like. When they arrived, the court detained them at a separate lodge. The imperial army captured Chizhou, then routed twenty thousand of his men at Caishi Ji, capturing his Longxiang deputy commander Yang Shou and others and seizing three hundred horses. The region south of the Yangzi had no war horses; the Song court granted them every year. When these captured horses were examined, their seal marks showed that they were all horses the court had granted year by year. Earlier, when the court was planning action south of the Yangzi, Jiangnan jinshi Fan Ruoshui came to court with a plan proposing a floating bridge to ferry the army across. Taizu sent the senior artisan Shi Quanzhen to Jinghu to build several thousand yellow and black dragon boats, and had large ships carry huge bamboo cables downstream from Jingzhou. When Cao Bin and the others were ordered to march, the court sent Directorate of Palace Buildings commissioner Hao Shoujun and others to lead laborers and artisans in building it. Critics argued that since antiquity no one had built a floating bridge to cross the great river, and they doubted it could be done. They first tested it at Shipai Kou, then moved it to Caishi; it was finished in three days, and crossing the river was like walking on level ground. When Li Yu first heard that the court was building a floating bridge, he spoke to his minister Zhang Bi; Bi replied: "Since records have been kept, no one has ever bridged the Yangzi." Li Yu said: "I too considered it mere child's play."

王師渡江，煜委兵柄於皇甫繼勳，委機事於陳喬、張洎，又以徐溫諸孫元楀等為傳詔，每軍書告急，多不時通。八年春，王師傅城下，煜猶不知。一日登城，見列柵於外，旌旗遍野，始大懼，知為近習所蔽，遂殺繼勳。召朱令贇於上江，令連巨筏載甲士數萬人順流而下，將斷浮梁，未至，為劉遇所破。又募勇士五千餘人謀襲官軍，皆素不習戰，以暮夜人秉一炬來攻襲北砦。宋師縱其至，擊之，殲焉。獲其將帥，悉佩印符。

When the imperial army crossed the river, Li Yu entrusted military command to Huangfu Jixun and state affairs to Chen Qiao and Zhang Bi; he also made Xu Wen's grandsons Yuanyu and others relay edicts, and urgent military reports were often not passed on in time. In the spring of the eighth year the imperial army had encamped beneath the city walls, yet Li Yu still did not know. One day he climbed the wall and saw palisades arrayed outside and banners filling the plain; only then was he deeply terrified. Realizing he had been deceived by his close attendants, he had Jixun executed. He summoned Zhu Lingyun from upstream and ordered him to link giant rafts carrying tens of thousands of armored men to float downstream and cut the floating bridge; before he arrived he was defeated by Liu Yu. He also recruited more than five thousand brave men to raid the government army; they were wholly untrained in warfare, and at night each man carrying a torch came to attack the northern camp. The Song army let them come close, then struck and wiped them out. Among the captured commanders, all wore official seals and tally tokens.

初，彬之南征也，太祖親諭之曰：「卿至彼慎勿暴略，可示以兵威，俾自歸順，不必急攻。」及彬軍圍城，又命左拾遺、知制誥李穆送從鎰還本國，諭以手詔，促其降。會潤州平，煜危迫甚，遣其臣徐鉉、周惟簡奉方物來貢，手書奏目以來，哀懇求罷兵，太祖不許。俄復遣鉉等入貢，仍乞緩師，又不答，但厚賜遣之。初，從鎰之還，詔諸將罷攻城，而煜終惑左右之言，猶豫不決，遂詔進兵。

Earlier, when Cao Bin set out on the southern campaign, Taizu personally instructed him: "When you arrive there, take care not to plunder; show your military might so that they surrender of their own accord—there is no need to press the attack." When Cao Bin's army besieged the city, the court again ordered Left Reminder and Drafting Drafter Li Mu to escort Congyi back to his country, conveying a handwritten edict urging surrender. When Runzhou fell, Li Yu was in desperate straits; he sent his ministers Xu Xuan and Zhou Weijian with local products as tribute and a handwritten memorial listing what was sent, pleading piteously for the army to be withdrawn; Taizu refused. Soon he sent Xu Xuan and the others with tribute again, still begging that the advance be slowed; again there was no answer, but they were generously rewarded and sent away. When Congyi returned, an edict had ordered the generals to halt the siege, but Li Yu, swayed to the end by those around him, hesitated and could not decide; an edict then ordered the advance to resume.

八年冬，城陷，曹彬等駐兵於宮門，煜率其近臣迎拜於門。彬等上露布，以煜並其宰相湯悅等四十五人上獻。太祖禦明德樓，以煜嘗奉正朔，詔有司勿宣露布，止令煜等白衣紗帽至樓下待罪。詔並釋之，賜冠帶、器幣、鞍馬有差。下詔曰：

In the winter of the eighth year the city fell; Cao Bin and the others stationed troops at the palace gate, and Li Yu led his close ministers out to welcome them and bow at the gate. Cao Bin and the others submitted a victory bulletin, presenting Li Yu together with his chancellor Tang Yue and forty-five others to the throne. Taizu ascended Mingde Tower; because Li Yu had once observed the Song calendar, he ordered the officials not to proclaim the victory bulletin and required Li Yu and the others to come in white robes and gauze caps to await judgment beneath the tower. An edict released them all and granted caps and belts, vessels and gifts, saddles and horses in varying measure. An edict was issued, stating:

上天之德本於好生，為君之心貴乎含垢。自亂離之雲瘼，致跨據之相承，諭文告而弗賓，申吊伐而斯在。慶茲混一，加以寵綏。

Heaven's virtue is rooted in cherishing life; a ruler's heart is prized for bearing with stains. Since the afflictions of turmoil and separation gave rise to successive usurpations across the land, though written proclamations were issued he did not come as a guest, and the call to punitive expedition was therefore at hand. Let us rejoice in this unification and extend favor and reassurance.

江南偽主李煜，承奕世之遺基，據偏方而竊號。惟乃先父早荷朝恩，當爾襲位之初，未嘗稟命。朕方示以寬大，每為含容。雖陳內附之言，罔效駿奔之禮，聚兵峻壘，包蓄日彰。朕欲全彼始終，去其疑間，雖頒召節，亦冀來朝，庶成玉帛之儀，豈願干戈之役。蹇然弗顧，潛蓄陰謀。勞銳旅以徂征，傅孤城而問罪。洎聞危迫，累示招攜，何迷復之不悛，果覆亡之自掇。

The false ruler of Jiangnan, Li Yu, inherited a legacy of generations, occupied a remote corner, and usurped a title. Yet his late father had early received the court's favor; when he first succeeded to the throne, he never reported for approval. I showed him magnanimity and repeatedly bore with him. Although he professed submission, he failed to perform the rite of urgent attendance; gathering troops and fortifying ramparts, his hidden designs grew daily clearer. I wished to preserve him from beginning to end and remove his suspicions; though summons were issued, I also hoped he would come to court so that the rites of tribute might be fulfilled—who would wish for the labor of arms? He stubbornly paid no heed and secretly harbored treacherous designs. I had to weary sharp troops on punitive march and press a lone city to account for its crimes. When he heard of his peril, repeated offers of clemency were shown—why would he not turn from his error? In the end he brought ruin upon himself.

昔者唐堯光宅，非無丹浦之師；夏禹泣辜，不赦防風之罪。稽諸古典，諒有明刑。朕以道在包荒，恩推惡殺。在昔騾車出蜀，青蓋辭吳，彼皆閏位之降君，不預中朝之正朔，及頒爵命，方列公侯。爾實為外臣，戾我恩德，比禪與皓，又非其倫。特升拱極之班，賜以列侯之號，式優待遇，盡舍尤違。可光祿大夫、檢校太傅、右千牛衛上將軍，仍封違命侯。

In ancient times, when Tang Yao illuminated the realm, there was not lacking the army at Red Bank; When Xia Yu wept over the guilty, he did not pardon the crime of Fangfeng. Consulting the ancient classics, surely there are clear punishments. I hold that the Way lies in encompassing the wild, and I extend grace and abhor killing. In former times the mule cart departed Shu and the green-canopied carriage left Wu—those were all abdicated rulers of intercalary reigns who did not observe the central court's calendar; only when titles were granted did they rank as dukes and marquises. You were in truth an outer minister who violated my grace and virtue; compared with Meng Chang and Liu Chang, you are not of their class. Specially elevated to the ranks beside the Pole Star and granted the title of a ranked marquis, you are thus generously treated and all your grave transgressions are set aside. Appointed Grandee of Splendid Happiness, Acting Grand Mentor, Senior General of the Right Thousand-Ox Guard, and enfeoffed as Marquis Who Disobeyed Orders.

召升殿撫問。妻周氏封鄭國夫人，又以其子神武右廂都指揮使仲寓為左千牛衛大將軍，弟宣州節度使從鎰為左領軍衛大將軍，江州節度使從謙為右領軍衛大將軍，神武統軍從度為左監門衛大將軍，神武左廂都指揮使從信為右監門衛大將軍，侄戶部尚書仲遠為右驍衛將軍，刑部尚書仲興為右武衛將軍，禮部尚書仲偉為右屯衛將軍，宗正卿季操為左武衛將軍，殿中監仲康為右領衛將軍，殿中少監仲宣為監門衛將軍。仍賜其弟侄宅各一區。

He was summoned to ascend the hall and was comfortingly questioned. His wife Lady Zhou was enfeoffed as Lady of Zheng; his son Zhongyu, commander of the right division of the Shenwu Army, was made Senior General of the Left Thousand-Ox Guard; his younger brother Congyi, military commissioner of Xuanzhou, was made Senior General of the Left Army Guard; Congqian, military commissioner of Jiangzhou, was made Senior General of the Right Army Guard; Congdu, overall commander of the Shenwu Army, was made Senior General of the Left Gate Guard; Congxin, commander of the left division of the Shenwu Army, was made Senior General of the Right Gate Guard; his nephew Zhongyuan, Minister of Revenue, was made General of the Right Xiaowei Guard; Zhongxing, Minister of Justice, was made General of the Right Wuwei Guard; Zhongwei, Minister of Rites, was made General of the Right Tunwei Guard; Jicao, Director of the Imperial Clan, was made General of the Left Wuwei Guard; Zhongkang, Director of the Palace Bureau, was made General of the Right Ling Guard; and Zhongxuan, Vice Director of the Palace Bureau, was made General of the Gate Guard. Each of his younger brothers and nephews was also granted a residence.

太宗即位，始去違命侯，加特進，封隴西郡公。太平興國二年，煜自言其貧，詔增給月奉，仍賜錢三百萬。太宗嘗幸崇文院觀書，召煜及劉鋹，令縱觀，謂煜曰：「聞卿在江南好讀書，此簡策多卿之舊物，歸朝來頗讀書否？」煜頓首謝。三年七月，卒，年四十二。廢朝三日，贈太師，追封吳王。

When Emperor Taizong ascended the throne, the title Marquis Who Disobeyed Orders was removed; he was given the special advancement rank and enfeoffed as Duke of Longxi Commandery. In the second year of Taiping Xingguo, Li Yu said he was poor; an edict increased his monthly stipend and also granted three million cash. Emperor Taizong once visited the Hall of Literary Glory to view books; he summoned Li Yu and Liu Chang and allowed them to browse freely, saying to Li Yu: "I hear that in Jiangnan you loved to read—many of these texts were once yours. Since coming to court, have you read much?" Li Yu bowed his head in thanks. In the seventh month of the third year he died, aged forty-two. Court mourning was suspended for three days; he was posthumously granted Grand Preceptor and retroactively enfeoffed as King of Wu.

先是，江南自後漢以來，民間有服玩侈靡者，人詢之，必對曰：「此物屬趙寶子。」又煜之妓妾嘗染碧，經夕未收，會露下，其色愈鮮明，煜愛之。自是宮中競收露水，染碧以衣之，謂之「天水碧」。及江南滅，方悟「趙」，國姓也；「寶」，年號也；「天水」，趙之望也。

Earlier, since Later Han times in Jiangnan, when people had lavish clothing and ornaments and were asked about them, they would invariably answer: "These things belong to Zhao Baozi." Also, one of Li Yu's concubines once dyed fabric azure; it was not taken in overnight, and when dew fell upon it the color grew brighter; Li Yu was delighted. From then on the palace women competed to collect dew, dye fabric azure for clothing, and call it "Heaven-Water Azure." When Jiangnan fell, people finally understood that "Zhao" was the Song imperial surname; "Bao" was an era name; "Heaven-Water" was the ancestral seat of the Zhao house.

從善字子師，偽封鄭王，累遷太尉、中書令，後降封南楚國公。開寶四年春，奉方物來貢，授泰寧軍節度、兗海沂等州觀察等使，留京師。時太祖平劉鋹，將召煜入朝，故授從善節制，仍賜汴陽坊甲第一區。煜手疏求遣從善歸國，優詔不許。七年，推恩將佐，以掌書記江直木為司門員外郎、同判兗州，衙內都指揮使兼左都押衙崔光習為右千牛衛將軍，衙內都虞候兼右都押衙子再興為右千牛衛中郎將，並同正。又封從善母淩氏吳國太夫人。江南平，改右神武大將軍。雍熙初，再遷右千牛衛上將軍，出為通許監軍。四年，卒，年四十八。

Congshan, courtesy name Zishi, had been enfeoffed as Prince of Zheng, rose through the posts of Grand Marshal and Palace Secretariat Director, and was later demoted to Duke of Southern Chu. In the spring of the fourth year of Kaibao he came with local products as tribute, was appointed military commissioner of the Taining Army and observation commissioner of Yan, Hai, Yi, and other prefectures, and was kept in the capital. At the time Taizu had pacified Liu Chang and was about to summon Li Yu to court; he therefore appointed Congshan as military commissioner and granted him the foremost residence in Bianyang Ward. Li Yu wrote a personal memorial asking that Congshan be sent home; a gracious edict refused. In the seventh year, extending favor to his officers and aides, the court appointed secretary Jiang Zhimu Vice Director of the Gate Office and co-administrator of Yan Prefecture, palace inner overall commander and left chief adjutant Cui Guangxi General of the Right Thousand-Ox Guard, and palace inner deputy commander and right chief adjutant Zi Zaixing Captain of the Right Thousand-Ox Guard—all with regular appointments. Congshan's mother Lady Ling was also enfeoffed as Grand Lady of Wu. When Jiangnan fell, he was made Senior General of the Right Shenwu Army. At the beginning of Yongxi he was again promoted to Senior General of the Right Thousand-Ox Guard and sent out as military supervisor of Tongxu. In the fourth year he died, aged forty-eight.

子仲翊，大中祥符初，賜同進士出身。二年，復召試，除楚州推官，累遷殿中丞，坐事免。次子仲猷，景德中，特錄為三班借職。

His son Zhongyi, at the beginning of Dazhong Xiangfu, was granted jinshi status with honors. In the second year he was again summoned for examination, appointed legal officer of Chuzhou, rose to Palace Aide, and was dismissed for an offense. His second son Zhongyou, during the Jingde era, was specially enrolled as a probationary officer of the Third Rank.

從誧本名從謙，偽封吉王，後降封鄂國公。隨煜歸朝，為右領軍衛大將軍，遷右龍武大將軍，歷知隨、復、成三州。上表改名。淳化五年，上言貧不能自給，求外任。以本官充武勝軍行軍司馬，月給奉錢三萬。子仲偃，大中祥符八年，舉進士。

Congbu's original name was Congqian; he had been enfeoffed as Prince of Ji and was later demoted to Duke of E. He followed Li Yu to submit to the court, was made Senior General of the Right Leading Army Guard, transferred to Senior General of the Right Longwu Army, and successively governed Sui, Fu, and Cheng prefectures. He submitted a memorial requesting a name change. In the fifth year of Chunhua he memorialized that he was too poor to support himself and asked for a post outside the capital. He was appointed, at his existing rank, aide-de-camp on campaign of the Wusheng Army, with a monthly stipend of thirty thousand cash. His son Zhongyan passed the jinshi examination in the eighth year of Dazhong Xiangfu.

季操，從父弟偽江王逷之子也。從煜入朝，後為右神武將軍，累遷左衛大將軍，領康州刺史，出為單州都監。歷知淮陽漣水二軍、蔡舒二州。大中祥符四年，卒。

Jicao was the son of You, the Prince of Jiang, who was his younger paternal cousin. He followed Li Yu to court, later became General of the Right Shenwu Army, rose to Senior General of the Left Guard, served concurrently as prefect of Kangzhou, and was sent out as overall supervisor of Shan Prefecture. He successively governed the Huaiyang and Lianshui armies and Cai and Shu prefectures. In the fourth year of Dazhong Xiangfu he died.

仲寓字叔章，少聰慧，能屬文，多才藝。偽封清源郡公，歸朝為千牛衛大將軍。煜卒，太宗賜仲寓積珍坊第一區、白金五千兩。仲寓宗族百餘口，猶貧不能給，上書自陳。太宗憐之，授郢州刺史。在郡迨十年，為政寬簡，部內甚治。淳化五年，卒，年三十七。

Zhongyu, courtesy name Shuzhang, was clever from youth, could write well, and had many talents. He had been enfeoffed as Duke of Qingyuan Commandery; after submitting to the court he became Senior General of the Thousand-Ox Guard. When Li Yu died, Emperor Taizong granted Zhongyu the foremost residence in Jizhen Ward and five thousand taels of white silver. More than a hundred members of Zhongyu's clan still could not be supported and remained poor; he submitted a memorial explaining his situation. Taizong took pity on him and appointed him prefect of Yingzhou. He governed the prefecture for nearly ten years with lenient and simple administration, and the district was very well ordered. In the fifth year of Chunhua he died, aged thirty-seven.

子正言，景德三年，特補供奉官。早卒無嗣，唯一女孤幼，真宗湣之，賜絹百匹、錢二百萬，以備聘財，仍遣內臣主其事。

His son Zhengyan, in the third year of Jingde, was specially appointed Attendant Officer. He died young without heirs, leaving only one orphaned daughter. Zhenzong took pity on her, granted a hundred bolts of silk and two million cash for her betrothal, and sent a palace eunuch to oversee the arrangements.

煜有土田在常州，官為檢校。上聞其宗屬貧甚，命鬻其半，置資產以贍之。

Li Yu had land in Changzhou, which the state held in trust. When the emperor heard that his clansmen were extremely poor, he ordered half the land sold and the proceeds set aside to support them.

舒元，潁州沈丘人。少倜儻好學，與道士楊訥講習於嵩陽，通《左氏》及《公》、《穀》二傳。與訥同詣河中謁李守貞，與語奇之，俱館於門下。守貞謀叛，遣元與訥間道乞師江南。江南遣大將軍皇甫暉等率眾數萬次沐陽，為之聲援。會守貞敗，元與訥留江南。元易姓朱，楊訥更姓名為李平。

Shu Yuan was a native of Shenqiu in Ying Prefecture. From youth he was bold and loved learning; with the Daoist Yang Ne he studied at Songyang and mastered the Zuo Commentary and the Gong and Gu commentaries. Together with Ne he went to Hezhong to visit Li Shouzhen; Shouzhen was impressed by their conversation and took them both in as retainers. When Shouzhen plotted rebellion, he sent Yuan and Ne by secret routes to beg troops from Jiangnan. Jiangnan sent Grand General Huangfu Hui and others with tens of thousands of troops to encamp at Muyang in support. When Shouzhen was defeated, Yuan and Ne remained in Jiangnan. Yuan changed his surname to Zhu; Yang Ne changed his name and surname to Li Ping.

元事李景，歷江寧令、駕部員外郎、文理院待詔，嘗坐事左遷。世宗征淮南，諸郡多下，元求見言兵事，景大悅，遣率兵攻舒州，復之，即以為團練使。又平歷陽，景以元為淮南北面招討使。周師圍壽春，景以其弟齊王景達為元帥，率兵來救，以陳覺為監軍，總軍政。元素與覺有隙，覺密表譖元於景，信之，立遣大將楊守忠代元。元憤怒，自以戰功高，又不忍負景，欲自殺。門下客宋洎諫曰：「大丈夫何往不取富貴，豈必為妻子死哉！」元聽之，將其眾歸世宗，景盡誅其妻子。世宗素知元驍果，得之甚喜，以為檢校太保、蔡州防禦使。淮南平，改濠州防禦使。

Yuan served Li Jing as magistrate of Jiangning, Vice Director of the Chariot Office, and text-and-ritual court attendant, and was once demoted for an offense. When Shizong campaigned in Huainan and many commanderies fell, Yuan requested an audience to discuss military affairs; Jing was greatly pleased, sent him to recover Shuzhou, and immediately made him regimental training commissioner. He also pacified Liyang, and Jing appointed him commander for receiving surrenders on the north bank of the Huai. When Zhou forces besieged Shouchun, Jing made his younger brother, Prince of Qi Jingda, supreme commander and sent him to the rescue, with Chen Jue as army supervisor holding overall military and civil authority. Yuan and Jue were at odds; Jue secretly slandered Yuan to Jing, who believed him and immediately sent Grand General Yang Shouzhong to replace Yuan. Yuan was furious; proud of his military achievements yet unable to bear betraying Jing, he wished to kill himself. A retainer, Song Ji, remonstrated: "A great man can win wealth and rank wherever he goes—must he die for wife and children!" Yuan heeded him, took his troops over to Shizong, and Jing executed his wife and children. Shizong had long known Yuan to be fierce and resolute; greatly pleased to obtain him, he made him Grand Guardian by inspection and defense commissioner of Caizhou. When Huainan was pacified, he was made defense commissioner of Haozhou.

宋初，從平李重進，改沂州防禦使。為滑州巡檢使，與節帥不協，誣奏元為同產妹婿宋玘請求。事得釋。詔元復姓舒氏。開寶五年，為白波兵馬都監。太平興國二年，卒，年五十五，特贈武泰軍節度。

At the beginning of the Song he took part in suppressing Li Chongjin and was made defense commissioner of Yizhou. As patrol commissioner of Huazhou, he clashed with the military commissioner and falsely accused Yuan of soliciting favors for Song Qi, husband of his full sister. The matter was cleared. An edict ordered Yuan to restore the surname Shu. In the fifth year of Kaibao he became overall supervisor of the Baibo Army. In the second year of Taiping Xingguo he died, aged fifty-five; he was posthumously granted the military commission of the Wutai Army.

元辯捷強記，治郡日，或奏其不親獄訟，事多冤滯。太祖面詰問之，凡所詰，元必具誦款占，指述曲直，太祖甚嘉歎之。子知白、知雄、知崇。

Yuan was quick-witted and had a strong memory; while governing a prefecture, someone reported that he did not personally hear legal cases and that many cases were wrongly delayed. Taizu questioned him in person; for every question Yuan fully recited the particulars of the case and explained right and wrong, and Taizu greatly admired him. His sons were Zhibai, Zhixiong, and Zhichong.

知白至作坊使。知雄初補殿直，雷有終薦授供奉官、鄜延路駐泊都監，後辭疾居嵩山。知白嘗奏事太宗，語及之，即召出，授西京作坊副使、泉福都巡檢使。真宗初，懇請入道，歸嵩陽舊隱。復為王嗣宗、李元則所薦，授供備庫使，歷知棣州、麟府鄜延鈐轄，又知虔州。復求入道，面賜紫冠服，號崇玄大師。嘗獻《字母圖》，有詔褒獎。乾興元年，卒，年八十一。知崇累歷內職，至供備庫使。嘗為廣州鈐轄、河北安撫副使，卒。

Zhibai rose to Commissioner of the Craft Workshops. Zhixiong was initially appointed Palace Guard; Lei Youzhong recommended him for Attendant Officer and overall supervisor of stationed forces on the Fuyan route, and later citing illness he retired to Mount Song. When Zhibai once reported to Taizong and the conversation touched on him, Zhixiong was immediately summoned and appointed Vice Commissioner of the Western Capital Craft Workshops and overall patrol commissioner of Quan and Fu. At the beginning of Zhenzong's reign he earnestly asked to enter the Way and returned to his old hermitage at Songyang. He was again recommended by Wang Sizong and Li Yuanze, appointed Commissioner of the Supply and Equipment Storehouse, governed Dizhou, served as overall military controller of Lin Prefecture and the Fuyan Circuit, and also governed Qianzhou. He again asked to enter the Way; the emperor personally granted him purple cap and robes and gave him the title Great Master Chongxuan. He once presented the Alphabet Diagram and received an edict praising and rewarding him. In the first year of Qianxing he died, aged eighty-one. Zhichong held successive inner-court posts, rising to Commissioner of the Supply and Equipment Storehouse. He once served as overall military controller of Guangzhou and vice commissioner for pacification of Hebei, and died in office.

知白子昭遠，大中祥符五年，任大理評事，因對自陳，改大理寺丞，賜進士第，至太常博士。

Zhibai's son Zhaoyuan, in the fifth year of Dazhong Xiangfu, served as judicial reviewer of the Court of Judicial Review; in an audience he stated his case himself, was promoted to vice director of the Court of Judicial Review, granted jinshi standing, and rose to Doctor of the Court of Imperial Sacrifices.

韓熙載字叔言，濰州北海人。後唐同光中，舉進士，名聞京、洛。父光嗣，為平盧軍節度副使。同光末，青州軍亂，逐其帥符習，推光嗣為留後。明宗即位，誅光嗣，熙載奔江南，歷偽吳滁、和、常三州從事。

Han Xizai, courtesy name Shuyan, was a native of Beihai in Wei Prefecture. During the Tongguang era of Later Tang he passed the jinshi examination and his fame spread through the capital and Luoyang. His father Guangsi was deputy military commissioner of the Pinglu Army. At the end of Tongguang the Qingzhou army mutinied, drove out its commander Fu Xi, and set up Guangsi as acting military commissioner. When Mingzong took the throne he executed Guangsi; Xizai fled to Jiangnan and successively served as aide in Chu, He, and Chang prefectures under Wu.

李昪僭號，為秘書郎，令事其子景於東宮。景嗣位，遷虞部員外郎、史館修撰。熙載自言：「受知遇，不得顯位，是以我屬嗣君也。」遂上章，言事切直，景嘉納之。又改吉凶儀禮不如式者十數事，大為宋齊丘、馮延己所忌。

When Li Bian usurped the imperial title, Xizai became Secretary of the Palace Library and was assigned to serve Bian's son Jing in the Eastern Palace. When Jing succeeded to the throne, Xizai was promoted to Vice Director of the Works Office and historiographer of the Historiography Institute. Xizai said of himself: "I received your kindness and favor yet was not given a prominent post; that is why you entrusted me to the heir." He then submitted a memorial with forthright advice, which Jing welcomed. He also corrected more than ten irregularities in auspicious and inauspicious rites, greatly incurring the resentment of Song Qiqiu and Feng Yanji.

昪將葬，以熙載知禮，令兼太常博士。時江左草創，典禮多闕，議者以繼唐昭宗之後，廟號合稱宗。熙載建議，以為古者帝王己失之，己得之，謂之反正；非我失之，自我復之，謂之中興，中興之君廟號稱祖。以為興既墜之業，請號烈祖。景由是益加恩禮，擢知制誥。熙載性懶慢，朝直多闕，未幾罷去。

When Bian was about to be buried, Xizai's knowledge of ritual led to his concurrent appointment as Doctor of the Court of Imperial Sacrifices. At the time the southeast was newly established and many court rituals were lacking; debaters held that since they succeeded after Tang Zhaozong, the temple name ought to be Zong. Xizai proposed that in antiquity, when an emperor had lost the throne himself and regained it himself, this was called returning to the correct path; when what one had not lost oneself was restored by oneself, this was called revival, and a reviving emperor takes the temple name Zu. Holding that Bian had revived a fallen enterprise, he requested the temple name Liezu. Jing therefore increased his honors and promoted him to Drafting Edict Officer. Xizai was lazy and insolent by nature, often absent from court attendance, and was soon dismissed.

晉開運末，中原多事，江南方盛，其臣陳覺、馮延魯建討福州，師敗而還，景釋不問罪。熙載與徐鉉同上疏，請置於法。覺、延魯，宋齊丘之黨也。熙載為齊丘所排，貶和州司馬，語在《徐鉉傳》。久之，召為虞部郎中、史館修撰，拜中書舍人。世宗平淮甸，景患國用不足，熙載請鑄鐵錢。及煜襲位，卒行其議，以熙載為兵部尚書，充鑄錢使。錢貨益輕，不勝其弊，熙載頗亦自悔。

At the end of Kaiyun under Jin the central plains were in turmoil while the southeast flourished; his ministers Chen Jue and Feng Yanlu proposed attacking Fuzhou; the army was defeated and returned, yet Jing released them without punishment. Xizai and Xu Xuan jointly submitted a memorial asking that they be punished according to law. Jue and Yanlu were partisans of Song Qiqiu. Xizai was pushed out by Qiqiu and demoted to aide of He Prefecture; the account appears in the biography of Xu Xuan. After a long time he was summoned back as Director of the Works Office and historiographer of the Historiography Institute, and appointed Palace Drafting Officer. When Shizong pacified the Huai region, Jing worried that state revenues were insufficient, and Xizai proposed casting iron coin. When Li Yu succeeded to the throne the proposal was finally carried out; Xizai was made Minister of War and appointed coin-casting commissioner. The currency grew ever lighter and the harm became unbearable; Xizai came to regret it himself.

熙載善為文，江東士人、道釋載金帛以求銘誌碑記者不絕，又累獲賞賜。由是畜妓妾四十餘人，多善音樂，不加防閑，恣其出入外齋，與賓客生徒雜處。煜以其盡忠言事，垂欲相之，終以帷薄不修，責授右庶子，分司洪州。熙載盡斥諸妓，單車即路，煜留之，改秘書監，俄而復位。向所斥之妓稍稍而集，頃之如故。煜歎曰：「吾亦無如之何！」遷中書侍郎、光政殿學士承旨。開寶三年，卒，年六十。煜痛惜之，贈左僕射、平章事，諡文靖，葬於梅嶺岡謝安墓側，命徐鍇集其遺文。

Xizai was skilled at writing; scholars, Daoists, and Buddhists east of the Yangzi continually brought gold and silk seeking inscriptions, epitaphs, and stele records, and he also received many rewards. Thereby he kept more than forty singing girls and concubines, many skilled in music; he did not restrain them and allowed them to come and go freely to the outer study, mingling with guests, students, and disciples. Li Yu, because Xizai spoke loyally on affairs, was on the verge of making him chief minister, but in the end demoted him to Right Supervisor of the Heir Apparent and sent him to serve at Hongzhou for disorder in his private quarters. Xizai dismissed all the singing girls and set out alone in a single cart; Li Yu kept him back, made him Director of the Palace Library, and soon restored him to office. The singing girls he had dismissed gradually gathered again, and before long things were as before. Li Yu sighed and said: "There is nothing I can do about it either!" He was transferred to Vice Director of the Secretariat and Academician-in-Attendance of the Hall of Radiant Governance. In the third year of Kaibao he died, aged sixty. Li Yu grieved deeply for him, posthumously granted him Left Vice Director of the Department of State Affairs and Grand Councilor, gave him the posthumous title Wenjing, buried him beside Xie An's tomb on Meiling Ridge, and ordered Xu Kai to compile his remaining writings.

熙載才氣俊逸，機用周敏，性高簡，無所卑屈，未嘗拜人。雖被遣逐，終不改節，江左號為「韓夫子」。顯德中，熙載來朝廷，歸，景問中國大臣，時太祖方典禁兵，熙載對曰：「趙點檢顧視不常，不可測也。」及太祖登極，景益重之。頗以文章自負，好大言。初，乾德丁卯年，五星連珠於奎，奎主文章，又在魯分，時太宗鎮兗、海，中國太平之符也。是歲，熙載著《格言》五卷，自序其事云：「魯無其應，韓子《格言》成之。」人多笑之。

Xizai's talent and spirit were outstanding; his wit was thorough and quick; his nature was lofty and austere, bowing to no one, and he never once bowed to another person. Though sent away in disgrace, he never changed his integrity; the southeast called him "Master Han." During Xiande Xizai came to the Song court; on returning, Jing asked about the great ministers of China; at the time Taizu was in charge of the palace armies; Xizai replied: "Director Zhao's glances are unsettled and cannot be fathomed." When Taizu ascended the throne, Jing valued him all the more. He was rather proud of his literary compositions and fond of grand pronouncements. Earlier, in the dingmao year of Qiande, the five planets aligned in Kui; Kui governs literary composition and also lay in the Lu asterism; at the time Taizong was stationed at Yan and Hai—a sign of peace in China. That year Xizai wrote five fascicles of Admonitions; in his own preface he said: "Lu had no corresponding fulfillment; Master Han's Admonitions completed it." Many people laughed at him.

馮謐本名延魯，字叔文，其先彭城人，唐末南渡，家於新安。李僭號，立子景為太子，謐與兄延己俱以文學得幸。及景嗣位，累遷至中書舍人。

Feng Mi, born Yanlu and styled Shuwen, came from a Pengcheng family that crossed south at the end of Tang and settled in Xin'an. When Li assumed a royal title and made his son Jing crown prince, Mi and his elder brother Yanji both won favor at court through their literary accomplishments. After Jing succeeded to the throne, Mi rose through repeated promotions to Drafting Drafter in the Secretariat.

晉開運末，閩越大亂，景遣謐與諫議大夫陳覺乘傳安撫，謐遂矯詔發數郡兵攻福州。及敗，引佩刀自刺，親吏製之，不死，長流舒州。會赦敘用，復為中書舍人，改工部侍郎。江南以揚州為東都，命謐副留守。周世宗下揚州，謐髡發為僧，匿於佛寺，為官軍所獲。世宗釋之，授太常卿，賜與甚厚。數年，拜刑部侍郎，放還，為戶部尚書。建隆三年，煜遣來貢，因表求舒州田宅，詔賜之。後改常州觀察使而卒。

Near the end of the Jin era Kaiyun, when Min and Yue were torn by rebellion, Jing sent Mi and Remonstrance and Correction Grandee Chen Jue on an urgent pacification mission; Mi then forged an edict and raised troops from several prefectures to attack Fuzhou. When the campaign failed, he drew his belt dagger and tried to kill himself; a personal clerk restrained him, and he survived, but was sentenced to lifelong exile in Shuzhou. An amnesty restored him to office; he again served as Drafting Drafter in the Secretariat and was then made Vice Minister of Works. When Jiangnan made Yangzhou its eastern capital, Mi was appointed deputy regional commissioner there. When Emperor Shizong of Zhou captured Yangzhou, Mi shaved his head, took refuge as a monk in a temple, and was seized by the imperial army. Shizong released him, made him Director of the Court of Imperial Sacrifices, and rewarded him with extraordinary generosity. Several years later he was appointed Vice Minister of Justice, sent back to Jiangnan, and then made Minister of Revenue. In the third year of Jianlong, Yu sent him with tribute; Mi also memorialized asking for fields and a residence in Shuzhou, and the court granted his request. He was later transferred to Military Commissioner of Changzhou and died in office.

子伉歸中朝，與兄儀、價並登進士第。伉文辭清麗，嘗著《平晉頌》，時人稱之。累遷殿中侍御史，歷典藩郡，皆有治跡。咸平三年，知福州，卒。特賜錢十萬，錄其子玄應同學究出身。

His son Kang entered the service of the central court and, together with his elder brothers Yi and Jia, passed the jinshi examination. Kang wrote in a clear, elegant style; his "Ode on Pacifying Jin" won praise from contemporaries. Promoted repeatedly to Palace Censor, he served in succession as prefect of several regions and left a record of good administration in each. In the third year of Xianping he was appointed prefect of Fuzhou and died in office. The court specially granted one hundred thousand coins and enrolled his son Xuanying through the classical-studies examination route.

潘佑，南唐散騎常侍處常之子。少介僻，杜門讀書，不交人事。及長，善屬文，尤長於論議。陳喬、韓熙載、徐鉉等共薦於景，為秘書省正字、直崇文館。煜襲位，遷虞部員外郎、史館修撰。未幾，知制誥，為內史舍人。

Pan You was the son of Pan Chuchang, Regular Attendant of the Secretariat under Southern Tang. As a youth he was aloof and eccentric, shut himself in to read, and kept aloof from worldly affairs. When he came of age he proved skilled at prose composition and was especially forceful in debate. Chen Qiao, Han Xizai, Xu Xuan, and others jointly recommended him to Jing, and he was appointed Corrector of the Secretariat and Direct Attendant of the Chongwen Hall. When Yu succeeded to the throne, You was transferred to Vice Director of the Revenue Office and made a compiler at the History Institute. Before long he was made Drafting Drafter and then Inner Secretariat Drafting Drafter.

有李平者，本嵩山道士楊訥，依河中帥李守貞。漢乾祐中，守貞反，遣訥與舒元乞師江南。守貞敗，訥遂易姓名，江南以為員外郎，遷衛尉少卿、蘄州刺史、戶部侍郎。平好神仙修養之事，動作妖妄，自言常與神接。佑亦好神仙，遂相善。二家皆置淨室，圖神像，常被髮裸袒處室中，家人亦不得至。又嘗建議復井田，及依《周禮》置牛籍，薦平判司農寺以督之。事行，百姓大撓，未幾而罷。佑自以為眾所排，因憤怒，歷詆大臣與握兵者兩為朋比，將謀反叛；又言國將亡，非己為相不可救。江南政事多在尚書省，因薦平知省事，又薦星官楊熙澄為樞密使，小校侯英典禁兵，煜不納。佑益忿，抗疏請誅宰相湯悅等數十人，煜手書教戒之。佑不復朝謁，乃於家上書曰：「臣聞『三軍可奪帥也，匹夫不可奪誌也』。近者連上表章指陳奸惡，何面目以見士人乎？」遂自縊死。

There was a man named Li Ping who had originally been the Songshan Daoist Yang Ne and had attached himself to the Hezhong military governor Li Shouzhen. During the Han era Qiandyou, Shouzhen rebelled and sent Ne and Shu Yuan to Jiangnan to beg for troops. After Shouzhen's defeat Ne changed his name; Jiangnan appointed him a Vice Director and later promoted him to Vice Director of the Court of Imperial Regalia, Prefect of Qizhou, and Vice Minister of Revenue. Ping was obsessed with immortality and self-cultivation; his behavior was uncanny and extravagant, and he claimed to commune constantly with spirits. You shared the same obsession, and the two became close friends. Both households kept purified chambers painted with spirit images; they often let their hair hang loose and sat bare-chested inside, and even their families were forbidden to enter. He also once urged restoration of the well-field system and creation of a cattle registry modeled on the Rites of Zhou, recommending Ping to serve concurrently at the Directorate of Agriculture to supervise the work. Once the policy took effect the people were thrown into turmoil, and before long it was abandoned. Believing himself ostracized, You grew furious and in turn denounced the chief ministers and the men who held military power as two factions in league, plotting rebellion; He also declared that the state was doomed and could be saved only if he himself were made chief minister. Because most of Jiangnan's affairs were handled through the Department of State Affairs, he recommended Ping to manage its business, Yang Xiguang the court astronomer as Privy Councilor, and the petty officer Hou Ying to command the palace guard; Yu rejected all of it. You grew still angrier and submitted a blunt memorial demanding the execution of Chief Minister Tang Yue and several dozen others; Yu answered with a handwritten letter of admonition. You stopped attending court and submitted a memorial from home, saying, "Your subject has heard that 'an army's commander may be removed, but a common man's resolve cannot be broken. Of late I have repeatedly submitted memorials exposing treachery and wickedness — with what face can I again appear before men of learning?" With that he hanged himself.

皇甫繼勳，江州節度使暉之子。幼以父蔭為軍校，父死難於滁州，累遷將軍、池饒二州刺史，勤於吏事。入為諸軍都虞候，遷神衛統軍都指揮使。諸老將相次皆死，而繼勳尚少，遂為大將。貲產優贍，營第舍、車服，畜妓樂，潔飲食，極遊宴之好。

Huangfu Jixun was the son of Huangfu Hui, Military Commissioner of Jiangzhou. In youth he entered service as a junior army officer through his father's privilege; after his father died in battle at Chuzhou, he rose through repeated promotions to general and to prefect of Chi and Rao, proving diligent in administrative affairs. He entered the capital as Chief Commandant of All Armies and was then made Commander-in-Chief of the Divine Guard. As the old generals and chief ministers died off one after another while Jixun was still relatively young, he came to stand among the realm's senior commanders. Wealthy and well provided for, he built fine mansions and outfitted himself with carriages and robes, kept singing girls and musicians, insisted on immaculate food, and indulged to the full in feasting and pleasure.

及宋師至，諸軍多敗衄，繼勳欲煜之速降，每眾中流言，頗道國中蹙弱。侄紹傑亦以繼勳故，為巡檢。常令紹傑入見煜，陳歸命之計。會有風雹，繼勳又密陳滅亡之兆。偏裨或有募勇士欲夜出營邀宋師者，輒鞭而拘之。又因請出煜親兵千餘守闕城，為宋師所掩。一日，煜躬自巡城，見宋師列柵城外，旌旗遍野，始驚懼，知為左右所蔽。及巡城還，繼勳從至宮。煜乃責其流言惑眾及不用命之狀，收付大理。始出，軍士悉集，臠割其肉，頃刻都盡。紹傑亦被誅。煜皆赦其妻子。

When the Song army arrived and one army after another suffered defeat, Jixun wanted Li Yu to surrender quickly; in public gatherings he spread rumors emphasizing the state's weakness and distress. His nephew Shao Jie also became a patrol inspector through Jixun's influence. He often sent Shao Jie in to see Yu and lay out plans for surrender. When a storm of wind and hail struck, Jixun again secretly presented it to Yu as an omen of extinction. Whenever staff officers recruited brave men intending to sally from camp by night and strike the Song army, he had them whipped and detained. He also, under the pretext of a request, sent out more than a thousand of Yu's personal guard to hold the gate city, and they were ambushed by the Song army. One day Li Yu personally inspected the walls and saw the Song army's palisades outside the city and banners covering the fields; only then was he shocked and afraid, realizing that those around him had kept him in the dark. When the inspection ended and he returned to the palace, Jixun followed him inside. Yu then charged him with spreading rumors to confuse the people and with disobeying orders, and had him arrested and handed over to the Court of Judicial Review. The moment he was led out, soldiers gathered and cut his flesh to pieces; in an instant nothing remained. Shao Jie was executed as well. Yu pardoned the wives and children of both men.

周惟簡，饒州鄱陽人。隱居，好學問，明《易》義。煜召為國子博士、集賢侍講。頃之，以虞部郎中致仕。宋師圍金陵，煜求能使交兵者，張洎薦惟簡有遠略，可以談笑和解之。召為給事中，與徐鉉奉使至京師。太祖召見詰責，惟簡惶恐，反言曰：「臣本居山野，無仕進之意，李煜強遣來耳。臣素聞終南山多靈藥，事寧後，願得棲隱。」太祖許之。江南平，以惟簡為國子《周易》博士、判監事。開寶九年，上書述前誌，求解官，蓋不得已，非其心也。改虞部郎中，致仕。以其子繕為京兆府鄠縣主簿，俾就養。

Zhou Weijian was a native of Poyang in Raozhou. He lived in retirement, loved learning, and was well versed in the meaning of the Book of Changes. Yu summoned him to serve as Erudite of the Directorate of Education and Attendant Lecturer of the Academy of Scholarly Worthies. Before long he retired with the rank of Director of the Revenue Office. When the Song army besieged Jinling, Li Yu sought someone who could negotiate a halt to hostilities; Zhang Bi recommended Weijian as a man of far-reaching judgment who could settle matters through easy conversation. Yu summoned him as Supervising Censor and sent him with Xu Xuan as envoys to the Song capital. Taizu summoned him for interrogation and rebuke; terrified, Weijian answered contrarily, saying, "Your subject originally lived in the mountains and had no wish to pursue office; Li Yu forced me to come. I have long heard that Mount Zhongnan holds many miraculous herbs; once affairs are settled, I wish to withdraw there and live in seclusion." Taizu agreed. After Jiangnan was pacified, Weijian was made Erudite of the Book of Changes in the Directorate of Education and given concurrent directorship of the directorate. In the ninth year of Kaibao he submitted a memorial recounting his earlier intentions and asking to be released from office — not because he had wanted service, but because he had had no choice. He was transferred to Director of the Revenue Office and retired. His son Shan was appointed Chief Clerk of Hu County in the metropolitan prefecture so that he could remain nearby and support him.

太平興國初，惟簡自終南至闕下，求入見。有司以致仕官非有詔召無求對之制，乃還。歲餘，復上表自求用，除太常博士，遷水部員外郎，卒。繕後舉進士，至都官員外郎。

At the beginning of the Taiping Xingguo era, Weijian came from Mount Zhongnan to the capital seeking an audience. The relevant office, citing the rule that retired officials might not request an audience without an edict summoning them, sent him back. More than a year later he again submitted a memorial requesting appointment; he was made Erudite of the Court of Imperial Sacrifices, promoted to Vice Director of the Water Office, and died. Shan later passed the jinshi examination and rose to Vice Director of the Department of Justice.

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