Volume 488 Biographies 247: Foreign States 4 - Jiaozhi, Dali

交趾大理

Jiaozhi and Dali

交趾，本漢初南越之地。漢武平南越，分其地爲儋耳、珠崖、南海、蒼梧、郁林、合浦、交趾、九真、日南，凡九郡，置交趾刺史以領之。後漢置交州，晉、宋、齊、梁、陳因之，又爲交趾郡。隋平陳，廢郡置州；煬帝初，廢州置郡。唐武德中，改交州總管府；至德中，改安南都護府。梁貞明中，土豪曲承美專有其地，送款於末帝，因授承美節鉞。時劉陟擅命嶺表，遣將李知順伐承美，執之，乃並有其地。後有楊廷藝、紹洪皆受廣南署，繼爲交趾節度使。紹洪卒，州將吳昌岌遂居其位。昌岌死，其弟昌文襲。

Jiaozhi was originally the land of Nanyue in the early Han dynasty. When Emperor Wu of Han conquered Nanyue, he divided its territory into nine commanderies: Dan'er, Zhuya, Nanhai, Cangwu, Yulin, Hepu, Jiaozhi, Jiuzhen, and Rinan. He then appointed an inspector of Jiaozhi to govern them. In the Later Han dynasty, Jiaozhou was established. The Jin, Liu Song, Southern Qi, Liang, and Chen dynasties retained this arrangement, and the region was again organized as Jiaozhi Commandery. After the Sui dynasty conquered Chen, commanderies were abolished and replaced with prefectures; At the start of Emperor Yang of Sui's reign, prefectures were abolished and commanderies restored. During the Wude reign period of the Tang dynasty, it was redesignated as the Jiaozhou Area Command; During the Zhide reign period, it was reorganized as the Protectorate General to Pacify the South. During the Zhenming reign period of Liang, the local magnate Qu Chenmei seized control of the region, submitted to the Last Emperor, and was granted military authority and the imperial commission. At that time Liu Shuang acted autonomously beyond the Lingnan passes. He sent the general Li Zhishun to attack Qu Chenmei, captured him, and thereby annexed the entire region. Later, Yang Tingyi and Shao Hong, both appointed by the Guangnan administration, served in succession as military governors of Jiaozhi. When Shao Hong died, the prefectural commander Wu Changji took his position. When Wu Changji died, his younger brother Wu Changwen succeeded him.

乾德初，昌文死，其參謀吳處玶、峰州刺史矯知護、武寧州刺史楊暉、牙將杜景碩等爭立，管內一十二州大亂。部民嘯聚，起爲寇盜，攻交州。先是，楊廷藝以牙將丁公著攝歡州刺史兼御蕃都督，部領即其子也。公著死，部領繼之。至是，部領與其子璉率兵擊敗處玶等，賊黨潰散，境內安堵，交民德之，乃推部領爲交州帥，號曰大勝王，署其子璉爲節度使。凡三年，遜璉位。璉立七年，聞嶺表平，遂遣使貢方物，上表內附。制以權交州節度使丁璉以檢校太師充靜海軍節度使、安南都護。又詔以進奉使鄭琇、王紹祚並爲檢校左散騎常侍兼御史大夫。開寶八年，遣使貢犀、象、香藥。朝廷議崇寵部領，降制曰：「率土來王，方推以恩信；舉宗奉國，宜洽于封崇。眷拱極之外臣，舉顯親之茂典。爾部領世爲右族，克保遐方；夙慕華風，不忘內附。屬九州混一，五嶺廓清，靡限溟濤，樂輸琛贐。嘉乃令子，稱吾列藩。特被鴻私，以旌義訓。介爾眉壽，服茲寵章。可授開府儀同三司、檢校太師，封交趾郡王。」

Early in the Qiande reign period, after Wu Changwen died, his adviser Wu Chubin, Fengzhou prefect Jiao Zhihu, Wuningzhou prefect Yang Hui, and the ya-general Du Jingshuo, among others, fought over succession. The twelve prefectures within the circuit fell into chaos. Local tribesmen rallied in disorder, took up banditry, and attacked Jiaozhou. Earlier, Yang Tingyi had appointed the ya-general Ding Gongzhuo to serve as acting prefect of Huanzhou and concurrent superintendent of frontier tribes. Bulin was Gongzhuo's son. When Ding Gongzhuo died, Bulin succeeded him. At this point, Bulin and his son Lian led troops to defeat Wu Chubin and his allies. The rebels scattered, order was restored throughout the territory, and the people of Jiaozhi were grateful. They raised Bulin to command Jiaozhou, styled him the King of Great Victory, and appointed his son Lian as military governor. After three years, he abdicated in favor of Lian. Lian ruled for seven years. Learning that the Lingnan region had been pacified, he sent envoys bearing local products and submitted a memorial pledging allegiance to the Song court. An imperial decree appointed Ding Lian, acting military governor of Jiaozhi, as honorary Grand Preceptor and confirmed him as military governor of the Jinghai Army and Protector-General to Pacify the South. The court also decreed that the tribute envoys Zheng Xiu and Wang Shaozuo be granted the honorary titles of Left Regular Attendant and concurrent Grand Censor. In the eighth year of the Kaibao reign period, they sent envoys bearing rhinoceros horn, elephants, and fragrant medicines as tribute. The court deliberated on showering Bulin with honors and issued an imperial decree: "When all within the realm come to pay homage, the sovereign should extend them trust and kindness; When a whole clan loyally serves the state, they should be rewarded with appropriate enfeoffment and rank. Regarding this subject beyond the farthest reaches of the throne, We shall extend the august rites by which kin are honored and glorified. You, Bulin, come from an illustrious clan that for generations has faithfully guarded this distant frontier; Long have you admired the civilizing influence of the Central Realm, never wavering in your desire to join the empire. Now that the Nine Provinces are united and the Five Ridges at peace, you have crossed the distant seas without hesitation, gladly offering precious tribute. We commend your worthy son, who ranks among the loyal frontier lords of Our realm. We bestow extraordinary favor upon you, in recognition of your loyal example. May you enjoy long life, and bear this mark of imperial favor with dignity. You are hereby appointed Director of a Grand Office with the Ceremony of a Three Excellencies Rank, honorary Grand Preceptor, and enfeoffed as King of Jiaozhi Commandery."

太宗即位，璉又遣使以方物來賀。部領及璉既死，璉弟璿尚幼，嗣立，稱節度行軍司馬權領軍府事。大將黎桓擅權樹黨，漸不可制，劫遷璿於別第，舉族禁錮之，代總其衆。太宗聞之，怒，乃議舉兵。太平興國五年秋，詔以蘭州團練使孫全興、八作使張璿、左監門衛將軍崔亮爲陸路兵馬部署，自邕州路入；寧州刺史劉澄、軍器庫副使賈湜、供奉官閣門祗候王僎爲水路兵馬部署，自廣州路入。是冬，黎桓遣牙校江巨湟齎方物來貢，仍爲丁璿上表曰：「臣族本蠻酋，辟處海裔，修職貢於宰旅，假節制于方隅。臣之父兄，代承閫寄，謹保封略，罔敢怠遑。爰暨淪亡，將墜堂構，將吏耆耋，乃屬於臣，俾權軍旅之事，用安夷落之衆。土俗獷悍，懇請愈堅，拒而弗從，慮其生變。臣已攝節度行軍司馬權領軍府事，願賜真秩，令備列藩，幹冒宸扆，伏增震越。」上察其欲緩王師，寢而不報。王師進討，破賊萬餘衆，斬首二千餘級。六年春，又破賊于白藤江口，斬首千餘級，獲戰艦二百艘，甲胄萬計。轉運使侯仁寶率前軍先進，全興等頓兵花步七十日以候澄，仁寶累促之，不進。及澄至，並軍由水路至多羅村，不遇賊，復擅回花步。桓詐降以誘仁寶，遂爲所害。轉運使許仲宣馳奏其事，遂班師。上遣使就劾澄、湜、僎，澄尋病死，戮湜等邕州市。全興至闕，亦下吏誅，餘抵罪有差。仁寶贈工部侍郎

When Emperor Taizong ascended the throne, Lian again sent envoys bearing local products to offer congratulations. After Bulin and Lian had both died, Lian's younger brother Xuan, still a child, succeeded to power and held the title of Acting Chief Administrator of the Military Governor's Staff, with authority over the military command. The grand general Li Huan seized power and built a faction of supporters until he could no longer be controlled. He abducted Xuan to a separate residence, imprisoned the entire Ding clan, and assumed command of their forces. When Emperor Taizong learned of this, he was furious and deliberated dispatching an army. In the autumn of the fifth year of the Taiping Xingguo reign period, an edict appointed Sun Quanxing, military training commissioner of Lanzhou; Zhang Xuan, commissioner of the Eight Works; and Cui Liang, general of the Left Directorate of the Gate Guards, as marshals of the land forces, to advance by the Yongzhou route. Liu Cheng, prefect of Ningzhou; Jia Shi, deputy commissioner of the armory; and Wang Zhen, palace attendant and gate usher, were appointed marshals of the river and sea forces, to advance by the Guangzhou route. That winter, Li Huan sent the ya-officer Jiang Juhuang bearing local products as tribute and submitted a memorial on Ding Xuan's behalf, stating: "My clan were originally tribal chiefs dwelling in seclusion on the maritime frontier. We have maintained tribute duties to the imperial envoys and exercised military authority in this distant region. My father and elder brothers, generation after generation entrusted with frontier defense, diligently guarded the borders, never daring to neglect their duties. When they died and the dynasty was on the verge of collapse, the officers and elders of the realm entrusted affairs to me, appointing me to take charge of military affairs in order to pacify the tribal peoples. The local customs are fierce and headstrong. Their pleas grew ever more urgent. To refuse them would have risked provoking rebellion. I have already assumed the post of Acting Chief Administrator of the Military Governor's Staff, with authority over the command. I humbly beg that formal rank be granted me, that I may be numbered among the frontier lords. Daring to intrude upon the imperial presence, I am overwhelmed with awe and trepidation. The emperor saw through his attempt to stall the imperial army and let the memorial go unanswered. The imperial army advanced to suppress the rebels, routing more than ten thousand enemy troops and beheading more than two thousand. In the spring of the sixth year, they again routed the rebels at the mouth of the Baiteng River, beheading more than a thousand, capturing two hundred warships and tens of thousands of suits of armor. Transport commissioner Hou Renbao led the vanguard in advance. Sun Quanxing and the others halted at Huabu for seventy days waiting for Liu Cheng. Hou Renbao repeatedly urged them to move, but they refused to advance. When Liu Cheng arrived, the combined forces proceeded by water to Duoluo Village. Finding no enemy, they again withdrew on their own authority to Huabu. Li Huan feigned surrender to lure Hou Renbao, who was then killed. Transport commissioner Xu Zhongxuan urgently reported what had happened, and the army was withdrawn. The emperor sent envoys to investigate Liu Cheng, Jia Shi, and Wang Zhen. Liu Cheng soon died of illness; Jia Shi and the others were executed in Yongzhou. When Sun Quanxing reached the capital, he too was handed over to the authorities and executed; the remaining officials received punishments proportionate to their offenses. Hou Renbao was posthumously granted the title of Vice Minister of the Ministry of Works.

七年春，桓懼朝廷終行討滅，復以丁璿爲名，遣使貢方物，上表謝罪。八年，桓自稱權交州三使留後，遣使貢方物，並以璿表來上，帝賜桓詔曰：「丁氏傳襲三世，保據一方，卿既受其倚毗，爲之心膂，克徇邦人之請，無負丁氏之心。朕且欲令璿爲統帥之名，卿居副貳之任，剸裁制置，悉系於卿。俟丁璿既冠，有所成立，卿之輔翼，令德彌光，崇獎忠勳，朕亦何吝！若丁璿將材無取，童心如故，然其奕世紹襲，載綿星紀，一旦舍去節鉞，降同士伍，理既非便，居亦靡安。詔到，卿宜遣丁璿母子及其親屬盡室來歸。俟其入朝，便當揆日降制，授卿節旄。凡茲兩途，卿宜審處其一。丁璿到京，必加優禮。今遣供奉官張宗權齎詔諭旨，當悉朕懷。」亦賜璿詔書如旨。時黎桓已專據其土，不聽命。是歲五月上言，占城國水陸象馬數萬來寇，率所部兵擊走之，俘斬千計。

In the spring of the seventh year, Li Huan, fearing that the court would eventually launch a campaign to destroy him, again sent envoys in Ding Xuan's name bearing local products and submitted a memorial of repentance. In the eighth year, Li Huan styled himself Acting Garrison Commissioner of the Three Jiaozhi Commissions, sent envoys bearing local products, and submitted a memorial on Ding Xuan's behalf. The emperor granted Li Huan an edict stating: "The Ding clan has held power for three generations, guarding this region. You have become their trusted pillar. In heeding the people's plea, you must not betray the Ding clan's trust. We intend for Xuan to hold the title of supreme commander while you serve as his deputy. All decisive arrangements shall rest with you. When Ding Xuan comes of age and proves himself capable, your assistance in nurturing his virtue will shine all the brighter. In rewarding loyal service, We shall be generous indeed! If Ding Xuan proves unfit for command and remains a child in mind, yet his family has held power for generations across many years—to suddenly strip him of his military commission and reduce him to the rank of a common soldier would be neither reasonable nor secure for his position. When this edict arrives, you should send Ding Xuan, his mother, and all their kin to the capital. Once they arrive at court, We shall promptly issue a decree appointing you with full military insignia. Between these two courses of action, you should carefully choose one. When Ding Xuan reaches the capital, he shall certainly receive exceptional honors. We now dispatch the palace attendant Zhang Zongquan to deliver this edict and convey Our intent. You should understand Our full meaning. An edict of the same purport was also granted to Ding Xuan. By this time Li Huan had seized exclusive control of the region and refused to obey imperial orders. In the fifth month of that year, he reported that Champa had launched a raid with tens of thousands of troops and war elephants by land and sea. He led his forces to repulse them, capturing and slaying roughly a thousand.

雍熙二年，遣牙校張紹馮、阮伯簪等貢方物，繼上表求正領節鎮。三年秋，又遣使貢方物。儋州言，占城國人蒲羅遏率其族百餘衆內附，言爲交州所逼故也。是歲十月，制曰：「王者懋建皇極，寵綏列藩。設邸京師，所以盛會同之禮；胙土方面，所以表節制之雄。矧茲ㄢ鳶之隅，克修設羽之貢，式當易帥，爰利建侯，不忘請命之恭，用舉醻勞之典。權知交州三使留後黎桓，兼資義勇，特稟忠純，能得邦人之心，彌謹藩臣之禮。往者，丁璿方在童幼，昧於撫綏。桓乃肺腑之親，專掌軍旅之事，號令自出，威愛並行。璿盡解三使之權，以徇衆人之欲。遠輸誠款，求領節旄。土燮強明，化越俗而鹹乂；尉佗恭順，稟漢詔以無違。宜正元戎之稱，以列通侯之貴，控撫夷落，對揚天休。可檢校太保、使持節、都督交州諸軍事、安南都護，充靜海軍節度、交州管內觀察處置等使，封京兆郡侯，食邑三千戶，仍賜號推誠順化功臣。」遣左補闕李若拙、國子博士李覺爲使以賜之。

In the second year of the Yongxi reign period, he sent the ya-officers Zhang Shaofeng, Ruan Bozan, and others bearing local products as tribute, followed by a memorial requesting formal appointment as military governor. In the autumn of the third year, he again sent envoys bearing local products as tribute. Danzhou reported that the Champa native Pu Luoe had led more than a hundred members of his clan to submit to the Song, stating that they had been driven out by Jiaozhou. In the tenth month of that year, an imperial decree stated: "The sovereign diligently upholds the supreme principle of governance, favoring and reassuring the frontier lords. Establishing lodges in the capital serves to honor the rites of gathering in harmony at court; Enfeoffing territory in the frontier regions displays the sovereign authority of military command. Now, in this remote corner beyond the wild geese' flight, where tribute has been faithfully maintained—the time has come to change commanders and enfeoff a worthy lord. In recognition of the loyalty shown in petitioning for appointment, We hereby perform the rite of rewarding distinguished service. Li Huan, Acting Garrison Commissioner of the Three Jiaozhi Commissions, possesses both courage and righteousness and is endowed with exceptional loyalty and integrity. He has won the hearts of his people and is ever diligent in the duties owed a frontier subject. Previously, when Ding Xuan was still a child, he was incapable of governing and pacifying the realm. Li Huan, a close kinsman by marriage, took exclusive charge of military affairs. Orders issued from his hand alone, and he exercised both authority and benevolence in equal measure. Ding Xuan fully relinquished the authority of the three commissions to satisfy the wishes of the people. From afar he has conveyed his sincere allegiance, seeking formal appointment with full military insignia. Tu Shi was strong and enlightened, transforming the customs of Yue until the land was well governed; Zhao Tuo was respectful and obedient, receiving Han imperial edicts without violation. He should be granted the title of supreme commander and ranked among the most honored marquises, to govern and pacify the tribal peoples and give voice to Heaven's blessings upon the realm. He is hereby appointed honorary Grand Guardian, commissioned with the staff of authority as Supervisor of All Military Affairs in Jiaozhi, Protector-General to Pacify the South, Military Governor of the Jinghai Army and Commissioner for Observation and Disposition within Jiaozhi Circuit, enfeoffed as Marquis of Jingzhao Commandery with a fief of three thousand households, and granted the honorific title Merit Subject of Sincere Submission and Harmonious Transformation." The Left Supplementation Censor Li Ruozhuo and Imperial Academy Erudite Li Jue were dispatched as envoys to deliver the appointment.

去歲秋末抵交州境，桓遣牙內都指揮使丁承正等以船九艘、卒三百人至太平軍來迎，由海口入大海，冒涉風濤，頗曆危險。經半月至白藤，徑入海氵義，乘潮而行。凡宿泊之所皆有茅舍三間，營葺尚新，目爲館驛。至長州漸近本國，桓張惶虛誕，務爲誇詫，盡出舟師戰棹，謂之耀軍。

At the end of the previous autumn, they reached the border of Jiaozhi. Li Huan sent the commander of the inner guard Ding Chengzheng and others with nine ships and three hundred soldiers to Taiping Army to welcome them. Entering the sea from the river mouth, they braved wind and waves and faced considerable peril. After half a month they reached Baiteng and entered the coastal channel directly, traveling with the tide. At every anchorage there were three thatched huts, freshly maintained and serving as relay stations. Upon reaching Changzhou they drew near Li Huan's realm. Li Huan, agitated and prone to exaggeration, strove to impress them by deploying his entire fleet of warships in what he called a display of military might.

自是宵征抵海岸，至交州僅十五里，有茅亭五間，題曰茅徑驛。至城一百里，驅部民畜產，妄稱官牛，數不滿千，揚言十萬。又廣率其民混於軍旅，衣以雜色之衣，乘船鼓噪。近城之山虛張白旗，以爲陳兵之象。俄而擁從桓至，展郊迎之禮，桓斂馬側身，問皇帝起居畢，按轡偕行。時以檳榔相遺，馬上食之，此風俗待賓之厚意也。城中無居民，止有茅竹屋數十百區，以爲軍營。而府署湫隘，題其門曰明德門。

From there they traveled by night until they reached the coast. Fifteen li from Jiaozhou stood five thatched pavilions bearing the inscription "Maojing Relay Station." A hundred li from the city, he drove out the local people's livestock and falsely claimed them as government cattle. Though fewer than a thousand in number, he proclaimed that there were one hundred thousand. He also marshaled large numbers of civilians to mingle with his troops, dressed them in motley clothing, and had them board boats to raise a clamor. On the hills near the city, white banners were falsely displayed to create the impression of massed troops. Before long Li Huan arrived with an escort and performed the suburban welcome rites. He reined in his horse and turned respectfully aside, inquired after the emperor's health, and then rode side by side with the envoys. Betel nuts were exchanged as gifts and eaten on horseback—this was the local custom of generously honoring guests. Within the city there were no civilian residents—only several dozen to a hundred thatched bamboo structures serving as military camps. The government offices were cramped and mean, and their gate bore the inscription "Gate of Bright Virtue."

桓質陋而目眇，自言近歲與蠻寇接戰，墜馬傷足，受詔不拜。信宿之後，乃張筵飲宴。又出臨海氵義，以爲娛賓之遊。桓跣足持竿，入水標魚，每中一魚，左右皆叫噪歡躍。凡有宴會，預坐之人悉令解帶，冠以帽子。桓多衣花纈及紅色之衣，帽以真珠爲飾，或自歌勸酒，莫能曉其詞。嘗令數十人扛大蛇長數丈，饋於使館，且曰：「若能食此，當治之爲饌以獻焉。」又羈送二虎，以備縱觀。皆卻之不受。士卒殆三千人，悉黥其額曰「天子軍」。糧以禾穗日給，令自舂爲食。兵器止有弓弩、木牌、梭槍、竹槍，弱不可用。

Li Huan was plain in appearance and blind in one eye. He claimed that in recent years, while fighting tribal raiders, he had fallen from his horse and injured his foot, and on these grounds did not kneel when receiving the imperial edict. After two nights' stay, he hosted a banquet in their honor. He then took them out to the coastal channel as an excursion to entertain the guests. Li Huan went barefoot with a spear in hand, waded into the water to fish. Each time he speared a fish, those around him shouted and leaped for joy. At every banquet, all guests seated beforehand were ordered to loosen their belts and wear caps. Li Huan often wore tie-dyed patterns and red garments, his cap studded with pearls. Sometimes he sang to urge the guests to drink, but no one could make out his words. Once he had several dozen men carry a great snake several zhang in length and present it at the envoys' quarters, saying, "If you can eat this, I will have it cooked as a dish and served to you. He also sent two caged tigers, intended for release and viewing. The envoys declined everything and accepted none of it. The troops numbered nearly three thousand; every man's forehead was tattooed with the words "Imperial Army." Rations were issued daily as millet still on the stalk, and the men were made to husk and grind it themselves for their meals. Their arms amounted only to bows and crossbows, wooden shields, shuttle spears, and bamboo spears—feeble and barely usable.

桓輕亻兌殘忍，昵比小人，腹心閹豎五七輩錯立其側。好狎飲，以手令爲樂。凡官屬善其事者，擢居親近左右，有小過亦殺之，或鞭其背一百至二百。賓佐小不如意，亦捶之三十至五十，黜爲閽吏；怒息，乃召復其位。有木塔，其制樸陋，桓一日請同登遊覽。地無寒氣，十一月猶衣夾衣揮扇云。

Li Huan was frivolous, overbearing, and cruel. He consorted with petty men, and five or six trusted eunuchs stood always at his side. He loved boisterous drinking and amused himself with hand-signal drinking games. Officials who excelled at such diversions were promoted to positions close at hand. Even for minor offenses he would put them to death, or lash their backs one hundred to two hundred times. If an aide displeased him even slightly, he would beat him thirty to fifty strokes and demote him to gate attendant; when his anger passed, he would summon them back and restore their former posts. There was a wooden pagoda, plain and crude in build. One day Li Huan invited the envoys to climb it with him for the view. The region knew no cold; even in the eleventh month people still wore light jackets and fanned themselves, they said.

先是，欽州如洪、咄步、如昔等三鎮皆瀕海，交州潮陽民卜文勇等殺人，並家亡命至如昔鎮，鎮將黃令德等匿之。桓令潮陽鎮將黃成雅移牒來捕，令德固不遣，因茲海賊連年剽掠。二年，以工部員外郎、直史館陳堯叟爲轉運使，因賜桓詔書。堯叟始至，遣攝雷州海康縣尉李建中齎詔勞問桓。堯叟又至如昔，詰得匿文勇之由，盡擒其男女老少一百三十口，召潮陽鎮吏付之，且戒勿加酷法。成雅得其人，以狀謝堯叟。桓遂上章感恩，並捕海賊二十五人送於堯叟，且言已約勒溪洞首領，不得騷動。七月，太宗遣主客郎中、直昭文館李若拙齎詔書，充國信使，以美玉帶往賜桓。若拙既至，桓出郊迎，然其詞氣尚悖慢，謂若拙曰：「向者劫如洪鎮乃外境蠻賊也，皇帝知此非交州兵否？若使交州果叛命，則當首攻番禺，次擊閩、越，豈止如洪鎮而已！」若拙從容謂桓曰：「上初聞寇如洪鎮，雖未知其所自，然以足下拔自交州牙校，授之節制，固當盡忠以報，豈有他慮！及見執送海賊，事果明白。然而大臣僉議，以爲朝廷比建節帥，以寧海表，今既蠻賊爲寇害，乃是交州力不能獨制矣。請發勁卒數萬，會交兵以剪滅之，使交、廣無後患。上曰：'未可輕舉，慮交州不測朝旨，或致驚駭，不若且委黎桓討擊之，亦當漸至清謐。 '今則不復會兵也。」桓愕然避席，曰：「海賊犯邊，守臣之罪也。聖君容貸，恩過父母，未加誅責。自今謹守職約，保永清於漲海。」因北望頓首謝。

Earlier, the three coastal stockades of Ruhong, Duobu, and Ruxi in Qin Prefecture all lay on the sea. Bu Wenyong of Chaoyang in Jiaozhi and others committed murder and fled with their families to Ruxi Stockade, where the commander Huang Lingde and his men sheltered them. Li Huan ordered the Chaoyang stockade commander Huang Chengya to send a dispatch demanding their surrender, but Lingde refused to hand them over. Sea bandits therefore raided and plundered year after year. In the second year, Chen Yaosou, Vice Director in the Ministry of Works and Compiler at the Historical Archives, was appointed transport commissioner for the circuit, and an imperial edict was sent to Li Huan. When Yaosou first arrived, he dispatched Li Jianzhong, acting county lieutenant of Haikang in Leizhou, to carry the edict and convey the court's regards to Li Huan. Yaosou then went to Ruxi, investigated how Wenyong had been concealed, and seized all one hundred thirty men, women, and children involved. He summoned officials of Chaoyang Stockade, handed the prisoners over to them, and strictly forbade cruel punishment. Chengya received the prisoners and submitted a report of thanks to Yaosou. Li Huan then submitted a memorial of gratitude, captured twenty-five sea bandits and sent them to Yaosou, and reported that he had already bound the chieftains of the stream grottoes not to cause unrest. In the seventh month, Emperor Taizong dispatched Li Ruozhuo, Bureau Director of the Host Directorate and Compiler at the Hall of Splendid Literature, bearing an imperial edict as credentialed envoy, to bring a fine jade belt and bestow it upon Li Huan. When Ruozhuo arrived, Li Huan went out to the suburbs to welcome him, yet his words remained defiant and insolent. He said to Ruozhuo, "The earlier attack on Ruhong Stockade was the work of barbarian bandits from beyond the border. Does the Emperor know they were not troops of Jiaozhi? If Jiaozhi truly rebelled, we would first strike Panyu, then hit Min and Yue—how could it stop at Ruhong Stockade alone!" Ruozhuo calmly replied to Li Huan, "When His Majesty first heard of the raid on Ruhong Stockade, he did not yet know who was responsible. But you were raised from a ya-general in Jiaozhi and invested with command—surely you ought to repay that with full loyalty. What other concern could there be? Once the captured sea bandits were delivered, the matter became perfectly clear. Yet the high ministers jointly concluded that the court had lately established a military commissioner to pacify the maritime frontier. Now that barbarian bandits were raiding, Jiaozhi alone lacked the strength to suppress them. They urged that tens of thousands of crack troops be sent to join Jiaozhi's forces in wiping the bandits out, so that Jiaozhi and Guang would be free of further trouble. The Emperor said, "We must not act rashly, lest Jiaozhi fail to grasp the court's intent and be thrown into alarm. Better for now to entrust Li Huan with pursuing and suppressing them; in time the frontier will gradually grow tranquil." We shall not assemble joint forces after all." Li Huan, startled, rose from his seat and said, "Sea bandits violating the border are the fault of the frontier minister. The sage sovereign has shown forbearance; his grace exceeds that of parents, and no punishment has fallen upon me. From this day I shall strictly keep my duties and pledge, and preserve lasting peace upon the Zhang Sea." He then faced north, kowtowed, and gave thanks.

真宗即位，進封桓南平王兼侍中。桓前遺都知兵馬使阮紹恭、副使趙懷德以金銀七寶裝交椅一、銀盆十、犀角象牙五十枚、絹糸由布萬匹來貢。詔陳于萬歲殿太宗神御，許紹恭等拜奠。及回，賜桓帶甲馬，詔書慰獎。咸平四年，又遣行軍司馬黎紹、副使何慶常，以馴犀一、象二、象犬朋二、七寶裝金瓶一來貢。其年欽州言，交州效誠場民及頭首八州使黃慶集等數百人來投，有詔慰撫，遣還本道。廣南西路言，黎桓迎受官告使黃成雅附奏，自今國朝加恩，願遣使至本道，以寵海裔。先是，使至交州，桓即以供奉爲辭，因緣賦斂。上聞之，止令疆吏召授命，不復專使。景德元年，又遣其子攝歡州刺史明提來貢，懇求加恩使至本道慰撫遐裔，許之，仍以明提爲歡州刺史。二年上元節，賜明提錢，令與占城、大食使觀燈宴飲，因遣工部員外郎邵曄充國信使。

When Emperor Zhenzong ascended the throne, Li Huan was promoted to Prince of Nanping and appointed Chief Minister of the Court. Earlier Li Huan had sent Ruan Shaogong, Director of Military Affairs, and Vice-envoy Zhao Huaiade to present tribute: one armchair inlaid with gold, silver, and the seven treasures; ten silver basins; fifty rhinoceros horns and elephant tusks; and ten thousand bolts of silk and you cloth. An edict ordered the gifts displayed in the Hall of Myriad Years before Emperor Taizong's spirit tablet, and permitted Shaogong and his party to bow and make offerings. When they returned, Li Huan was granted a belt, armor, and horses, together with an edict of consolation and commendation. In the fourth year of Xianping, he again sent Li Shao, Acting Chief of Staff, and Vice-envoy He Qingchang to present tribute: one tame rhinoceros, two elephants, two pairs of young elephants, and one gold vase inlaid with the seven treasures. That year Qin Prefecture reported that several hundred people from Jiaozhi's Xiaocheng field, including the tribal head and Eight Prefectures envoy Huang Qingji, had come to submit. An edict comforted them and ordered them sent back to their circuit. Guangnan West Circuit reported that when Li Huan received Credential Envoy Huang Chengya, he appended a memorial stating that, as the dynasty now extended its grace, he wished an envoy sent to his circuit to honor the maritime frontier. Previously, whenever envoys arrived in Jiaozhi, Li Huan took their maintenance costs as a pretext and levied exactions accordingly. When the Emperor learned of this, he ordered that only frontier officials be sent to summon Huan and invest him with his commission, and no longer dispatched special envoys. In the first year of Jingde, he again sent his son Ming Ti, acting prefect of Huan Prefecture, to present tribute and earnestly request that an envoy bearing imperial grace be sent to his circuit to comfort the distant frontier. The request was granted, and Ming Ti was confirmed as prefect of Huan Prefecture. On the Lantern Festival of the second year, Ming Ti was granted money and invited to view the lanterns and feast with envoys from Champa and Dashi. Shao Ye, Vice Director in the Ministry of Works, was then dispatched as credentialed envoy.

三年，桓卒，立中子龍鉞。龍鉞兄龍全劫庫財而遁，其弟龍廷殺龍鉞自立。龍廷兄明護率扶闌砦兵攻戰。明提以國亂不能還，特詔廣州優加資給。知廣州淩策等言：「桓諸子爭立，衆心離叛，頭首黃慶集、黃秀蠻等千餘人以不從驅率，戮及親族，來投廉州，請發本道二千人平之，慶集等願爲前鋒。」上以桓素忠順，屢修職貢，今幸亂而伐喪，不可。就改國信使邵曄爲緣海安撫使，令曉譬之。慶集等仍計口賜田糧。曄乃貽書交州，諭以朝廷威德，如其自相魚肉，久無定位，偏師問罪，則黎氏盡滅矣。明護懼，即奉龍廷主軍事。龍廷自稱節度、開明王，遂欲修貢。曄以聞，上曰：「遐荒異俗，不曉事體，何足怪也？」令削去偽官。曄又言，頭首黃慶集先避亂歸化，其種族尚多，若復遣還，慮遭屠戮。詔以慶集隸三班，厘務於郴州，遂許入貢。

In the third year, Li Huan died, and his middle son Long Yue was installed as ruler. Long Yue's elder brother Long Quan plundered the treasury and fled. His younger brother Long Ting killed Long Yue and seized power for himself. Long Ting's elder brother Ming Hu led troops from Fulan Stockade to attack him. Ming Ti, unable to return because of the civil turmoil at home, received a special edict ordering Guangzhou to provide him with extra generous support. Ling Ce, Prefect of Guangzhou, and others reported, "Li Huan's sons are fighting for the throne and the people's hearts are divided. The tribal heads Huang Qingji and Huang Xiuman, together with more than a thousand followers who refused forced levies and saw their kin slaughtered, have fled to Lian Prefecture to submit. They ask that two thousand troops of this circuit be sent to suppress the disorder, and Qingji and his men offer to serve as vanguard." The Emperor held that since Li Huan had always been loyal and submissive and had repeatedly fulfilled tribute obligations, to exploit their chaos and attack them in their hour of mourning was impermissible. Shao Ye was thereupon reassigned from credentialed envoy to Pacification Commissioner of the Coastal Circuit and ordered to instruct them by persuasion. Qingji and his followers were still granted fields and grain rations according to head count. Shao Ye then sent a letter to Jiaozhi, explaining the court's authority and virtue: if they tore one another apart and long remained without a settled ruler, a punitive force would be sent and the Li clan would be utterly destroyed. Ming Hu, in fear, thereupon acknowledged Long Ting as master of military affairs. Long Ting styled himself Military Commissioner and King of Kaiming, and then sought to resume tribute relations. Shao Ye reported this. The Emperor said, "Remote lands of alien custom do not understand proper decorum—what is there to find strange in that?" He ordered the false titles stripped away. Shao Ye also reported that the tribal head Huang Qingji had first submitted to escape the turmoil, and his clan still numbered many. If sent back, he feared they would be massacred. An edict placed Qingji in the Third Rank Corps, assigned him duties at Chen Prefecture, and then permitted tribute to proceed.

四年，龍廷稱權安南靜海軍留後，遣弟峰州刺史明昶、副使安南掌書記殿中丞黃成雅等來貢。會含光殿大宴，上以成雅坐遠，欲稍升位著，訪于宰相王旦，旦曰：「昔子產朝周，周王饗以上卿之禮，子產固辭，受下卿之禮而還。國家惠綏遠方，優待客使，固無嫌也。」乃升成雅於尚書省五品之次。詔拜龍廷特進、檢校太尉，充靜海軍節度觀察處置等使、安南都護，兼御史大夫、上柱國，仍封交趾郡王，食邑三千戶，食實封一千戶。賜推誠順化功臣，仍賜名至忠，給以旌節。又追贈桓中書令、南越王。進奉使黎明昶等並進秩。大中祥符元年，天書降，加翊戴功臣，食邑七百戶，實封三百戶。東封畢，加至忠同平章事，食邑一千戶，食實封四百戶。二年，廣南西路言，欽州蠻人劫海口蜑戶，如洪砦主李文著以輕兵襲逐，中流矢死。詔督安南捕賊。明年，執狄獠十三人以獻。至忠又遣推官阮守疆以犀角、象齒、金銀、紋縭等來貢。並獻馴犀一。上以犀違土性，不可豢畜，卻不納。又以逆至忠意，使者既去，乃令縱之海ㄛ。三年，遣使來朝，表求甲胄具裝，詔從其請。又求互市於邕州，本道轉運使以聞，上曰：「瀕海之民，數患交州侵寇，仍前止許廉州及如洪砦互市，蓋爲邊隅控扼之所。今或直趨內地，事頗非便。」詔令本道以舊制諭之。

In the fourth year, Long Ting styled himself Acting Military Governor of the Annan Jinghai Army and sent his younger brother Ming Chang, prefect of Feng Prefecture, together with Vice-envoy Huang Chengya, Secretariat Drafter and Palace Attendant of Annan, and others to present tribute. At a great banquet in the Hall of Incorporating Radiance, because Chengya's seat was far away, the Emperor wished to raise his place slightly and consulted Chancellor Wang Dan. Dan said, "In ancient times Zichan visited Zhou. The King of Zhou entertained him with the rites due a senior minister, but Zichan firmly declined and accepted the rites of a junior minister before returning. Our state benevolently soothes distant regions and generously treats foreign envoys—there is truly nothing objectionable in this." Chengya was then raised to a seat corresponding to the fifth rank within the Ministry of Personnel. An edict appointed Long Ting Special Grandee and Acting Grand Marshal, Military Commissioner of the Jinghai Army with observation and disposal authority, Protector General of Annan, also Censor-in-Chief and Pillar of the State, and enfeoffed him as King of Jiaozhi Commandery with a fief of three thousand households and an actual fief of one thousand households. He was granted the title Honorable Merit for Expelling Sincerity and Transforming Submission, given the name Zhi Zhong, and presented with ceremonial insignia. Li Huan was also posthumously enfeoffed as Grand Counselor and King of Nanyue. The tribute envoys Ming Chang and the others all received advancement in rank. In the first year of Dazhong Xiangfu, when the Heavenly Writ descended, he was granted Honorable Merit for Supporting the Imperial Regime; his fief was increased by seven hundred households and his actual fief by three hundred. After the eastern feng rites were completed, Zhi Zhong was made Acting Grand Councillor; his fief was increased to one thousand households and his actual fief to four hundred. In the second year, Guangnan West Circuit reported that Qin Prefecture tribesmen had raided Tanka households at the sea mouth. Li Wenzhe, commander of Ruhong Stockade, pursued them with light troops and was killed by an arrow midstream. An edict ordered Annan to pursue and capture the bandits. The next year, thirteen Di and Liao captives were seized and presented. Zhi Zhong also sent Administrative Aide Ruan Shoujiang to present rhinoceros horn, ivory, gold, silver, patterned silk, and the like as tribute. He also presented one tame rhinoceros. The Emperor held that the rhinoceros was unsuited to the northern climate and could not be kept in captivity, and declined to accept it. Not wishing to thwart Zhi Zhong's intent, after the envoys had departed he ordered the rhinoceros released by the sea. In the third year, envoys came to court and memorialized requesting armor and full equipment. An edict granted their request. They also requested market trade at Yong Prefecture. The circuit transport commissioner reported this. The Emperor said, "Coastal peoples have repeatedly suffered raids from Jiaozhi. As before, market trade is permitted only at Lian Prefecture and Ruhong Stockade, precisely because these are frontier control points. To trade directly in the interior would be quite inconvenient." An edict ordered the circuit to explain the old regulations to them.

至忠才年二十六，苛虐不法，國人不附。大校李公蘊尤爲至忠親任，嘗令以黎爲姓。其年，遂圖至忠，逐之，殺明提、明昶等，自稱留後，遣使貢奉。上曰：「黎桓不義而得，公蘊尤而效之，甚可惡也。」然以其蠻俗不足責，遂用桓故事，制授特進、檢校太傅，充靜海軍節度觀察處置等使、安南都護，兼御史大夫、上柱國，封交趾郡王，食邑三千戶，實封一千戶，賜推誠順化功臣。公蘊又表求太宗御書，詔賜百軸。四年，祀汾陰後土，公蘊遣節度判官梁任文、觀察巡官黎再嚴以方物來貢，禮成，加公蘊同平章事，食邑一千戶，實封四百戶，任文等並翁優進秩。五年夏，以進奉使李仁美爲誠州刺史、陶慶文爲太常丞，其從隸有道病死者，所賜附還其家。是冬，聖祖降，加公蘊開府儀同三司，食邑七百戶，實封三百戶，賜翊戴功臣。七年春，又加保節守正功臣，食邑一千戶，實封四百戶。詔交趾諸國使入貢者，所在館餼供億，務令豐備。其年，遣知唐州刺史陶碩等來貢。詔以碩爲順州刺史，充安南靜海軍行軍司馬；副使吳懷嗣爲澄州刺史，充節度副使。先是，交州狄獠張婆看避罪來奔，知欽州穆重穎召之，至中路復拒焉，都巡檢臧嗣遂令如洪砦犒以牛酒。交州偵知其事，因捕狄獠，故鈔如洪砦，掠人畜甚衆。詔轉運司督公蘊追索，仍令疆吏自今不得誘召蠻獠致生事。公蘊或間歲或仍歲以方物入貢。天禧元年，進封公蘊南平王，加食邑一千戶，實封四百戶。三年，加檢校太尉，食邑一千戶，實封四百戶。每加恩皆遣使將命至其境上，仍賜器幣、襲衣、金帶、鞍馬焉。仁宗即位，加公蘊檢校太師。遣長州刺史李寬泰、都護副使阮守疆來貢。天聖六年，遣歡州刺史李公顯來貢，除敘州刺史。既而令其子弟及其婿申承貴率衆內寇，詔廣南西路轉運司發溪峒丁壯討捕之。未幾，卒，年四十四。

Zhi Zhong was only twenty-six years old, harsh and lawless, and the people of the realm would not follow him. Senior commander Li Gongyun was especially trusted by Zhi Zhong; Zhi Zhong had once ordered him to take the surname Li. That year Gongyun plotted against Zhi Zhong, drove him out, killed Ming Ti and Ming Chang among others, styled himself Acting Military Governor, and sent envoys with tribute. The Emperor said, "Li Huan seized power unjustly, and Gongyun has gone beyond even that—most detestable." Nevertheless, considering their barbarian customs not worth reproaching, the court followed Li Huan's precedent and by imperial commission appointed Gongyun Special Grandee and Acting Grand Mentor, Military Commissioner of the Jinghai Army with observation and disposal authority, Protector General of Annan, also Censor-in-Chief and Pillar of the State, enfeoffed him as King of Jiaozhi with a fief of three thousand households and an actual fief of one thousand, and bestowed Honorable Merit for Expelling Sincerity and Transforming Submission. Gongyun also memorialized requesting Emperor Taizong's imperial writings. An edict granted one hundred scrolls. In the fourth year, after the sacrifice to Earth at Fenyin, Gongyun sent Military Commission Aide Liang Renwen and Inspection Circuit Officer Li Zaiyan with local products as tribute. When the rites were complete, Gongyun was made Acting Grand Councillor with a fief of one thousand households and an actual fief of four hundred; Renwen and the others all received honored advancement in rank. In the fifth year, summer, Tribute Envoy Li Renmei was made prefect of Cheng Prefecture and Tao Qingwen Director of the Court of Imperial Sacrifices. For attendant retainers who died of illness on the road, the gifts they had received were sent back to their families. That winter, when the Holy Ancestor descended, Gongyun was made Grand General with Merit equal to the Three Excellencies; his fief was increased by seven hundred households and his actual fief by three hundred, and he was granted Honorable Merit for Supporting the Imperial Regime. In the seventh year, spring, he was again granted Honorable Merit for Upholding Integrity and Preserving Righteousness; his fief was increased to one thousand households and his actual fief to four hundred. An edict stated that envoys from Jiaozhi and other states presenting tribute should receive lodging and provisions wherever they passed, with every effort made to ensure abundance. That year, Tao Shuo, acting prefect of Tang Prefecture, and others were sent to present tribute. An edict appointed Shuo prefect of Shun Prefecture and Acting Chief of Staff of the Annan Jinghai Army; Vice-envoy Wu Huaisi was made prefect of Cheng Prefecture and Acting Vice Military Commissioner. Previously, the Jiaozhi Di tribesman Zhang Pokan had fled to escape punishment. Mu Chongying, Prefect of Qin Prefecture, summoned him, but halfway there he was refused again. Metropolitan Inspector Zang Si then ordered Ruhong Stockade to treat him with oxen and wine in hospitality. Jiaozhi learned of this, captured Di tribesmen, and on that pretext raided Ruhong Stockade, plundering a great many people and livestock. An edict ordered the transport commission to supervise Gongyun in demanding restitution, and ordered frontier officials henceforth not to entice or summon barbarian tribesmen and thereby cause incidents. Gongyun sent tribute of local products either every other year or every year. In the first year of the Tianxi era, Gongyun was promoted to Prince of Nanping, his fief increased by one thousand households, and his actual fief set at four hundred households. In the third year he was given the title Acting Grand Commandant, with a fief of one thousand households and an actual fief of four hundred. Whenever new honors were conferred, envoys were sent to deliver the imperial decree at his frontier, and he was further granted ritual vessels and silks, ceremonial robes, a gold belt, and saddled horses. When Emperor Renzong took the throne, Gongyun was appointed Acting Grand Mentor. He sent Li Kuantai, prefect of Chang Prefecture, and Ruan Shoujiang, vice deputy protector general, to present tribute. In the sixth year of Tiansheng he sent Li Gongxian, prefect of Huan Prefecture, with tribute; Li was then appointed prefect of Xu Prefecture. Before long he had his sons, younger relatives, and his son-in-law Shen Chenggui lead a band in raiding across the border. An edict ordered the Guangnan West Circuit transport commission to raise stalwart men from the stream gorges and cave settlements to hunt them down. Before long he died, at the age of forty-four.

其子德政自稱權知留後事，來告哀。贈公蘊爲侍中、南越王，命本路轉運使王惟正爲祭奠使，又爲賜官告使。除德政檢校太尉、靜海軍節度使、安南都護、交趾郡王。天聖九年，遣知峰州刺史李偓佺、知愛州刺史帥日新等來謝，以偓佺爲歡州刺史、日新爲珍州刺史。明道元年，恭謝，加同中書門下平章事。景祐中，郡人陳公永等六百餘人內附，德政遣兵千餘境上捕逐之。詔遣還，仍戒德政毋得輒誅殺。尋遣靜海軍節度判官陳應機、掌書記王惟慶來貢，以應機爲太子中允、惟慶爲大理寺丞，德政加檢校太師。三年，其甲峒及諒州、門州、蘇茂州、廣源州、大發峒、丹波縣蠻寇邕州之思陵州、西平州、石西州及諸峒，略居人馬牛，焚室廬而去。下詔責問之，且令捕酋首正其罪以聞。寶元元年，進封南平王。康定元年，遣知峰州刺史帥用和、節度副使杜猶興等來貢。慶曆三年，又遣節度副使杜慶安、三班奉職梁材來，以慶安爲順州刺史、材爲太子左監門率府率。六年，又遣兵部員外郎蘇仁祚、東頭供奉官陶惟�来，以仁祚爲工部郎中、惟�爲內殿崇班。明年，又遣秘書丞杜文府、左侍禁文昌來，以文府爲屯田員外郎、昌爲內殿崇班。

His son Dezheng declared himself Acting Military Governor and came to announce his father's death. Gongyun was posthumously honored as Palace Attendant and King of Nanyue. The circuit transport commissioner Wang Weizheng was appointed condolence envoy and also envoy to deliver the patent of appointment. Dezheng was appointed Acting Grand Commandant, military commissioner of the Jinghai Army, protector general of Annan, and enfeoffed as King of Jiaozhi. In the ninth year of Tiansheng he sent Li Wotian, prefect of Feng Prefecture, and Shuai Rixin, prefect of Ai Prefecture, among others, to present thanks. Wotian was made prefect of Huan Prefecture and Rixin prefect of Zhen Prefecture. In the first year of Mingdao, while presenting thanks he was given the title Acting Chief Councilor of the Secretariat and Chancellery. During the Jingyou era, more than six hundred local people led by Chen Gongyong submitted to the Song. Dezheng sent over a thousand troops to the border to hunt them down and drive them back. An edict ordered the people returned and warned Dezheng that he must not kill them at will. Soon after, Jinghai Army adjutant Chen Yingji and senior secretary Wang Weiqing arrived with tribute. Yingji was made vice director in the Crown Prince's household and Weiqing assistant director of the Court of Judicial Review, while Dezheng was given Acting Grand Mentor. In the third year, the Jiadong together with tribes of Liang, Men, Sumao, and Guangyuan prefectures, the Dafa Dong, and Danbo County raided Silin, Xiping, and Shixi prefectures and various dong settlements under Yong Prefecture, carrying off people, horses, and cattle, burning dwellings, and withdrawing. An imperial edict rebuked and questioned him, ordering that tribal leaders be captured, their crimes properly punished, and the results reported. In the first year of Baoyuan he was promoted to Prince of Nanping. In the first year of Kangding he sent Shuai Yonghe, prefect of Feng Prefecture, Du Youxing, vice military commissioner, and others with tribute. In the third year of Qingli he again sent vice military commissioner Du Qing'an and third-rank attendant Liang Cai. Qing'an was made prefect of Shun Prefecture and Cai colonel of the Left Gate Guard in the Crown Prince's household. In the sixth year he again sent Su Renzuo, vice director in the Ministry of War, and Tao Weizhong, eastern head palace attendant. Renzuo was made director in the Ministry of Works and Tao was given Inner Hall Honored Band. The following year he again sent Du Wenfu, assistant director of the Secretariat, and Wenchang, a left attendant guard. Wenfu was made vice director of the directorate of agriculture and Wenchang Inner Hall Honored Band.

初，德政發兵取占城，朝廷疑其內畜奸謀，乃訪自唐以來所通道路凡十六處，令轉運使杜杞度其要害而戍守之，然其後亦未嘗寇邊。前後累貢馴象。皇祐二年，邕州誘其蘇茂州韋紹嗣、紹欽等三千余人入居省地，德政表求所誘。詔盡還之，仍令德政約束邊戶，毋相侵犯。其後，廣源州蠻儂智高反，德政率兵二萬由水路欲入助王師，朝廷優其賜而卻其兵。至和二年，卒。

Earlier Dezheng had raised troops to seize Champa. The court suspected he was harboring treacherous designs and therefore mapped every route open since Tang times—sixteen in all—ordering transport commissioner Du Qi to identify key points and post garrisons. Even so, he never again raided the frontier. Over the years he repeatedly sent trained elephants as tribute. In the second year of Huangyou, Yong Prefecture enticed more than three thousand people from Sumao Prefecture, including Wei Shaosi and Shaoqin, to settle on Song territory. Dezheng memorialized demanding their return. An edict ordered that all be returned and instructed Dezheng to restrain his border households from mutual raids. Later, when the Guangyuan chieftain Nong Zhigao rebelled, Dezheng led twenty thousand men by water, intending to join the imperial campaign. The court heaped gifts upon him but refused his troops. In the second year of Zhihe he died.

其子日尊遣人告哀，命廣南西路轉運使、尚書屯田員外郎蘇安世爲吊贈使，贈德政爲侍中、南越王，賻齎甚厚。尋除日尊特進、檢校太尉、靜海軍節度使、安南都護，封交趾郡王。嘉祐三年，貢異獸二。四年，寇欽州思稟管。五年，與甲峒賊寇邕州，詔知桂州蕭固發部兵與轉運使宋鹹、提點刑獄李師中同議掩擊；又詔安撫使余靖等發兵捕討。靖遣諜誘占城同廣南西路兵甲趨交趾，日尊惶怖，上表待罪。詔未得舉兵，聽日尊貢奉至京師。八年，遣文思使梅景先、副使大理評事李繼先貢馴象九。四月戊寅，以大行皇帝詔及遺留物賜日尊，加同中書門下平章事。是日，交趾使辭，命內侍省押班李繼和喻以申紹泰入寇，本路屢乞討伐，而朝廷以紹泰一夫肆狂，又本道已遣使謝罪，故未欲興兵。治平初，知桂州陸詵言，交州來求儂宗旦男日新及欲取溫悶洞等地，帝問交趾于何年割據，輔臣對曰：「自唐至德中改安南都護府，梁貞明中，土豪曲承美專有此地。」韓琦曰：「向以黎桓叛命，太宗遣將討伐，不服，後遣使詔誘，始效順。交州山路險僻，多潦霧瘴毒之氣，雖得其地，恐不能守也。」神宗即位，進封日尊南平王。熙甯元年，加開府儀同三司。二年，表言：「占城國久闕貢，臣親帥兵討之，虜其王。」詔以其使郭士安爲六宅副使、陶宗元爲內殿崇班。日尊自帝其國，僭稱法天應運崇仁至道慶成龍祥英武睿文尊德聖神皇帝，尊公蘊爲太祖神武皇帝，國號大越，改元寶象，又改神武。

His son Rizun sent envoys to announce the death. Su Anshi, Guangnan West Circuit transport commissioner and vice director of agriculture in the Ministry of Revenue, was appointed condolence envoy. Dezheng was posthumously honored as Palace Attendant and King of Nanyue, with lavish funeral gifts. Rizun was soon appointed Special Grandee, Acting Grand Commandant, military commissioner of the Jinghai Army, protector general of Annan, and enfeoffed as King of Jiaozhi. In the third year of Jiayou he sent two exotic beasts as tribute. In the fourth year he raided Sibingguan in Qin Prefecture. In the fifth year he joined Jiadong bandits in raiding Yong Prefecture. An edict ordered Xiao Gu, prefect of Gui Prefecture, to mobilize local troops and, together with transport commissioner Song Xian and judicial intendant Li Shizhong, plan a surprise attack; another edict ordered pacification commissioner Yu Jing and others to raise troops and pursue them. Yu Jing sent agents to induce Champa to join Guangnan West Circuit forces in marching on Jiaozhi. Rizun was terrified and submitted a memorial awaiting punishment. An edict forbade mobilization and permitted Rizun to continue sending tribute to the capital. In the eighth year he sent document artisan commissioner Mei Jingxian and vice-envoy Li Jixian, an assessor of the Court of Judicial Review, with nine trained elephants as tribute. On the wuyin day of the fourth month, the late emperor's edict and remaining gifts were bestowed on Rizun, who was also given Acting Chief Councilor of the Secretariat and Chancellery. That same day, as the Jiaozhi envoy took his leave, Li Jihe, controller of the Palace Inner Service, was ordered to explain that although the circuit had repeatedly requested a punitive campaign over Shen Shaotai's raid, the court regarded Shaotai as one man run amok and the circuit had already sent envoys to apologize, and so did not yet wish to raise troops. Early in the Zhiping era, Lu Shen, prefect of Gui Prefecture, reported that Jiaozhi had come seeking Nong Zongdan's son Rixin and wished to recover Wendong Cave and other territory. The emperor asked when Jiaozhi had first carved out its own domain. A privy counselor replied, "From Tang times: in the Zhongde era the Annan Protectorate was reorganized, and in the Zhenming era of Liang the local magnate Qu Chengmei came to hold this land exclusively." Han Qi said, "Formerly Li Huan defied imperial command. Emperor Taizong sent generals to chastise him, but he would not submit. Only after envoys were sent with edicts to win him over did he show obedience. The mountain roads of Jiaozhi are perilous and remote, thick with miasma and poisonous vapors. Even if we took the land, I fear we could not hold it." When Emperor Shenzong took the throne, Rizun was promoted to Prince of Nanping. In the first year of Xining he was given the title Grand Preceptor with Honors Equal to the Three Excellencies. In the second year he memorialized, "Champa has long neglected tribute. I personally led troops against them and captured their king." An edict appointed his envoys Guo Shi'an vice commissioner of the Six Residences and Tao Zongyuan Inner Hall Honored Band. Rizun declared himself emperor of his own realm, presumptuously taking the title Emperor Corresponding to Heaven, Upholding Fate, Cherishing Benevolence, Utmost Way, Celebrating Success, Dragon Auspice, Heroic Martial, Sagacious Literary, Revered Virtue, Sage Spirit. He honored Gongyun as Martial Spirit Taizu Emperor, named his state Great Yue, and changed the era name first to Baoxiang and then to Shenwu.

五年三月，日尊卒。命廣西轉運使康衛爲吊贈使。予所奪州縣。詔報之曰：「卿撫有南交，世受王爵，而乃背德奸命，竊暴邊城。棄祖考忠順之圖，煩朝廷討伐之舉。師行深入，勢蹙始歸。跡其罪尤，在所絀削。今遣使修貢，上章致恭，詳觀詞情，灼見悛悔。朕撫綏萬國，不異邇遐。但以邕、欽之民，遷劫炎陬，久失鄉井，俟盡送還省界，即以廣源等賜交州。」乾德初約歸三州官吏千人，久之，才送民二百二十一口，男子年十五以上皆刺額曰「天子兵」，二十以上曰「投南朝」，婦人刺左手曰「官客」。以舟載之而泥其戶牖，中設燈燭，日行一二十里則止，而偽作更鼓以報，凡數月乃至，蓋以紿示海道之遠也。順州落南深，置戍鎮守，被罹瘴霧多病沒，陶弼亦終於官。朝廷知其無用，乃悉以四州一縣還之。然廣源舊隸邕管羈縻，本非交趾所有也。

In the third month of the fifth year Rizun died. Kang Wei, Guangxi transport commissioner, was appointed condolence envoy. He memorialized requesting restoration of the prefectures and counties that had been seized from him. An edict in reply said, "You govern the southern frontier and for generations have received royal enfeoffment, yet you turned against virtue, defied command, and stealthily ravaged our border towns. You cast aside your ancestors' path of loyalty and submission and forced the court into punitive campaigns. Only when our armies marched deep into your lands and you were driven to extremity did you return to obedience. Given the weight of your offenses, reductions everywhere are warranted. Now you send envoys to resume tribute and submit respectful memorials. Reading your words closely, I clearly see repentance. I soothe all nations alike, making no distinction between near and far. But the people of Yong and Qin, carried off in raids to the sultry south and long separated from their homes, must first all be returned within the provincial border; then Guangyuan and the rest will be granted to Jiaozhi. Gande had initially agreed to return a thousand officials and subjects from the three prefectures, but after a long delay sent back only two hundred twenty-one commoners. Males fifteen and older were tattooed on the forehead "Soldiers of the Son of Heaven"; those twenty and older, "Defected to the Southern Court"; women were tattooed on the left hand "Official guests." They were transported by boat with doors and windows sealed in mud, lamps and candles lit inside. They moved only ten or twenty li a day before halting, while false watch-drums were beaten to mark the hours. It took months to arrive—a ruse to make the sea route seem impossibly long. Shun Prefecture lay deep in the southern interior. Posted garrisons suffered heavily from miasma and disease, and Tao Bi too died in office there. Seeing the posts were useless, the court returned all four prefectures and one county to them. Yet Guangyuan had long been under Yong Prefecture's indirect administration and had never truly belonged to Jiaozhi.

元豐五年，獻馴象二、犀角象齒百。六年，以追捕儂智會爲辭，犯歸化州。又遣其臣黎文盛來廣西辦理順安、歸化境界，經略使熊本遣左江巡檢成卓與議，文盛稱陪臣，不敢爭執。詔以文盛能遵乾德恭順之意，賜之袍帶及絹五百匹。仍以八隘之外保樂六縣、宿桑二峒予乾德。哲宗立，加同中書門下平章事。元祐中，又數上表求勿惡、勿陽峒地，詔不許。二年，遣使入貢，進封南平王。徽宗時，累加開府儀同三司、檢校太師。大觀初，貢使至京乞市書籍，有司言法不許，詔嘉其慕義，除禁書、卜筮、陰陽、曆算、術數、兵書、敕令、時務、邊機、地理外，余書許買。政和末，又詔以交人自熙甯以來，全不生事，特寬和市之禁。宣和元年，加乾德守司空。建炎元年，詔廣西經略安撫司禁邊民毋受安南逋逃，從其主乾德之請也。四年，安南入貢，詔卻其方物之華靡者，賜敕書，厚其報以懷柔之。

In the fifth year of Yuanfeng he presented two trained elephants and a hundred pieces of rhinoceros horn and ivory. In the sixth year, on the pretext of pursuing Nong Zhihui, he violated Guihua Prefecture. He also sent his minister Li Wensheng to Guangxi to settle the Shun'an and Guihua boundaries. Military commissioner Xiong Ben dispatched Left River inspector Cheng Zhuo to negotiate with him. Wensheng styled himself a subordinate minister and dared not press his claims. An edict praised Wensheng for following Gande's intent of respectful submission and bestowed on him robes, a belt, and five hundred bolts of silk. Beyond the eight passes, the six counties of Baole and the two dong of Susang were also granted to Gande. When Emperor Zhezong took the throne, Gande was given Acting Chief Councilor of the Secretariat and Chancellery. During the Yuanyou era he repeatedly memorialized seeking the Wue and Wuyang dong territories, but an edict refused. In the second year he sent envoys with tribute and was promoted to Prince of Nanping. During Emperor Huizong's reign he was repeatedly given Grand Preceptor with Honors Equal to the Three Excellencies and Acting Grand Mentor. Early in the Daguan era, tribute envoys reaching the capital asked to buy books. The relevant offices said the law forbade it, but an edict praised their love of learning: aside from prohibited books, divination, yin-yang lore, calendrical and numerological works, military texts, edicts, current affairs, frontier secrets, and geography, all other books might be purchased. Late in the Zhenghe era another edict declared that, since the people of Jiaozhi had since Xining caused no trouble at all, restrictions on mutual market trade were specially relaxed. In the first year of Xuanhe Gande was given the title Acting Minister of Works. In the first year of Jianyan an edict ordered the Guangxi military commission and pacification office to forbid border people from sheltering fugitives from Annan, acceding to their ruler Gande's request. In the fourth year Annan sent tribute. An edict declined their most lavish gifts, bestowed an imperial letter, and enriched the return gifts as a gesture of conciliation.

紹興二年，乾德卒。贈侍中，追封南越王。子陽煥嗣，授靜海軍節度使、特進、檢校太尉，封交趾郡王，賜推誠順化功臣。八年，陽煥卒，以轉運副使朱芾充弔祭使，贈陽煥開府儀同三司，追封南平王。子天祚嗣，授官如其父初封之制。九年，詔廣西帥司毋受趙智之入貢。初，乾德有側室子奔大理，變姓名爲趙智之，自稱平王。聞陽煥死，大理遣歸，與天祚爭立，求入貢，欲假兵納之，帝不許。十七年，詔文思院制鞍韉以賜天祚。二十一年，累加天祚崇義懷忠保信鄉德安遠承和功臣。二十五年，詔館安南使者于懷遠驛，賜宴，以彰異數。進封天祚南平王，賜襲衣、金帶、鞍馬。二十六年，命右司郎中汪應辰宴安南使者于玉津園。八月，天祚遣李國等以金珠、沉水香、翠羽、良馬、馴象來貢。詔加天祚檢校太師，增食邑。隆興二年，天祚遣尹子思、鄧碩儼等貢金銀、象齒、香物。乾道六年，累加天祚歸仁協恭繼美遵度履正彰善功臣。帝自即位，屢卻安南貢使。九年，天祚復遣尹子思、李邦正求入貢。帝嘉其誠，許之，詔館於懷遠驛。廣南西路經略安撫使范成大言：「本司經略諸蠻，安南在撫綏之內，其陪臣豈得與中國王官亢禮？政和間，貢使入境，皆庭參，不復報謁。宜遵舊制，於禮爲得。」朝廷從其請。淳熙元年二月，進封天祚安南國王，加號守謙功臣。二年，賜安南國印。三年，賜安南國曆日。天祚卒。

In the second year of Shaoxing Gande died. He was posthumously honored as Palace Attendant and posthumously enfeoffed as King of Nanyue. His son Yang Huan succeeded, appointed military commissioner of the Jinghai Army, Special Grandee, and Acting Grand Commandant, enfeoffed as King of Jiaozhi, and granted Honorable Merit for Expelling Sincerity and Transforming Submission. In the eighth year Yang Huan died. Vice transport commissioner Zhu Fei was appointed condolence envoy. Yang Huan was posthumously given Grand Preceptor with Honors Equal to the Three Excellencies and posthumously enfeoffed Prince of Nanping. His son Tianzuo succeeded and was granted offices according to the terms of his father's first enfeoffment. In the ninth year an edict ordered the Guangxi command not to accept tribute from Zhao Zhizhi. Earlier Gande had had a son by a concubine who fled to Dali, changed his name to Zhao Zhizhi, and styled himself Prince of Ping. When Yang Huan died, Dali sent him back. He contended with Tianzuo for the throne, sought permission to send tribute, and asked to borrow Song troops to install himself. The emperor refused. In the seventeenth year an edict ordered the Document Artisan Institute to make saddles and tack as gifts for Tianzuo. In the twenty-first year Tianzuo was granted the honorary title Cherishing Righteousness, Cherishing Loyalty, Preserving Trust, Honoring Virtue, Pacifying the Distance, and Upholding Harmony. In the twenty-fifth year an edict ordered Annan envoys lodged at Huaiyuan Station and granted banquets to mark extraordinary favor. Tianzuo was promoted to Prince of Nanping and granted ceremonial robes, a gold belt, and a saddled horse. In the twenty-sixth year Wang Yingchen, right section director, was ordered to banquet Annan envoys at Yujin Garden. In the eighth month Tianzuo sent Li Guo and others with gold, pearls, agarwood, kingfisher feathers, fine horses, and trained elephants as tribute. An edict added Acting Grand Mentor to Tianzuo's titles and increased his fief. In the second year of Longxing Tianzuo sent Yin Zisi, Deng Shuoyan, and others with gold, silver, ivory, and fragrant goods as tribute. In the sixth year of Qiandao Tianzuo was granted the honorary title Returning Benevolence, Harmonious Respect, Continuing Excellence, Following Measure, Upholding Rectitude, and Manifesting Goodness. Since taking the throne the emperor had repeatedly turned away Annan tribute envoys. In the ninth year Tianzuo again sent Yin Zisi and Li Bangzheng to request permission to present tribute. The emperor praised their sincerity and granted the request, ordering them lodged at Huaiyuan Station. Fan Chengda, Guangnan West Circuit military commissioner and pacification envoy, said, "This office oversees the various tribes; Annan falls within our jurisdiction. How can their subordinate ministers presume equal ceremony with officials of the Middle Kingdom? During the Zhenghe era, when tribute envoys entered the border they all paid court audience, and no return visits were made. The old regulations should be followed; that would be ritually correct. The court granted his request. In the second month of the first year of the Chunxi reign, Tianzuo was promoted to King of Annam and granted the additional honorific title Loyal and Modest Merit Minister. In the second year, the court bestowed the seal of the Kingdom of Annam. In the third year, the court bestowed the official calendar upon the Kingdom of Annam. Tianzuo died.

明年，子龍榦嗣位，授靜海軍節度使觀察處置等使、特進、檢校太尉兼御史大夫、上柱國，特封安南國王，加食邑；仍賜推誠順化功臣，制曰：「即樂國以肇封，既從世襲；極真王而錫命，何待次升？」示殊禮也。五年，貢方物，上表稱謝。九年，詔卻安南所貢象，以其無用而煩民，他物亦止受什一。十六年，累加龍榦守義奉國履常懷德功臣。光宗即位，奉表入貢稱賀。甯宗朝，賜衣帶、器幣，累加謹度思忠濟美勤禮保節歸仁崇謙協恭功臣及食邑焉。

The following year his son Long Gan succeeded him. He was appointed Military Commissioner of the Jinghai Army with authority over observation and disposition, granted Special Advancement, made Honorary Grand General and concurrent Grand Censor, named Upper Pillar of the State, specially enfeoffed as King of Annam, and given an increase in fief income; He was also granted the title Loyal and Transforming Merit Minister. The decree read: "Having secured the kingdom to establish his enfeoffment, and succession already following hereditary rule; to bestow the imperial mandate upon the true king—why wait for him to rise in turn?" This was meant to show extraordinary courtesy. In the fifth year he sent tribute of local products and submitted a memorial of thanks. In the ninth year an edict refused the elephants Annam offered in tribute, deeming them useless and a burden on the people; other goods were accepted only at one tenth. In the sixteenth year Long Gan was cumulatively granted the additional title Merit Minister of Upholding Righteousness, Serving the State, Maintaining Constancy, and Cherishing Virtue. When Emperor Guangzong ascended the throne, Long Gan submitted a memorial, sent tribute, and offered congratulations. During the reign of Emperor Ningzong the court bestowed robes, belts, utensils, and coins, cumulatively granted him the title Merit Minister of Prudent Conduct, Loyal Thought, Advancing Excellence, Diligent Ritual, Preserving Integrity, Returning to Benevolence, Honoring Modesty, and Harmonious Respect, and increased his fief income.

嘉定五年，龍榦卒。詔以廣西運判陳孔碩充弔祭使，特贈侍中。依前安南國王制，以其子昊旵襲封其爵位，給賜如龍榦始封之制，仍賜推誠順化功臣。其後謝表不至，遂輟加恩。

In the fifth year of the Jiading reign, Long Gan died. An edict appointed Chen Kuo-shuo, transport commissioner of Guangxi, as condolence envoy and specially posthumously granted Long Gan the title of Palace Attendant. Following the previous regulations for the King of Annam, his son Hao Yan inherited his rank and title; grants and bestowals followed those given at Long Gan's initial enfeoffment, and he was again granted the title Loyal and Transforming Merit Minister. Thereafter his letter of thanks never arrived, and additional favors were therefore suspended.

昊旵卒，無子，以女昭聖主國事，遂爲其婿陳日煚所有。李氏有國，自公蘊至昊旵，凡八傳，二百二十餘年而國亡。淳祐二年，詔安南國王陳日煚，元賜效忠順化保節功臣增「守義」二字。寶祐六年，詔安南情狀叵測，申飭邊備。景定二年，貢象二。三年，表乞世襲。詔日煚授檢校太師、安南國大王，加食邑；男威晃，授靜海軍節度使、觀察處置使、檢校太尉兼御史大夫、上柱國、安南國王、效忠順化功臣，賜金帶、器幣、鞍馬。咸淳五年，詔安南國王父日煚、國王威晃加食邑。八年，明堂禮成，日煚、威晃各加食邑，賜鞍馬等物。

Hao Yan died without a son. His daughter Zhao Sheng took charge of state affairs, and the kingdom thereafter passed into the hands of her son-in-law Chen Ri-jiong. The Li clan had held the kingdom from Gong Yun to Hao Yan—eight generations in all and more than two hundred and twenty years—before the state perished. In the second year of the Chunyou reign an edict addressed Chen Ri-jiong, King of Annam, adding the two characters "Upholding Righteousness" to his originally granted title Loyal and Transforming Integrity-Preserving Merit Minister. In the sixth year of the Baoyou reign an edict declared that Annam's intentions were impossible to read and ordered stricter preparations along the frontier. In the second year of the Jingding reign two elephants were sent as tribute. In the third year he submitted a memorial requesting hereditary succession. An edict appointed Ri-jiong Honorary Grand Preceptor and Grand King of Annam and increased his fief income; His son Wei Huang was appointed Military Commissioner of the Jinghai Army, Commissioner for Observation and Disposition, Honorary Grand General and concurrent Grand Censor, Upper Pillar of the State, King of Annam, and Loyal and Transforming Merit Minister, and was granted a gold belt, utensils, coins, and a saddle horse. In the fifth year of the Xianchun reign an edict granted increases in fief income to Ri-jiong, father of the King of Annam, and to King Wei Huang. In the eighth year, after the Bright Hall rites were completed, Ri-jiong and Wei Huang each received increases in fief income, along with saddle horses and other gifts.

大理國，即唐南詔也。熙寧九年，遣使貢金裝碧玕山、氈罽、刀劍、犀皮甲鞍轡。自後不常來，亦不領於鴻臚。

The Kingdom of Dali was the Nanzhao of the Tang dynasty. In the ninth year of the Xining reign envoys were dispatched bearing tribute of gold-mounted azure jade mountains, felt rugs, swords, rhinoceros-hide armor, and saddle trappings. After this they did not come regularly, nor were they received by the Court of Imperial Entertainments.

政和五年，廣州觀察使黃璘奏，南詔大理國慕義懷徠，願爲臣妾，欲聽其入貢。詔璘置局於賓州，凡有奏請，皆俟進止。六年，遣進奉使天駟爽彥賁李紫琮、副使坦綽李伯祥來，詔璘与廣東轉運副使徐惕偕詣闕，其所經行，令監司一人主之。道出荊湖南，當由邵州新化縣至鼎州，而璘家潭之湘鄉，轉運判官喬方欲媚璘，乃排比由邵至潭，由潭至鼎一路。御史劾其當農事之際，而觀望勞民，詔罷方。紫琮等過鼎，聞學校文物之盛，請於押伴，求詣學瞻拜宣聖像，邵守張察許之，遂往，遍謁見諸生。又乞觀御書閣，舉笏扣首。

In the fifth year of the Zhenghe reign Huang Lin, observation commissioner of Guangzhou, memorialized that Nanzhao-Dali admired righteousness and sought to draw near, wished to become a subject, and asked permission to send tribute. An edict ordered Lin to establish an office at Binzhou; all petitions were to await imperial direction. In the sixth year the tribute envoy Celestial Steed Shan Yanbin Li Zicong and vice-envoy Tan Chuo Li Boxiang were dispatched. An edict ordered Lin and Xu Ti, vice transport commissioner of Guangdong, to escort them to court, with one supervising official assigned to take charge at each stage along the route. The route passed through southern Hunan and should have run from Xinhua County in Shaozhou to Dingzhou, but Lin's home was in Xiangxiang in Tanzhou. Transport vice-commissioner Qiao Fang, wishing to curry favor with Lin, instead arranged a route from Shao to Tan and from Tan to Ding. Censors impeached them for burdening the people with unnecessary labor at the height of the farming season while dragging out the journey; an edict dismissed Fang. When Zicong and the others passed through Ding, having heard of the flourishing schools and civil culture, they asked their escorts for leave to visit the academy and pay homage before the image of the Sage. Prefect Zhang Cha of Shao granted permission, and they went and paid respects to all the students. They also requested to view the Imperial Calligraphy Pavilion, raised their tablets, and kowtowed.

七年二月，至京師，貢馬三百八十匹及麝香、牛黃、細氈、碧玕山諸物。制以其王段和譽爲金紫光祿大夫、檢校司空、雲南節度使、上柱國、大理國王。朝廷以爲璘有功，並其子暉、昨皆遷官，少子𣆳爲閣門宣贊舍人。已而知桂州周璘詐冒，璘得罪。自是大理復不通於中國，間一至黎州互市。

In the second month of the seventh year they reached the capital and presented three hundred and eighty horses as tribute, along with musk, ox bezoar, fine felt, azure jade mountains, and other goods. A decree appointed their king Duan Heyu Golden-purple Light Grandee, Honorary Minister of Works, Military Commissioner of Yunnan, Upper Pillar of the State, and King of Dali. The court deemed Lin meritorious; he and his sons Hui and Zuo were all promoted in rank, and his youngest son was made Gatekeeper Herald. It was later learned that Zhou Lin of Guizhou had committed fraud, and Huang Lin was punished. From then on Dali again had no contact with the Middle Kingdom, occasionally reaching only as far as Lizhou for mutual trade.

紹興三年十月，廣西奏，大理國求入貢及售馬，詔卻之，不欲以虛名勞民也。朱勝非奏曰：「昔年大理入貢，言者深指其妄，黃璘由是獲罪。」帝曰：「遐方異域，何由得實，但仇當其馬價，則馬方至，用益騎兵，不爲無補也。」六年七月，廣西經略安撫司奏，大理復遣使奉表貢象、馬，詔經略司護送行在，優禮答之。九月，翰林學士朱震上言，乞諭廣西帥臣，凡市馬當擇謹厚者任之，毋遣好功喜事之人，以啟邊釁。異時南北路通，則漸減廣西市馬之數，庶幾消患于未然。詔從之。

In the tenth month of the third year of the Shaoxing reign Guangxi reported that Dali sought to send tribute and sell horses; an edict refused, not wishing to burden the people for the sake of empty ceremony. Zhu Shengfei memorialized: "In years past when Dali sent tribute, critics sharply denounced it as fraudulent, and Huang Lin was punished on that account. The emperor said: "How can one verify the truth about distant foreign lands? If we simply pay the full price for their horses, the horses will come—and using them to strengthen our cavalry is no small benefit." In the seventh month of the sixth year the Guangxi pacification and comfort commission reported that Dali again dispatched envoys with a memorial, presenting elephants and horses; an edict ordered the pacification commission to escort them to the temporary capital and receive them with generous courtesy. In the ninth month Hanlin Academician Zhu Zhen memorialized, requesting that Guangxi frontier commanders be instructed to entrust horse purchases only to men who are cautious and steady, and never to send glory-seeking busybodies who might provoke border incidents. When the northern and southern routes are open in future, the number of horses purchased in Guangxi should gradually be reduced, so that troubles may be extinguished before they arise. An edict approved this.

淳熙二年十一月，知靜江府張┉申嚴保伍之禁，又以邕管戍兵不能千人，左、右江峒丁十余萬，每恃以爲藩蔽，其邕州提舉、巡檢官宜精其選，以撫峒丁。欲制大理，當自邕管始云。

In the eleventh month of the second year of the Chunxi reign Zhang Shi, prefect of Jingjiang, memorialized on strictly enforcing the mutual-responsibility system among households. He further stated that garrison troops in Yongguan numbered fewer than a thousand, while the cave households of the Left and Right Rivers numbered more than a hundred thousand and were relied upon as a bulwark; therefore the Yongzhou intendant and inspection officials should be carefully selected to pacify the cave households. If one wishes to control Dali, one must begin with Yongguan, the memorial concluded.

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