1
外國六○天竺于闐高昌回鶻大食層檀龜茲沙州拂菻
Foreign States 6 — India, Khotan, Gaochang, the Uyghurs, Dashi, Cengtan, Kucha, Shazhou, and Byzantium.
2
天竺國舊名身毒，亦曰摩伽陀，復曰婆羅門。 俗宗浮圖道，不飲酒食肉。 漢武帝遣使十餘輩間出西南，指求身毒，為昆明所閉，莫能通。 至漢明帝夢金人，於是遣使天竺問佛道法，由是其教傳於中國。 梁武帝、後魏宣武時，皆來貢獻。 隋煬帝誌通西域，諸國多有至者，唯天竺不通。 唐貞觀以後，朝貢相繼。 則天天授中，五天竺王並來朝獻。 乾元末，河隴陷沒，遂不復至。 周廣順三年，西天竺僧薩滿多等十六族來貢名馬。
The kingdom of India was formerly known as Shendu; it was also called Magadha, and is likewise known as Brahmana. The people follow Buddhism and abstain from wine and meat. Emperor Wu of Han dispatched more than a dozen envoys by different routes through the southwest in search of India, but the Kunming people barred their way and none could reach it. When Emperor Ming of Han dreamed of a golden figure, he sent envoys to India to inquire into Buddhist teaching, and from that time the faith spread in China. During the reigns of Emperor Wu of Liang and Emperor Xuanwu of Northern Wei, they sent tribute missions. Emperor Yang of Sui sought to open contact with the Western Regions; many states sent envoys, but India alone remained unreachable. After the Zhenguan reign of Tang, tribute missions arrived in steady succession. During the Tianshou era of Empress Wu, the rulers of all five Indias came to court with tribute. When the He and Long circuits were lost at the end of the Qianyuan era, the missions ceased. In the third year of Guangshun of Later Zhou, the Western Indian monk Samanduo and envoys from sixteen clans presented fine horses.
3
乾德三年，滄州僧道圓自西域還，得佛舍利一水晶器、貝葉梵經四十夾來獻。 道圓晉天福中詣西域，在塗十二年，住五印度凡六年，五印度即天竺也； 還經于闐，與其使偕至。 太祖召問所曆風俗山川道里，一一能記。 四年，僧行勤等一百五十七人詣闕上言，願至西域求佛書，許之。 以其所曆甘、沙、伊、肅等州，焉耆、龜茲、于闐、割祿等國，又曆布路沙、加濕彌羅等國，並詔諭其國令人引導之。 開寶後，天竺僧持梵夾來獻者不絕。 八年冬，東印度王子穰結說囉來朝貢。
In the third year of Qiande, the Cangzhou monk Daoyuan returned from the west bearing a crystal reliquary of Buddhist relics and forty bundles of palm-leaf sutras, which he presented at court. Daoyuan had set out for the Western Regions in the Tianfu era of Later Jin; he was twelve years on the road and spent six years in the Five Indias — that is, India. On his return he passed through Khotan and arrived together with that kingdom's embassy. Taizu questioned him about the customs, geography, and routes he had seen, and he could recount them all in detail. In the fourth year, one hundred fifty-seven monks led by Xingqin petitioned the throne to travel west for Buddhist scriptures, and permission was granted. Edicts were sent to Gan, Sha, Yi, Su, and to Yanqi, Kucha, Khotan, Gelu, Buluosha, Kashmir, and other states along their route, ordering local authorities to provide guides. After the Kaibao era, Indian monks bearing Sanskrit manuscripts presented them at court without interruption. In the winter of the eighth year, the Eastern Indian prince Rangjieshuoluo arrived at court with tribute.
4
天竺之法，國王死，太子襲位，餘子皆出家為僧，不復居本國。 有曼殊室利者，乃其王子也，隨中國僧至焉，太祖令館於相國寺，善持律，為都人之所傾向，財施盈室。 眾僧頗嫉之，以其不解唐言，即偽為奏求還本國，許之。 詔既下，曼殊室利始大驚恨，眾僧諭以詔旨，不得已遲留數月而後去。 自言詣南海附賈人船而歸，終不知所適。
By Indian custom, when the king died the crown prince succeeded, while his other sons took monastic vows and left the realm. One Manjushri, a prince of that land, had come with Chinese monks. Taizu lodged him at Xiangguo Temple. He was a skilled vinaya master whom the capital greatly admired, and donations filled his quarters. The clergy grew jealous of him and, since he did not understand Chinese, forged a petition for his repatriation, which was approved. When the edict arrived, Manjushri was deeply dismayed. The monks explained its terms, and he lingered reluctantly for several months before leaving. He said he would sail from the southern coast on a merchant vessel homeward, but his final destination was never known.
5
太平興國七年，益州僧光遠至自天竺，以其王沒徙曩表來上。 上令天竺僧施護譯云：「近聞支那國內有大明王，至聖至明，威力自在。 每慚薄幸，朝謁無由，遙望支那起居聖躬萬福。 光遠來，蒙賜金剛吉祥無畏坐釋迦聖像袈裟一事，已披掛供養。 伏願支那皇帝福慧圓滿，壽命延長，常為引導一切有情生死海中，渡諸沉溺。 今以釋迦舍利附光遠上進。」 又譯其國僧統表，詞意亦與沒徙曩同。
In the seventh year of Taiping Xingguo, the Yizhou monk Guangyuan arrived from India bearing a memorial from King Motuoxiang. The emperor had the Indian monk Shihu translate: "We have lately heard that in the land of China there reigns a great Illumined King, supremely holy and wise, whose power is absolute. Ashamed of our meager fortune, we have had no means to attend your court; from afar we wish Your Majesty long life and boundless blessing. Through Guangyuan we received the kāṣāya for the image of Śākyamuni upon the Vajra Auspicious Fearless Throne, and it has been draped upon the statue in worship. We pray that the emperor of China may enjoy perfect merit and wisdom, long life, and that he may forever guide all beings across the sea of birth and death and rescue the drowning. We now send relics of the Buddha with Guangyuan as our tribute." He also translated a memorial from that kingdom's chief of the sangha, whose wording matched Motuoxiang's.
6
施護者，烏塤曩國人。 其國屬北印度，西行十二日至乾陀羅國，又西行二十日至曩誐囉賀囉國，又西行十日至嵐婆國，又西行十二日至誐惹曩國，又西行至波斯國，得西海。 自北印度行百二十日至中印度。 中印度西行三程至嗬囉尾國，又西行十二日至未曩囉國，又西行十二日至缽賴野迦國，又西行六十日至迦囉拿俱惹國，又西行二十日至摩囉尾國，又西行二十日至烏然泥國，又西行二十五日至囉囉國，又西行四十日至蘇囉茶國，又西行十一日至西海。 自中印度行六月程至南印度，又西行九十日至供迦拿國，又西行一月至海。 自南印度南行六月程得南海。 皆施護之所述雲。
Shihu was a native of Udyana. His country lay in North India. Westward twelve days brought one to Gandhara; twenty days farther to Nagarahara; ten days farther to Lambaka; twelve days farther to Gurjara; and still farther west to Persia and the Western Sea. From North India it was one hundred twenty days' journey to Central India. From Central India, three stages west lay Harivari; twelve days farther, Malava; twelve days farther, Bharukaccha; sixty days farther, Karanayuja; twenty days farther, Maru; twenty days farther, Ujjayini; twenty-five days farther, Lala; forty days farther, Surashtra; and eleven days farther to the Western Sea. From Central India it was six months to South India; ninety days farther west to Konkana; and one month farther to the sea. From South India, six months south brought one to the Southern Sea. Such were the routes Shihu described.
7
八年，僧法遇自天竺取經回，至三佛齊，遇天竺僧彌摩羅失黎語不多命，附表願至中國譯經，上優詔召之。 法遇後募緣製龍寶蓋袈裟，將復往天竺，表乞給所經諸國敕書，遂賜三佛齊國王遐至葛、古羅國主司馬佶芒、柯蘭國主讚怛羅、西天王子謨馱仙書以遣之。
In the eighth year the monk Fayu returned from India with scriptures. At Srivijaya he met the Indian monk Mimiluoshili, who spoke little Chinese but sent a memorial asking to come to China to translate scriptures; the emperor graciously summoned him. Fayu later raised funds for a dragon-canopy kāṣāya and prepared to return to India, requesting imperial letters for the states along his route. Letters were granted to the king of Srivijaya, the ruler of Gulu, the lord of Kalan, and the Western Heaven prince Mo Tuoxian.
8
雍熙中，衛州僧辭瀚自西域還，與胡僧密坦羅奉北印度王及金剛坐王那爛陀書來。 又有婆羅門僧永世與波斯外道阿裏煙同至京師。 永世自云：本國名利得，國王姓牙羅五得，名阿喏你縛，衣黃衣，戴金冠，以七寶為飾。 出乘象或肩輿，以音樂螺鈸前導，多遊佛寺，博施貧乏。 其妃曰摩訶你，衣大縷金紅衣，歲一出，多所振施。 人有冤抑，候王及妃出遊，即迎隨伸訴。 署國相四人，庶務並委裁制。 五穀、六畜、果實與中國無異。 市易用銅錢，有文漫圓徑，如中國之制，但實其中心，不穿貫耳。 其國東行經六月至大食國，又二月至西州，又三月至夏州。 阿裏煙自云：本國王號黑衣，姓張，名哩沒，用錦彩為衣，每遊獵，三二日一還國。 署大臣九人治國事。 無錢貨，以雜物貿易。 其國東行經六月至婆羅門。
During the Yongxi era the Weizhou monk Cihan returned from the west with the foreign monk Mitanluo, bearing letters from the king of North India and the Diamond Throne king of Nalanda. The Brahman monk Yongshi and the Persian lay teacher Aliyan also arrived at the capital together. Yongshi said that in his homeland, called Lide, the king bore the surname Yarowude and the name Anuoniwa, wore yellow robes, and wore a golden crown set with the seven jewels. When he went abroad he rode an elephant or a palanquin, preceded by conches and cymbals; he often visited monasteries and gave generously to the poor. His consort, called Moheni, wore great brocade robes threaded with gold and crimson; once a year she went abroad and distributed lavish charity. Those with grievances waited until the king and queen went abroad, then approached them to plead their cases. He appointed four chief ministers, to whom all routine affairs were entrusted. Grain, livestock, and fruit were the same as in China. Trade used copper coins inscribed around the rim like China's, but solid in the center without a hole for stringing. Eastward from his country it was six months to Dashi, two months more to Xizhou, and three months more to Xiazhou. Aliyan said that in his land the king was called the Black Robe, bore the surname Zhang and the name Limo, dressed in brocade, and when hunting returned home every two or three days. Nine great ministers administered the realm. They had no coinage and bartered in kind. Six months east of his country lay Brahmana.
9
至道二年八月，有天竺僧隨舶至海岸，持帝鍾、鈴杵、銅鈴各一，佛像一軀，貝葉梵書一夾，與之語，不能曉。
In the eighth month of the second year of Zhidao an Indian monk arrived by ship at the coast with an imperial bell, a vajra, a bronze bell, a Buddhist image, and a bundle of palm-leaf sutras, but no one could understand his speech.
10
天聖二年九月，西印度僧愛賢、智信護等來獻梵經，各賜紫方袍、束帛。 五年二月，僧法吉祥等五人以梵書來獻，賜紫方袍。 景祐三年正月，僧善稱等九人貢梵經、佛骨及銅牙菩薩像，賜以束帛。
In the ninth month of the second year of Tiansheng the Western Indian monks Aixian, Zhixinhu, and others presented Sanskrit scriptures and each received a purple robe and silks. In the second month of the fifth year five monks including Fajixiang presented Sanskrit books and received purple robes. In the first month of the third year of Jingyou nine monks including Shancheng presented Sanskrit scriptures, Buddha relics, and a copper bodhisattva image with ivory tusks, and received silks in return.
11
于闐國，自漢至唐，皆入貢中國。 安、史之亂，絕不復至。 晉天福中，其王李聖天自稱唐之宗屬，遣使來貢。 高祖命供奉官張匡鄴持節冊聖天為大寶于闐國王。
Khotan had sent tribute to China from Han through Tang. After the An Lushan rebellion, the missions ceased entirely. In the Tianfu era of Later Jin its king Li Shengtian claimed descent from the Tang imperial house and sent tribute. Gaozu commissioned the palace attendant Zhang Kuangye to invest Shengtian as king of Great Treasure Khotan.
12
建隆二年十二月，聖天遣使貢圭一，以玉為柙； 玉枕一。 本國摩尼師貢琉璃瓶二、胡錦一段。 其使言：本國去京師九千九百里，西南抵蔥嶺與婆羅門接，相去三千餘里。 南接吐蕃，西北至疏勒二千餘里。 國城東有白玉河，西有綠玉河，次西有烏玉河，源出昆岡山，去國城西千三百里。 每歲秋，國人取玉於河，謂之撈玉。 土宜蒲萄，人多醞以為酒，甚美。 俗事妖神。
In the twelfth month of the second year of Jianlong, Shengtian sent envoys presenting a jade tablet in a jade case; A jade pillow was also presented. That kingdom's Manichaean master also presented two glass bottles and a length of foreign brocade. Their envoy said that Khotan lay nine thousand nine hundred li from the capital, that to the southwest it reached the Pamirs and bordered India three thousand-odd li away. To the south it bordered Tibet; northwest to Kashgar was more than two thousand li. East of the capital lay the White Jade River, to the west the Green Jade River, and farther west the Black Jade River, all rising on Mount Kunlun thirteen hundred li west of the city. Each autumn the people dredged jade from the rivers — a practice called "jade-fishing." The soil favored grapes, and the people made excellent wine from them. The people worshiped spirits.
13
乾德三年五月，于闐僧善名、善法來朝，賜紫衣。 其國宰相因善名等來，致書樞密使李崇矩，求通中國。 太祖令崇矩以書及器幣報之。 至是冬，沙門道圓自西域還，經于闐，與其朝貢使至。 四年，又遣其子德從來貢方物。
In the fifth month of the third year of Qiande the Khotanese monks Shanming and Shanfa came to court and received purple robes. The kingdom's chief minister, through Shanming and his party, wrote to the military commissioner Li Chongju seeking relations with China. Taizu had Chongju reply with a letter, ritual vessels, and silks. That winter the monk Daoyuan returned from the west by way of Khotan and arrived with its tribute embassy. In the fourth year he sent his son Decong with local products as tribute.
14
開寶二年，遣使直末山來貢，且言本國有玉一塊，凡二百三十七斤，願以上進，乞遣使取之。 善名復至，貢阿魏子，賜號昭化大師，因令還取玉。 又國王男總嘗貢玉欛刀，亦厚賜報之。 四年，其國僧吉祥以其國王書來上，自言破疏勒國得舞象一，欲以為貢，詔許之。
In the second year of Kaibao he sent the envoy Zhimoshan, reporting a block of jade weighing two hundred thirty-seven jin in his kingdom and asking that envoys be sent to fetch it for presentation. Shanming came again with asafetida seeds, was granted the title Great Master of Illustrious Transformation, and was sent back to retrieve the jade. The king's younger brother Nanzong had once presented a knife with a jade handle and likewise received a generous reward. In the fourth year the monk Jixiang presented a letter from his king stating that after defeating Kashgar he had captured a dancing elephant and wished to offer it; the court assented.
15
大中祥符二年，其國黑韓王遣回鶻羅廝溫等以方物來貢。 廝溫跪奏曰：「臣萬里來朝，獲見天日，願聖人萬歲，與遠人作主。」 上詢以在路幾時，去此幾裏。 對曰：「涉道一年，晝行暮息，不知里數。 昔時道路嘗有剽掠，今自瓜、沙抵于闐，道路清謐，行旅如流。 願遣使安撫遠俗。」 上曰：「路遠命使，益以勞費爾國。 今降詔書，汝即齎往，亦與命使無異也。」
In the second year of Dazhong Xiangfu the Black Khan sent the Uyghur Luosiwen and others with local products as tribute. Siwen knelt and said: "Your subject has come ten thousand li to court and beheld the light of day; may the Sage live ten thousand years and be lord to distant peoples." The emperor asked how long the journey had taken and how far they had traveled. He answered: "We were a year on the road, traveling by day and resting at night, and cannot say how many li. Bandits once plagued the route, but now from Guazhou and Shazhou to Khotan the road is peaceful and travelers pass in steady streams. We beg that envoys be sent to reassure the distant peoples." The emperor said: "The distance is great; to send envoys would only burden your kingdom further. I shall issue an edict for you to carry home — that will serve the same purpose as envoys."
16
初，太平興國中有澶州卒王貴者，晝忽見使者至營，急召貴偕行，南至河橋，驛馬已具，即命乘之，俄覺騰虛而去。 頃之駐馬，但見屋室宏麗，使者引貴入，見其主者容衛制度悉如王者。 謂貴曰：「俟汝年五十八，當往于闐國北通聖山取一異寶以奉皇帝，宜深誌之。」 遂復乘馬淩虛而旋。 軍中失貴已數日矣，驗所乘，即營卒之馬也。 知州宋煦劾貴以聞，太宗釋之。 天禧初，貴自陳年已五十八，願遵前戒，西至于闐，尋許其行。 貴至秦州，以道遠悔懼，俄於市中遇一道士引貴出城，登高原，問貴所欲，具以實對。 即命貴閉目，少頃令開，視山川頓異，道士曰：「此于闐國北境通聖山也。」 復引貴觀一池，池中有仙童，出一物授之，謂曰：「持此奉皇帝。」 又令瞑目，俄頃復至秦州，向之道士已失所在，發其物乃玉印也，文曰「國王趙萬永寶」，州以獻。
Earlier, in the Taiping Xingguo era, a Tanzhou soldier named Wang Gui was suddenly summoned in broad daylight by envoys who hurried him south to the river bridge, where relay horses waited. He mounted and felt himself lifted into the air. Soon he dismounted before magnificent halls. The envoys led him in to a lord whose guards and court ceremonial were those of a king. The lord told him: "When you are fifty-eight, go to the Sacred Communication Mountain north of Khotan and fetch a wondrous treasure for the emperor. Keep this deeply in mind." Then he mounted again and was borne back through the air. The camp had missed him for days; the horse he rode was his own from the garrison. Prefect Song Xu reported the matter; Taizong pardoned him. At the beginning of Tianxi, Gui declared that he was fifty-eight and asked leave to fulfill the command by traveling west to Khotan; permission was granted. At Qinzhou, daunted by the distance, he met a Daoist in the market who led him outside the city to a high plateau and asked his purpose; Gui told him everything. The Daoist bade him close his eyes; when he opened them the landscape had changed utterly. The Daoist said: "This is the Sacred Communication Mountain on Khotan's northern frontier." He led him to a pool where an immortal youth handed him an object, saying: "Take this to the emperor." He closed his eyes again and was suddenly back at Qinzhou; the Daoist had vanished. The object proved to be a jade seal inscribed "Treasure of King Zhao Wan of the State," which the prefecture presented to the throne.
17
天聖三年十二月，遣使羅麵於多、副使金三、監使安多、都監趙多來朝，貢玉鞍轡、白玉帶、胡錦、獨峰橐駝、乳香、硇砂。 詔給還其直，館於都亭西驛，別賜襲衣、金帶、銀器百兩、衣著二百，羅麵於多金帶。
In the twelfth month of the third year of Tiansheng envoys led by Luomianyuduo, with Jin San as vice-envoy, Anduo as supervisor, and Zhao Duo as chief inspector, came to court with jade saddle and bridle, a white jade belt, foreign brocade, Bactrian camels, frankincense, and sal ammoniac. An edict ordered payment for their tribute restored and had them lodged at the Duting West Post Station, with additional gifts of court robes, gold belts, silverware weighing one hundred liang, two hundred sets of clothing, and a gold belt for Luomianyuduo.
18
嘉祐八年八月，遣使羅撒溫獻方物。 十一月，以其國王為特進、歸忠保順後鱗黑韓王。 羅撒溫言其王乞賜此號也，于闐謂金翅烏為「後鱗」，「黑韓」蓋可汗之訛也。 羅撒溫等以獻物賜直少不受，及請所獻獨峰橐駝。 詔以遠人特別賜錢五千貫，以橐駝還之，而與其已賜之直。 其後數以方物來獻。
In the eighth month of the eighth year of Jiayou, an embassy led by Luosawen brought tribute goods. In the eleventh month their king was enfeoffed as Special Advancement, Loyal and Fidelity-Preserving Houlin Black Khan King. Luosawen explained that their king had requested this title: in Khotan the golden-winged bird is called Houlin, and Black Han is likely a mispronunciation of khan. Luosawen and his party refused the compensation offered for their tribute as insufficient and asked that the single-hump Bactrian camel they had presented be returned. An edict specially granted the distant envoys five thousand strings of cash, returned their camel, and paid them the compensation already awarded. Thereafter they sent tribute missions on many occasions.
19
熙寧以來，遠不逾一二歲，近則歲再至。 所貢珠玉、珊瑚、翡翠、象牙、乳香、木香、琥珀、花蕊布、硇砂、龍鹽、西錦、玉秋轡馬、膃肭臍、金星石、水銀、安息雞舌香，有所持無表章，每賜以暈錦旋襴衣、金帶、器幣，宰相則盤球雲錦夾襴。
From the Xining era onward, when the journey was long they came at most every year or two; when nearer at hand they came twice a year. Their tribute included pearls and jade, coral, kingfisher feathers, ivory, frankincense, aloeswood, amber, flower-stamen cloth, sal ammoniac, dragon salt, western brocade, jade-bridled horses, musk pods, golden-star stone, mercury, and Parthian styrax. Even when envoys brought goods but no memorial, each was rewarded with halo-brocade spiral-hem robes, gold belts, and ritual gifts; grand councilors received panqiu cloud-brocade lined robes.
20
地產乳香，來輒群負，私與商賈牟利； 不售，則歸諸外府得善價，故其來益多。 元豐初，始詔惟齎表及方物馬驢乃聽以詣闕，乳香無用不許貢。
Because frankincense was native to their country, envoys arrived in groups laden with it and traded privately with merchants for profit. What they could not sell they sold on through frontier prefectures at favorable prices, so their missions became ever more numerous. At the start of Yuanfeng an edict stipulated that only envoys carrying memorials together with tribute goods, horses, or donkeys might proceed to court; frankincense alone was barred from tribute.
21
四年，遣部領阿辛上表稱「于闐國僂羅有福力量知文法黑汗王，書與東方日出處大世界田地主漢家阿舅大官家」，大略雲路遠傾心相向，前三遣使入貢未回，重復數百言。 董氈使導至熙州，譯其辭以聞。 詔前三輩使人皆已朝見，錫賚遣發，賜敕書諭之。 神宗嘗問其使去國歲月，所經何國及有無鈔略。 對曰：「去國四年，道塗居其半，歷黃頭回紇、青唐，惟懼契丹鈔略耳。」 因使之圖上諸國距漢境遠近，為書以授李憲。 八年九月，遣使入貢，使者為神宗飯僧追福。 賜錢百萬，還其所貢師子。
In the fourth year envoy leader Axin submitted a memorial in the name of "Uluo Youfu, King of Khotan, possessor of strength and versed in the law, Black Khan," addressed to "the great Han official family, maternal uncle to the lord of the great world where the sun rises in the east." It declared that though the road was long their hearts turned toward the court, lamented that three earlier tribute missions had not returned, and ran to several hundred words. Envoys of Dongzhan escorted them to Xizhou, where the memorial was translated and reported to the throne. An edict explained that the three earlier embassies had all been received, rewarded, and dismissed, and an imperial letter was sent to reassure them. Shenzong once asked the envoys how long they had been away from home, which countries they had passed through, and whether they had suffered any raids. They answered: "We have been four years from home, half of that spent on the road. We passed through the Yellow-Head Uyghurs and Qingtang and feared only Khitan raids." They were then told to chart the various states and their distances from the Song frontier, and a written report was prepared for Li Xian. In the ninth month of the eighth year envoys arrived with tribute; they had come to feed monks and accrue merit on Shenzong's behalf. The court granted them one million cash and returned the lion they had presented.
22
元祐中，以其使至無時，令熙河間歲一聽至闕。 八年，請討夏國，不許。
During Yuanyou, since Khotanese envoys arrived irregularly, the court allowed one mission per year from the Xihe region to proceed to court. In the eighth year they asked leave to campaign against Western Xia; the request was denied.
23
紹聖中，其王阿忽都董娥密竭篤又言，緬藥家作過，別無報效，已遣兵攻甘、沙、肅三州。 詔厚答其意。 知秦州遊師雄言：「于闐、大食、拂菻等國貢奉，般次踵至，有司憚於供賚，抑留邊方，限二歲一進。 外夷慕義，萬里而至，此非所以來遠人也。」 從之。 自是訖於宣和，朝享不絕。
During Shaosheng King Ahudu Dong'emijiedu reported that the Mianyao clan had risen in rebellion and that, lacking other means to repay the court, he had already dispatched troops against Gan, Sha, and Su prefectures. An edict warmly acknowledged his loyalty. Qinzhou prefect You Shixiong said: "Tribute missions from Khotan, the Arabs, Byzantium, and other lands arrive in an unbroken stream. Local officials, daunted by the cost of receiving them, hold them on the frontier and restrict them to one visit every two years. Peoples from afar who admire our virtue travel ten thousand li to reach us — this is no way to win distant peoples." The court agreed. From then until the Xuanhe era, tribute audiences continued without interruption.
24
高昌國，漢車師前王之地。 有高昌城，取其地勢高敞、人民昌盛以為名焉。 後魏初，沮渠無諱自署高昌太守。 無諱死，茹茹以闞伯周為高昌王，高昌有王始於此。 後魏至隋皆來貢獻。 唐貞觀中，侯君集平其國，以其地為西州。 安、史之亂，其地陷沒，乃復為國。 語訛亦云「高敞」，然其地頗有回鶻，故亦謂之回鶻。
Gaochang occupied the territory of the Former King of Cheshi in Han times. Its capital was Gaochang city, named for the lofty openness of the land and the prosperity of its people. In the early Northern Wei, Juqu Wuhui declared himself prefect of Gaochang. After Wuhui's death the Rouran installed Kan Bozhou as king of Gaochang, and Gaochang first acquired a royal line at that point. From the Northern Wei through the Sui dynasty they sent tribute missions. During Tang Zhenguan, Hou Junji conquered the kingdom and reorganized its territory as Xizhou. After the An Lushan–Shi Siming rebellion the region fell away from Tang control and became a kingdom once more. Local pronunciation also rendered the name as "high and open," but because many Uyghurs lived there it was also known as Uyghur.
25
建隆三年四月，西州回鶻阿都督等四十二人以方物來貢。 乾德三年十一月，西州回鶻可汗遣僧法淵獻佛牙、琉璃器、琥珀盞。 太平興國六年，其王始稱西州外生師子王阿廝蘭漢，遣都督麥索溫來獻。 五月，太宗遣供奉官王延德、殿前承旨白勳使高昌。 八年，其使安鶻盧來貢。
In the fourth month of the third year of Jianlong, forty-two Xizhou Uyghurs led by Commander A brought tribute goods. In the eleventh month of the third year of Qiande the khan of Xizhou Uyghur sent the monk Fayuan with a Buddha tooth, glassware, and an amber goblet. In the sixth year of Taiping Xingguo their king first took the title Lion King Asilanhan, maternal nephew of Xizhou, and sent Commander Maisuowen with tribute. In the fifth month Taizong sent Palace Attendant Wang Yande and Palace Front Commissioner Bai Xun as envoys to Gaochang. In the eighth year their envoy Anhelu arrived with tribute.
26
雍熙元年四月，王延德等還，敘其行程來獻，云：
In the fourth month of the first year of Yongxi Wang Yande and his party returned, submitted an account of their journey, and reported:
27
初自夏州曆玉亭鎮，次曆黃羊平，其地平而產黃羊。 渡沙磧，無水，行人皆載水。 凡二日至都囉囉族，漢使過者，遺以財貨，謂之「打當」。 次曆茅女子族，族臨黃河，以羊皮為囊，吹氣實之浮於水，或以橐駝牽木栰而渡。 次曆茅女王子開道族，行入六窠沙，沙深三尺，馬不能行，行者皆乘橐駝。 不育五穀，沙中生草名登相，收之以食。 次曆樓子山，無居人。 行沙磧中，以日為占，旦則背日，暮則向日，日中則止。 夕行望月亦如之。 次曆臥梁劾特族地，有都督山，唐回鶻之地。 次曆大蟲太子族，族接契丹界，人衣尚錦繡，器用金銀，馬乳釀酒，飲之亦醉。 次曆屋地因族，蓋達於於越王子之子。 次至達於於越王子族。 次曆拽利王子族，有合羅川，唐回鶻公主所居之地，城基尚在，有湯泉池。 次曆阿墩族，經馬鬃山望鄉嶺，嶺上石龕有李陵題字處。 次曆格囉美源，西方百川所會，極望無際，鷗鷺鳧雁之類甚眾。 次至托邊城，亦名李僕射城，城中首領號「通天王」。 次曆小石州。 次曆伊州，州將陳氏，其先自唐開元二年領州，凡數十世，唐時詔敕尚在。 地有野蠶生苦參上，可為綿帛。 有羊，尾大而不能走，尾重者三斤，小者一斤，肉如熊白而甚美。 又有礪石，剖之得賓鐵，謂之吃鐵石。 又生胡桐樹，經雨即生胡桐律。 次曆益都。 次曆納職城，城在大患鬼魅磧之東南，望玉門關甚近。 地無水草，載糧以行。 凡三日，至鬼穀口避風驛，用本國法設祭，出詔神御風，風乃息。 凡八日，至澤田寺。 高昌聞使至，遣人來迎。 次曆地名寶莊，又曆六種，乃至高昌。
They set out from Xiazhou and passed through Yuting Post, then Yellow Sheep Plain — level country where yellow sheep grazed. Crossing the sandy desert, where there was no water, every traveler carried his own supply. After two days they reached the Duluo tribe, where Han envoys passing through left gifts of goods in a custom called da dang. Next came the Mao-nüzi tribe on the Yellow River, where people crossed by inflating sheepskin floats or by having camels tow wooden rafts. They then passed the Mao-nü Prince Kaidao tribe and entered the Six-Nest Sands, where the sand lay three feet deep, horses could not pass, and everyone rode camels. They grew no grain; instead they gathered a desert grass called dengxiang for food. They next crossed Mount Louzi, uninhabited country. Crossing the desert they navigated by the sun — marching with their backs to it at dawn, facing it at dusk, and resting at noon. When they traveled at night they steered by the moon in the same fashion. They next crossed the land of the Wolianhete tribe, where Commander Mountain marked old Tang Uyghur territory. They then reached the Great Tiger Prince tribe on the Khitan frontier, where people wore brocade and embroidery, used gold and silver vessels, and drank fermented mare's milk until drunk. Next came the Wudiyin tribe, said to be descended from the son of Prince Dayu Yuyue. They then arrived at the Dayu Yuyuezi tribe. They next passed the Prince Zhuaili tribe, where Heluo River marked the former seat of a Tang Uyghur princess; city foundations still stood and hot springs bubbled nearby. They next crossed the Adun tribe's territory, passing Mane Mountain and Wangxiang Ridge, where a stone niche bore an inscription said to be Li Ling's. They next reached Gelamei Spring, where western rivers converged in a vista without horizon, teeming with gulls, egrets, ducks, and wild geese. They next reached Tuobian city, also known as Vice Censor Li's city, whose local ruler styled himself Heaven-Penetrating King. They next passed through Little Shizhou. They next reached Yizhou, governed for dozens of generations by the Chen family since Tang Kaiyuan 2; imperial Tang edicts were still kept there. Wild silkworms fed on sophora there, yielding thread for cotton and silk cloth. Sheep there had tails so large and heavy — up to three jin — that the animals could barely walk; the meat was tender as bear's paw and exceedingly fine. Whetstones found there, when split, yielded fine iron in what they called iron-eating stone. Tamarisk trees grew there as well; after rain they sprouted tamarisk cones. They next passed Yidu. They next reached Nazhi city southeast of the Great Peril Ghost-Demon Desert, from which Yumen Pass seemed close at hand. The country offered no water or pasture, so they carried grain for the march. After three days they reached the Wind-Shelter Post at Ghost Valley Mouth, performed rites by their own customs, invoked the spirit to still the wind, and the gale subsided. Eight days later they reached Zetian Monastery. Learning that the envoys had arrived, Gaochang sent men to meet them. They next passed a place called Baozhuang, crossed six more tribal territories, and at last arrived at Gaochang.
28
高昌即西州也。 其地南距于闐，西南距大食、波斯，西距西天步路涉、雪山、蔥嶺，皆數千里。 地無雨雪而極熱，每盛暑，居人皆穿地為穴以處。 飛鳥群萃河濱，或起飛，即為日氣所爍，墜而傷翼。 屋室覆以白堊，雨及五寸，即廬舍多壞。 有水，源出金嶺，導之周圍國城，以溉田園，作水磑。 地產五穀，惟無蕎麥。 貴人食馬，餘食羊及鳧雁。 樂多琵琶、箜篌。 出貂鼠、白氎、繡文花蕊布。 俗好騎射。 婦人戴油帽，謂之蘇幕遮。 用開元七年曆，以三月九日為寒食，餘二社、冬至亦然。 以銀或鍮石為筒，貯水激以相射，或以水交潑為戲，謂之壓陽氣去病。 好遊賞，行者必抱樂器。 佛寺五十餘區，皆唐朝所賜額，寺中有《大藏經》、《唐韻》、《玉篇》、《經音》等，居民春月多群聚遨樂於其間。 遊者馬上持弓矢射諸物，謂之禳災。 有敕書樓，藏唐太宗、明皇御劄詔敕，緘鎖甚謹。 復有摩尼寺，波斯僧各持其法，佛經所謂外道者也。 所統有南突厥、北突厥、大眾熨、小眾熨、樣磨、割祿、黠戛司、末蠻、格哆族、預龍族之名甚眾。 國中無貧民，絕食者共賑之。 人多壽考，率百餘歲，絕地夭死。
Gaochang was the same as Xizhou. It lay several thousand li south of Khotan, southwest of the Arabs and Persia, and west of the routes to India, Bushlushe, the Snow Mountains, and the Pamirs. Rain and snow never fell there, yet the heat was extreme; in high summer people lived in underground chambers dug from the earth. Birds flocked along the rivers; when they took flight the sun's heat scorched them and they fell with broken wings. Houses were whitewashed, yet when as little as five inches of rain fell many dwellings collapsed. Water from Golden Ridge was channeled around the kingdom to irrigate fields and gardens and to power water mills. All five grains grew there except buckwheat. The nobility ate horseflesh; others ate mutton, duck, and wild goose. Their music favored the pipa and konghou. Local products included sable, white felt, and embroidered flower-stamen cloth. They were fond of mounted archery. Women wore oiled hats in a style called sumuzhe. They followed the Kaiyuan 7 calendar, observing Cold Food on the ninth day of the third month and fixing the two She festivals and the winter solstice by the same reckoning. They fashioned tubes of silver or brass, filled them with water, and squirted or splashed one another in a rite said to suppress excess yang and ward off disease. They loved outings and never traveled without musical instruments. More than fifty Buddhist monasteries bore Tang-donated name plaques and housed the Great Canon, Tangyun, Yupian, Jingyin, and similar works; in spring people gathered there in festive groups. On outings riders shot at targets from horseback in a rite called dispelling calamity. An Edict Archive Tower held sealed imperial letters and edicts of Tang Taizong and Emperor Xuanzong, guarded with great care. Manichaean temples stood there as well, where Persian monks practiced their own faith — the "heterodox paths" of Buddhist scripture. They ruled over a great many peoples, including the Southern and Northern Turks, the Great and Little Zhongyi, Yangmo, Gelu, Xiajiasi, Moman, the Geduo tribe, the Yulong tribe, and many others. There were no destitute people in the kingdom; anyone without food was supported by communal relief. People commonly lived to ripe old age, often past a hundred, and early death was virtually unknown.
29
時四月，師子王避暑於北廷，以其舅阿多於越守國，先遣人致意於延德曰：「我王舅也，使者拜我乎？」 延德曰：「持朝命而來，禮不當拜。」 復問曰：「見王拜乎？」 延德曰：「禮亦不當拜。」 阿多於越復數日始相見，然其禮頗恭。 師子王邀延德至其北廷。 曆交河州，凡六日，至金嶺口，寶貨所出。 又兩日，至漢家砦。 又五日，上金嶺。 過嶺即多雨雪，嶺上有龍堂，刻石記雲，小雪山也。 嶺上有積雪，行人皆服毛罽。 度嶺一日至北廷，憩高台寺。 其王烹羊馬以具膳，尤豐潔。
It was the fourth month; the Lion King was summering at Beiting and had left his maternal uncle Aduoyuyue to govern the realm. Aduoyuyue sent word ahead to Yande: "I am the king's uncle — will you bow to me?" Yande replied: "I come bearing the court's commission; protocol does not require a bow." He asked again: "Will you bow when you meet the king?" Yande answered: "Protocol does not require that either." Aduoyuyue delayed their meeting for several days, but when they met his courtesy was marked. The Lion King then invited Yande to join him at Beiting. They traveled through Jiaohe prefecture for six days until they reached Jinding Pass, a place where precious goods were sourced. After two more days they arrived at Hanjia Stockade. Five days later they climbed Golden Ridge. Beyond the pass rain and snow were frequent. On the ridge stood a Dragon Hall; an inscription carved in stone declared the place the Little Snow Mountain. Snow lay deep on the ridge, and every traveler wore felt clothing. They crossed the pass in a day and reached Beiting, where they rested at Gaotai Temple. The king had sheep and horses slaughtered for the feast, which was lavish and splendid.
30
地多馬，王及王後、太子各養馬，放牧平川中，彌亙百餘里，以毛色分別為群，莫知其數。 北廷川長廣數千里，鷹鷂雕鶻之所生，多美草，不生花，砂鼠大如<需免>，鷙禽捕食之。
Horses were abundant there. The king, queen, and crown prince each maintained herds pastured across the open plains for more than a hundred li, grouped by coat color in numbers beyond counting. The Beiting plain stretched thousands of li in every direction, a breeding ground for hawks, kites, eagles, and falcons. Fine grasses covered the land but no flowers grew. Sand rats as large as hares were hunted by raptors.
31
其王遣人來言，擇日以見使者，願無訝其淹久。 至七日，見其王及王子侍者，皆東向拜受賜。 旁有持磬者擊以節拜，王聞磬聲乃拜，既而王之兒女親屬皆出，羅拜以受賜，遂張樂飲宴，為優戲，至暮。 明日泛舟於池中，池四面作鼓樂。 又明日遊佛寺，曰應運太寧之寺，貞觀十四年造。
The king sent word that he would select a day to receive the envoy and asked that the delay not be taken amiss. On the seventh day the king, his princes, and their attendants appeared and all bowed facing east to receive the imperial gifts. Attendants with chime-stones struck them to mark each bow; the king bowed only at the sound of the chime. Then his sons, daughters, and kinsmen came forth and bowed in rows to receive their gifts. A banquet followed with music and entertainers, and the revelry lasted until nightfall. The next day they took boats on the palace pond while drums and music sounded on every side. On the following day they visited a Buddhist temple called the Temple of Responding Fortune and Great Tranquility, built in the fourteenth year of the Zhenguan era.
32
北廷北山中出硇砂，山中嘗有煙氣湧起，無雲霧，至夕光焰若炬火，照見禽鼠皆赤。 采者著木底鞋取之，皮者即焦。 下有穴生青泥，出穴外即變為砂石，土人取以治皮。 城中多樓台卉木。 人白皙端正，性工巧，善治金銀銅鐵為器及攻玉。 善馬直絹一匹，其駑馬充食，才直一丈。 貧者皆食肉。 西抵安西，即唐之西境。
Sal ammoniac was mined in the mountains north of Beiting. Smoke often rose from the peaks without cloud or mist, and by evening the glow burned like torches, turning every bird and rat caught in its light blood-red. Miners wore wooden-soled shoes to collect it; leather soles were scorched instantly. Caves below yielded a blue mud that hardened into sand and gravel once exposed to air; locals used it to cure leather. The city abounded in towers, terraces, flowering plants, and trees. The people were fair-complexioned and well favored, naturally dexterous and skilled at fashioning vessels from gold, silver, copper, and iron and at carving jade. A fine horse fetched one bolt of silk; a nag slaughtered for meat was worth only ten feet of cloth. Even the poor lived on meat. To the west it reached Anxi, the western border of Tang.
33
七月，令延德先還其國，其王九月始至。 亦聞有契丹使來，謂其王云：「高敞本漢土，漢使來覘視封域，將有異圖，王當察之。」 延德偵知其語，因謂王曰：「契丹素不順中國，今乃反間，我欲殺之。」 王固勸乃止。
In the seventh month Yande was sent home ahead of the king, who did not arrive until the ninth month. Word also came that a Khitan envoy had told the king: "Gaochang was once Han soil. These Han envoys are here to reconnoiter your borders and surely mean you harm. Your Majesty should take heed." Yande learned of this through his own spies and told the king: "The Khitan have never been loyal to the Middle Kingdom. They are sowing discord, and I mean to kill them." The king strongly dissuaded him, and Yande desisted.
34
自六年五月離京師，七年四月至高昌，所曆以詔賜諸國君長襲衣、金帶、繒帛。 八年春，與其謝恩使凡百餘人復循舊路而還，雍熙元年四月至京師。
From their departure from the capital in the fifth month of the sixth year until they reached Gaochang in the fourth month of the seventh year, they distributed imperial gifts of ceremonial robes, gold belts, and silks to every ruler they visited. In the spring of the eighth year more than a hundred men, including the gratitude envoys, retraced their route home and reached the capital in the fourth month of the first year of Yongxi.
35
景德元年，又遣使金延福來貢。
In the first year of Jingde they again sent the envoy Jin Yanfu with tribute.
36
回鶻本匈奴之別裔，在天德西北娑陵水上。 後魏號鐵勒，唐初號特勒，後稱回紇。 其君長曰可汗，自貞觀以後朝貢不絕。 至德初，出兵助國討平安、史之亂，故累朝恩禮最重。 然而恃功橫恣，朝廷雖患其邀求無厭，然頗姑息聽從之。 元和中，改為回鶻。 會昌中，其國衰亂，其相馺職者擁外甥將龐勒西奔安西。 既而回鶻為幽州張仲武所破，龐勒乃自稱可汗，居甘、沙、西州，無復昔時之盛矣。
The Uyghurs were originally a separate branch of the Xiongnu, living along the Salian River northwest of Tiande. Under the Northern Wei they were known as the Tiele; in early Tang as the Tele; later they took the name Huihe. Their ruler was styled khan, and from the Zhenguan era onward tribute missions to the court never ceased. At the opening of the Zhide era they sent troops to help suppress the An Lushan and Shi Siming rebellion, and for this successive dynasties treated them with the greatest favor. Yet emboldened by their service they grew arrogant and demanding; though the court resented their endless requests, it largely indulged them. In the Yuanhe era their name was changed to Uyghur. In the Huichang era their state fell into turmoil; Chancellor Sa Zhizhe led the khan's nephew, General Pang Le, west in flight to Anxi. Soon after Zhang Zhongwu of Youzhou shattered the Uyghurs, Pang Le declared himself khan and settled in Ganzhou, Shazhou, and Xizhou, never again matching their former power.
37
歷梁、後唐、晉、漢、周，皆遣使朝貢。 後唐同光中，冊其國王仁美為英義可汗。 仁美卒，其弟仁裕立，冊為順化可汗。 晉天福中，又改為奉化可汗。 仁裕卒，子景瓊立。 先是，唐朝繼以公主下嫁，故回鶻世稱中朝為舅，中朝每賜答詔亦曰外甥。 五代之後皆因之。
Through the Liang, Later Tang, Jin, Han, and Zhou dynasties they continued to send envoys with tribute. In the Tongguang era of Later Tang their king Renmei was invested as the Heroic and Righteous Khan. When Renmei died his younger brother Renyu succeeded and was invested as the Compliant and Transforming Khan. In the Tianfu era of Later Jin his title was changed to the Obedient and Transforming Khan. When Renyu died his son Jingqiong succeeded. Because the Tang had repeatedly sent princesses to marry Uyghur khans, the Uyghurs always addressed the Middle Kingdom as "uncle," and imperial edicts in reply addressed them as "nephew." The Five Dynasties and their successors preserved the custom.
38
建隆二年，景瓊遣使朝獻。 三年，阿都督等四十二人以方物來貢。 乾德二年，遣使貢玉百團、琥珀四十斤，犛牛尾、貂鼠等。 三年，遣使趙黨誓等四十七人以團玉、琥珀、紅白犛牛尾為貢。 開寶中累遣使貢方物，其宰相鞠仙越亦貢馬。
In the second year of Jianlong, Jingqiong sent envoys to court with tribute. In the third year Commander A and forty-two others arrived with local products as tribute. In the second year of Qiande they sent envoys with one hundred lumps of jade, forty pounds of amber, yak tails, sable pelts, and the like. In the third year they sent Zhao Dangshi and forty-seven others with lump jade, amber, and red and white yak tails. During the Kaibao era they sent tribute missions repeatedly, and their chancellor Ju Xianyue also presented horses.
39
太平興國二年冬，遣殿直張璨齎詔諭甘、沙州回鶻可汗外甥，賜以器幣，招致名馬美玉，以備車騎琮璜之用。 五年，甘、沙州回鶻可汗夜落紇密禮遏遣使裴溢的等四人，以橐駝、名馬、珊瑚、琥珀來獻。
In the winter of the second year of Taiping Xingguo Palace Attendant Zhang Can was sent with an edict to the Uyghur khan of Ganzhou and Shazhou, styled the emperor's maternal nephew, granting gifts and seeking fine horses and jade for the imperial carriages and ritual regalia. In the fifth year the Uyghur khan of Ganzhou and Shazhou, Yeluohe Milie, sent Pei Yide and three others with camels, fine horses, coral, and amber.
40
雍熙元年四月，西州回鶻與婆羅門僧永世、波斯外道阿里煙同入貢。 四年，合羅川回鶻第四族首領遣使朝貢。 端拱二年九月，回鶻都督石仁政、麽囉王子、邈拿王子、越黜黃水州巡檢四族並居賀蘭山下，無所統屬，諸部入貢多由其地。 麽囉王子自雲，向為靈州馮暉阻絕，由是不通貢奉，今有內附意。 各以錦袍銀帶賜之。
In the fourth month of the first year of Yongxi the Xizhou Uyghurs came to court together with the Brahman monk Yongshi and the Persian teacher Aliyan. In the fourth year the chief of the fourth tribe of the Heluo River Uyghurs sent envoys with tribute. In the ninth month of the second year of Duangong the Uyghur commander Shi Renzheng, the Prince of Mola, the Prince of Yaona, and the four tribes under Huangshui inspector Yuechu all lived beneath Helan Mountain without a single overlord, and most tribute missions from the western tribes passed through their territory. The Prince of Mola declared that Feng Hui of Lingzhou had long blocked his routes, cutting off tribute missions, but that he now wished to submit to the court. Each was granted brocade robes and silver belts.
41
咸平四年，可汗王祿勝遣使曹萬通以玉勒名馬、獨峰無峰橐駝、賓鐵劍甲、琉璃器來貢。 萬通自言任本國樞密使，本國東至黃河，西至雪山，有小郡數百，甲馬甚精習，願朝廷命使統領，使得縛繼遷以獻。 因降詔祿勝曰：「賊遷凶悖，人神所棄。 卿世濟忠烈，義篤舅甥，繼上奏封，備陳方略，且欲大舉精甲，就覆殘妖，拓土西陲，獻俘北闕。 可汗功業，其可勝言！ 嘉歎所深，不忘朕意。 今更不遣使臣，一切委卿統製。」 特授萬通左神武軍大將軍，優賜祿勝器服。
In the fourth year of Xianping Khan Wang Lusheng sent Cao Wantong with jade-bitted horses, one-humped and two-humped camels, fine steel arms and armor, and glassware. Wantong declared that he served as privy commissioner of his state, which stretched from the Yellow River in the east to the Snow Mountains in the west and comprised several hundred districts with well-drilled cavalry. He asked the court to appoint an envoy to command his forces so that he might capture Li Jiqian and deliver him as a prisoner. An edict was issued to Lusheng: "The rebel Jiqian is vicious and defiant, forsaken by men and gods alike. Your house has served with loyalty across generations, and the bond of uncle and nephew runs deep. You have sent repeated sealed memorials setting forth your strategy, offering to march with picked troops against this remnant rebel, extend the western frontier, and present captives at the northern gate of the palace. Such service would be an achievement beyond words! Our admiration runs deep; hold fast to Our intent. We shall send no envoy; full command is entrusted to you." Wantong was specially appointed Grand General of the Left Divine Martial Army, and Lusheng received a generous grant of gifts and robes.
42
景德元年，夜落紇遣使來貢。 四年，又遣尼法仙等來朝，獻馬。 仍許法仙遊五台山。 又遣僧翟入奏，來獻馬，欲於京城建佛寺祝聖壽，求賜名額，不許。
In the first year of Jingde Yeluohe sent envoys with tribute. In the fourth year they again sent the nun Faxiand and others to court with horses. Faxiand was also granted leave to visit Mount Wutai. They also sent the monk Zhai to court with horses, asking permission to build a Buddhist temple in the capital to pray for the emperor's long life; the request for an imperial name plaque was denied.
43
三年，又遣左溫宰相、何居錄越樞密使、翟符守榮等來貢。 是年，龜茲國王可汗遣使李延福、副使安福、監使翟進來進香藥、花蕊布、名馬、獨峰駝、大尾羊、玉鞍勒、琥珀、俞石等。 四年，翟符守榮等三十人請從祀汾陰。 其年，夜落紇遣使貢方物，秦州回鶻安密獻玉帶於道左。 禮成，以翟符守榮為左神武軍大將軍，安殿民為保順郎將，餘皆賜冠帶器幣。 其年，夜落紇遣使言，敗趙德明立功首領請加恩賞。 詔給司戈、司階、郎將告敕十道，使得承製補署。
In the third year they again sent Left Chancellor Zuowen, Privy Commissioner He Jiluyue, Zhai Fushourong, and others with tribute. That year the khan-king of Kucha sent Li Yanfu as envoy, An Fu as vice-envoy, and Zhai Jin as supervising envoy with fragrant medicines, flowered calico, fine horses, one-humped camels, long-tailed sheep, jade saddles and bits, amber, brass, and the like. In the fourth year Zhai Fushourong and thirty others asked to join the sacrifice at Fenyin. That year Yeluohe sent envoys with tribute, and the Qinzhou Uyghur An Mi presented a jade belt along the route. When the rites were completed, Zhai Fushourong was appointed Grand General of the Left Divine Martial Army, An Dianmin was made Langjiang of Baoshun, and the rest received caps, belts, and gifts. That year Yeluohe sent word that the leaders who had distinguished themselves in defeating Zhao Deming deserved additional honors. An edict granted ten commissions as Sigge, Sijie, and Langjiang, authorizing the khan to appoint men to those ranks.
44
六年，龜茲進奉使李延慶等三十六人對於長春殿，獻名馬、弓箭、鞍勒、團玉、香藥等，優詔答之。
In the sixth year the Kucha tribute envoys Li Yanqing and thirty-six others were received at the Changchun Hall with fine horses, bows and arrows, saddles and bits, lump jade, and fragrant medicines; the emperor replied with a gracious edict.
45
先是，甘州數與夏州接戰，夜落紇貢奉多為夏州鈔奪。 及宗哥族感悅朝廷恩化，乃遣人援送其使，故頻年得至京師。 既而唃廝羅欲娶可汗女而無聘財，可汗不許，因為仇敵。 五年，秦州遣指揮使楊知進、譯者郭敏送進奉使至甘州，會宗哥怨隙阻歸路，遂留知進等不敢遣。 八年，敏方得還。 可汗王夜落隔上表言寶物公主疾死，以西涼人蘇守信劫亂，不時奏聞； 又謝恩賜寶鈿、銀匣、曆日及安撫詔書，仍乞慰諭宗哥，使開朝貢之路。 九年，楊知進亦至，遂遣郭敏賜宗哥詔書並甘州可汗器幣。 其年，使來朝貢，言夜落隔卒，九宰相諸部落奉夜落隔歸化為可汗王領國事。
Previously Ganzhou had fought repeatedly with Xiazhou, and many of Yeluohe's tribute missions were raided by Xiazhou forces. When the Zongge tribe came to appreciate the court's benevolence, they sent escorts to convey the envoys safely, and for several years the missions reached the capital. Soon after, Gusiluo sought to marry the khan's daughter but could offer no bride-price; the khan refused, and the two became enemies. In the fifth year Qinzhou dispatched Commandant Yang Zhijin and interpreter Guo Min to escort the tribute envoys to Ganzhou. The Zongge tribe's enmity blocked the return route, and the khan detained Zhijin and his party, not daring to send them home. In the eighth year Guo Min was at last able to return. Khan Wang Yeluohe submitted a memorial reporting that Princess Baowu had died of illness and explaining that turmoil raised by Su Shouxin of Xiliang had prevented timely notice; he thanked the court for jeweled hairpins, silver caskets, calendars, and reassuring edicts, and begged that the Zongge be mollified so that the tribute route might be reopened. In the ninth year Yang Zhijin also returned, and Guo Min was sent with an edict for the Zongge and gifts for the Ganzhou khan. That year tribute envoys reported that Yeluohe had died and that the nine chancellors and allied tribes had raised Yeluohe Guihua to khan-king to govern the realm.
46
天禧二年，夜落隔歸化遣都督安信等來朝。 四年，又遣使同龜茲國可汗王智海使來獻大尾羊。 初，回鶻西奔，族種散處。 故甘州有可汗王，西州有克韓王，新復州有黑韓王，皆其後焉。
In the second year of Tianxi Yeluohe Guihua sent Commander An Xin and others to court. In the fourth year they again sent envoys jointly with the mission of Kucha's khan-king Wang Zhihai, presenting long-tailed sheep. When the Uyghurs fled westward their clans scattered across the frontier. Hence Ganzhou had its khan-king, Xizhou its Kehan-king, and Xinfu prefecture its Heihan-king — all descendants of the old Uyghur line.
47
天聖元年五月，甘州夜落隔通順遣使阿葛之、王文貴來貢方物。 六月，詔甘州回紇外甥可汗王夜落隔通順特封歸忠保順可汗王。 二年五月，遣使都督習信等十四人來貢馬及黃湖綿、細白氎。 三年四月，可汗王、公主及宰相撒溫訛進馬、乳香。 賜銀器、金帶、衣著、暈錦旋襴有差。 五年八月，遣使安萬東等一十四人來貢方物。 六年二月，遣人貢方物。
In the fifth month of the first year of Tiansheng the Ganzhou ruler Yeluohe Tongshun sent A Gezhi and Wang Wengui with tribute. In the sixth month an edict specially invested the Ganzhou Uyghur khan-king, styled the emperor's maternal nephew, Yeluohe Tongshun, as the Loyal and Obedient Khan-King. In the fifth month of the second year they sent Commander Xixin and fourteen others with horses, yellow lake cotton, and fine white felt. In the fourth month of the third year the khan-king, the princess, and Chancellor Sawen'e sent horses and frankincense. They received graded gifts of silver vessels, gold belts, robes, and halo-brocade spiral gowns. In the eighth month of the fifth year they sent An Wandong and fourteen others with tribute. In the second month of the sixth year they sent tribute.
48
熙寧元年入貢，求買金字《大般若經》，以墨本賜之。 六年復來，補其首領五人為軍主，歲給彩二十匹。 神宗問其國種落生齒幾何，曰三十餘萬； 壯可用者幾何，曰二十萬。 明年，敕李憲擇使聘阿裏骨，使諭回鶻令發兵深入夏境。 憲以命殿直皇甫旦。 旦往，不得前而妄奏功狀，詔逮旦赴御史獄抵罪。
In the first year of Xining they came with tribute, asking to purchase a gold-letter edition of the Great Prajna Sutra; the court granted them an ink copy instead. In the sixth year they returned; five of their leaders were appointed army chiefs and granted twenty bolts of colored silk each year. Emperor Shenzong asked how many people their state numbered; they answered more than three hundred thousand; and how many were able-bodied men fit for service; they said two hundred thousand. The next year an edict ordered Li Xian to select an envoy to treat with Aligu and instruct the Uyghurs to dispatch troops deep into Western Xia territory. Xian assigned the mission to the palace aide Huangfu Dan. Dan set out but was unable to proceed yet falsely reported success; an edict ordered him arrested and sent to the censorate prison to answer for the offense.
49
然回鶻使不常來，宣和中，間因入貢散而之陝西諸州，公為貿易，至留久不歸。 朝廷慮其習知邊事，且往來皆經夏國，於播傳非便，乃立法禁之。
Uyghur envoys nonetheless did not come regularly; during the Xuanhe period they sometimes scattered to various Shaanxi prefectures after entering tribute to trade openly, and stayed so long they failed to return. The court feared they were learning border secrets, and since their routes all passed through Western Xia, which was inconvenient for communications, it enacted a prohibition.
50
大食國本波斯之別種。 隋大業中，波斯有桀黠者探穴得文石，以為瑞，乃糾合其眾，剽略資貨，聚徒浸盛，遂自立為王，據有波斯國之西境。 唐永徽以後，屢來朝貢。 其王盆泥未換之前謂之白衣大食，阿蒲羅拔之後謂之黑衣大食。
The state of Dashi was originally an offshoot of Persia. During the Sui dynasty's Daye era, a fierce and cunning man in Persia dug into a cave and found patterned stone, which he took as a portent; rallying followers he began raiding goods, his band growing ever stronger until he proclaimed himself king and seized the western regions of Persia. After Tang's Yonghui era they repeatedly sent tribute missions to court. Before the reign of King Pannimiwan it was known as the White-Robed Dashi; after Abu al-Abbas it was known as the Black-Robed Dashi.
51
乾德四年，僧行勤遊西域，因賜其王書以招懷之。 開寶元年，遣使來朝貢。 四年，又貢方物，以其使李訶末為懷化將軍，特以金花五色綾紙寫官告以賜。 是年，本國及占城、闍婆又致禮物於李煜。 煜不敢受，遣使來上，因詔自今勿以為獻。 六年，遣使來貢方物。 七年，國王訶黎佛又遣使不囉海，九年又遣使蒲希密，皆以方物來貢。
In the fourth year of Qiande the monk Xingqin traveled the Western Regions, and the court granted their king an imperial letter to win his allegiance. In the first year of Kaibao they sent envoys to court with tribute. In the fourth year they again sent tribute; their envoy Li Hemo was appointed General Who Cherishes Transformation, and an appointment patent was specially written on gold-flowered five-colored brocade paper and granted to him. That year Dashi, Champa, and Java also sent gifts to Li Yu. Li Yu dared not accept them and sent envoys to offer them to the throne; an edict was therefore issued that such gifts should no longer be presented. In the sixth year they sent envoys with tribute. In the seventh year King Helifo again sent the envoy Buluohai; in the ninth year they again sent the envoy Puximi — each bearing tribute.
52
太平興國二年，遣使蒲思那、副使摩訶末、判官蒲囉等貢方物。 其從者目深體黑，謂之昆侖奴。 詔賜其使襲衣、器幣，從者縑帛有差。 四年，復有朝貢使至。 雍熙元年，國人花茶來獻花錦、越諾、揀香、白龍腦、白沙糖、薔薇水、琉璃器。
In the second year of Taiping Xingguo they sent the envoy Pusina, Vice-Envoy Mohemo, Administrator Pula, and others with tribute. Their attendants, with deep-set eyes and dark skin, were called Kunlun slaves. An edict granted the envoys ceremonial robes and ritual gifts; their attendants received graded allotments of silk. In the fourth year another tribute mission arrived. In the first year of Yongxi a countryman named Huacha came and presented flowered brocade, yuenuo cloth, selected incense, white dragon's-brain camphor, white sugar, rose water, and glassware.
53
淳化四年，又遣其副酋長李亞勿來貢。 其國舶主蒲希密至南海，以老病不能詣闕，乃以方物附亞勿來獻。 其表曰：
In the fourth year of Chunhua they again sent their vice-chieftain Li Yawu with tribute. Their shipmaster Puximi reached the Southern Sea; too old and ill to go to court himself, he sent his goods with Yawu to present as tribute. His memorial read:
54
大食舶主臣蒲希密上言，眾星垂象，回拱於北辰； 百穀疏源，委輸於東海。 屬有道之柔遠，罄無外以宅心。 伏惟皇帝陛下德合二儀，明齊七政，仁宥萬國，光被四夷。 賡歌洽《擊壤》之民，重譯走奉珍之貢。 臣顧惟殊俗，景慕中區，早傾向日之心，頗鬱朝天之願。
The Dashi shipmaster, your subject Puximi, respectfully states: the myriad stars hang their signs, wheeling about the North Star; the hundred grains spread their sources, flowing toward the Eastern Sea. In an age when the Way holds sway and distant lands are embraced, all beyond the realm is gathered into your heart. I humbly consider that Your Majesty's virtue joins heaven and earth, your brilliance matches the seven luminaries, your benevolence shelters the myriad states, and your radiance covers the four quarters. Songs of praise harmonize with the people of "Striking the Earth"; through repeated translation envoys rush to offer precious tribute. Your subject, though of alien customs, admires the Central Region; long have I inclined my heart toward the sun, yet greatly have I been troubled in my wish to behold the court.
55
昨在本國，曾得廣州蕃長寄書招諭，令入京貢奉，盛稱皇帝聖德，布寬大之澤，詔下廣南，寵綏蕃商，阜通遠物。 臣遂乘海舶，爰率土毛，涉曆龍王之宮，瞻望天帝之境，庶遵玄化，以慰宿心。 今則雖屆五羊之城，猶賒雙鳳之闕。 自念衰老，病不能興，遐想金門，心目俱斷。 今遇李亞勿來貢，謹備蕃錦藥物附以上獻。 臣希密凡進象牙五十株，乳香千八百斤，賓鐵七百斤，紅絲吉貝一段，五色雜花蕃錦四段，白越諾二段，都爹一琉璃瓶，無名異一塊，薔薇水百瓶。
Previously in my own country I received a letter from the Guangzhou foreign chief inviting me to enter the capital with tribute, greatly praising the emperor's sagely virtue and spreading a broad and generous grace; an edict was issued to Guangnan favoring and soothing foreign merchants and enriching trade in distant goods. Your subject then took a seagoing vessel, bearing local products, passing through the palace of the Dragon King and gazing toward the domain of the Heavenly Emperor, hoping to follow the profound transformation and soothe my long-held heart. Now though I have reached the city of Five Rams, I am still short of the Double-Phoenix Gate. Reflecting that I am aged and ill and cannot rise, gazing longingly toward the Golden Gate, my eyes and heart are both cut off. Now that Li Yawu has come with tribute, I respectfully attach foreign brocades and medicines for presentation. Your subject Puximi in all presented fifty tusks of ivory, one thousand eight hundred jin of frankincense, seven hundred jin of precious iron, one length of red silk and cotton cloth, four lengths of five-colored mixed-flower foreign brocade, two lengths of white yuenuo, one glass bottle of dudie, one piece of wumingyi, and one hundred bottles of rose water.
56
詔賜希密敕書、錦袍、銀器、束帛等以答之。
An edict granted Puximi an imperial letter, a brocade robe, silver vessels, bundles of silk, and the like in reply.
57
至道元年，其國舶主蒲押陀黎齎蒲希密表來獻白龍腦一百兩，膃肭臍五十對，龍鹽一銀合，眼藥二十小琉璃瓶，白沙糖三琉璃甕，千年棗、舶上五味子各六琉璃瓶，舶上褊桃一琉璃瓶，薔薇水二十琉璃瓶，乳香山子一坐，蕃錦二段，駝毛褥麵三段，白越諾三段。 引對於崇政殿，譯者代奏云：「父蒲希密因緣射利，泛舶至廣州，迨今五稔未歸。 母令臣遠來尋訪、昉至廣州見之。 具言前歲蒙皇帝聖恩降敕書，賜以法錦袍、紫綾纏頭、間塗金銀鳳瓶一對、綾絹二十匹。 今令臣奉章來謝，以方物致貢。」
In the first year of Zhidao their shipmaster Pu Yatuali brought Puximi's memorial and presented one hundred liang of white dragon's-brain camphor, fifty pairs of musk pods, one silver casket of dragon salt, twenty small glass bottles of eye medicine, three glass jars of white sugar, six glass bottles each of thousand-year jujubes and shipboard schisandra, one glass bottle of shipboard flat peaches, twenty glass bottles of rose water, one frankincense mountain seat, two lengths of foreign brocade, three camel-hair quilt covers, and three lengths of white yuenuo. He was led in audience at the Chongzheng Hall; the interpreter submitted on his behalf, saying: "My father Puximi, seeking profit by chance, sailed to Guangzhou and for five years now has not returned. My mother ordered me to come from afar to seek him; upon reaching Guangzhou I saw him. He fully stated that in the previous year he received the emperor's sagely grace in the form of an imperial letter, along with a patterned brocade robe, a purple silk headwrap, one pair of gold-inlaid silver phoenix bottles, and twenty bolts of silk. Now he has ordered me to bring a memorial to give thanks and to present local products as tribute."
58
太宗因問其國，對云：「與大秦國相鄰，為其統屬。 今本國所管之民才及數千，有都城介山海間。」 又問其山澤所出，對云：「惟犀象香藥。」 問犀象以何法可取，對云：「象用象媒誘至，漸以大繩羈縻之耳； 犀則使人升大樹操弓矢，伺其至射而殺之，其小者不用弓矢可以捕獲。」 上賜以襲衣、冠帶、被褥等物，令閣門宴犒訖，就館，延留數月遣回； 降詔答賜蒲希密黃金，準其所貢之直。 三年二月，又與賓同隴國使來朝。
Taizong then asked about their country; they replied: "It borders the Great Qin state and is subject to it. The people under our jurisdiction number only a few thousand; we have a capital city between mountains and sea." He again asked what its mountains and marshes produced; they replied: "Only rhinoceros, elephants, incense, and medicines." Asked by what method rhinoceros and elephants could be taken, they replied: "For elephants, an elephant decoy is used to lure them near, then they are gradually bound with large ropes; for rhinoceros, men climb tall trees with bows and arrows, wait for them to arrive, and shoot them — the small ones can be captured without bow and arrow. The emperor granted ceremonial robes, caps and belts, bedding, and the like, ordered the Gate Office to feast and reward them, then lodged them; after several months of extended stay they were sent back; an edict was issued in reply granting Puximi gold equal to the value of his tribute. In the second month of the third year they again came to court together with envoys from the Bin Tonglong state.
59
咸平二年，又遣判官文戊至。 三年，舶主陀婆離遣使穆吉鼻來貢。 吉鼻還，賜陀婆離詔書並器服鞍馬。 六年，又遣使婆羅欽三摩尼等來貢方物。 摩尼等對於崇政殿，持真珠以進，自雲離國日誠願得瞻威顏即獻此，乞不給回賜。 真宗不欲違其意，俟其還，優加恩齎。
In the second year of Xianping they again sent Administrator Wen Wu. In the third year shipmaster Tuopoli sent the envoy Mujibi with tribute. When Mujibi returned, Tuopoli was granted an imperial letter together with vessels, robes, a saddle, and a horse. In the sixth year they again sent Boluoqin Sanmoni and others with tribute. Sanmoni and the others were received at the Chongzheng Hall; holding pearls they presented them, stating that from the day they left their country they had wished to behold the august countenance and would present these; they begged not to be given return gifts. Zhenzong did not wish to go against their wish; when they returned he would generously add further favors.
60
大中祥符元年十月，車駕東封，舶主陀婆離上言願執方物赴泰山，從之。 又舶主李亞勿遣使麻勿來獻玉圭。 並優賜器幣、袍帶，並賜國主銀飾繩床、水罐、器械、旗幟、鞍勒馬等。 四年祀汾陰，又遣歸德將軍陀羅離進瓶香、象牙、琥珀、無名異、繡絲、紅絲、碧黃綿、細越諾、紅駝毛、間金線璧衣、碧白琉璃酒器、薔薇水、千年棗等。 詔令陪位，禮成，並賜冠帶服物。 五年，廣州言大食國人無西忽盧華百三十歲，耳有重輪，貌甚偉異。 自言遠慕皇化，附古邏國舶船而來。 詔就賜錦袍、銀帶加束帛。
In the tenth month of the first year of Dazhong Xiangfu, when the imperial carriage went east to perform the feng sacrifice, shipmaster Tuopoli submitted a statement wishing to carry local products to Mount Tai; the request was granted. Shipmaster Li Yawu also sent the envoy Mawu to present a jade scepter. All were generously granted vessels and ritual gifts, robes and belts; their ruler was also granted a silver-decorated rope bed, water jar, weapons, banners and flags, a saddle and bridle, and a horse. In the fourth year when sacrifices were performed at Fenyin, they again sent General Who Cherishes Virtue Tuoluoli with bottle incense, ivory, amber, wumingyi, embroidered silk, red silk, green and yellow cotton, fine yuenuo, red camel hair, gold-threaded jade garments, green and white glass wine vessels, rose water, thousand-year jujubes, and the like. An edict ordered them to take part in the ritual positions; when the rites were completed, all were granted caps, belts, and garments. In the fifth year Guangzhou reported that a Dashi man named Wuxihulu was one hundred thirty years old, with double rings on his ears, and his appearance was very grand and unusual. He stated that from afar he admired the imperial transformation and had come on a ship from the ancient Luo state. An edict granted him on the spot a brocade robe, a silver belt, and additional bundles of silk.
61
熙寧中，其使辛押陀羅乞統察蕃長司公事，詔廣州裁度。 又進錢銀助修廣州城，不許。 六年，都蕃首保順郎將蒲陀婆離慈表令男麻勿奉貢物，乞以自代，而求為將軍，詔但授麻勿郎將。 其國部屬各異名，故有勿巡，有陀婆離，有俞盧和地，有麻囉跋等國，然皆冠以大食。 勿巡所貢，又有龍腦、兜羅錦、球錦袂、蕃花簟，陀婆有金飾壽帶、連環臂鉤、數珠之屬。
During the Xining era their envoy Xinyatuoluo requested to be put in charge of the foreign chiefs' office affairs; an edict ordered Guangzhou to decide. He also offered money and silver to assist in repairing the Guangzhou city wall; this was not permitted. In the sixth year Chief Foreign Officer Bao Shun Langjiang Pu Tuoboli Ci submitted a memorial ordering his son Mawu to present tribute goods, begging to be replaced by himself and requesting appointment as general; an edict granted Mawu only the rank of Langjiang. The subordinate divisions of their country each had different names; hence there were Wuxun, Tuopoli, Yuluhedi, Maliba, and other states, yet all were crowned with the name Dashi. What Wuxun presented as tribute also included dragon's-brain camphor, douluo brocade, ball-brocade sleeves, and foreign flower mats; Tuopoli had gold-decorated longevity belts, linked arm hooks, prayer beads, and the like.
62
政和中，橫州士曹蔡蒙休押伴其使入都，沿道故滯留，強市其香藥不償直。 事聞，詔提點刑獄置獄推治，因詔自今蕃夷入貢，並選承務郎以上清幹官押伴，按程而行，無故不得過一日，乞取賈市者論以自盜雲。
During the Zhenghe era Hengzhou Staff Assistant Cai Mengxiu, escorting their envoys to the capital, deliberately delayed along the route and forcibly purchased their incense and medicines without paying full value. When the matter was reported, an edict ordered the judicial intendant to set up a prison and investigate; an edict was also issued that from now on when barbarians and foreigners entered with tribute, officials of Registrar rank and above who were upright and capable should be chosen as escorts, proceeding according to schedule without exceeding one day without cause; those who begged to buy and trade would be prosecuted as self-thieves.
63
其國在泉州西北，舟行四十餘日至藍里。 次年乘風颿，又六十餘日始達其國。 地雄壯廣袤，民俗侈麗，甲於諸蕃，天氣多寒。 其王錦衣玉帶，躡金履，朔望冠百寶純金冠。 其居以碼磠為柱，綠甘為壁，水晶為瓦，碌石為磚，活石為灰，帷幕用百花錦。 官有丞相、太尉，各領兵馬二萬餘人。 馬高七尺，士卒驍勇。 民居屋宇略與中國同。 市肆多金銀綾錦。 工匠技術，咸精其能。
Their country lies northwest of Quanzhou; by boat it is forty-odd days to Lanli. The next year, riding favorable winds, another sixty-odd days are required before reaching their country. The land is powerful, vast, and broad; the people's customs are extravagant and splendid, foremost among all foreign states; the weather is mostly cold. Their king wears brocade robes and jade belts, treads gold shoes, and on the first and fifteenth of the month wears a pure gold crown set with a hundred treasures. His dwelling uses marble as pillars, green sweet as walls, crystal as tiles, green stone as bricks, living stone as mortar, and curtains of hundred-flower brocade. Officials include a chief minister and a grand marshal, each commanding more than twenty thousand troops and horses. Horses stand seven feet high; soldiers and officers are fierce and brave. The people's dwellings and buildings are roughly the same as in China. Markets and shops have much gold, silver, silk, and brocade. Craftsmen's skills all excel in their arts.
64
建炎三年，遣使奉寶玉珠貝入貢。 帝謂侍臣曰：「大觀、宣和間，茶馬之政廢，故武備不修，致金人亂華，危亡不絕如線。 今復捐數十萬緡以易無用之珠玉，曷若惜財以養戰士？」 詔張浚卻之，優賜以答遠人之意。 紹興元年，復遣使貢文犀、象齒，朝廷亦厚加賜與，而不貪其利。 故遠人懷之，而貢賦不絕。
In the third year of Jianyan they sent envoys presenting precious jade, pearls, and cowries as tribute. The emperor said to his attending officials: "During the Daguan and Xuanhe eras the tea-and-horse policy was abandoned, so military preparations were not maintained, causing the Jurchens to disrupt China and placing survival in unbroken peril like a thread. Now again to spend several hundred thousand strings of cash to exchange for useless pearls and jade — how does that compare with cherishing wealth to support warriors?" An edict ordered Zhang Jun to decline them, yet generously grant gifts in reply to the sentiments of the distant people. In the first year of Shaoxing they again sent envoys with patterned rhinoceros horn and ivory tusks; the court also generously granted gifts and did not covet their profit. Therefore distant people cherished this, and tribute did not cease.
65
層檀國在南海傍，城距海二十里。 熙寧四年始入貢。 海道便風行百六十日，經勿巡、古林、三佛齊國乃至廣州。 其王名亞美羅亞眉蘭，傳國五百年，十世矣。 人語音如大食。 地春冬暖。 貴人以越布纏頭，服花錦白氎布，出入乘象、馬。 有奉祿。 其法輕罪杖，重罪死。 穀有稻、粟、麥。 食有魚。 畜有綿羊、山羊、沙牛、水牛、橐駝、馬、犀、象。 藥有木香、血竭、沒藥、鵬砂、阿魏、薰陸。 產真珠、玻璃、密沙華三酒。 交易用錢，官自鑄，三分其齊，金銅相半，而銀居一分，禁民私鑄。 元豐六年，使保順郎將層伽尼再至，神宗念其絕遠，詔頒齎如故事，仍加賜白金二千兩。
The state of Cengtan lies beside the Southern Sea; its city is twenty li from the sea. In the fourth year of Xining it first sent tribute. By sea route with favorable winds it is one hundred sixty days, passing Wuxun, Gulin, and Sanfoqi to reach Guangzhou. Their king is named Yameiluoyameilan; the state has been transmitted five hundred years across ten generations. The people's speech sounds like Dashi. The land is warm in spring and winter. Nobles wrap their heads in yue cloth and wear flowered brocade and white felt; going out they ride elephants and horses. They receive stipends. Their law punishes light offenses with the staff and heavy offenses with death. Grains include rice, millet, and wheat. Food includes fish. Livestock includes sheep, goats, sand oxen, water buffalo, camels, horses, rhinoceros, and elephants. Medicines include costusroot, dragon's blood, myrrh, borax, asafetida, and frankincense. Its products include pearls, glass, and three wines, among them mishahua. Trade was conducted with currency minted solely by the state: the alloy was divided in thirds, with gold and copper in equal measure and silver making up the remaining third. Private coinage was forbidden. In the sixth year of Yuanfeng the envoy Cenggani, a Bao Shun Langjiang, returned to court. Mindful of the vast distance they had traveled, Emperor Shenzong ordered gifts awarded according to established precedent and added a further grant of two thousand taels of silver.
66
龜茲本回鶻別種。 其國主自稱師子王，衣黃衣，寶冠，與宰相九人同治國事。 國城有市井而無錢貨，以花蕊布博易。 有米麥瓜果。 西至大食國行六十日，東至夏州九十日。 或稱西州回鶻，或稱西州龜茲，又稱龜茲回鶻。
Kucha was originally an offshoot of the Uyghurs. The ruler styled himself the Lion King, dressed in yellow robes and a jeweled crown, and governed jointly with nine chancellors. The capital had marketplaces but no coinage; trade was conducted in flowered calico. Rice, wheat, melons, and fruit were grown there. It lay sixty days' journey west of the Arab lands and ninety days east of Xiazhou. It was known variously as the Xizhou Uyghurs, Xizhou Kucha, and Kucha Uyghurs.
67
自天聖至景祐四年，入貢者五，最後賜以佛經一藏。 熙寧四年，使李延慶、曹福入貢。 五年，又使盧大明、篤都入貢。 紹聖三年，使大首領阿連撒羅等三人以表章及玉佛至洮西。 熙河經略使以其罕通使，請令於熙、秦州博買，而估所齎物價答賜遣還，從之。
From the Tiansheng era through the fourth year of Jingyou they sent tribute five times; on the last occasion they were granted a complete set of Buddhist scriptures. In the fourth year of Xining envoys Li Yanqing and Cao Fu came with tribute. The following year envoys Lu Daming and Dudu were sent with tribute. In the third year of Shaosheng the grand chieftain Aliansaluo and two others arrived on the Tao River frontier with a memorial and a jade Buddha. Because their embassies were rare, the Xifu frontier commissioner asked that they be received for government purchase at Xizhou and Qinzhou, paid the appraised value of their goods, and sent home; the court agreed.
68
沙州本漢敦煌故地，唐天寶末陷於西戎。 大中五年，張義潮以州歸順，詔建沙州為歸義軍，以義潮為節度使，領河沙甘肅伊西等州觀察、營田處置使。 義潮入朝，以從子淮深領州事。 至朱梁時，張氏之後絕，州人推長史曹義金為帥。 義金卒，子元忠嗣。 周顯德二年來貢，授本軍節度、檢校太尉、同中書門下平章事，鑄印賜之。
Shazhou was the old Han seat of Dunhuang; at the close of the Tianbao era it was lost to the Western barbarians. In the fifth year of Dazhong Zhang Yichao brought the region back to Tang allegiance. The court established the Guiyi Army at Shazhou, made Yichao its military commissioner, and charged him with observation and agricultural administration over He, Sha, Gan, Su, Yi, Xi, and neighboring prefectures. When Yichao traveled to court, his grand-nephew Huaishen was left in charge of the prefecture. By the Later Liang period the Zhang line had died out, and the people elevated chief clerk Cao Yijin as their leader. Yijin died and was succeeded by his son Yuanzhong. In the second year of Later Zhou Xiande they sent tribute. Yuanzhong was appointed military commissioner of the Guiyi Army, honorary Grand General, and ceremonial co-grand councillor, and a seal was cast and bestowed upon him.
69
建隆三年加兼中書令，子延恭為瓜州防禦使。 興國五年元忠卒，子延祿遣人來貢。 贈元忠敦煌郡王，授延祿本軍節度，弟延晟為瓜州刺史，延瑞為衙內都虞候。 咸平四年，封延祿為譙郡王。 五年，延祿、延瑞為從子宗壽所害，宗壽權知留後，而以其弟宗允權知瓜州。 表求旌節，乃授宗壽節度使，宗允檢校尚書左僕射、知瓜州，宗壽子賢順為衙內都指揮使。 大中祥符末宗壽卒，授賢順本軍節度，弟延惠為檢校刑部尚書、知瓜州。 賢順表乞金字藏經洎茶藥金箔，詔賜之。 至天聖初，遣使來謝，貢乳香、硇砂、玉團。 自景祐至皇祐中，凡七貢方物。
In the third year of Jianlong he was further named concurrent Director of the Secretariat; his son Yangong was appointed defender of Guazhou. In the fifth year of Xingguo Yuanzhong died; his son Yanlu dispatched envoys with tribute. Yuanzhong was posthumously enfeoffed Prince of Dunhuang; Yanlu became military commissioner of the Guiyi Army, his brother Yancheng was made prefect of Guazhou, and Yanrui chief commander of the inner guards. In the fourth year of Xianping Yanlu was enfeoffed Prince of Qiao. The next year Yanlu and Yanrui were murdered by their grand-nephew Zongshou, who assumed acting control as chief administrator and left his brother Zongyun to govern Guazhou. Zongshou petitioned for formal commission; the court appointed him military commissioner, made Zongyun honorary Left Vice Minister of the Masters of Writing and administrator of Guazhou, and named Zongshou's son Xianshun chief commander of the inner guards. Near the end of the Dazhong Xiangfu era Zongshou died. Xianshun was appointed military commissioner of the Guiyi Army, and his brother Yanhui honorary Minister of Punishments and administrator of Guazhou. Xianshun petitioned for a gold-letter Buddhist canon, tea, medicines, and gold leaf; the court granted his request. At the opening of the Tiansheng era he sent envoys to express thanks, offering frankincense, sal ammoniac, and worked jade. From Jingyou through Huangyou they sent tribute seven times.
70
拂菻國東南至滅力沙，北至海，皆四十程。 西至海三十程。 東自西大食及于闐、回紇、青唐，乃抵中國。 歷代未嘗朝貢。
The land of Byzantium extended forty days' journey southeast to Mielisha and forty days north to the sea. To the west the sea lay thirty days away. Eastward one passed through the Western Arabs, Khotan, the Uyghurs, and Qingtang before reaching China. No dynasty had ever received tribute from them.
71
元豐四年十月，其王滅力伊靈改撒始遣大首領你廝都令廝孟判來獻鞍馬、刀劍、真珠，言其國地甚寒，土屋無瓦。 產金、銀、珠、西錦、牛、羊、馬、獨峰駝、梨、杏、千年棗、巴欖、粟、麥，以蒲萄釀酒。 樂有箜篌、壺琴、小篳篥、偏鼓。 王服紅黃衣，以金線織絲布纏頭，歲三月則詣佛寺，坐紅床，使人舁之。 貴臣如王之服，或青綠、緋白、粉紅、褐紫，並纏頭跨馬。 城市田野，皆有首領主之，每歲惟夏秋兩得奉，給金、錢、錦、穀、帛，以治事大小為差。 刑罰罪輕者杖數十，重者至二百，大罪則盛以毛囊投諸海。 不尚鬥戰，鄰國小有爭，但以文字來往相詰問，事大亦出兵。 鑄金銀為錢，無穿孔，麵鑿彌勒佛，背為王名，禁民私造。
In the tenth month of the fourth year of Yuanfeng King Mieliyiling Gaisa of Byzantium sent his grand chieftain Nisudoulingsimengpan with saddled horses, swords, and pearls—the first mission from his court. The envoys reported that their country was bitterly cold and even houses were earthen, without tile roofs. The realm yielded gold, silver, pearls, Western brocade, cattle, sheep, horses, one-humped camels, pears, apricots, thousand-year jujubes, olives, millet, and wheat; grapes were fermented into wine. Their music featured the konghou, hu qin, small pipe, and side drum. The king dressed in red and yellow robes with a gold-thread silk turban. Each year in the third month he went to a Buddhist temple, where he was seated on a red couch and borne aloft by attendants. Great officers dressed like the king in blue-green, crimson and white, pink, or brown and purple, all with wrapped heads and mounted on horseback. City and countryside alike were ruled by chiefs who received stipends only twice a year, in summer and autumn—paid in gold, coin, brocade, grain, and silk according to the importance of their offices. Penalties ranged from dozens of strokes of the rod for minor offenses to as many as two hundred for grave ones; capital crimes were punished by sewing the guilty into a fur sack and throwing them into the sea. They did not favor warfare: minor quarrels with neighbors were settled by exchange of written dispatches, though major disputes could still bring armies into the field. They minted coin from gold and silver without a central hole: Maitreya Buddha on the obverse, the king's name on the reverse. Private minting was forbidden.
72
元祐六年，其使兩至。 詔別賜其王帛二百匹、白金瓶、襲衣、金束帶。
In the sixth year of Yuanyou two embassies arrived from their court. The court separately bestowed upon their king two hundred bolts of silk, a silver vessel, a ceremonial robe, and a gold belt.