1
占城真臘蒲甘邈黎三佛齊闍婆南毗附勃泥注輦丹眉流
Champa, Chenla, Bagan, Miaoli, Srivijaya, Sheponanpi (appended), Brunei, Chola, and Tambralinga.
2
占城國在中國之西南，東至海，西至雲南，南至真臘國，北至歡州界。 泛海南去三佛齊五日程。 陸行至賓陀羅國一月程，其國隸占城焉。 東去麻逸國二日程，蒲端國七日程。 北至廣州，便風半月程。 東北至兩浙一月程。 西北至交州兩日程，陸行半月程。 其地東西七百里，南北三千里。 南曰施備州，西曰上源州，北曰烏里州。 所統大小州三十八，不盈三萬家。 其國無城郭，有百餘村，村落戶三五百，或至七百，亦有縣鎮之名。
The kingdom of Champa lay to the southwest of China, bounded on the east by the sea, on the west by Yunnan, on the south by Chenla, and on the north by the frontier of Huan Prefecture. By sea to the south, Srivijaya was five days' sail away. Overland, Panduranga was a month's march away; that country was under Champa's jurisdiction. To the east, Mayi lay two days away and Butuan seven. Northward to Guangzhou was half a month under fair winds. Northeast to the Two Zhes was a month's journey. Northwest to Jiaozhou was two days by sea or half a month overland. Its territory stretched seven hundred li from east to west and three thousand li from north to south. The southern region was called Shibei Prefecture, the western Shangyuan Prefecture, and the northern Wuli Prefecture. It ruled thirty-eight prefectures large and small, with fewer than thirty thousand households in all. The country had no walled cities, only more than a hundred villages of three to seven hundred households each, though some places bore the names of counties and market towns.
3
土地所出：箋沉香、檳榔、烏樠木、蘇木、白藤、黃蠟、吉貝花布、絲絞布、白�布、藤簟、貝多葉簟、金銀鐵錠等物。 五穀無麥，有粳米、粟、豆、麻子。 官給種一斛，計租百斛。 果實有蓮、甘蔗、蕉子、椰子。 鳥獸多孔雀、犀牛。 畜產多黃牛、水牛而無驢； 亦有山牛，不任耕耨，但殺以祭鬼，將殺，令巫祝之曰「阿羅和及拔」，譯云「早教他托生」。 民獲犀、象皆輸于王。 國人多乘象或軟布兜，或於交州市馬，頗食山羊、水兕之肉。
Local products included fine aloeswood, areca nuts, ebony, sappanwood, white rattan, yellow beeswax, kapok cloth, twisted-silk fabrics, white cotton cloth, rattan and pattra-leaf mats, and ingots of gold, silver, and iron. Wheat was not grown; the staple grains were polished rice, millet, beans, and hemp seed. The state issued one hu of seed per allotment and collected rent at one hundred hu. Fruits included lotus, sugarcane, plantains, and coconuts. Peacocks and rhinoceroses were especially common among the local fauna. Livestock consisted mainly of cattle and water buffalo; there were no donkeys; Wild cattle too were found, but they could not be yoked for farming and were slaughtered only for spirit offerings; before each kill the shamans would intone "A-luo-he ji ba"—"May his soul pass quickly to rebirth." Any rhinoceros horn or elephant taken by the people had to be surrendered to the king. People commonly traveled by elephant or palanquin, or bought horses at Jiaozhou; goat and water-buffalo meat featured often in their diet.
4
其風俗衣服與大食國相類。 無絲蠶，以白ふ布纏其胸，垂至於足，衣衫窄袖。 撮發爲髻，散垂余{髟肖}於其後。 互市無緡錢，止用金銀較量錙銖，或吉貝錦定博易之直。 樂器有胡琴、笛、鼓、大鼓，樂部亦列舞人。 其王腦後ヮ髻，散披吉貝衣，戴金花冠，七寶裝纓絡爲飾，脛股皆露，躡革履，無襪。 婦人亦腦後撮髻，無笄梳，其服及拜揖與男子同。 王每日午坐禪椅。 官屬謁見膜拜一而止，白事畢復膜拜一而退。 或出遊，看象、采獵、觀漁，皆數日方還。 近則乘軟布兜，遠則乘象，或乘一木杠，四人舁之，先令一人持檳榔盤前導，從者十餘輩，各執弓箭刀槍手牌等，其民望之膜拜一而止。 日或一再出。 每歲稻熟，王自刈一把，從者及群婦女競割之。
Customs and dress resembled those of the Arab lands. Silk was unknown; men wrapped white cotton from chest to ankle and wore narrow-sleeved jackets. Hair was gathered into a topknot with the rest left to hang down the back. Markets did without copper cash; trade was settled in gold and silver by weight, or valued in kapok brocade. Instruments included the huqin, flute, drums, and great drum; the music office also fielded dancers. The king wore a rear topknot and a loose kapok robe, a golden floral crown, and necklaces studded with the seven treasures; his calves and thighs were bare, and he went in leather sandals without stockings. Women too wore rear topknots without pins or combs, and their dress and obeisances matched those of men. Each day at noon the king took his seat on a formal chair. Officials paid one prostration on entering audience, reported their business, prostrated again, and withdrew. Outings to watch elephants, hunt, or observe fishing could keep him away for days. Short journeys he made in a palanquin, long ones on elephant or a pole chair borne by four men, preceded by a servant with an areca tray and a dozen retainers armed with bow, blade, spear, and shield; commoners who sighted him prostrated once and held still. On some days he might appear in public once or twice. At harvest each year the king cut the first handful himself, after which attendants and women of the court rushed to finish the reaping.
5
其王或以兄爲副王，或以弟爲次王。 設高官凡八員，東西南北各二，分治其事，無奉祿，令其所管土俗資給之。 別置文吏五十餘員，有郎中、員外、秀才之稱，分掌資儲寶貨等事，亦無資奉，但給龜魚充食及免調役而已。 又有司帑廩者十二員，主軍卒者二百餘員，皆無月奉。 勝兵萬餘人，月給粳米二斛，冬夏衣布各三匹至五匹。 每夕，唯王升床而臥，諸臣皆寢於地蓐。 親近之臣見王即胡跪作禮，稍疏遠者但拱手而已。
The king might name an elder brother deputy ruler or a younger brother second king. Eight grand officers—two for each cardinal direction—shared administration without salary, living on levies from their districts. More than fifty clerks—styled langzhong, yuanwai, and xiucai—oversaw stores and treasure without pay, receiving only fish and turtle for food and exemption from labor levies. Twelve treasury officers and over two hundred military commanders likewise received no monthly stipend. The standing army exceeded ten thousand men, paid two hu of rice monthly and three to five bolts of cloth for summer and winter uniforms. Each night only the king slept on a raised bed; his ministers slept on mats on the ground. Intimates knelt in foreign style on meeting the king; more distant officials merely clasped their hands.
6
其風俗，正月一日牽象周行所居之地，然後驅逐出郭，謂之逐邪。 四月有遊船之戲。 定十一月十五日爲冬至，人皆相賀，州縣以土產物帛獻其王。 每歲十二月十五日，城外縛木爲塔，王及人民以衣物香藥置塔上焚之以祭天。 人有疾病，旋采生藥服食。 地不產茶，亦不知醞釀之法，止飲椰子酒，兼食檳榔。
On the first day of the new year they led an elephant around the royal residence and then drove it beyond the suburbs in a rite called "expelling evil." The fourth month brought boating festivities. They reckoned the winter solstice on the fifteenth of the eleventh month, when people exchanged congratulations and districts sent local goods and cloth to the king. On the fifteenth of the twelfth month a wooden tower was erected outside the city; king and people piled garments and incense upon it and burned them as a sacrifice to Heaven. The sick gathered fresh herbs and took them at once. Tea was not grown and grain wine unknown; they drank coconut liquor and chewed areca.
7
刑禁亦設枷鎖，小過以四人拽伏於地，藤杖鞭之，二人左右更互捶撲，量其罪或五六十至一百。 當死者以繩系於樹，用梭槍舂喉而殊其首。 若故殺、劫殺，令象踏之，或以鼻卷撲於地。 象皆素習，將刑人，即令豢養之人以數諭之，悉能曉焉。 犯奸者，男女共入牛以贖罪。 負國王物者，以繩拘於荒塘，物充而後出之。
Punishment included stocks and shackles; minor offenses brought a prone beating with rattan switches by four men, two alternating left and right, from fifty to a hundred strokes according to the fault. Capital convicts were roped to a tree and their throats crushed with a spear-shaft until the head came off. Premeditated or robbery murder was punished by having an elephant trample the culprit or dash him to earth with its trunk. The elephants were thoroughly trained; before an execution the keeper counted out the command and the beasts understood perfectly. Adulterers, man and woman alike, redeemed their offense with an ox. Debtors to the crown were bound in a remote pool until the debt was satisfied, then freed.
8
其國前代罕與中國通。 周顯德中，其王釋利因德漫遣其臣莆訶散貢方物，有雲龍形通犀帶、菩薩石。 又有薔薇水灑衣經歲香不歇，猛火油得水愈熾，皆貯以璢璃瓶。
In earlier times the kingdom had seldom dealt with China. During Later Zhou's Xiande reign, King Shili Yinde Man sent the minister Puhe San with tribute including a cloud-and-dragon rhinoceros-horn belt and bodhisattva stone. They also sent rose water whose scent on cloth lasted a year, and naphtha that burned fiercer when it touched water, all packed in glass vessels.
9
建隆二年，其王釋利因陀盤遣使莆訶散來朝。 表章書于貝多葉，以香木函盛之。 貢犀角、象牙、龍腦、香藥、孔雀四、大食瓶二十。 使回，錫齎有差，以器幣優賜其王。 三年，又貢象牙二十二株、乳香千斤。
In 961 its king Shili Yintuo Pan sent Puhe San to the Song court. Their petition was inscribed on pattra leaves and enclosed in a scented-wood box. The tribute included rhinoceros horn, ivory, borneol, aromatics, four peacocks, and twenty glass bottles from the western lands. On the envoy's return the court gave graded rewards and sent vessels and silks in generous favor to the king. The following year they sent twenty-two ivory tusks and a thousand jin of frankincense.
10
乾德四年，其王悉利因陀盤遣使團因陀玢李帝婆羅貢馴象、牯犀、象牙、白氎、哥縵、越諾，王妻波良僕瑁、男占謀律秀瓊等各貢香藥。 五年，又遣使李𠰢、李被瑳相繼來貢獻。
In 966 King Xili Yintuo Pan sent Tuan Yintuo Fen, Li Diboluo, and others with tame elephants, bull rhinoceros, ivory, white felt, patterned silks, and brocade; the queen Bolang Pumao, Prince Zhan Moulu Xiujiong, and others sent aromatics as well. In 967 envoys Li [character] and Li Beicuo came in succession with further tribute.
11
開寶三年，遣使貢方物雌象一。 四年，悉利多盤、副國王李耨、王妻郭氏、子蒲路雞波羅等並遣使來貢。 五年，其王波美稅褐印茶遣使莆訶散來貢。 六年，又貢。 七年，又貢孔雀傘二、西天烽鐵四十斤。 九年，遣使朱陀利、陳陀野等來貢。
In 970 they sent tribute including a female elephant. In 971 King Xiliduo Pan, Deputy King Li Nou, Queen Guo, Prince Pulujiboluo, and others all sent missions with tribute. In 972 King Bomei Shuihe Yinchai sent Puhe San again with tribute. In 973 they sent tribute again. In 974 they sent two peacock parasols and forty jin of steel from the western regions. In 976 envoys Zhu Tuoli, Chen Tuoye, and others arrived with tribute.
12
太平興國二年，其王波美稅陽布印茶遣使李牌來貢。 三年，其王及男達智遣使來貢。 四年，遣使李木吒哆來貢。 六年，交州黎桓上言，欲以占城俘九十三人獻于京師。 太宗令廣州止其俘，存撫之，給衣服資糧，遣還占城，詔諭其王。 七年，遣使乘象入貢，詔留象廣州畜養之。 八年，獻馴象，能拜伏，詔畜于京畿寧陵縣。
In 977 King Bomei Shuiyangbu Yinchai sent Li Pai with tribute. In 978 the king and Prince Nan Dazhi sent envoys with tribute. In 979 the envoy Li Muzhaduo came with tribute. In 981 Li Huan of Jiaozhou asked to send ninety-three Champa prisoners to the capital. Taizong ordered Guangzhou to hold the captives, clothe and feed them, and return them to Champa with an edict to their king. In 982 envoys arrived riding elephants; the court ordered the animals kept at Guangzhou. In 983 they sent a trained elephant that could bow and prostrate; the court housed it at Ningling in the capital district.
13
雍熙二年，其王施利陀盤吳日歡遣婆羅門金歌麻獻方物，且訴爲交州所侵，詔答令保國睦鄰。 三年，其王劉繼宗遣使李朝仙來貢。 儋州上言，占城人蒲羅遏爲交州所逼，率其族百口來附。 四年秋，廣州上言，雷、恩州關送占城夷人斯當李娘並其族一百五十人來歸，分隸南海、清遠縣。 端拱元年，廣州又言，占城夷人忽宣等族三百一人來附。
In 985 King Shilituo Pan Wuri Huan sent the Brahmin Jingema with tribute and a complaint of Jiaozhou aggression; the court replied urging him to guard his realm and live at peace with his neighbors. In 986 King Liu Jizong sent Li Chaoxian with tribute. Danzhou reported that Puluo'e of Champa, harried by Jiaozhou, had brought a clan of a hundred souls to submit. That autumn Guangzhou reported that Lei and En had forwarded Sidang Li Niang of Champa with a clan of 150 who had come over; they were registered in Nanhai and Qingyuan. In 988 Guangzhou reported that Huxuan of Champa and others—301 people in all—had submitted.
14
淳化元年，新王楊陀排自稱新坐佛逝國。 楊陀排遣使李臻貢馴犀方物，表訴爲交州所攻，國中人民財寶皆爲所略。 上賜黎桓詔，令各守境。 三年，遣使李良莆貢方物。 賜其王白馬二、兵器等。 本國僧淨戒獻龍腦、金鈴、銅香爐、如意等，各優賜之。
In 990 the new king Yang Tuopai proclaimed himself ruler of the renewed Funan realm. Yang Tuopai sent Li Zhen with a tame rhinoceros and other goods, protesting that Jiaozhou had attacked and plundered the people's wealth throughout the kingdom. The emperor sent Li Huan an edict ordering both sides to keep to their borders. In 992 Li Liangpu came with local tribute. The court gave the king two white horses, arms, and other gifts. The Champa monk Jingjie offered borneol, gold bells, bronze censers, and ruyi; each gift was richly rewarded.
15
至道元年正月，其王遣使來貢，奉表言：
In the first month of 995 the king sent envoys with tribute and a memorial reading:
16
前進奉使李良莆回，伏蒙聖慈賜臣細馬二匹、旗五面、銀裝劍五口、銀纏槍五條、弓弩各五張及箭等，戴恩感懼，稽首，稽首！
When our envoy Li Liangpu returned, Your Majesty had graciously granted me two fine horses, five banners, five silver-hilted swords, five silver-shafted spears, five bows and five crossbows with arrows. Overwhelmed by such grace, I prostrate myself again and again.
17
臣生長外國，敻遠天都。 竊承皇帝聖明，威德廣大，臣不憚介居海裔，遣使入朝。 皇帝不棄蠻夷山國，曲加優賜。 然臣自爲土長，聲勢尚卑，常時外國頗相侵撓，況以前民庶如芥，隨風星散，流離各不自保。 近蒙皇帝賜臣內閑駔駿及旗幟兵器等，鄰國聞之，知臣荷大國之寵，而各懼天威，不敢謀害。 今臣一國安寧，流民來復，若非皇帝天德加護，何以至此！ 臣之一國仰望仁聖，覆之如天，載之如地。 臣自思惟，鴻恩不淺。 且自天子之都至臣所居之國，涉海綿邈，不啻數萬里，而所賜之馬及器械等並安全而至，皆聖德之所及也。
I was born and raised in a distant land, far from the celestial capital. Hearing of Your Majesty's sagacity and far-reaching power, I did not hesitate though I dwell on a distant shore, and sent envoys to your court. Your Majesty did not disdain this barbarian mountain realm but showed exceptional favor. Yet as a local chief my standing was still weak; neighboring states often harassed us, and my people had been scattered like chaff in the wind, each unable to fend for himself. Since Your Majesty granted me fine steeds, banners, and arms, neighboring states learned that I enjoyed the great empire's favor; awed by your majesty, they no longer dared plot against me. Now my realm is at peace and exiles are returning—without Your Majesty's heaven-sent protection, how could this be! My whole kingdom looks up to your benevolence and wisdom—you cover us as heaven, you bear us as earth. Reflecting on myself, I know your grace is profound indeed. From the imperial capital to my realm the sea journey spans tens of thousands of li, yet the horses and arms you sent all arrived safely—such is the reach of your sacred virtue.
18
自前本國進奉，未嘗有旌旗弓矢之賜，臣今何幸，獨受異恩！ 此蓋天威廣被，壯臣土疆。 臣雖殞身無以上報。 兼臣貢使往復，資給備至，恩重山嶽，不可具陳。 今特遣專使李波珠、副使訶散、判官李磨勿等進奉犀角十株，象牙三十株，玳瑁十斤，龍腦二斤，沉香百斤，夾箋黃熟香九十斤，檀香百六十斤，山得雞二萬四千三百雙，胡椒二百斤，簟席五。 前件物固非珍奇，惟表誠懇。
Never before had our tribute missions received banners, bows, and arrows—how fortunate am I to receive such singular favor! Surely this is because your heavenly majesty spreads far and strengthens my domain. Even were I to give my life, I could not repay you adequately. Moreover, your tribute envoys travel back and forth with every need fully supplied; your grace weighs like mountains and cannot be told in full. I now specially dispatch the dedicated envoy Li Bozhu, the vice-envoy He San, the investigating officer Li Moyou, and others to present tribute of ten rhinoceros horns, thirty elephant tusks, ten jin of tortoiseshell, two jin of borneol, one hundred jin of agarwood, ninety jin of layered yellow mature incense, one hundred sixty jin of sandalwood, twenty-four thousand three hundred pairs of shande chickens, two hundred jin of pepper, and five mat screens. These gifts are not rare treasures in themselves; they serve only to express my sincere devotion.
19
臣生居異域，幸遇明時，不貴殊珍，惟重良馬。 儻皇帝念及外國，不罪懇求，若使介南歸，願垂頒賜，臣之幸矣。 兼臣本國元有流民三百，散居南海，曾蒙聖旨許令放還，今有猶在廣州者。 本國舊有進奉夷人羅常占見駐廣州，乞詔本州盡數點集，具籍以付常占，令造舶船，乘便風部領歸國，冀得安其生聚，以實舊疆。 至於萬里感恩，一心事上，臣之志也。
I was born in a distant realm and am fortunate to live in an enlightened age; I do not value exotic curios, only good horses. If Your Majesty, remembering this foreign state, will not punish my earnest plea, and when my envoy returns south will grant horses as I ask, that would be my great fortune. Moreover, my kingdom once had three hundred displaced subjects scattered along the southern coast; an imperial edict once permitted their return, and some still remain in Guangzhou. A former Champa tribute agent, Luo Changzhan, is now in Guangzhou; I beg that the prefecture gather all our people there, register them, and entrust them to Changzhan to build ships and sail home on favorable winds, so they may restore their communities and repopulate our old territory. To feel gratitude across ten thousand li and serve the throne with undivided loyalty—that is my resolve.
20
上覽表，遣使詣廣州詢問，願還者悉付波珠。 使還，復賜白馬二，遂爲常制。
The Emperor read the memorial and sent an envoy to Guangzhou to inquire; all who wished to return were entrusted to Bozhu. When the envoy returned, two white horses were granted again, and this became the standing custom.
21
占城國王楊普俱毗茶室離頓首言：臣聞二帝封疆，南止屆于湘、楚； 三王境界，北不及于幽燕。 仰矚昌時，實邁往跡。 伏惟皇帝陛下乾坤授氣，日月儲英，出震居尊，承基御極。 慈悲敷於天下，聲教被於域中。 業茂前王，功芳徂後，蒼生是念，黃屋非心。 無方不是生靈，有土並爲臣妾。 真風遍佈，霈澤周行，凡沐照臨，共增聳抃。
The King of Champa, Yang Pujupicha Shili, kowtows and says: I have heard that the domains of the Two Emperors in the south extended only to Xiang and Chu; and the realms of the Three Kings in the north did not reach Youyan. Gazing upon this flourishing age, it truly surpasses all that went before. I bow before Your Majesty, who received the breath of Heaven and Earth and stored the radiance of sun and moon, who rose from Zhen to take the throne and inherited the foundation to rule the realm. Your compassion spreads across the world, and your civilizing teaching covers the realm. Your achievements surpass those of former kings, your merit will fragrance posterity; you care for the people, and the imperial canopy is not your heart's desire. No place lacks living beings; every land is your subject. Your true influence spreads everywhere, your generous grace circles the realm; all who receive your radiance rejoice together.
22
臣生於邊鄙，幸襲華風。 蟻垤蜂房，聊爲遂性； 龍樓鳳閣，尚阻觀光。 再念自假天威，獲全封部，鄰無侵奪，俗有舒蘇。 每歲拜遣下臣，問甯上國，蒙陛下恩沾行葦，福及豚魚，特因回人，頒賜戎器。 臣本土惟望闕焚香，歡呼拜受，心知多幸，曷答洪恩。 聖君既念于賓王，誠懇肯忘於述職。 今遣專信臣布祿爹地加、副使臣除逋麻瑕珈耶、判官臣皮霸抵一行人力等，部署土毛，遠充歲貢。 雖表楚茅之禮，實懷魯酒之憂。 虔望睿明，甫寬譴戮。 專信臣等回日，軍容器仗耀武之物，伏願重加賜齎。 蓋念忝爲臣子，合告君親，服飾車輿，威儀斧鉞，不敢私制，惟望恩頒。 幹冒冕旒，不任死罪。
I was born on the borderlands and am fortunate to partake of Chinese civilization. Like ants in a mound or bees in a hive, we are content with our nature; yet the dragon towers and phoenix halls of your court still lie beyond our sight. Reflecting again, by borrowing your heavenly majesty we have kept our territory intact, our neighbors do not encroach, and our people live in peace. Each year we send ministers to inquire after the peace of the empire; Your Majesty's grace reaches even the grass by the road and blesses even fish and swine; through returning envoys you specially granted us arms and armor. In my homeland we face your palace gate to burn incense and shout for joy as we bow and receive your gifts; we know ourselves deeply fortunate—how can we repay such vast kindness? Since the sage ruler already cares for vassal kings, we will not forget our duty of tribute. I now dispatch the dedicated envoy Bulu Dijia, the vice-envoy Chuboma Xujiaye, the investigating officer Piba Di, and their party to gather local products and send them as this year's tribute from afar. Though this presents the humble ritual of Chu's thatch, we truly fear it is like Lu's wine—too slight for the occasion. We reverently hope for your sagely clarity and beg a brief easing of reproof. When our dedicated envoys return, we humbly beg additional gifts of military gear and implements for displaying martial might. As your subjects we ought to inform our sovereign: for dress, carriages, regalia, and weapons we dare not make our own—we only hope you will grant them from your grace. In offending the imperial crown, we deserve death and cannot bear the guilt.
23
布祿爹地加言本國舊隸交州，後奔于佛遊，北去舊所七百里。 使還，賜物甚厚。
Bulu Dijia reported that Champa had formerly been subject to Jiaozhou, then moved to Foyou, seven hundred li north of its former seat. When the envoy returned, the gifts bestowed were very generous.
24
大中祥府三年，國主施離霞離鼻麻底遣使朱氵孛禮來貢。 四年，遣使貢師子，詔畜于苑中。 使者留二蠻人以給豢養，上憐其懷土，厚給資糧遣還。 八年，遣使波輪訶羅帝來貢。 訶羅帝因上言有弟陶珠頃自交州押馴象赴闕，今幸得見，欲攜以還。 許之，仍賜陶珠衣幣裝錢。
In the third year of Dazhong Xiangfu (1010), King Shilixiali Bimadi sent the envoy Zhu Boli to present tribute. In the fourth year (1011), an envoy presented lions; an edict ordered them kept in the imperial park. The envoy left two natives to tend the lions; the Emperor pitied their homesickness, gave them generous provisions, and sent them home. In the eighth year (1015), the envoy Bolun Heluodi was sent to present tribute. Heluodi reported that his younger brother Taozhu had recently escorted tame elephants from Jiaozhou to court and, now that they had met, wished to take him home. The request was granted, and Taozhu was also given robes, silks, and travel funds.
25
天禧二年，其王屍嘿排摩惵遣使羅皮帝加以象牙七十二株、犀角八十六株、玳瑁千片、乳香五十斤、丁香花八十斤、豆蔻六十五斤、沉香百斤、箋香二百斤、別箋一劑六十八斤、茴香百斤、檳榔千五百斤來貢。 羅皮帝加言國人詣廣州，或風漂船至石塘，即累歲不達矣。 三年，使還，詔賜屍嘿排摩惵銀四千七百兩並戎器鞍馬。
In the second year of Tianxi (1018), King Shihe Paimozhan sent the envoy Luopidijia with seventy-two elephant tusks, eighty-six rhinoceros horns, a thousand pieces of tortoiseshell, fifty jin of frankincense, eighty jin of cloves, sixty-five jin of cardamom, one hundred jin of agarwood, two hundred jin of layered incense, sixty-eight jin of special layered incense, one hundred jin of fennel, and fifteen hundred jin of betel nuts. Luopidijia said that when his countrymen sailed to Guangzhou, if wind drove their ships to Shitang they might fail to reach court for years on end. In the third year (1019), when the envoy returned, an edict granted Shihe Paimozhan four thousand seven hundred taels of silver along with arms, saddles, and horses.
26
海上又有蒲端國、三麻蘭國、勿巡國、蒲婆衆國，大中祥符四年祀汾陰，並遣使來貢。 先是，咸平、景德中，蒲端國主其陵數遣使來貢方物及獻紅鸚鵡。 其後，國主悉離琶大遐至亦以金版鐫表來上，其使已絮漢上言：「伏見詔旨給賜占城使鞍勒馬、大神旗各二，乞如恩例。」 有司以蒲端在占城下，請賜雜彩小旗五，從之。
On the seas were also Puduan, Sanmalan, Wuxun, and the Pupo states; in the fourth year of Dazhong Xiangfu (1011), when the Fenyin sacrifices were performed, all sent envoys to present tribute. Earlier, during the Xianping and Jingde reigns, the Puduan king Qiling had repeatedly sent envoys with local products and red parrots. Later King Xilipa Daxiazhi also submitted a memorial engraved on a gold plate; his envoy Yixu petitioned in Chinese: "We have seen an edict granting the Champa envoy two saddled horses and two great spirit banners each; we beg the same gracious precedent." The relevant office, noting that Puduan ranked below Champa, proposed granting five variegated silk small banners; the request was approved.
27
天聖八年十月，占城王陽補孤施離皮蘭德加拔麻疊遣使李蒲薩麻瑕陀琶來貢木香、玳瑁、乳香、犀角、象牙。
In the tenth month of the eighth year of Tiansheng (1030), King Yangbu Gushili Pilandejiabamadie sent the envoy Li Pusamaxiatuopa with agarwood, tortoiseshell, frankincense, rhinoceros horn, and ivory.
28
慶曆元年九月，廣東商人邵保見軍賊鄂鄰百餘人在占城，轉運司選使臣二人齎詔書器幣賜占城，購鄰致闕下，餘黨令就戮之。 明年十一月，其王刑卜施離值星霞弗遣使獻馴象三。 皇祐二年正月，又使俱舍唎波微收羅婆麻提楊卜貢象牙二百一、犀角七十九。 表二通，一以本國書，一以中國書。 五年四月，其使蒲思馬應來貢方物。
In the ninth month of the first year of Qingli (1041), the Guangdong merchant Shao Bao found more than a hundred soldiers of the rebel Elin in Champa; the transport commission sent two envoys with edicts, gifts, and silks to Champa to buy Lin and bring him to court, and ordered the rest executed. In the eleventh month of the following year (1042), King Xingbu Shilizhixingxiafei sent envoys presenting three tame elephants. In the first month of the second year of Huangyou (1050), envoys Jushelipo Weishouluobomatiyangbu again presented two hundred and one ivory tusks and seventy-nine rhinoceros horns. They submitted two memorials, one in their own script and one in Chinese. In the fourth month of the fifth year (1053), its envoy Pusima came to present local products.
29
嘉祐元年閏三月，其使蒲息陀琶貢方物，還至太平州，江岸崩，沉失行橐。 明年正月，詔廣州賜銀千兩。 六年九月，又獻馴象。 七年正月，廣西安撫經略司言：「占臘素不習兵，與交阯鄰，常苦侵軼； 而占城復近修武備，以抗交阯，將繇廣東路入貢京師，望撫以恩信。」 五月，其使頓琶尼來貢方物。 六月，賜其王施里律茶盤麻常楊溥白馬一，從其求也。
In the intercalary third month of the first year of Jiayou (1056), its envoy Puxituopa presented tribute; on the return journey at Taiping Prefecture the riverbank collapsed and his baggage was lost in the water. In the first month of the following year (1057), an edict ordered Guangzhou to grant one thousand taels of silver. In the ninth month of the sixth year (1061), tame elephants were again presented. In the first month of the seventh year (1062), the Guangxi pacification commissioner reported: "Chenla has never been skilled in war; it borders Jiaozhou and constantly suffers incursions; while Champa has recently been building up its defenses against Jiaozhou and will come to court by the Guangdong route; we ask that they be treated with grace and good faith." In the fifth month, its envoy Dunpani came to present local products. In the sixth month, its king Shililü Chapanmachang Yang Pu was granted one white horse, as he had requested.
30
熙寧元年，其王楊卜屍利律陀般摩提婆遣使貢方物，乞市驛馬。 詔賜白馬一，令于廣州買騾以歸。 五年，貢璢璃珊瑚酒器、龍腦、乳香、丁香、蓽澄茄、紫礦。 七年，交州李乾德言其王領兵三千人並妻子來降，以正月至本道。
In the first year of Xining (1068), King Yangbu Shililütuobanmotipo sent envoys with tribute and asked to buy relay horses. An edict granted one white horse and ordered mules bought at Guangzhou for the return journey. In the fifth year (1072), it presented glazed coral wine vessels, borneol, frankincense, cloves, cubebs, and purple ore. In the seventh year (1074), Li Qiande of Jiaozhou reported that the Champa king had led three thousand soldiers with their wives and children to surrender, arriving in the first month.
31
九年，復遣使來言：其國自海道抵真臘一月程，西北抵交州四十日，皆山路。 所治聚落一百五，大略如州縣。 王年三十六歲，著大食錦或川法錦大衫、七條金瓔珞，戴七寶裝成金冠，躡紅皮履。 出則從者五百人，十婦人執金柈合貯檳榔，導以樂。
In the ninth year (1076), envoys again reported that from their country by sea to Chenla was one month's journey, and northwest to Jiaozhou forty days—all by mountain roads. The settlements they governed numbered one hundred fifty, roughly comparable to prefectures and counties. The king was thirty-six, dressed in Arab or Sichuan brocade robes with seven gold necklaces, wearing a gold crown set with seven jewels and red leather shoes. When he went abroad he had five hundred attendants; ten women carried gold trays of betel, and musicians went before him.
32
王師討交阯，以其素仇，詔使乘機協力除蕩。 行營戰棹都監楊從先遣小校樊實諭旨。 實還，言其國選兵七千扼賊要路，其王以木葉書回牒，詔使上之。 然亦不能成功。 後兩國同入貢，占城使者乞避交人。 詔遇朔日朝文德殿，分東西立； 望日則交人入垂拱殿，而占城趨紫宸； 大宴則東西坐。
When the imperial army campaigned against Jiaozhou, an edict ordered Champa, as an old enemy of Jiaozhou, to seize the opportunity and help destroy them. Yang Congxian, superintendent of campaign war junks, sent the petty officer Fan Shi to convey the imperial instruction. Fan Shi returned and reported that Champa had chosen seven thousand troops to block the enemy's key routes; the king wrote his reply on palm leaves, and an edict ordered the envoy to present it. Yet they still could not achieve success. Later, when both states presented tribute together, the Champa envoy asked to avoid the Jiaozhou envoys. An edict ordered that on the first of the month they attend at Wende Hall and stand on east and west sides separately; on the full moon the Jiaozhou envoys entered Chui'gong Hall while Champa went to Zichen Hall; at great banquets they sat on the east and west sides.
33
元祐七年，又表言如天朝討交阯，願率兵掩襲。 朝廷以交阯數入貢，不絕臣節，難以興師，答敕書報之，而以其使良保故倫軋丹、副使傍木知突爲保順郎將。 政和中，授其王楊卜麻疊金紫光祿大夫，領廉、白州刺史。 楊卜麻疊言身縻化外，不沾祿食，願得薄授奉給，壯觀小國，許之。
In the seventh year of Yuanyou (1092), they again petitioned that if the court attacked Jiaozhou, they wished to lead troops in a surprise attack. The court, because Jiaozhou had repeatedly presented tribute and never ceased its subject status, found it difficult to launch a campaign; it answered with an edict, and made the envoy Liangbao Gulundan and vice-envoy Bangmu Zhituo Baoshun Lang generals. During the Zhenghe era, King Yangbu Madié was appointed Grandee of Splendid Happiness with Golden Purple Pouch and given the prefectures of Lian and Bai. Yangbu Madié said that though he lived beyond the transform of civilization he received no salary, and asked for a modest stipend to dignify his small kingdom; the request was granted.
34
宣和元年，進檢校司空兼御史大夫、懷遠軍節度、琳州管內觀察處置使，封占城國王。 自是，每遇恩輒降制加封邑。
In the first year of Xuanhe (1119), he was promoted to Acting Minister of Works and Censor-in-Chief, made commissioner of the Huaiyuan Army and Linzhou observation commissioner, and enfeoffed as King of Champa. Thereafter, whenever imperial grace was granted, an edict was issued to add to his fief.
35
建炎三年，楊卜麻疊遣使入貢，遇郊恩，制授檢校太傅，加食邑。 紹興二十五年，其子鄒時闌巴嗣立，遣使進方物，求封爵，錫宴於懷遠驛，以其父初封之爵授之，報賜甚厚。
In the third year of Jianyan (1129), Yangbu Madié sent envoys to present tribute; on a suburban grace occasion an edict appointed him Acting Grand Tutor and added to his food fief. In the twenty-fifth year of Shaoxing (1155), his son Zoushilianba succeeded, sent envoys with tribute seeking enfeoffment, was feasted at Huaiyuan Station, received his father's former title, and was richly rewarded.
36
乾道三年，子鄒亞娜嗣，掠大食國方物遣人來貢，以求封爵，爲其國人所訴。 詔卻之，遂不議其封。 七年，閩人有浮海之吉陽軍者，風泊其舟抵占城。 其國方與真臘戰，皆乘大象，勝負不能決。 閩人教其王當習騎射以勝之，王大說，具舟送之吉陽，市得馬數十匹歸，戰大捷。 明年復來，瓊州拒之，憤怒大掠而歸。 淳熙二年，嚴馬禁，不得售外蕃。 三年，占城歸所掠生口八十三人，求通商，詔不許。 四年，占城以舟師襲真臘，傳其國都。
In the third year of Qiandao (1167), his son Zou Yana succeeded, seized goods from Arab merchants and sent envoys to seek enfeoffment, but was denounced by his own people. An edict refused the request, and his enfeoffment was not considered further. In the seventh year (1171), a man from Fujian sailing to Jiyang Military Prefecture was driven by wind to Champa. Champa was then at war with Chenla; both sides fought on elephants, and neither could prevail. The Fujian man taught the king to train in mounted archery to win; the king was delighted, sent him by ship to Jiyang, bought several dozen horses, and on returning won a great victory. The next year he returned; Qiongzhou refused him entry, and in anger he raided widely before going home. In the second year of Chunxi (1175), the horse ban was strictly enforced and horses could not be sold to foreigners. In the third year (1176), Champa returned eighty-three captives it had taken and asked to trade; an edict refused. In the fourth year (1177), Champa sent a fleet against Chenla and took its capital.
37
慶元以來，真臘大舉伐占城以復仇，殺戮殆盡，俘其主以歸，國遂亡，其地悉歸真臘。
From the Qingyuan era onward, Chenla launched a major campaign against Champa for revenge, slaughtered nearly everyone, captured the king, and Champa perished; its territory all passed to Chenla.
38
真臘國亦名占臘，其國在占城之南，東際海，西接蒲甘，南抵加羅希。 其縣鎮風俗同占城，地方七千餘里。 有銅台，列銅塔二十有四、銅象八以鎮其上，象各重四千斤。 其國有戰象兒二十萬，馬多而小。
The state of Chenla, also called Zhanla, lay south of Champa, bordered the sea on the east, adjoined Bagan on the west, and reached Garahi on the south. Its districts and customs resembled Champa's; its territory exceeded seven thousand li. It had a bronze terrace topped with twenty-four bronze pagodas and eight bronze elephants as guardians, each elephant weighing four thousand jin. It had nearly two hundred thousand war elephants; its horses were numerous but small.
39
政和六年十二月，遣進奏使奉化郎將鳩摩僧哥、副使安化郎將摩君明稽�等十四人來貢，賜以朝服。 僧哥言：「萬里遠國，仰投聖化，尚拘卉服，未稱區區向慕之誠，願許服所賜。」 詔從之，仍以其事付史館，書諸策。 明年三月辭去。 宣和二年，又遣郎將摩臘、摩禿防來，朝廷官封其王與占城等。 建炎三年，以郊恩授其王金裒賓深檢校司徒，加食邑，遂定爲常制。 其屬邑有真里富，在西南隅，東南接波斯蘭，西南與登流眉爲鄰。 所部有六十餘聚落。 慶元六年，其國主立二十年矣，遣使奉表貢方物及馴象二。 詔優其報賜，以海道遠涉，後毋再入貢。
In the twelfth month of the sixth year of Zhenghe (1116), it sent the memorial envoy Fenghua Langjiang Jiumosengge, vice-envoy Anhua Langjiang Mojunming Jitiansi, and fourteen others to present tribute; they were granted court robes. Sengge said: "We are a land ten thousand li away, come to submit to your holy rule, yet still wear our barbarian dress, which does not express our humble admiration; we beg leave to wear what you have granted." The emperor approved the request and ordered the Historiography Institute to record the affair in the dynastic annals. They departed in the third month of the following year. In 1120 Chenla again sent the generals Mo La and Mo Tufang; the court enfeoffed its king with the same honors as the king of Champa. In 1129, at the suburban sacrifice, King Jin Poubin Shen was made Acting Minister of Works with an enlarged fief, and this became the standing practice. One of its dependencies was Zhenlifu in the southwest; to the southeast lay Bosilan, and to the southwest Tambralinga. Its domain comprised more than sixty settlements. In 1200, after twenty years on the throne, its king sent envoys with a memorial, tribute goods, and two tame elephants. The court enriched the return gifts but, citing the long sea voyage, forbade further tribute missions.
40
蒲甘國，崇寧五年，遣使入貢，詔禮秩視注輦。 尚書省言：「注輦役屬三佛齊，故熙寧中敕書以大背紙，緘以匣袱，今蒲甘乃大國王，不可下視附庸小國。 欲如大食、交阯諸國禮，凡制詔並書以白背金花綾紙，貯以間金鍍管籥，用錦絹夾袱緘封以往。」 從之。
Bagan first sent tribute in 1106; the court ranked its envoys equal to those of Chola. The Secretariat argued: "Chola was once subordinate to Srivijaya, so under the Xining reign edicts used large-backed paper in a casket wrap; Bagan is a great kingdom and must not be treated like a petty vassal. They asked that Bagan receive the same protocol as the Arabs and Jiaozhou: every edict on white-backed gold-flower brocade, kept in gilt bronze tubes, and sealed in double brocade wraps. The court agreed.
41
邈黎國，元祐四年，般次冷移、四抹粟迷等齎于闐國黑汗王並本國王表章來。 有司以其國未嘗入貢，請視於闐條式。 從之。
In 1089 envoys of Miaoli—Pancilengyi, Simosumiti, and others—arrived bearing memorials from the Black Khan of Khotan and from their own king. Because Miaoli had never before sent tribute, the ministries asked to treat it under the Khotan precedent. The court agreed.
42
三佛齊
Srivijaya
43
建隆元年九月，其王悉利胡大霞里檀遣使李遮帝來朝貢。 二年夏，又遣使蒲蔑貢方物。 是冬，其王室利烏耶遣使茶野伽、副使嘉末吒朝貢。 其國號生留，王李犀林男迷日來亦遣使同至貢方物。 三年春，室利烏耶又遣使李麗林、副使李鴉末、判官吒吒璧等來貢。 回，賜以白嫠牛尾、白瓷器、銀器、錦線鞍轡二副。 開寶四年，遣使李何末以水晶、火油來貢。 五年，又來貢。 七年，又貢象牙、乳香、薔薇水、萬歲棗、褊桃、白沙糖、水晶指環、琉璃瓶、珊瑚樹。 八年，又遣使蒲陀漢等貢方物，賜以冠帶、器幣。
In the ninth month of 960 King Xilihu Daxialitan sent the envoy Li Zhedi to court with tribute. The following summer another mission arrived; Pu Mie brought local products as tribute. That winter King Shiliwuye sent the envoy Chaye Jia and vice-envoy Jiamo Zha with tribute. The state of Shenliu sent its king Li Xilin Nanmiri's envoys on the same voyage with tribute goods. In the spring of 962 Shiliwuye again sent Li Lilin, vice-envoy Li Yamo, judge Tuotuobi, and others with tribute. On their return the court gave them white ox tails, white porcelain, silverware, and two brocade saddle sets. In 971 the envoy Li Hemuo brought crystal and naphtha as tribute. Tribute came again in 972. In 974 the mission brought ivory, frankincense, rosewater, long-life jujubes, flat peaches, white sugar, crystal rings, glass bottles, and coral. In 975 Pu Tuohan and others came with tribute and received caps, belts, and court gifts.
44
咸平六年，其王思離咮啰無尼佛麻調華遣使李加排、副使無陀李南悲來貢，且言本國建佛寺以祝聖壽，願賜名及鐘。 上嘉其意，詔以「承天萬壽」爲寺額，並鑄鐘以賜，授加排歸德將軍，無陀李南悲懷化將軍。 大中祥符元年，其王思離麻囉皮遣使李眉地、副使蒲婆藍、判官麻河勿來貢，許赴泰山陪位於朝覲壇，遣賜甚厚。 天禧元年，其王霞遲蘇勿吒蒲迷遣使蒲謀西等奉金字表，貢真珠、象牙、梵夾經、昆侖奴，詔許謁會靈觀，遊太清寺、金明池。 及還，賜其國詔書、禮物以慰獎之。
In 1003 King Silizhuoluowunifomadiao Hua sent Li Jiapai and vice-envoy Wutuo Linanbei with tribute, reporting that Srivijaya had built a temple to pray for the emperor's long life and asking for a name and a bell. The emperor commended their devotion, named the temple "Receiving Heaven, Ten Thousand Years of Life," and sent a cast bell; Jiapai became General of Returned Virtue and Linanbei General of Cherishing Transformation. In 1008 King Silimaluopi sent Li Meidi, vice-envoy Pu Polan, and judge Ma Hewu with tribute; they were allowed to attend the Taishan fengshan at the Court Audience Mound and received lavish gifts. In 1017 King Xiadisuwutapuomi sent Pu Mouxi and others with a gold-letter memorial, pearls, ivory, Sanskrit sutras, and Kunlun slaves; the court let them visit Huiling Shrine, Taiqing Temple, and Jinming Pool. On their departure the court sent an edict and gifts to reward the kingdom.
45
天聖六年八月，其王室離疊華遣使蒲押陀羅歇及副使、判官亞加盧等來貢方物。 舊制還國使人貢，賜以間金塗銀帶，時特以渾金帶賜之。
In the eighth month of 1028 King Shilidiehua sent Pu Yatuoluoxie with vice-envoys and judges including Yajialu bearing tribute. Envoys had usually received belts of inlaid gold on silver, but this time they were given belts of solid gold.
46
熙寧十年，使大首領地華伽囉來，以爲保順慕化大將軍，賜詔寵之，曰：「吾以聲教覆露方域，不限遠邇，苟知夫忠義而來者，莫不錫之華爵，耀以美名，以寵異其國。 爾悅慕皇化，浮海貢琛，吾用汝嘉，並超等秩，以昭忠義之勸。」 元豐中，使至者再，率以白金、真珠、婆律薰陸香備方物。 廣州受表入言，俟報，乃護至闕下。 天子念其道里遙遠，每優賜遣歸。 二年，賜錢六萬四千緡、銀一萬五百兩，官其使群陀畢羅爲寧遠將軍，官陀旁亞里爲保順郎將。 畢羅乞買金帶、白金器物，及僧紫衣、師號、牒，皆如所請給之。 五年，廣州南蕃綱首以其主管國事國王之女唐字書，寄龍腦及布與提舉市舶孫迥，迥不敢受，言於朝。 詔令估直輸之官，悉市帛以報。
In 1077 the great chief Dihuajialuo arrived and was made Grand General of Cherishing Submission and Cherishing Transformation. The emperor's edict read: "My civilizing sway embraces all realms, near and far alike; any who come in loyalty and righteousness receive exalted rank and a glorious title, that their kingdom may be honored. You delight in our rule and cross the sea with tribute; I reward you with ranks above the ordinary, to encourage loyalty and righteousness." During the Yuanfeng era (1078–1085) two missions came, usually bearing white gold, pearls, patchouli, eaglewood, storax, and other goods. Guangzhou took their memorial and reported to court; only after imperial approval were they escorted to the capital. Mindful of the long voyage, the emperor each time gave generous gifts and sent them home. In 1079 the court gave sixty-four thousand strings of cash and 10,500 taels of silver; Quntuobiluo was made General of Pacifying the Far and Tuopang Yali Gentleman of Cherishing Submission. Biluo asked for a gold belt, white-gold vessels, and purple robes, monastic titles, and certificates for monks; all were granted. In 1082 the Guangzhou convoy chief, acting for the kingdom, had the king's daughter write in Chinese and send borneol and cloth to intendant Sun Jiong; Jiong refused the gifts and reported to court. The court ordered the goods appraised and paid to the treasury, then bought all the cloth in settlement.
47
五年，遣使皮襪、副使胡仙、判官地華加羅來，入見，以金蓮花貯真珠、龍腦撒殿。 官皮襪爲懷遠將軍、胡仙加羅爲郎將。 加羅還至雍丘病死，賻以絹五十匹。 六年，又以其使薩打華滿爲將軍，副使羅悉沙文、判官悉理沙文爲郎將。 紹聖中，再入貢。
That same year envoys Piwu, vice-envoy Huxian, and judge Dihuajialuo had audience and scattered pearls and borneol from a golden lotus vessel across the hall. Piwu was made General of Cherishing the Far; Huxian and Jialuo were made gentlemen. Jialuo died at Yongqiu on the homeward journey; the court sent fifty bolts of silk for his funeral. The next year envoy Sadahua Man was made a general, and vice-envoys Luoxi Shawen and judge Xili Shawen were made gentlemen. During the Shaosheng era (1094–1098) the kingdom sent tribute again.
48
紹興二十六年，其王悉利麻霞囉陀遣使入貢。 帝曰：「遠人向化，嘉其誠耳，非利乎方物也。」 其王復以珠獻宰臣秦檜，時檜已死，詔償其直而收之。 淳熙五年，復遣使貢方物，詔免赴闕，館於泉州。
In 1156 King Xilimaxiatuotuo sent envoys with tribute. The emperor said: "Distant peoples who submit—I value their sincerity, not the worth of their goods. The king again sent pearls to Chief Minister Qin Hui; Hui was already dead, so the court paid their value and took the pearls for the treasury. In 1178 another tribute mission came; the court excused them from traveling to the capital and received them at Quanzhou.
49
闍婆國在南海中。 其國東至海一月，泛海半月至昆侖國； 西至海四十五日，南至海三日，泛海五日至大食國。 北至海四日，西北泛海十五日至勃泥國，又十五日至三佛齊國，又七日至古邏國，又七日至柴曆亭，抵交阯，達廣州。
Java lay in the South Seas. Eastward to the open sea was a month's sail; half a month by sea brought one to the Kunlun lands; westward forty-five days to the sea, southward three days to the sea, and five days' sailing south to the Arab lands. Northward four days to the sea; northwest, fifteen days by sea to Brunei, fifteen more to Srivijaya, seven to Koroh, seven to Chalieting, then overland to Jiaozhou and on to Guangzhou.
50
其地平坦，宜種植，產稻、麻、粟、豆，無麥。 民輸十一之租，煮海爲鹽。 多魚、鱉、雞、鴨、山羊，兼椎牛以食。 果實有木瓜、椰子、蕉子、蔗、芋。 出金銀、犀牙、箋沉檀香、茴香、胡椒、檳榔、硫黃、紅花、蘇木。 亦務蠶織，有薄絹、絲絞、吉貝布。 剪銀葉爲錢博易，官以粟一斛二斗博金一錢。 室宇壯麗，飾以金碧。 中國賈人至者，待以賓館，飲食豐潔。 地不產茶。 其酒出於椰子及蝦蝚丹樹，蝦蝚丹樹華人未嘗見； 或以桄榔、檳榔釀成，亦甚香美。 不設刑禁，雜犯罪者隨輕重出黃金以贖，惟寇盜者殺之。
The land was flat and fertile, yielding rice, hemp, millet, and beans but no wheat. The people paid a one-tenth land tax and boiled seawater for salt. Fish, turtles, poultry, ducks, and goats were plentiful; cattle were also slaughtered for meat. Fruits included papaya, coconut, plantain, sugarcane, and taro. The country exported gold, silver, ivory, aloes and sandalwood, anise, pepper, betel, sulfur, safflower, and sappanwood. They also raised silkworms and wove fine gauze, twisted silk damask, and cotton cloth. Silver leaf served as currency; the state traded one cash-weight of gold for one hu and two dou of grain. Houses were grand, trimmed in gold and green. Chinese merchants were lodged in guesthouses and served lavish meals. Tea did not grow there. Wine was made from coconuts and from the shrimp-lure tree—a plant unknown in China; areca and betel were also fermented into notably fragrant liquor. There were no written penal codes; lesser offenders paid gold according to the crime, but robbers were executed.
51
其王椎髻，戴金鈴，衣錦袍，躡革履，坐方床，官吏日謁，三拜而退，出入乘象或腰輿，壯士五七百人執兵器以從。 國人見王皆坐，俟其過乃起。 以王子三人爲副王。 官有落佶連四人，共治國事，如中國宰相，無月奉，隨時量給土產諸物。 次有文吏三百餘員，目爲秀才，掌文簿，總計財貨。 又有卑官殆千員，分主城池、帑廩及軍卒。 其領兵者每半歲給金十兩，勝兵三萬，每半歲亦給金有差。
The king wore a topknot and a gold bell, brocade robes and leather shoes, and sat on a square couch. Officials called daily, bowed three times, and withdrew. He traveled by elephant or palanquin, escorted by five to seven hundred armed retainers. Subjects sat when the king approached and rose only after he had passed. Three princes served as deputy kings. Four ministers called luojielian governed together like Chinese chancellors, without fixed salaries but receiving native goods as the court required. More than three hundred clerks called xiucai kept records and accounts. Nearly a thousand lesser officials oversaw cities, treasuries, and troops. Commanders received ten taels of gold every six months; the army numbered thirty thousand elite troops, likewise paid in gold on a graded scale.
52
土俗婚聘無媒約，但納黃金於女家以娶之。 五月遊船，十月遊山，有山馬可乘跨，或乘軟兜。 樂有橫笛、鼓板，亦能舞。 土人被發，其衣裝纏胸以下至於膝。 疾病不服藥，但禱神求佛。 其俗有名而無姓。 方言謂真珠爲「沒爹蝦羅」，謂牙爲「家囉」，謂香爲「昆燉盧林」，謂犀爲「低密」。
Marriages required no matchmaker—only a payment of gold to the bride's family. In the fifth month they held boat excursions; in the tenth, mountain outings on pony or sedan chair. Music featured flutes and clappers, and the people danced. Commoners wore their hair loose and wrapped cloth from chest to knee. The sick took no medicine but prayed to spirits and sought the Buddha's aid. People bore personal names but no family surnames. In their tongue pearls were modie xialuo, ivory jialuo, incense kundun lulin, and rhinoceros horn dimi.
53
先是，宋元嘉十二年，遣使朝貢，後絕。 淳化三年十二月，其王穆羅茶遣使陀湛、副使蒲亞里、判官李陀那假澄等來朝貢。 陀湛云中國有真主，本國乃修朝貢之禮。 國王貢象牙、真珠、繡花銷金及繡絲絞、雜色絲絞、吉貝織雜色絞布、檀香、玳瑁檳榔盤、犀裝劍、金銀裝劍、藤織花簟、白鸚鵡、七寶飾檀香亭子。 其使別貢玳瑁、龍腦、丁香、藤織花簟。
In 435 envoys had once presented tribute under the Liu Song, but contact then lapsed for centuries. In the twelfth month of 992 King Muluo Cha sent Tuozhan, vice-envoy Pu Yali, judge Li Tuonajiacheng, and others to court with tribute. Tuozhan declared that China had a true Son of Heaven, and Java had therefore renewed the tribute rites. The king sent ivory, pearls, gold-embroidered gauze and damask, patterned silks and cottons, sandalwood, tortoiseshell betel trays, rhinoceros- and gold-mounted swords, rattan mats, white parrots, and a sandalwood pavilion inlaid with seven jewels. The envoys added tortoiseshell, borneol, cloves, and rattan mats of their own.
54
先是，朝貢使泛舶船六十日至明州定海縣，掌市舶監察御史張肅先驛奏其使飾服之狀與嘗來入貢波斯相類。 譯者言云：今主舶大商毛旭者，建溪人，數往來本國，因假其鄉導來朝貢。 又言其國王一號曰夏至馬囉夜，王妃曰落肩娑婆利，本國亦署置僚屬。 又其方言目舶主爲「葧荷」，主妻曰「葧荷比尼贖」。 其船中婦人名眉珠，椎髻，無首飾，以蠻布纏身，顏色青黑，言語不能曉，拜亦如男子膜拜； 一子，項戴金連鎖子，手有金鉤，以帛帶縈之，名阿嚕。 其國與三佛齊有仇怨，互相攻佔。 本國山多猴，不畏人，呼以霄霄之聲即出。 或投以果實，則其大猴二先至，土人謂之猴王、猴夫人，食畢，群猴食其餘。 使既至，上令有司優待； 久之使還，賜金幣甚厚，仍賜良馬戎具，以從其請。 其使云：鄰國名婆羅門，有善法察人情，人欲相危害者皆先知之。 大觀三年六月，遣使入貢，詔禮之如交阯。
Earlier missions had sailed sixty days to Dinghai in Ming Prefecture; censor Zhang Su reported that their dress resembled that of earlier Persian tribute envoys. Interpreters explained that the convoy chief Mao Xu of Jianxi, a frequent trader in Java, had guided the envoys to court. They gave the king's title as Xiazhimaluoye and the queen's as Luojian Sapoli, and said the realm maintained its own bureaucracy. In their language the ship owner was bohuo and his wife bohuo bi ni shu. A woman aboard named Meizhu wore a topknot, no jewelry, and dark indigo wraps; her speech was unintelligible, but she bowed like the men. She carried an infant named Alu with a gold chain at the neck and a gold hook tied to his hand with silk. Java and Srivijaya were at feud and raided one another repeatedly. Mountain monkeys there feared no one and emerged at a xiaoxiao call. Throw fruit and two great monkeys—the Monkey King and Monkey Lady—ate first; the rest of the troop finished what was left. On their arrival the emperor ordered generous treatment; when they left, the gifts of gold and coin were lavish, and fine horses and armor were granted as they had asked. The envoys spoke of a neighbor called Brahman, whose holy law read men's hearts so that would-be harmers were known in advance. In the sixth month of 1109 Java sent tribute again; the court received the envoys with the same ceremony as Jiaozhou.
55
又有摩逸國，太平興國七年，載寶貨至廣州海岸。
There was also Ma-i: in 982 it brought treasure cargoes to the Guangzhou coast.
56
建炎三年，以南郊恩制授闍婆國主懷遠軍節度、琳州管內觀察處置等使、金紫光祿大夫、檢校司空、使持節琳州諸軍事、琳州刺使、兼御史大夫、上柱國、闍婆國王、食邑二千四百戶、實封一千戶； 悉里地茶蘭固野可特授檢校司徒，加食邑實封。 紹興二年，復加食邑五百戶，實封二百戶。
In 1129, by a southern-suburb amnesty edict, the Java ruler received Huaiyuan Army commissioner, Linzhou circuit intendant, Golden Grandee and Acting Minister of Works, command of Linzhou forces, the prefecture itself, censor-in-chief, Supreme Pillar, King of Java, a nominal fief of 2,400 households and 1,000 enfeoffed households; Xilidi Chalanguye was separately made Acting Minister of Works with an increased fief and enfeoffment. In 1132 his fief rose by five hundred households and his enfeoffment by two hundred.
57
南毗附
Sheponanpi (appended)
58
南毗國在大海之西南，由三佛齊風颿月餘可至。 其國王每巡行，先期遣兵百余人持水灑地上，以防颶風揚沙塵； 列鼎百以進食，日一易之，置翰林官供王飲食。 俗喜戰鬥，習刀槊，善射。 鑿雜白銀爲錢。 產真珠、番布。 其國最遠，番舶罕到。 時羅巴智力幹父子，其種類也，居泉之城南。 自是，舶舟多至其國矣。
Sheponanpi lay southwest across the ocean; from Srivijaya a fair wind carried one there in somewhat over a month. Before the king went abroad, he sent more than a hundred men to sprinkle the ground with water against typhoon-blown sand; he set out a hundred cauldrons for his meals, renewed daily, with palace stewards in charge of the king's board. They loved war, trained with blades and spears, and shot well. Coin was hammered from alloyed white silver. The land yielded pearls and imported cottons. It was among the farthest realms, and foreign vessels seldom called. Luobazhili Gan and his son, men of that people, then lived south of Quanzhou. After that, trading ships came to their shores in greater numbers.
59
勃泥國在西南大海中，去闍婆四十五日程，去三佛齊四十日程，去占城與摩逸各三十日程，皆計順風爲則。 其國以版爲城，城中居者萬餘人，所統十四州。 其王所居屋覆以貝多葉，民舍覆以草。 在王左右者爲大人。 王坐繩床，若出，即大布單坐其上，衆舁之，名曰阮囊。 戰鬥者則持刀被甲，甲以銅鑄，狀若大筒，穿之於身，護其腹背。
Brunei lay in the southwestern ocean: forty-five sailing days from Java, forty from Srivijaya, thirty from Champa or Ma-i, all by fair wind. Its capital was boarded like a stockade; more than ten thousand lived within, ruling fourteen districts. The king's halls were roofed in palmyra leaf, common roofs in thatch. Men at the king's side were styled the great men. The king sat on a corded couch; abroad he rode a great cloth litter borne by many, called a ruanang. Warriors carried blades in copper tube-armor cast to sheath belly and back.
60
其地無麥，有麻稻，又有羊及雞魚，無蠶絲，用吉貝花織成布。 飲椰子酒。 昏聘之資，先以椰子酒，檳榔次之，指環又次之，然後以吉貝布，或量出金銀成其禮。 喪葬亦有棺斂，以竹爲輦，載棄山中。 二月始耕則祀之，凡七年則不復祀矣。 以十二月七日爲歲節。 地熱，多風雨。 國人宴會，鳴鼓、吹笛、擊鈸，歌舞爲樂。 無器皿，以竹編貝多葉爲器盛食，食訖棄之。 其國鄰于底門國，有藥樹，取其根煎爲膏，服之及塗其體，兵刃所傷皆不死。 前代未嘗朝貢，故史籍不載。
There was no wheat, but hemp, rice, goats, chickens, and fish; without sericulture, kapok was woven into cloth. They drank coconut wine. Betrothal ran coconut wine first, then betel, then rings, then kapok cloth or measured gold and silver. The dead were coffined and borne on bamboo litters into the hills. They sacrificed at the second month's sowing and ceased after seven years. New Year fell on the seventh day of the twelfth month. The climate was hot and stormy. Feasts rang with drums, flutes, cymbals, song, and dance. They had no pottery: woven bamboo and palm leaf served as bowls and were discarded after the meal. Neighboring Dimen, they had a drug tree whose root salve, eaten or rubbed on the skin, was said to make blade wounds survivable. No earlier dynasty had received its tribute, and the histories had therefore been silent.
61
太平興國二年，其王向打遣使施弩、副使蒲亞里、判官哥心等齎表貢大片龍腦一家底、第二等八家底、第三等十一家底、米龍腦二十家底、蒼龍腦二十家底，凡一家底並二十兩； 龍腦版五、玳瑁殼一百、檀香三橛、象牙六株。 表云：「爲皇帝千萬歲壽，望不責小國微薄之禮。」 其表以數重小囊緘封之，非中國紙，類木皮而薄，瑩滑，色微綠，長數尺，闊寸餘，橫卷之僅可盈握。 其字細小，橫讀之。 以華言譯之，云：「勃泥國王向打稽首拜，皇帝萬歲萬歲萬萬歲，願皇帝萬歲壽，今遣使進貢。 向打聞有朝廷，無路得到。 昨有商人蒲盧歇船泊水口，差人迎到州，言自中朝來，比詣闍婆國，遇猛風破其船，不得去。 此時聞自中國來，國人皆大喜，即造舶船，令蒲盧歇導達入朝貢，所遣使人只願平善見皇帝。 每年令人入朝貢，每年修貢，慮風吹至占城界，望皇帝詔占城，令有向打船到，不要留。 臣本國別無異物，乞皇帝勿怪。」 其表文如是。 詔館其使於禮賓院，優賜以遣之。
In 977 King Xiangda of Brunei sent Shenu, vice-envoy Pu Yali, judge Gexin, and others with tribute: top-grade borneol in one lot, eight second-grade lots, eleven third-grade, twenty lots each of rice- and pale borneol—each lot twenty taels; plus five boards of borneol, a hundred tortoiseshells, three sandalwood logs, and six tusks of ivory. Their memorial read: "For the emperor's ten thousand years, do not disdain our poor country's small offering." The petition came in several little sealed pouches on a barklike leaf, not Chinese paper—thin, glossy, faintly green, a few feet long and a handspan wide, rolled crosswise to a fist's girth. The writing was fine and read horizontally. In Chinese it ran: "King Xiangda of Brunei kowtows: Long live the emperor ten thousand times ten thousand; may he live ten thousand years; I now send envoys with tribute. Xiangda had heard of the court but knew no road thither. A merchant named Pu Luxie had anchored at our river mouth; we fetched him to the prefect and learned he came from China but, bound for Java, had been wrecked by a storm and could not proceed. When word spread that he was from China, the people rejoiced and built a ship for Pu Luxie to guide our envoys to court; they asked only safe passage to behold the emperor. They begged yearly tribute and annual embassies, and—lest storms drive them to Champa—that the emperor forbid Champa to detain Brunei vessels. Our land has nothing else to offer; do not take offense. Such was the memorial. The court housed them at the Court for Receiving Guests and sent them home with generous gifts.
62
元豐五年二月，其王錫理麻喏復遣使貢方物，其使乞從泉州乘海舶歸國，從之。
In February 1082 King Xilimano sent tribute again; his envoys asked to sail home from Quanzhou and were allowed.
63
注輦國東距海五里，西至天竺千五百里，南至羅蘭二千五百里，北至頓田三千里，自古不通中國，水行至廣州約四十一萬一千四百里。 其國有城七重，高七尺，南北十二里，東西七里。 每城相去百步，凡四城用磚，二城用土，最中城以木爲之，皆植花果雜木。 其第一至第三皆民居，環以小河； 第四城四侍郎居之； 第五城主之四子居之； 第六城爲佛寺，百僧居之； 第七城即主之所居，室四百余區。
Chola stood five li from the eastern sea: fifteen hundred li west to India, twenty-five hundred south to Luolan, three thousand north to Dundian—never linked to China before; by water Guangzhou lay some four hundred eleven thousand four hundred li away. Seven concentric walls, each seven feet high, enclosed twelve li north to south and seven east to west. The rings stood a hundred paces apart: four of brick, two of earth, the innermost of timber, all planted with flowers and fruit trees. The outer three rings held commoners, each ringed by a little moat; the fourth housed four vice-ministers; the fifth, the king's four sons; the sixth was monastic, with a hundred monks; the seventh was the sovereign's compound of more than four hundred chambers.
64
所統有三十一部落，其西十二，曰只都尼、施亞盧尼、羅琶離鱉琶移、布林琶布尼、古檀布林蒲登、故里、娑輪岑、本蹄揭蹄、閻黎池離、舟阝部尼、遮古林、亞里者林； 其南八，曰無雅加黎麻藍、眉古黎苦低、舍里尼、密多羅摩、伽藍蒲登、蒙伽林伽藍、琶里琶離游、亞林池蒙伽藍； 其北十二，曰撥囉耶、無沒離江、注林、加里蒙伽藍、漆結麻藍、楃折蒙伽藍、皮林伽藍、浦棱和藍、堡琶來、田注離、盧婆囉、迷蒙伽藍。
Thirty-one tribal lands obeyed it; twelve western—Zhiduni, Shiyaluni, Luopali Bepayiyi, Bulin Pabuni, Gutang Bulin Budeng, Guli, Suoluncen, Bentijieti, Yanlichi, Zhoubuni, Zhegulin, Yalizhelin; eight southern—Wuyajialimalan, Meiguliku, Shelini, Miduoluomo, Jialan Budeng, Mengjialinjialan, Palipali You, Yalinchi Mengjialan; twelve northern—Boluoye, Wumolijiang, Zhulin, Jialimengjialan, Qijiemalan, Zanzhemengjialan, Pilinjialan, Pulengheland, Baopalais, Tianzhuli, Lubaluo, Mimengjialan.
65
今國主相傳三世矣。 民有罪，即命侍郎一員處治之，輕者縶於木格，笞五十至一百； 重者即斬，或以象踐殺之。 其宴，則國主與四侍郎膜拜于階，遂共坐作樂歌舞，不飲酒，而食肉。 俗衣布。 亦有餅餌。 掌饌執事用婦人。 其嫁娶，先用金銀指環使媒婦至女家，後二日，會男家親族，約以土田、生畜、檳榔酒等，稱其有無爲禮； 女家復以金銀指環、越諾布及女所服錦衣遣婿。 若男欲離女則不取聘財，女卻男則倍償之。
The ruling line had passed three generations. Common criminals were judged by a vice-minister: light cases meant stocks and fifty to a hundred blows; grave ones brought beheading or crushing by elephant. At court feasts the king and four vice-ministers kowtowed on the stairs, then sat to music and dance, eating meat but no wine. Dress was plain cloth. They made cakes and dumplings as well. Women managed the royal kitchen. Marriage began with gold and silver rings sent by a matchmaker; two days later the groom's kin pledged fields, cattle, betel wine, and whatever they could muster; the bride's kin returned rings, Yuenuo cloth, and the silks she had worn. If the husband repudiated her he forfeited the bride-price; if she left him she paid double.
66
其兵陣，用象居前，小牌次之，梭槍次之，長刀又次之，弓矢在後，四侍郎分領其衆。 國東南約二千五百里有悉蘭池國，或相侵伐。
Their order of battle ran elephants, then bucklers, javelins, long blades, and archers in the rear, the four vice-ministers each commanding a division. Some twenty-five hundred li southeast lay Xilan Pond, with which they fought off and on.
67
地產真珠、象牙、珊瑚、頗黎、檳榔、豆蔻、吉貝布。 獸有山羊、黃牛。 禽有山雞、鸚鵡。 果有餘甘、藤羅、千年棗、椰子、甘羅、昆侖梅、婆羅密等。 花有白末利、散絲、蛇臍、佛桑、麗秋、青黃碧娑羅、瑤蓮、蟬紫、水蕉之類。 五穀有綠豆、黑豆、麥、稻。 地宜竹。
Pearls, ivory, coral, glass, betel, cardamom, and kapok came from the realm. Beasts included mountain goats and yellow cattle. Among birds were jungle fowl and parrots. Fruits ranged from yugan and rattan fruit to millennium jujubes, coconuts, ganluo, Kunlun plums, jackfruit, and more. Flowers included white jasmine, silk floss, serpent's-navel, hibiscus, cosmos, sala blossoms, jade lotus, purple bauhinia, plantain, and the like. Green and black beans, wheat, and rice were grown. Bamboo thrived.
68
自昔未嘗朝貢。 大中祥符八年九月，其國主羅茶羅乍遣進奉使侍郎娑里三文、副使蒲恕、判官翁勿、防援官亞勒加等奉表來貢。 三文等以盤奉真珠、碧玻璃升殿，布於御坐前，降殿再拜，譯者導其言曰：「願以表遠人慕化之誠。」 其國主表曰：
Never before had it sent tribute. In the ninth month of 1015 King Luochaluo Zha of Chola sent the chief envoy Vice Minister Suoli Sanwen, Pu Shu, judge Weng Wu, guard officer Yalejia, and others with a memorial and gifts. Sanwen and his party mounted the hall with trays of pearls and green glass laid before the throne, kowtowed again below, and through interpreters said they came to show how far folk yearned toward civilization. The king's memorial read:
69
臣羅茶羅乍言，昨遇𦨴舶船商人到本國告稱：钜宋之有天下也，二帝開基，聖人繼統，登封太嶽，禮祀汾陰，至德升聞，上穹眷命。 臣昌期斯遇，吉語幸聞，輒傾就日之誠，仰露朝天之款。
Your subject Luochaluo Zha reports: merchant ships lately reached us proclaiming that mighty Song holds the realm—two founders laid its base, sages renewed the line, performed the Feng and Shan and the Fenyin sacrifice, virtue heard on high, Heaven's favor confirmed. In this propitious hour I heard blessed tidings and bent my heart toward your radiance, declaring before the celestial court.
70
臣伏聞人君之御統也，無遠不臻； 臣子之推誠也，有道則服。 伏惟皇帝陛下功超邃古，道建大中。 衣裳垂而德合乾坤，劍戟鑄而範圍區宇。 神武不殺，人文化成。 廓明明之德以臨御下民，懷翼翼之心以昭事上帝。 至仁不傷於行葦，大信爰及於淵魚。 故得天鑒孔彰，帝文有赫，顯今古未聞之事，保家邦大定之基。
I have heard that a true Son of Heaven leaves no distant shore unvisited; and subjects who offer sincerity will serve wherever the Way reigns. Your achievements, Sire, outshine antiquity; your Way restores the Grand Mean. Your robe drapes over Heaven and Earth; your melted blades bound the four seas. By divine martial sway you spare the living; by human civilizing you perfect the realm. You brighten virtue to rule the people and keep a wary heart in service to Heaven. Such benevolence spares even trampled reeds; such faith reaches fish in the deeps. Hence Heaven's mirror shines clear, imperial glory blazes, wonders unknown in all ages secure your throne and state.
71
竊念臣微類醯雞，賤如芻狗，世居夷落，地遠華風，虛荷燭幽，曾無執贄。 今者竊聽歌頌，普及遐陬。 恨年屬於桑榆，阻躬陳於玉帛。 矧滄溟之曠絕，在跋涉以稍艱。 是敢傾倒赤心，遙瞻丹闕。 任土作貢，同螻蟻之慕膻； 委質事君，比葵藿之向日。 謹遣專使等五十二人，奉土物來貢，凡真珠衫帽各一、真珠二萬一千一百兩、象牙六十株、乳香六十斤。
I, no more than a vinegar fly or straw dog, dwell in barbarian wilds, far from your transforming breeze, lit only by your distant candle, and until now bore no gift. Yet your praise has reached the farthest corners. Age now ties me like sunset, and I cannot bring jade and silk in person. The wide ocean too makes the journey arduous. So I bare my loyal heart and look from afar toward your vermilion gate. I send earth-born tribute as ants crave savory smoke; I offer my person as sunflowers the sun. Your subject sends fifty-two envoys bearing local tribute: one pearl shirt and cap each, twenty-one thousand one hundred taels of pearls, sixty ivory tusks, and sixty jin of frankincense.
72
三文等又獻珠六千六百兩、香藥三千三百斤。
Sanwen's party added six thousand six hundred taels of pearls and three thousand three hundred jin of aromatics.
73
初，羅茶羅乍既聞商船言，且曰十年來海無風濤，古老傳云如此則中國有聖人，故遣三文等入貢。 三文離本國，舟行七十七晝夜，曆舟阝勿丹山、娑里西蘭山至占賓國。 又行六十一晝夜，曆伊麻羅里山至古羅國。 國有古羅山，因名焉。 又行七十一晝夜，曆加八山、占不牢山、舟寶龍山至三佛齊國。 又行十八晝夜，度蠻山水口，曆天竺山，至賓頭狼山，望東西王母塚，距舟所將百里。 又行二十晝夜，度羊山、九星山至廣州之琵琶洲。 離本國凡千一百五十日至廣州焉。 詔閣門祗候史祐之館伴，凡宴賜恩例同龜茲使。 其年承天節，三文等請於啟聖禪院會僧以祝聖壽。 明年使回，降詔羅茶羅乍，賜物甚厚。
Earlier, when Luochaluo Zha heard the merchants, he noted ten years without storms at sea; elders said that meant a sage ruled China—hence Sanwen's embassy. Sanwen sailed seventy-seven days and nights from home, by Zhouwudan and Suoli Xilan to Zhanbin. After another sixty-one days and nights they passed Mount Yimaluoli and reached Gulu. The country took its name from Mount Gulu. After seventy-one more days and nights they passed Mount Jiaba, Mount Zhanbulao, and Mount Zhoubaolong and arrived at Srivijaya. Eighteen days and nights later they crossed the Man Mountain estuary, passed Mount Tianzhu, and reached Mount Bintoulang, whence the eastern and western tombs of the Queen Mother of the West could be seen about a hundred li from the anchorage. Twenty days and nights later they passed Mount Yang and Mount Jiuxing and reached Pipa Islet at Guangzhou. The voyage from their homeland to Guangzhou took altogether 1,150 days. An edict appointed Gate Attendant Shi Youzhi as host; banquets and gifts followed the same precedent as for Kucha missions. That year at the Chengtian festival Sanwen and others asked to assemble monks at Qisheng Chan Monastery to pray for the emperor's long life. When the envoys returned the following year, an edict went to King Luochaluo Zha with very generous gifts.
74
天禧四年，又遣使琶攔得麻烈呧奉物入貢，至廣州病死。 守臣以其表聞。 詔廣州宴犒從者，厚賜以遣之。
In 1020 they sent Palande Maliechu with tribute again; he reached Guangzhou and died there. The local commander forwarded his memorial to court. An edict ordered Guangzhou to feast the retinue, reward them generously, and send them home.
75
明道二年十月，其王屍離囉茶印�囉注囉遣使蒲押陀離等以泥金表進真珠衫帽及真珠一百五兩、象牙百株，西染院副使、閣門通事舍人符惟忠假鴻臚少卿押伴。 蒲押陀離自言數朝貢，而海風破船不達，願將上等珠就龍床腳撒殿，頂戴瞻禮，以申向慕之心。 乃奉銀盤升殿，跪撒珠於御榻下而退。 景祐元年二月，以蒲押陀離爲金紫光祿大夫、懷化將軍，還本國。
In the tenth month of 1033 King Shili Luocha Yinluo Zhuluo sent Pu Yatuoli and others with a gold-dust memorial, a pearl shirt and cap, 105 taels of pearls, and 100 ivory tusks; Fu Weizhong of the Western Dyeing Institute and the Gate Office served as acting Vice Director of the Court for Ceremonials as escort. Pu Yatuoli said he had come to court many times but storms had wrecked his ships; he now wished to scatter fine pearls before the throne at the foot of the dragon couch, place them on his head, and bow in worship to express his devotion. He then ascended with a silver tray, knelt, scattered pearls beneath the imperial couch, and withdrew. In the second month of 1034 Pu Yatuoli was appointed Grandee of Splendid Happiness with Golden Purple Pouch and Huaihua General and sent home.
76
熙寧十年，國王地華加羅遣使奇囉囉、副使南卑琶打、判官麻圖華羅等二十七人來獻踠豆珠、麻珠、琉璃大洗盤、白梅花腦、錦藥、犀牙、乳香、瓶香、薔薇水、金蓮花、木香、阿魏、鵬砂、丁香。 使副以真珠、龍腦登陛，跪而散之，謂之撒殿。 既降，詔遣御藥宣勞之，以爲懷化將軍、保順郎將，各賜衣服器幣有差； 答賜其王錢八萬一千八百緡、銀五萬二千兩。
In 1077 King Dihuajialuo sent Qiluoluo, Nanbeipada, Matuhualuo, and twenty-seven others with wando and hemp beads, a large glass basin, white plum-blossom borneol, brocade medicines, rhinoceros horn, frankincense, bottled incense, rose water, golden lotus, aloeswood, asafoetida, pengsha, and cloves. The envoy and vice-envoy ascended with pearls and borneol, knelt, and scattered them in the rite called "scattering before the hall." After they withdrew, the court sent imperial medicines as consolation, appointed them Huaihua Generals and Baoshun Lang generals, and granted graded robes and gifts; Their king received in return 81,800 strings of cash and 52,000 taels of silver.
77
丹眉流
Tambralinga.
78
丹眉流國，東至占臘五十程，南至羅越水路十五程，西至西天三十五程，北至程良六十程，東北至羅斛二十五程，東南至闍婆四十五程，西南至程若十五程，西北至洛華二十五程，東北至廣州一百三十五程。
Tambralinga lay fifty stages east of Zhanla, fifteen stages south by water to Luoyue, thirty-five stages west to India, sixty stages north to Chengliang, twenty-five stages northeast to Luoqu, forty-five stages southeast to Java, fifteen stages southwest to Chengruo, twenty-five stages northwest to Luohua, and 135 stages northeast to Guangzhou.
79
其俗以版爲屋； 跣足，衣布，無紳帶，以白紵纏其首； 貿易以金銀。 其主所居，廣袤五里，無城郭； 出則乘象車，亦有小駟。 地出犀、象、鍮石、紫草、蘇木諸藥。 四時炎熱，無雪霜。 未嘗至中國。
They built houses of planks; went barefoot, wore cloth without sashes, and wrapped white ramie about the head; and traded in gold and silver. The ruler's residence covered five li square without walled cities; when he went abroad he rode an elephant carriage or a small horse team. The land yielded rhinoceros horn, elephants, brass, purple root, sappanwood, and other drugs. All seasons were hot; snow and frost were unknown. Before this they had never reached China.
80
咸平四年，國主多須機遣使打吉馬、副使打臘、判官皮泥等九人來貢木香千斤、鍮镴各百斤、胡黃連三十五斤、紫草百斤、紅氈一合、花布四段、蘇木萬斤、象牙六十一株。 召見崇德殿，賜以冠帶服物。 及還，又賜多須機詔書以敦獎之。
In 1001 King Duoxuji sent Dajima, Dala, Pini, and nine others with 1,000 jin of aloeswood, 100 jin each of brass and pewter, 35 jin of Tibetan coptis, 100 jin of purple root, red felt, four bolts of patterned cloth, 10,000 jin of sappanwood, and 61 ivory tusks. They were received at Chongde Hall and granted caps, belts, and robes. On their return an edict was sent to Duoxuji to commend and encourage him.