1
世家六○湖南周氏荊南高氏漳泉留氏陳氏
Hereditary Houses 6 — the Zhou of Hunan, the Gao of Jingnan, the Liu of Zhang and Quan, and the Chen.
2
湖南周氏周行逢
The Zhou of Hunan — Zhou Xingfeng
3
湖南周行逢，朗州武陵人。 少無賴，不事產業。 嘗犯法配隸鎮兵，以驍勇累遷裨校。 自唐乾寧二年，馬氏專有湖南二十州之地，雖稟朝廷正朔，其郡守官屬皆自署。 至周廣順初，兄弟爭國，求援於江南李景，景遣大將邊鎬率兵赴之，因下長沙，遷馬氏之族於建康，封希萼為楚王，居洪州，希崇鎮舒，居揚州。 宋興，希崇率兄弟十七人歸朝，皆為美官。 景以鎬為潭帥。 會朗州眾亂，推衙將劉言為留後，言以行逢為都指揮使。 行逢以眾情表於景，請授言節鉞，景不從。 召言入金陵，言懼，遣副使王進逵、行軍何景真與行逢帥舟師襲破潭州，鎬遁去，行逢等據其城。 言遣使上言長沙兵亂，焚燒公府，請移治朗州。 周祖即以言為朗帥，王進逵為潭帥，行逢為潭州行軍司馬、領集州刺史。 未幾，進逵寇朗州，害劉言，周祖即以進逵為朗州節度，以行逢領鄂州節度、知潭州軍府事。 初，朗州人謂劉言為「劉咬牙」，馬氏將亂，湘中童謠云：「馬去不用鞭咬牙過今年。」 及邊鎬俘馬氏，鎬為劉言所逐，而言亦被害。
Zhou Xingfeng of Hunan came from Wuling in Lang Prefecture. As a young man he was a wastrel who paid no heed to honest livelihood. After a conviction he was conscripted into the frontier garrison, and his fighting prowess won him repeated promotions to adjutant rank. From Tang Qianning year 2 onward the Ma clan controlled all twenty Hunan prefectures; they observed the imperial calendar in name, but every prefect and official was their own appointment. Early in Zhou Guangshun the Ma brothers fell into civil war and called on Li Jing of Jiangnan, who sent his general Bian Hao south. Bian seized Changsha, relocated the Ma family to Jiankang, made Xi'e King of Chu at Hongzhou, and posted Xi'chong to Yangzhou after assigning him Shu. At the founding of Song, Xi'chong brought seventeen brothers to court and each was rewarded with a handsome post. Li Jing installed Bian Hao as military governor of Tan Prefecture. Meanwhile Lang Prefecture mutinied and elevated the yamen officer Liu Yan as acting governor; Yan appointed Xingfeng commander-in-chief. Xingfeng petitioned Li Jing on behalf of the army to invest Liu Yan with full authority, but Jing refused. When Li Jing summoned Yan to Jinling, Yan panicked and sent his deputy Wang Jinkui, campaign officer He Jingzhen, and Xingfeng with a river fleet against Tanzhou. Bian Hao fled, and Xingfeng's force occupied the city. Yan reported to the throne that troops had ravaged Changsha and burned the government compound, and asked to move his headquarters to Lang. The Zhou founder confirmed Yan as governor of Lang, Wang Jinkui as governor of Tan, and Xingfeng as Tan's campaign marshal with concurrent appointment as prefect of Jizhou. Soon Wang Jinkui attacked Lang, killed Liu Yan, and was made Lang's military governor; Xingfeng received the Ezhou command and took charge of Tan's military administration. The people of Lang had nicknamed Liu Yan "Liu Gnashing Teeth." As the Ma regime crumbled, a Hunan children's rhyme said, "When the Ma depart you need no whip — Gnashing Teeth will pass this year." Bian Hao had taken the Ma captive, only to be expelled by Liu Yan — and Yan himself was slain in turn.
4
顯德中，世宗將用師淮甸，詔朗州王進逵出師入鄂州界，進逵遣裨將潘叔嗣領兵五千為先鋒。 行及鄂州界，叔嗣乃回戈襲進逵，進逵聞之，倍道先入武陵。 叔嗣攻其城，進逵敗走，為叔嗣所殺，迎行逢為節度。 行逢至，即斬叔嗣以徇。 世宗乃授行逢郎州大都督、武平軍節度、製置武安靜江等州軍事兼侍中，盡有湖南之地。 宋初，加兼中書令。
During Xiande, Emperor Shizong prepared a campaign on the Huai and ordered Wang Jinkui of Lang into Ezhou territory; Jinkui sent adjutant Pan Shusi ahead with five thousand men. At the Ezhou frontier Shusi wheeled about and attacked Jinkui, who forced a rapid march to reach Wuling ahead of him. Shusi stormed the city, routed Jinkui, and killed him, then installed Xingfeng as military governor. Xingfeng arrived and at once executed Shusi before the troops as an example. Shizong appointed Xingfeng great governor of Lang, military governor of Wuping, commissioner over Wu'an, Jingjiang, and related prefectures, and Palace Attendant — giving him the whole of Hunan. Early in the Song he was also made Director of the Secretariat.
5
行逢在鎮，盡心為治，辟署官屬，必取廉介之士。 有女婿求補吏，不許，返給以耒耜，語之曰：「吏所以治民也，汝才不能任職，豈敢私汝以祿邪？ 姑歸墾田以自活。」 其公正多此類。 條教簡約，民皆悅之。 然性多猜忌，左右少有忤意者必置於法，麾下之人重足累息。 有何景山者，為王進逵記室，常狎侮行逢。 及行逢為帥，署景山益陽令，數月，縛投於江。 又館驛巡官鄧洵美與翰林學士李昉同年進士，會昉使行逢，召至傳舍，與話終日。 行逢疑其泄己陰事，黜為易俗場官，潛遣殺之。 由是士流不附。
In his domain Xingfeng governed conscientiously and staffed his administration only with upright, incorruptible men. When a son-in-law asked for an official post he refused and sent him home with plow and hoe, saying, "Office exists to serve the people. You lack the ability — how could I give you a salary out of favoritism? Go back and farm for your living for the time being." Such acts of impartiality were typical of him. His laws were plain and spare, and the people welcomed them. Yet he was deeply suspicious: the slightest offense among his intimates brought legal punishment, and his subordinates lived in constant fear. He Jingshan had served as Wang Jinkui's recorder and habitually treated Xingfeng with disrespect. Once Xingfeng became governor he made Jingshan magistrate of Yiyang, but within months had him bound and thrown into the river. Postal inspector Deng Xunmei and Hanlin academician Li Fang had been jinshi classmates; when Fang visited Xingfeng on mission, Xunmei was called to the guesthouse and they talked all day. Xingfeng suspected he had betrayed confidential matters, demoted him to a minor post at Yisu, and had him assassinated in secret. From then on the educated elite kept their distance.
6
馬氏舊僚有天策府學士徐仲雅，性滑稽，頗恃才倨傲，行逢以為節度判官。 行逢多署溪洞蠻酋為司空、太保，一日謂仲雅曰：「吾奄有湖湘，兵強俗阜，四鄰其懼我乎？」 仲雅曰：「公部內司空滿川，太保遍地，孰敢不懼？」 行逢不悅，擯斥仲雅。 行逢妻潘氏貌醜，性剛狠。 行逢為帥，妻不為屈，不入府署，躬率奴仆耕織以自給，賦調必先期輸送。 行逢止之，不從，曰：「稅，官物也，若主帥自免其家，何以率下？」
A former Ma retainer, Tiancesi academician Xu Zhongya, was witty and rather arrogant about his gifts; Xingfeng appointed him military governor's aide. Xingfeng frequently gave tribal chiefs of the hill country honorary titles as Grandee or Grand Guardian. One day he asked Zhongya, "I hold all the lakes and Xiang region, with strong armies and a thriving populace — do our neighbors fear us?" Zhongya replied, "Within your borders Grandees choke every river and Grand Guardians blanket every field — who would not be afraid?" Xingfeng took offense and dismissed him. Xingfeng's wife Lady Pan was plain of face and stern and unyielding in temperament. Even after he became governor she refused to defer to him or enter his headquarters, led her servants in farming and weaving to support the household, and always paid taxes before they were due. Xingfeng urged her to stop, but she refused, saying, "Taxes belong to the state. If the commander exempts his own family, how can he command others?"
7
建隆三年十月，行逢卒，追封汝南郡王。
In the tenth month of Jianlong 3 Xingfeng died and was posthumously enfeoffed as Prince of Runan.
8
子保權
Son — Baoquan
9
子保權，年十一。 初為武平軍節度副使，太祖授以起復檢校太尉、朗州大都督、武平軍節度。 初，行逢疾且亟，召將校托保權曰：「吾部內凶狠者誅之略盡，唯張文表在焉，吾死，文表必亂。 諸公善佐吾兒，無失土宇，必不得已，當舉族歸朝，無令陷於虎口。」 行逢卒，明年春，文表果自衡州舉兵據潭州，將取朗陵，盡滅周氏。 保權乞師於朝廷，江陵高繼衝亦以其事聞。 上遣中使趙遂齎詔諭文表，而保權之奏繼至。 乃遣山南東道節度慕容延釗為湖南道行營都部署，宣徽南院使李處耘為都監，率淄州刺史尹崇珂、申州刺史聶章、郢州刺史趙重進、判四方館事武懷節、氈毯使張繼勳、染院副使康延澤、內酒坊副使盧懷忠等將步騎往平之，又發安、復等十州兵會於襄陽。 師及江陵，趙遂至潭州，文表已為保權之眾所殺。
His son Baoquan was eleven. He had served as deputy military governor of Wuping; Taizu recalled him from mourning to appoint him acting Grand Commandant, great governor of Lang, and military governor of Wuping. As Xingfeng lay dying he gathered his officers and entrusted Baoquan to them, saying, "I have killed nearly every dangerous man in my ranks except Zhang Wenbiao. When I am gone he will surely rebel. Support my son faithfully and hold our lands. If you truly cannot, bring the whole clan to court — do not let them fall into the tiger's jaws." After Xingfeng's death, the following spring Wenbiao rose from Hengzhou, seized Tanzhou, and marched on Langling intent on wiping out the Zhou house. Baoquan appealed to the court for troops, and Gao Jichong at Jiangling reported the crisis as well. The emperor dispatched palace envoy Zhao Sui with an edict to admonish Wenbiao, even as Baoquan's urgent reports kept arriving. He appointed Shannan East military governor Murong Yanjiao overall commander of the Hunan campaign, with Privy Secretariat commissioner Li Chuyun as supervisor, and sent Yin Chongke of Zi, Nie Zhang of Shen, Zhao Chongjin of Ying, Wu Huaijie, Zhang Jixun, Kang Yanze, Lu Huaizhong, and others with infantry and cavalry to suppress the revolt, while ten prefectures including An and Fu converged their forces at Xiangyang. By the time the army reached Jiangling and Zhao Sui reached Tanzhou, Baoquan's forces had already killed Wenbiao.
10
保權牙校張從富輩，以為文表已平而王師繼進不已，懼為襲取，相與拒守。 延釗令閣門使丁德裕先路安撫。 及至城下，從富輩拒而不納，盡撤部內橋梁，沉舫伐樹塞路。 德裕以不奉詔不敢與戰，退軍以須朝旨。 延釗以聞，太祖遣中使諭保權及將校曰：「爾本請師救援，故發大軍以拯爾難。 今妖孽既殄，是有大造於爾輩，反拒王師何也？ 無自取塗炭，重擾生聚。」 何權出軍於澧州南，未及交鋒，望風而潰。 復還朗州，焚廬舍廩庫皆盡，驅略居人奔竄山谷，城郭為之一空。 王師長驅而南，獲從富於西山下，梟首朗市。 其大將汪端劫保權並家屬，棄城亡匿山洞，王師至數月，獲保權。 武懷節分兵克岳州，端擁保權眾寇略，未幾亦就擒，礫於市，湖湘悉平。
Baoquan's officers Zhang Congfu and others, believing Wenbiao was crushed yet the imperial army still advancing, feared annexation and banded together to resist. Yanjiao sent Gatekeeper Commissioner Ding Deyu ahead to offer reassurance. At the walls Congfu's party refused him entry, tore down every bridge in the district, sank boats, and felled trees to block the roads. Lacking orders to fight, Deyu dared not engage and withdrew to await imperial command. Yanjiao reported upward, and Taizu sent a palace envoy to tell Baoquan and his officers, "You yourselves asked for rescue, and we sent a great army to deliver you. The rebel is destroyed and we have done you a great kindness — why do you now bar the imperial army? Do not invite destruction upon yourselves and bring fresh misery to the people." He Quan marched out south of Li Prefecture, but his force scattered at the first sight of the imperial army without even fighting. They fell back on Lang, burned every dwelling and granary, drove the populace into the hills, and left the city a wasteland. The imperial army drove south, took Congfu at the western hills, and exposed his head in Lang's market. General Wang Duan seized Baoquan and his family, abandoned the city, and hid in the mountains; months after the imperial army arrived they recovered Baoquan. Wu Huaijie detached a force that took Yuezhou; Duan led Baoquan's remnant in raids but was soon captured and executed by dismemberment in the market, and all of Huguang and Hunan was pacified.
11
附李觀象
Appended biography — Li Guanxiang
12
李觀象，桂州臨桂人。 行逢署為掌書記。 行逢性殘忍，多誅殺。 觀象懼及禍，清苦自勵，以求知遇，帳幃、寢衣悉以紙為之。 行逢頗加信任，軍府之政一皆取決。
Li Guanxiang came from Lingui in Gui Prefecture. Xingfeng appointed him chief secretary. Xingfeng was cruel by nature and put many to death. Fearing for his life, Guanxiang lived in deliberate austerity to win trust — even his curtains and bedding were made of paper. Xingfeng came to rely on him heavily, and every matter of the military government passed through his hands.
13
觀象涉經史，有文辭，忌才怙寵，湖南士人多為所排擯。 行逢臨終托以後事，令其子保權善待之。 及張文表難作，王師壓境，觀象謂保權曰：「我所恃者北有荊渚，以為唇齒，今高氏拱手聽命，朗州勢不獨全，莫若幅巾歸朝，則不失富貴。」 保權幼懦，不能用其言。 及湖湘平，太祖聞觀象嘗為保權畫謀，以為左補闕。
Guanxiang was learned in the classics and histories and wrote well, but he envied talent and abused his influence, driving out many Hunan scholars. On his deathbed Xingfeng entrusted affairs to him and told his son Baoquan to treat him kindly. When Wenbiao rebelled and the imperial army approached, Guanxiang told Baoquan, "I counted on Jingchu to the north as our ally, but the Gao have already submitted. Lang cannot stand alone — better go to court in plain dress and keep your wealth and rank." Young and timid, Baoquan would not heed him. After Huguang and Hunan were pacified, Taizu learned Guanxiang had advised Baoquan and appointed him Left Remonstrator.
14
附張文表
Appended biography — Zhang Wenbiao
15
張文表，朗州武陵人。 從王進逵、周行逢舉兵逐邊鎬，行逢署文表衡州刺史，頗心忌之，常欲誅文表，未有以發。 及行逢卒，保權遣兵代永州戍卒，路出衡陽，文表遂驅之以襲潭州。 時行軍司馬廖簡知留後，素輕文表，不為之備。 方宴飲，外報文表兵至，簡殊不以介意，謂四坐曰：「此黃口小兒，至則成擒，何足患也？」 飲啖如故。 俄文表率眾徑入府中，簡醉不能彀弓弩，但按膝叱之，文表遂害簡及坐客十餘人。 保權遣其將楊師璠悉眾以禦文表，保權泣謂眾曰：「先君可謂知人矣。 今墳土未幹，文表構逆，軍府安危，在此一舉，諸公勉之！」 眾皆感憤，遂破其眾於平津亭，擒文表臠而食之。
Zhang Wenbiao came from Wuling in Lang Prefecture. He had followed Wang Jinkui and Zhou Xingfeng in driving out Bian Hao; Xingfeng made him prefect of Heng but deeply mistrusted him and long wished to kill him without finding occasion. After Xingfeng's death Baoquan sent troops to relieve the Yongzhou garrison; passing through Hengyang, Wenbiao turned them against Tanzhou. Campaign marshal Liao Jian was acting governor; he had always despised Wenbiao and made no preparations. He was feasting when word came that Wenbiao's army had arrived. Jian scarcely cared and told the company, "This beardless boy will be taken the moment he shows himself — what is there to fear?" He continued eating and drinking as before. Soon Wenbiao burst into the headquarters. Too drunk to string his bow, Jian could only slap his knee and shout — whereupon Wenbiao killed him and more than ten guests. Baoquan sent general Yang Shibao with the full army against Wenbiao and wept before the troops, saying, "My father truly knew men. His grave is still fresh and Wenbiao rebels — the fate of our command rests on this battle. Do your utmost!" The army was roused to fury, routed Wenbiao at Pingjin Pavilion, captured him, and dismembered his body for food.
16
初，文表將攻長沙，猶豫未決，有小校夢文表龍出領下，明日以告，文表喜曰：「天命也。」 及敗，梟首於朗陵市。
Before attacking Changsha Wenbiao had hesitated until a junior officer dreamed a dragon emerged from his collar. When told, Wenbiao exclaimed, "Heaven's mandate!" Defeated, his head was displayed in Langling's market.
17
荊南高氏高保融
The Gao of Jingnan — Gao Baorong
18
荊南高保融字德長，其先陝州峽石人。 祖季興，唐末為荊南節度，曆梁、後唐封南平王，卒。 子從誨嗣，至太傅、中書令，《五代史》有傳。
Gao Baorong of Jingnan, styled Decheng, traced his ancestry to Xiashi in Shan Prefecture. His grandfather Jixing had been Jingnan military governor at the end of Tang, served through Liang and Later Tang as King of Nanping, and died in office. His son Conghui succeeded him, rose to Grand Tutor and Director of the Secretariat, and has a biography in the History of the Five Dynasties.
19
保融性迂闊淹緩，禦兵治民，一時術略政事，悉委於母弟保勖焉。 子繼沖、繼充，繼充至歸州刺史。
Baorong was slow and unworldly; he left all military and civil strategy to his uterine younger brother Baoxu. He had two sons, Jichong and Jichong; the second rose to prefect of Gui Prefecture.
20
弟保勖
Younger brother — Baoxu
21
保勖幼多病，體貌臞瘠，淫泆無度。 日召娼妓集府署，擇士卒壯健者令恣調謔，保勖與姬妾垂簾共觀，以為娛樂。 又好營造台榭，窮極土木之工，軍民咸怨。 政事不治，從事孫光憲切諫不聽。 三年十一月，卒，年三十九。 廢朝二日，贈侍中，遣禦廚使李光睿賻祭。
Baoxu had been sickly since youth, was gaunt of frame, and dissolute beyond measure. Each day he gathered prostitutes in the headquarters, paired them with the sturdiest soldiers for ribald sport, and watched with his concubines from behind a curtain for amusement. He also loved building pavilions and towers to the utmost extravagance, earning the resentment of army and people alike. He neglected government; staff officer Sun Guangxian remonstrated earnestly but was ignored. In the eleventh month of year 3 he died at thirty-nine. The court mourned for two days; he was posthumously made Palace Attendant, and Imperial Kitchen Commissioner Li Guangrui was sent with funeral gifts and offerings.
22
初，保勖在保抱，從誨獨鍾愛，故或盛怒，見之必釋然而笑，荊人目為「萬事休」。 及保勖之立，藩政離弱，卒裁數月遂失國，亦預兆也。
Early on, while Baoxu was still an infant in arms, Conghui doted on him alone; even in fits of rage, Conghui would soften and smile at the sight of him, and the people of Jing nicknamed the child "All Affairs at Rest." When Baoxu succeeded to rule, the fief's government was already weak and divided; he lost the realm within a few months — an omen, in retrospect.
23
子繼沖
Son: Jichong
24
繼沖字讚平，保融長子也。 周顯德六年，以蔭檢校司空，為荊州節度副使。 建隆三年，保勖寢疾，以繼沖為節度副使，權知軍府。 保勖卒，四年正月，製授繼沖為檢校太保、江陵尹、荊南節度。
Jichong, whose courtesy name was Zanping, was Baorong's eldest son. In the sixth year of Later Zhou's Xiande era, he received the acting rank of Grandee of Splendid Happiness by inherited privilege and was appointed deputy military governor of Jingzhou. In the third year of Jianlong, as Baoxu lay gravely ill, he made Jichong his deputy military governor and gave him provisional charge of the military government. After Baoxu died, in the first month of the fourth year the throne appointed Jichong acting Grand Guardian, Prefect of Jiangling, and military governor of Jingnan.
25
時湖南張文表叛，周保權求救於朝廷，詔江陵發水軍三千人赴潭州，繼沖即遣親校李景威將之而往。 二月，慕容延釗、李處耘等率眾至，繼沖以牛酒犒師，開門納延釗等。 即遣客將王昭濟、蕭仁楷奉表納土。 太祖令禦廚使郜嶽持詔安撫，樞密承旨王仁贍為荊南都巡檢使，仍令齎衣服、玉帶、器幣、鞍勒馬以賜繼沖。 授繼沖馬步都指揮使，梁延嗣為復州防禦使，節度判官孫光憲為黃州刺史，右都押衙孫仲文為武勝軍節度副使，知進奏鄭景玫為右驍衛將軍，王昭濟左領軍衛將軍，蕭仁楷供奉官。 繼沖籍管內芻糧錢帛之數來上，又獻錢五萬貫、絹五千匹、布五萬匹，復遣支使王崇範詣闕貢金器五百兩、銀器五千兩、錦綺二百段、龍腦香十斤、錦繡帷幕二百事。 三月，詔鞍轡庫使翟光裔齎官告、旌節賜繼沖，並存問參佐官吏等； 又以保融兄弟、諸父江陵少尹保紳為衛尉卿，節院使保寅為將作監、充內作坊使，左衙都將保緒為鴻臚少卿，右衙都將保節為司農少卿，合州刺史從翊為右衛將軍，衙將保遜為左監門衛將軍，巴州刺史保衡為歸州刺史，知峽州事保膺為本州刺史，衙將從詵為右衙率府率，從讓為左清道率府率，從謙為左司禦率府率； 又以王崇範為節度判官，高若拙觀察判官，梁守彬江陵少尹，韋仲宣掌書記，胡允修節度推官，州縣官悉仍舊，別賜管內符印。 五月，保紳等來朝，各賜京城第一區。 六月，命王仁贍兼知軍府事。
At that time Zhang Wenbiao rebelled in Hunan, and Zhou Baoquan appealed to the court for help. An edict ordered Jiangling to send three thousand naval troops to Tanzhou, and Jichong at once dispatched his trusted officer Li Jingwei to lead them there. In the second month Murong Yanjiao, Li Chuyun, and the others arrived with their army; Jichong welcomed the troops with cattle and wine, opened the gates, and admitted Yanjiao and his men. He immediately sent guest officers Wang Zhaoji and Xiao Renkai to submit a memorial offering up the realm. The Founding Emperor ordered Imperial Kitchen Commissioner Gao Yue to carry a reassuring edict, appointed Privy Council drafter Wang Renshan chief circuit inspector of Jingnan, and also sent robes, jade belts, ritual vessels, and saddled horses as gifts for Jichong. Jichong was made commander-in-chief of infantry and cavalry; Liang Yansi became defense commissioner of Fu; circuit judge Sun Guangxian was appointed prefect of Huangzhou; right chief adjutant Sun Zhongwen became deputy military governor of Wusheng Army; memorial director Zheng Jingmei was made a general of the Right Brave Guards; Wang Zhaoji a general of the Left Army Guard; and Xiao Renkai a palace attendant officer. Jichong submitted a register of the fodder, grain, cash, and textiles under his jurisdiction, also sent fifty thousand strings of cash, five thousand bolts of silk, and fifty thousand bolts of cloth, and dispatched Wang Chongfan to court with five hundred liang of gold vessels, five thousand liang of silver vessels, two hundred lengths of brocade, ten jin of borneol, and two hundred brocade curtain sets. In the third month the throne ordered Saddlery Storehouse Commissioner Zhai Guangyi to bring Jichong his commission and banner-and-tally insignia, and to inquire after his staff and officials; Baorong's brothers and paternal uncles were also promoted: Jiangling vice prefect Baoshen became Minister of the Court of Imperial Entertainments; garrison commissioner Baoyin became Director of Palace Construction and head of the inner workshops; left gate chief Baoxu became Vice Minister of the Court for Diplomatic Relations; right gate chief Baojie became Vice Minister of the Court of the National Granaries; Hezhou prefect Congyi a general of the Right Guard; gate officer Baoxun a general of the Left Gate Guard; Bazhou prefect Baoheng prefect of Gui; acting Xiazhou prefect Baoying prefect of Xia; gate officer Congshen colonel of the Right Palace Guard; Congrang colonel of the Left Clear Way Guard; and Congqian colonel of the Left Imperial Guard; Wang Chongfan was also made circuit judge, Gao Ruozhuo observation judge, Liang Shoubin Jiangling vice prefect, Wei Zhongxuan chief secretary, and Hu Yunxiu circuit investigating officer; prefectural and county officials kept their posts, and new seals for the jurisdiction were granted separately. In the fifth month Baoshen and the others arrived at court, and each received a premier residence in the capital. In the sixth month Wang Renshan was also given charge of the military government.
26
會是歲將郊祀，表求入覲，可之。 十月，至闕下，獻金銀器、錦帛、寶裝弓劍、繡旗幟、象牙、玉鞍勒等，賜賚甚厚。 郊禋畢，授繼沖徐州大都督府長史、武寧軍節度使、徐宿觀察使。 繼沖鎮彭門幾十年，委政僚佐，部內亦治。 開寶六年，卒，年三十一。 廢朝二日，贈侍中，遣中使護喪，葬事官給。
That year, as the suburban sacrifice drew near, he submitted a memorial asking to attend court, and permission was granted. In the tenth month he reached the capital and presented gold and silver vessels, brocade, jeweled bows and swords, embroidered banners, ivory, and jade saddles and bridles; the gifts he received in return were exceedingly generous. After the suburban rites were completed, Jichong was appointed chief secretary of Xuzhou chief commandery, military governor of Wuning, and observation commissioner of Xuzhou and Suzhou. Jichong governed Peng Gate for nearly ten years, leaving administration to his staff, yet his jurisdiction remained well governed. In the sixth year of Kaibao he died at the age of thirty-one. The court mourned for two days; he was posthumously made Palace Attendant; a palace envoy was sent to oversee the funeral; and the state paid the burial costs.
27
自高季興據有荊南、歸峽之地，傳襲三世五帥，凡四十餘年。
From the time Gao Jixing seized Jingnan and the Gui and Xia region, the realm passed through three generations and five rulers over more than forty years.
28
弟保寅
Younger brother: Baoyin
29
保寅字齊巽。 晉天福七年，以蔭授太子舍人，賜緋，累加檢校司空。 兄保融襲封，奏署節院使，賜金紫。 宋興，保勖既襲封，遣保寅入覲，太祖召對便殿，授掌書記遣還。 保寅語保勖曰：「真主出世，天將混一區宇，兄宜首率諸國奉土歸朝，無為他人取富貴資。」 保勖不聽。
Baoyin, whose courtesy name was Qixun. In the seventh year of Later Jin's Tianfu era he received the post of Attendant of the Heir Apparent by inherited privilege, was granted scarlet robes, and rose by stages to acting Grandee of Splendid Happiness. When his elder brother Baorong succeeded to the fief, he had Baoyin appointed garrison commissioner and granted him gold seal and purple robe. When the Song dynasty began, after Baoxu succeeded to the fief he sent Baoyin to court; the Founding Emperor received him in the informal palace hall, appointed him chief secretary, and sent him home. Baoyin told Baoxu, "A true sovereign has arisen, and Heaven will soon unite the realm. Brother, you should be first among the regional rulers to surrender your lands and submit to the court — do not let someone else win the credit and rewards." Baoxu refused to listen.
30
王師討武陵，道出荊渚，保寅奉牛酒迎犒軍鋒。 太祖嘉之，驛召赴闕，授將作監，充內作坊使，賜第一區。 俄知宿州。 乾德四年，丁外艱，起復，轉少府監。 開寶五年，知懷州，曆司農、衛尉二卿。 是州本隸河陽，時趙普為帥，與保寅素有隙，事多抑製，保寅心不能平，手疏請罷支郡之制，詔從之。 又為西川諸州都巡檢使，改光祿卿，曆知同、汝二州，改光化軍。 卒，年六十八。 廢朝，賻錢十萬。
When the imperial army marched against Wuling and passed through the Jing region, Baoyin greeted the vanguard with cattle and wine. The Founding Emperor praised his conduct, summoned him posthaste to court, made him Director of Palace Construction and head of the inner workshops, and granted him a premier residence. He was soon appointed prefect of Suzhou. In the fourth year of Qiande, after his father's death, he was recalled from mourning before the mourning period ended and promoted to Director of the Palace Handicrafts. In the fifth year of Kaibao he became prefect of Huaizhou, and later served as minister of both the Court of the National Granaries and the Court of Imperial Entertainments. That prefecture had originally been subordinate to Heyang, whose commander was Zhao Pu; he and Baoyin had long been at odds, and Zhao Pu obstructed him at every turn. Unable to endure it, Baoyin submitted a handwritten memorial asking that subordinate prefectures be abolished, and the throne agreed. He also served as chief circuit inspector of the western Sichuan prefectures, was made Minister of the Court of Imperial Sacrifices, governed Tong and Ru in succession, and was finally transferred to Guanghua Army. He died at the age of sixty-eight. The court mourned his death and granted one hundred thousand cash in funeral gifts.
31
初，保寅在懷州，蘇易簡、王欽若並妙年始趨學； 在同州，錢若水為從事； 在光化軍，張士遜其邑人也。 保寅一見皆獎拔，許以遠大，議者多其知人。
Early on, while Baoyin was at Huaizhou, Su Yijian and Wang Qinruo were both young men just setting out on their studies; at Tongzhou, Qian Ruoshui served on his staff; and at Guanghua Army, Zhang Shixun was a native of the district. Baoyin encouraged and promoted each of them at first meeting, assuring them of bright futures, and many praised his eye for talent.
32
子輔政、輔之、輔堯、輔國，並進士及第。 輔政至秘書丞，輔之至太常丞。
His sons Fuzheng, Fuzhi, Fuyao, and Fuguo all passed the jinshi examination. Fuzheng rose to Secretary of the Palace Library, and Fuzhi to Secretary of the Court of Imperial Sacrifices.
33
附孫光憲
Appendix: Sun Guangxian
34
孫光憲字孟文，陵州貴平人。 世業農畝，惟光憲少好學。 遊荊渚，高從誨見而重之，署為從事。 曆保融及繼沖三世皆在幕府，累官至檢校秘書監兼御史大夫，賜金紫。 慕容延釗等救朗州之亂，假道荊南，繼沖開門納延釗，光憲乃勸繼沖獻三州之地。 太祖聞之甚悅，授光憲黃州刺史，賜賚加等。 在郡亦有治聲。 乾德六年，卒。 時宰相有薦光憲為學士者，未及召，會卒。
Sun Guangxian, whose courtesy name was Mengwen, was a native of Guiping in Ling Prefecture. For generations the family had farmed the land; only Guangxian loved learning from boyhood. While traveling in the Jing region he impressed Gao Conghui, who took him on as a staff officer. He served in the staff offices of Baorong and Jichong through three generations, rose to acting Director of the Palace Library and concurrent Censor-in-Chief, and was granted gold seal and purple robe. When Murong Yanjiao and the others marched to suppress the Langzhou rebellion and sought passage through Jingnan, Jichong opened the gates to Yanjiao; Guangxian then urged him to surrender the three prefectures. The Founding Emperor was greatly pleased to hear of it, appointed Guangxian prefect of Huangzhou, and rewarded him with especially generous gifts. In his prefecture, too, he won a reputation for good governance. He died in the sixth year of Qiande. At the time a chief councillor had recommended him for appointment as a Hanlin academician, but before the summons could be issued, he died.
35
光憲博通經史，尤勤學，聚書數千卷，或自抄寫，孜孜讎校，老而不廢。 好著撰，自號葆光子，所著《荊台集》三十卷，《鞏湖編玩》三卷，《筆傭集》三卷，《橘齋集》二卷，《北夢瑣言》三十卷，《蠶書》二卷。 又撰《續通曆》，紀事頗失實，太平興國初，詔毀之。 子謂、讜，並進士及第。
Guangxian was deeply learned in the classics and histories and devoted to study; he amassed several thousand scrolls, sometimes copying them by hand, and collated texts with tireless care well into old age. He loved to write and styled himself Master Baoguang; his works included the Jingtai Collection in thirty scrolls, the Gonghu Leisurely Collection in three scrolls, the Brush Hireling Collection in three scrolls, the Orange Studio Collection in two scrolls, Idle Talk of Northern Dreams in thirty scrolls, and the Book of Silkworms in two scrolls. He also wrote the Continuation of the Comprehensive Calendar, which recorded events with considerable inaccuracy; in the early Taiping Xingguo era the throne ordered it destroyed. His sons Wei and Dang both passed the jinshi examination.
36
附梁延嗣
Appendix: Liang Yansi
37
梁延嗣，京兆長安人。 少事高季興，頗見委任。 表授檢校司空、領綿州刺史，充衙內馬步軍都指揮使。 曆事四帥，人稱其忠藎。 繼沖之納士也，延嗣亦嘗勸之。 復率荊之水軍從慕容延釗越戰，太祖嘉之，授復州防禦使，充湖南前軍步軍都指揮使兼排陣使。 事因郊禮，自復州入朝，太祖慰撫之曰：「使高氏不失富貴，爾之力也。」 改濠州防禦使，有善政，詔書褒美。
Liang Yansi was a native of Chang'an in Jingzhao. From youth he served Gao Jixing and won considerable trust. By imperial appointment he received the acting rank of Grandee of Splendid Happiness, served concurrently as prefect of Mianzhou, and was made commander-in-chief of the inner gate infantry and cavalry. He served four rulers, and people praised his loyal devotion. When Jichong surrendered the realm, Yansi had also urged him to do so. He again led Jingnan's naval forces to join Murong Yanjiao in the campaign; the Founding Emperor praised him, made him defense commissioner of Fu, and appointed him commander of the Hunan vanguard infantry and battle array commissioner. On the occasion of the suburban rites he came to court from Fu, and the Founding Emperor comforted him, saying, "It is thanks to you that the Gao clan kept their wealth and rank." He was transferred to defense commissioner of Hao, governed well, and received an edict of praise.
38
延嗣頗知書，好接士。 嘗暴疾，禳於城隍神，是夕，夢神人告以九九之數，俄疾愈。 開寶九年，卒，年八十一。
Yansi was well read and enjoyed the company of scholars. He once fell suddenly and gravely ill and prayed for healing at the City God temple; that night he dreamed that a spirit told him the number ninety-nine, and soon he recovered. He died in the ninth year of Kaibao at the age of eighty-one.
39
漳泉留氏留從效
Zhang and Quan: the Liu clan — Liu Congxiao
40
漳泉留從效，泉州永春人。 幼孤，事母兄以孝悌聞。 頗知書，好兵法。
Liu Congxiao of Zhang and Quan was a native of Yongchun in Quan Prefecture. Orphaned young, he was known for filial devotion to his mother and respect for his elder brother. He was well read and fond of military strategy.
41
唐末，王審知據有福建之地，子延鈞，後唐長興中僭稱帝，國號閩，都福州，為其下所殺，立審知次子延羲。 晉天福末，部將朱文進殺延羲據其位，署其黨黃紹頗為泉州刺史，程贇為漳州刺史，許文稹為汀州刺史。 時審知子延政為建州刺史，亦僭稱帝。
At the end of Tang, Wang Shenzhi seized Fujian; his son Yanjun arrogated the imperial title in the Changxing era of Later Tang, naming his state Min and making Fuzhou its capital, until his subordinates killed him and installed Shenzhi's second son Yanxi. At the end of Later Jin's Tianfu era, the subordinate general Zhu Wenjin killed Yanxi and seized power, appointing his ally Huang Shaopo prefect of Quan, Cheng Yun prefect of Zhang, and Xu Wenzhen prefect of Ting. At the time Shenzhi's son Yanzheng was prefect of Jian and also declared himself emperor.
42
泉人念王氏失國，群逆分據，時從效為泉州散指揮使，與其黨王忠順、董思安及所親蘇光誨相與圖議，興復王氏。 從效倡言：「吾等皆受王氏恩遇，今王氏子孫未復位而不思報，可謂忠義乎？ 聞建州士卒謀盡力擊福州以復王氏，苟一旦功先成，王氏復位，我輩何麵見之邪？」 於是忠順、思安置酒從效家，募敢死士，得陳洪進等五十二人，夜持白梃逾城而入，劫庫兵，擒紹頗斬之。 立延政從子繼勳為刺史，從效等三人自署為統帥，洪進等皆為指揮使。 繼勳令送紹頗首於建州，奉延政為主。
The people of Quan, grieving the Wang clan's fall and the rebels' partition of the land, found in Congxiao, then a miscellaneous commander at Quan, a leader; with his associates Wang Zhongshun and Dong Si'an and his confidant Su Guanghui, he plotted to restore the Wang house. Congxiao declared, "We have all benefited from the Wang clan's favor; now that Wang's descendants have not yet been restored, can we fail to repay them and still call ourselves loyal? I hear the troops of Jian plan to throw everything into an attack on Fuzhou to restore the Wang house; if they succeed first and the Wangs return to power, how shall we ever face them?" Thereupon Zhongshun and Si'an held a feast at Congxiao's house, recruited dare-to-die men, and gathered fifty-two followers including Chen Hongjin; that night they scaled the walls with white clubs, seized the armory, captured Shaopo, and executed him. They installed Yanzheng's nephew Jixun as prefect; Congxiao and his two companions declared themselves commanders-in-chief, and Hongjin and the others were made military commanders. Jixun sent Shaopo's head to Jian and acknowledged Yanzheng as his leader.
43
延政遂送款於江南李景。 文進率眾攻泉州，為從效所敗。 會景遣將討王氏之亂，圍福州，兩浙錢氏發兵來援。 景將但克汀、建而歸，福州入於錢氏。 從效以兵劫繼勳送江南，自領漳、泉二州留後，李景即建泉州為清源軍，授從效節度、泉漳等州觀察使。 閩中五州自此分矣。 景累授從效同平章事兼侍中、中書令，封鄂國公、晉江王。
Yanzheng then submitted to Li Jing of Jiangnan. Wenjin marched on Quan with an army but was defeated by Congxiao. About then Li Jing sent a general to suppress the Wang uprising and besieged Fuzhou, while the Qian clan of the Two Zhes sent troops to its relief. Li Jing's general took only Ting and Jian and withdrew, and Fuzhou fell to the Qian clan. Congxiao seized Jixun by force and sent him to Jiangnan, then took charge of Zhang and Quan as acting governor; Li Jing established Quan as Qingyuan Army and appointed Congxiao military governor and observation commissioner of Quan, Zhang, and the surrounding prefectures. From that point the five prefectures of Min were divided among separate rulers. Li Jing repeatedly promoted Congxiao to concurrent Grand Councillor, Palace Attendant, and Director of the Secretariat, enfeoffing him as Duke of E and King of Jinjiang.
44
從效出自寒微，知人疾苦，在郡專以勤儉養民為務，常衣布素，置公服於中門之側，出則衣之。 每言我素貧賤，不可忘本。 民甚愛之，部內安治。 王氏有二女嫁為郡人妻，從效奉之甚謹，資給豐厚。 每歲取進士、明經，謂之「秋堂」。
Congxiao came from humble origins and understood the people's hardships; in office he devoted himself to governing through diligence and frugality, usually wearing plain cloth and keeping his official robes by the middle gate to put on only when he went out. He often said, "I was poor and obscure; one must never forget where one came from." The people loved him dearly, and his jurisdiction enjoyed peace and good order. Two daughters of the Wang clan had married local men; Congxiao treated them with great respect and provided for them generously. Each year he held examinations for jinshi and mingjing candidates, calling the event the "Autumn Hall."
45
世宗征淮南，李景以兵十萬保紫金山。 從效累表於景，言其頓兵老師，形勢非便。 既而果敗，江北之地盡入於中朝。 從效遣衙將蔡仲贇等為商人，以帛書表置革帶中，自鄂路送款內附。 又遣別駕黃禹錫間道奉表，以獬豸通犀帶、龍腦香數十斤為貢。 世宗錫詔書嘉納之。 從效又乞置邸京師，世宗以其素附江南，慮其非便，不許。
When Emperor Shizong campaigned against Huainan, Li Jing defended Purple Gold Mountain with an army of one hundred thousand men. Congxiao repeatedly memorialized Li Jing, warning that prolonged encampment was exhausting the army and that the strategic situation was unfavorable. They were soon defeated as he had warned, and all territory north of the Yangtze passed into the hands of the central dynasty. Congxiao sent his yamen generals Cai Zhongyun and others disguised as merchants, with a memorial written on silk hidden inside a leather belt, and by way of Ezhou offered his submission to the central court. He also sent his vice-prefect Huang Yuxi by a hidden route with a memorial, presenting as tribute a rhinoceros-horn belt patterned with the xiezhi motif and several dozen jin of borneol camphor. Emperor Shizong issued an edict praising and accepting his overture. Congxiao also asked permission to maintain a residence in the capital, but Shizong, mindful that he had long been tied to Jiangnan, judged it inadvisable and refused.
46
宋初，從效遂上表稱藩，貢奉不絕。 會李景遷洪州，從效疑景討己，頗懼，遣其從子紹錤齎厚幣獻景，又遣使假道吳越入貢。 太祖特命使厚賜以撫之，使未至，從效疽發背卒，年五十七。 偽贈太尉、靈州大都督。
At the founding of the Song, Congxiao formally submitted a memorial acknowledging vassal status, and tribute never ceased. When Li Jing moved his court to Hongzhou, Congxiao feared an attack and grew deeply alarmed. He sent his nephew Shaoyu with rich gifts to placate Jing, and also dispatched envoys to seek passage through Wuyue in order to present tribute. Taizu specially sent an envoy bearing lavish gifts to reassure him, but before the envoy arrived Congxiao died of a back abscess at the age of fifty-seven. The Southern Tang regime posthumously ennobled him as Grand General and Grand Governor of Lingzhou.
47
從效無嗣，以兄從願之子紹錤、紹糸茲為子。 從效寢疾時，從願守漳州，紹錤在金陵，紹鎡尚幼。 衙校張漢思、陳洪進等率兵劫從效遷東亭，漢思自稱留後，洪進為副使，時建隆三年也。 明年，洪進又廢漢思而自立。
Congxiao had no heirs, so he adopted as sons his elder brother Congyuan's sons Shaoyu and Shaozhen. While Congxiao lay ill, Congyuan was holding Zhangzhou, Shaoyu was in Jinling, and Shaozhen was still a child. Yamen officers Zhang Han'en and Chen Hongjin and others seized Congxiao at swordpoint and moved him to Dongting. Han'en declared himself acting military commissioner and made Hongjin his deputy—this was in the third year of Jianlong. The next year Hongjin deposed Han'en and seized power for himself.
48
從效再從弟仁譓，淳化中為泗州長史，有清節，官散奉薄，雖藜藿不充，未嘗妄幹人。 太宗聞之，召赴闕，特遷揚州觀察支使。 大中祥符七年，從效孫丕式詣闕上從效所受太祖朝制書，授三班借職。
Congxiao's second cousin once removed, Renhui, served as chief secretary of Sizhou during the Chunhua era. A man of spotless integrity, he lived on a meager salary; even when wild greens scarcely filled his bowl, he never importuned anyone for favor. When Taizong heard of this, he summoned Renhui to court and specially promoted him to branch commissioner of the Yangzhou observation commission. In the seventh year of Dazhong Xiangfu, Congxiao's grandson Pishi came to court and presented the commission documents Congxiao had received under Taizu; he was granted the acting rank of third-class attendant.
49
漳泉陳氏陳洪進
The Chen Clan of Zhangzhou and Quanzhou — Chen Hongjin
50
陳洪進，泉州仙遊人。 幼有壯節，頗讀書，習兵法。 及長，以材勇聞。 隸兵籍，從攻汀州，先登，補副兵馬使。
Chen Hongjin was a native of Xianyou in Quanzhou. From boyhood he showed a bold spirit, read widely, and studied the art of war. When he came of age, he won renown for his ability and valor. Enrolled in the army rolls, he took part in the assault on Tingzhou, was first over the wall, and was appointed deputy military commissioner.
51
從效卒，少子紹鎡典留務。 月餘，洪進誣紹鎡將召越人以叛，執送江南。 推副使張漢思為留後，自為副使。 漢思年老醇謹，不能治軍務，事皆決於洪進。 漢思諸子並為衙將，頗不平洪進，圖欲害之，漢思亦患其專。 明年夏四月，漢思大享將吏，伏甲於內，將害洪進。 酒數行，地忽大震，棟宇將傾，坐立者不自持。 同謀者以告洪進，洪進亟去，眾驚悸而散。 漢思事不成，慮洪進先發，常嚴兵為備。 洪進子文顯、文顥皆為指揮使，勒所部欲擊漢思，洪進不許。 一日，洪進袖置大鎖，從二子常服安步入府中，直兵數百人，皆叱去之。 漢思方處內齋，洪進即鎖其門，使人叩門謂漢思曰：「郡中軍吏請洪進知留務，眾情不可違，當以印見授。」 漢思惶懼不知所為，即自門間出印與之。 洪進遽召將校吏士告之曰：「漢思昏耄不能為政，授吾印，請吾蒞郡事。」 將吏皆賀。 即日遷漢思別墅，以兵衛送。 遣使請命於李煜，煜以洪進為清源軍節度、泉南等州觀察使。
When Congxiao died, his youngest son Shaozhen assumed charge of the acting commissioner's duties. A little over a month later, Hongjin falsely accused Shaozhen of plotting to summon Wuyue troops in rebellion, seized him, and sent him to Jiangnan. He installed Deputy Commissioner Zhang Han'en as acting commissioner and kept the deputy commission for himself. Han'en was old, honest, and cautious, and incapable of managing military affairs; every decision fell to Hongjin. Han'en's sons, all yamen generals, deeply resented Hongjin and plotted to kill him; Han'en himself also chafed at Hongjin's monopoly of power. In the fourth month of the following summer, Han'en held a grand feast for his officers and officials, with armed men concealed inside, intending to kill Hongjin. After several rounds of wine, the earth suddenly shook with great force; the buildings nearly collapsed, and those seated or standing could scarcely keep their footing. A co-conspirator warned Hongjin, who fled at once; the startled assembly broke up in panic. When the plot failed, Han'en, fearing Hongjin would strike first, kept his troops on constant alert. Hongjin's sons Wen Xian and Wen Hao, both regiment commanders, pressed their troops to attack Han'en, but Hongjin forbade it. One day Hongjin concealed a heavy lock in his sleeve and, accompanied by his two sons in plain dress, walked calmly into the prefectural compound and shouted away several hundred personal guards. Han'en was in his inner study. Hongjin locked the door at once and sent a man to knock and call through it: "The officers and officials of the prefecture ask that Hongjin take charge of the acting commissioner's duties. The will of the multitude cannot be resisted—you must hand over the seal." Terrified and at a loss, Han'en immediately passed the seal out through the gap in the door. Hongjin immediately summoned the officers, officials, and clerks and announced: "Han'en is senile and unfit to govern. He has given me his seal and asked me to take charge of the prefecture." The officers and officials all offered their congratulations. That same day Han'en was moved to a country villa under armed escort. Hongjin sent envoys to seek confirmation from Li Yu, who appointed him military commissioner of the Qingyuan Army and observation commissioner of Quannan and neighboring prefectures.
52
時太祖平澤、潞，下揚州，取荊湖，威振四海。 洪進大懼，遣衙將魏仁濟間道奉表，自稱清源軍節度副使、權知泉南等州軍府事，且言張漢思老耄不能禦眾； 請臣領州事，恭聽朝旨。 太祖遣通事舍人王班齎詔撫諭，又與李煜詔曰：「泉州陳洪進遣使奉表言，為眾所推，因而總領州事，以誠控告，聽命於朝。 觀其傾輸，尤足嘉尚。 但聞泉州昔嘗附麗，尤荷撫綏。 然變詐多端，屢移主帥，恐其地裏遼遠，制禦有所未遑。 朕以書軌大同，恩威遠被，嘉其款附，己降詔書。 蓋矜其遠俗便安，不必以彼此為意，想惟明哲，當體朕懷。」 煜上言：「洪進多詐，首鼠兩端，誠不足聽。」 太祖又詔諭之，煜乃聽命。
By then Taizu had pacified Ze and Lu, taken Yangzhou, and seized Jing and Hu; his prestige resounded across the realm. Hongjin was deeply alarmed. He sent his yamen general Wei Renji by a secret route with a memorial, declaring himself deputy military commissioner of the Qingyuan Army and acting administrator of the military and civil affairs of Quannan and neighboring prefectures, and stating that Zhang Han'en was old and senile and could not command the people. He asked to be allowed to take charge of the prefecture and to await the court's orders with due respect. Taizu sent the palace interpreter Wang Ban with an edict to comfort and instruct him, and also wrote to Li Yu: "Chen Hongjin of Quanzhou has sent envoys with a memorial stating that, pressed forward by the multitude, he has taken overall charge of the prefecture and, in all sincerity, submits himself to the court's command. Judging by his wholehearted submission, this is especially worthy of praise. But we understand that Quanzhou was once under your sway, and we especially count on you to soothe and reassure the region. Yet with so many shifts and deceptions and commanders replaced again and again, we fear that the region, remote and far away, may be beyond your timely control. We, believing that writing and cart-tracks are now unified and that kindness and majesty reach far abroad, commend their sincere submission and have already issued an edict. This is out of concern that distant peoples should find their own ease; there is no need to make an issue of 'yours' and 'ours.' We trust that your wise understanding will grasp our intent." Li Yu submitted a memorial saying: "Hongjin is full of deceit and wavers between two sides like a rat at a fork in the road—he truly does not deserve to be trusted." Taizu issued another edict instructing him, and Li Yu then complied.
53
建隆四年，遣使朝貢。 是冬，又貢白金萬兩，乳香茶藥萬斤。 煜復上言，請寢洪進恩命。 太祖又以諭煜。 乾德二年，製改清源軍為平海軍，授洪進節度、泉漳等州觀察使、檢校太傅，賜號推誠順化功臣，鑄印賜之。 以文顯為節度副使，文顥為漳州刺史。 是年夏，丁家艱，起復。
In the fourth year of Jianlong he sent envoys to court with tribute. That winter he again presented ten thousand taels of white gold and ten thousand jin of frankincense, tea, and medicinal herbs. Li Yu again submitted a memorial asking that Hongjin's appointment and honors be revoked. Taizu again sent instructions to Li Yu on the matter. In the second year of Qiande, by imperial decree the Qingyuan Army was renamed the Pinghai Army. Hongjin was appointed military commissioner and observation commissioner of Quan, Zhang, and neighboring prefectures, with the honorary title of grand mentor, and was granted the title Meritorious Minister of Sincere Submission and Harmonious Transformation; a seal was cast and bestowed upon him. Wen Xian was made deputy military commissioner, and Wen Hao prefect of Zhangzhou. That summer he entered mourning for a death in the family, then was recalled to office before the mourning period had run its course.
54
洪進每歲以修貢朝廷，多厚斂於民，第民貲百萬以上者令差入錢，以為試協律、奉禮郎，蠲其丁役。 及江南平，吳越王來朝，洪進不自安。 遣其子文顥入貢乳香萬斤、象牙三千斤、龍腦香五斤。 太祖因下詔召之，遂入覲。 至南劍州，聞太祖崩，歸鎮發哀。
Each year, to maintain tribute to the court, Hongjin levied heavily on the people. Households with assets above one million were required to pay a discretionary sum and were appointed probationary harmonizing director or court gentleman for ceremonies, exempting them from corvée labor. When Jiangnan was pacified and the King of Wuyue came to court, Hongjin grew uneasy. He sent his son Wen Hao to court with tribute of ten thousand jin of frankincense, three thousand jin of ivory, and five jin of borneol camphor. Taizu thereupon issued an edict summoning him, and he set out for an audience at court. When he reached Nanjian Prefecture he learned that Taizu had died; he returned to his post and proclaimed mourning.
55
太宗即位，加檢校太師。 明年四月，來朝，朝廷遣翰林使程德玄至宿州迎勞。 既至，賜錢千萬、白金萬兩、絹萬匹，禮遇優渥。 又增其食邑，以其子文顥為團練使，文顗、文頊並為刺史。 洪進遂上言曰：「臣聞峻極者山也，在汙壤而不辭； 無私者日也，雖覆盆而必照。 顧惟遐僻，尚隔聲明，願歸益地之圖，輒露由衷之請。 臣所領兩郡，僻在一隅，自浙右未歸，金陵偏霸，臣以崎嶇千里之地，疲散萬餘之兵，望雲就日以雖勤，畏首畏尾之不暇。 遂從間道，遠貢赤誠，願傾事大之心，庶齒附庸之末。 太祖皇帝賜之軍額，授以節旄，俾專達於一方，復延賞於三世。 祖父荷漏泉之澤，子弟享列土之榮。 棨戟在門，龜緺盈室，雖冠列藩之寵，未修肆覲之儀。 暨江表底平，先皇厭世，會嬰犬馬之病，尚阻雲龍之庭。 皇帝陛下欽嗣丕基，誕敷景命，臣遠辭海嶠，入覲天墀，獲親咫尺之顏，疊被便蕃之澤。 六飛遊幸，每奉屬車之塵； 三殿宴嬉，屢挹大樽之味。 旬浹之內，雨露駢臻，至於童男，亦荷殊獎。 恩榮若此，報效何階？ 誌益戀於君軒，心遂忘於坎井。 臣不勝大願，願以所管漳、泉兩郡獻於有司，使區區負海之邦，遂為內地； 蚩蚩生齒之類，得見太平。 伏望聖慈，授臣近地別鎮。 臣男文顯等早膺朝獎，皆忝郡符，牙校賓僚，久經驅策，各希玄造，稍霈鴻私。」 太宗優詔嘉納之。 以洪進為武寧軍節度、同平章事，留京師奉朝請。 諸子皆授以近郡，賜白金萬兩，各令市宅。
When Taizong succeeded to the throne, Hongjin was further granted the honorary title of grand preceptor. In the fourth month of the following year he came to court; the court sent the Hanlin commissioner Cheng Dexuan to Suzhou to welcome and honor him. Upon his arrival he was granted ten million cash, ten thousand taels of white gold, and ten thousand bolts of silk; the honors shown him were exceptionally generous. His fief income was also increased. His son Wen Hao was made regiment training commissioner, and Wen Yi and Wen Xu were both made prefects. Hongjin then submitted a memorial saying: "Your subject has heard that what is loftiest is the mountain—it does not refuse to stand even in foul soil; and what is without partiality is the sun—it must shine even upon an overturned basin. Considering how remote and secluded we are, still cut off from your clarifying renown, I wish to return a map of our territory and hereby lay bare a request from the bottom of my heart. The two prefectures under my command lie secluded in a corner. While Zhejiang had not yet submitted and Jinling maintained its separate hegemony, with a rugged thousand-li territory and more than ten thousand weary, scattered troops, though I strove to look to the clouds and draw near the sun, I had no leisure for anything but fear at every turn. Therefore by hidden routes I brought my loyal devotion from afar, hoping to pour out a heart that serves the greater power and thereby take my place among the least of vassals. Emperor Taizu granted us a military designation, invested us with the commander's banner and staff, enabled us to communicate directly with the court from our region, and extended rewards through three generations. Fathers and grandfathers received the grace of a trickling spring; sons and younger brothers enjoyed the glory of fief lands. Halberds of honor stood at our gate and court robes filled our halls. Though we stood foremost among the favored feudatories, we never performed the ceremony of appearing at court. When the lands south of the Yangtze were finally pacified, the late emperor passed from the world. I happened to fall ill like a loyal hound or horse, and was still barred from the dragon-cloud court. Your Majesty reverently inherited the great foundation and spread abroad the resplendent mandate. Your subject came from afar, leaving the sea cliffs, to attend the celestial steps, obtained close view of your countenance, and repeatedly received abundant favor. On the imperial progress in the six-horse chariot, I each time followed in the dust of the retinue chariots; at banquets in the three halls, I repeatedly tasted from the great wine vessel. Within ten days, imperial favor rained down in pairs; even young boys received special rewards. Favor and glory such as this—by what steps could I repay them? My will ever more clings to the ruler's canopy, and my heart has forgotten the pit of the well. Your subject cannot contain his great wish: I wish to offer the two prefectures of Zhang and Quan under my command to the appropriate offices, so that this humble sea-bound region may become inner territory; and the teeming masses of living folk may behold an age of great peace. I humbly hope for your sacred compassion in granting me a separate post in a nearby region. My sons Wen Xian and the others have long received court rewards and all hold prefectural commissions; their military aides and staff retainers have long served under your command—each hopes for your mysterious creating grace and a share of your vast private favor." Taizong issued a gracious edict commending and accepting the offer. Hongjin was made military commissioner of the Wuning Army and concurrent councilor of the same rank, remaining at the capital to attend court. All his sons were given nearby prefectures, granted ten thousand taels of white gold each, and ordered to purchase residences.
56
明年，從平太原。 六年，封杞國公。 雍熙元年，進封岐國公。 洪進年老，富貴且極，上言求致仕，優詔免其朝請。 二年，以疾卒，年七十二。 廢朝二日，贈中書令，諡曰忠順，中使護喪，葬事官給。
The following year he accompanied the campaign to pacify Taiyuan. In the sixth year he was enfeoffed as Duke of Qi. In the first year of Yongxi he was advanced to Duke of Qí. Hongjin was old and his wealth and rank had reached their apex. He submitted a memorial requesting retirement, and a gracious edict exempted him from required court attendance. In the second year he died of illness at the age of seventy-two. Court business was suspended for two days. He was posthumously made chief director of the Department of State Affairs with the posthumous name Loyal and Obedient; a palace envoy escorted the funeral, and burial expenses were provided by the state.
57
洪進在泉州，日方晝，有蒼鶴翔集內齋前，引吭向洪進。 洪進視之，有魚鯁其喉，即以手探取之，魚猶活，鶴馴擾齋中數日而後去，人皆異之。
While Hongjin was in Quanzhou, in broad daylight a gray crane flew down and settled before his inner study, stretching its neck toward him. Hongjin looked and saw a fish bone lodged in its throat. He reached in with his hand and removed it—the fish was still alive. The crane remained tame in the study for several days before departing, and everyone regarded it as extraordinary.
58
弟銛
Younger Brother — Chen
59
洪進弟銛，初為泉州都指揮使。 開寶四年，授漳州刺史，入貢至宿州，卒。 銛子文璉，供奉官、閣門祗候。
Hongjin's younger brother Chen initially served as overall commander of Quanzhou. In the fourth year of Kaibao he was appointed prefect of Zhangzhou. While proceeding to court with tribute he reached Suzhou and died. Chen's son Wen Lian served as attendant official and gate receptionist.
60
子文顯
Son — Wen Xian
61
文顯字仲達。 洪進領漳、泉節制，署左神機指揮使，遷泉州馬步軍都軍使、右軍押衙。 乾德初，朝命平海軍節度副使，累加檢校太保。 洪進歸朝，授文顯通州團練使、知泉州。 未幾代還。 時太宗征太原，朝於行在。 久之，出為青齊廬壽、西京水南北、陝州四州都巡檢使。
Wen Xian, whose courtesy name was Zhongda. While Hongjin held the Zhang and Quan commands, he made Wen Xian commander of the Left Divine Engines, then promoted him to overall commander of Quanzhou's forces and right-wing yamen adjutant. Early in Qiande the court named him deputy military governor of Pinghai, and he rose by stages to acting Grand Guardian. When Hongjin submitted to court, Wen Xian was made regiment training commissioner of Tong and acting prefect of Quan. He was soon recalled and replaced. When Taizong campaigned against Taiyuan, he presented himself at the imperial camp. After some time he was posted as overall inspector over Qing, Qi, Lu, Shou, the Western Capital waterways, and Shan.
62
文顯與諸弟不睦，咸平初，御史中丞李惟清抗疏曰：「文顯等並分符竹，委以方面，一門榮盛，當世罕儔。 先人之墳土未幹，私室之風規大壞； 弟兄列訟，骨肉為仇，官奉私藏，同居異爨，屢經赦宥，而久積人言。 文顯首起訟湍，當律文尊長之坐，乞置散秩，以警浮俗。」 詔曰：「文顯等頗傷名教，合置邦刑，以其父有忠勳，未忍捐棄，宜賜誡諭，許其改過。 倘無悛革，當正簡書，令御史臺告諭之。」 以疾改通許鎮都監。 六年，卒，年六十五。 子宗憲，曆虞部員外郎，為西京作坊使； 宗元，殿中丞。
Wen Xian quarreled with his brothers. Early in Xianping, Censor-in-Chief Li Weiqing memorialized bluntly: "Wen Xian and his brothers each hold a prefectural command — a family's glory rare in our time. Their father's grave is still fresh, yet the household's moral order lies in ruins; brothers sue one another and kin become enemies; they hoard official salaries, live under one roof but keep separate kitchens, and though repeatedly pardoned, public censure has only grown. Wen Xian began the lawsuits and under statute deserves the penalty for defying an elder. I ask that he be reduced to a nominal post to warn a frivolous age." The edict replied: "Wen Xian and his brothers have gravely offended propriety and deserve state punishment, but their father served loyally and we cannot abandon them — let them be admonished and permitted to reform. If they do not mend their ways, the law will be enforced — let the Censorate deliver this warning." Illness later moved him to overall supervisor of Tongxu garrison. In year 6 he died at sixty-five. His son Zongxian rose to Vice Director in the Ministry of Revenue and workshop commissioner of the Western Capital; Zongyuan became a Palace Secretariat aide.
63
子文顥
Son — Wen Hao
64
文顥，初為泉州右軍散兵馬使、衙內都指揮使。 俄權知漳州，朝命漳州刺史，凡七年，求還泉州，署行軍司馬。
Wen Hao began as scattered cavalry officer of Quanzhou's right wing and overall yamen commander. He soon acted as prefect of Zhang, was confirmed in that post for seven years, then asked to return to Quan and was made campaign marshal.
65
開寶末，江南平，洪進遣第三子文顗入貢，文顗不欲行，乃遣文顥。 至京師，自陳願留以俟父入覲，太祖嘉之。 及洪進歸朝，授文顥房州刺史，會升房州為節鎮，換康州刺史。 端拱初，出知同州，錢若水為從事，文顥深禮之，委以郡政。 咸平初，知耀州，又徙徐州，坐用刑失入，責授左武衛大將軍、知漣水軍。 上念其父納土效順，復以為康州刺史，留京師。
Late in Kaibao, after Jiangnan fell, Hongjin meant to send his third son Wen Yi as tribute envoy, but Wen Yi refused — so Wen Hao went in his place. At court he asked to stay until his father could attend in person; Taizu praised his filial intent. When Hongjin submitted to court, Wen Hao was made prefect of Fang; when Fang became a military commission he was transferred to Kang. Early in Duangong he governed Tong, where Qian Ruoshui served on his staff; Wen Hao honored him deeply and entrusted him with the prefecture's affairs. Early in Xianping he governed Yao, then Xuzhou; a judicial error demoted him to Grand General of the Left Martial Guard and commander of Lianshui. Mindful of his father's surrender of territory, the emperor restored him to Kang and kept him at court.
66
大中祥符初，議東封，以濮州馳道所出，命知州事，頓置供擬頗勤至，詔褒之。 駕至，召見勞問。 禮畢，改衡州刺史，特給內地刺史奉料，未幾代還。 以老疾累表求致仕，詔免朝謁，歲給公費及月廩並如故。 六年，卒，年七十二。
Early in Dazhong Xiangfu, as the eastern feng and shan rites were planned, he was put in charge of Pu Prefecture on the imperial highway; his thorough preparations won imperial praise. When the imperial procession arrived, he was summoned and personally commended. After the rites he was made prefect of Heng with the salary of an interior prefect, then soon recalled. Age and illness led him to seek retirement repeatedly; the court excused him from attendance while keeping his stipends unchanged. In year 6 he died at seventy-two.
67
子文顗
Son — Wen Yi
68
文顗，始為泉州衙內都指揮使、知漳州。 洪進歸朝，授滁州刺史，仍舊知州。 俄召歸，奉朝請。 景德中，換光州，以久次，領和州團練使，曆知海濮濰沂黃五州、信陽軍，所至無能稱。 卒年七十一。 錄其子宗綬為大理評事，孫永弼、永升為三班借職，次子宗纘太子中舍。
Wen Yi began as overall yamen commander of Quan and acting prefect of Zhang. When Hongjin submitted to court he was made prefect of Chu and kept in office. He was soon recalled to attend court regularly. During Jingde he was moved to Guang; seniority won him regiment training commissioner of He, then turns governing Hai, Pu, Wei, Yi, Huang, and Xinyang — nowhere did he distinguish himself. He died at seventy-one. His son Zongshou was enrolled as reviewer in the Court of Judicial Review; grandsons Yongbi and Yongsheng received borrowed third-rank posts; second son Zongzuan became Attendant of the Heir Apparent.
69
子文頊
Son — Wen Xu
70
文頊，本文顯子。 初，洪進在泉州，有相者言一門受祿，當至萬石。 時洪進與三子皆領州郡，而文頊始生，乃以文頊為子，欲應其言。 初補泉州衙內都校，又為衙內都監使，朝命領順州刺史，歸朝為登州刺史。 滄、棣有寇盜，命為巡檢使。 會以禁軍大校趙延溥為登州團練使，文頊改舒州刺史。 淳化三年，卒，年三十五。 文頊頗知書，亦工畫。 子宗絳，為殿中丞。
Wen Xu was actually Wen Xian's son. While Hongjin was at Quan, a fortune-teller said the household's combined salaries would reach ten thousand dan. Hongjin and his three sons already held prefectures when Wen Xu was born; Hongjin adopted him as his own son to fulfill the prophecy. He began as overall yamen adjutant of Quan, then yamen supervisor; the court made him prefect of Shun, and after submission he governed Deng. When bandits troubled Cang and Di he was made inspector. When palace army commander Zhao Yanpu took Deng as regiment training commissioner, Wen Xu was moved to Shu. In Chunhua 3 he died at thirty-five. Wen Xu was literate and skilled in painting. His son Zongjiang became a Palace Secretariat aide.