1
流求國定安國渤海國日本國党項
Ryukyu, Ding'an, Bohai, Japan, and the Tangut.
2
流求國
Ryukyu
3
流求國在泉州之東，有海島曰彭湖，煙火相望。 其國塹柵三重，環以流水，植棘爲藩，以刀槊弓矢劍鈹爲兵器，視月盈虧以紀時。 無他奇貨，商賈不通，厥土沃壤，無賦斂，有事則均稅。
Ryukyu lay east of Quanzhou; an offshore island called Penghu stood between them, close enough that hearth fires were visible from shore to shore. Their settlements were ringed by three lines of ditch and palisade with running water between them, thorn hedges for walls, and arms of blade, spear, bow, arrow, sword, and halberd; they kept time by the phases of the moon. They produced no exotic trade goods and had little commerce with merchants. The land was rich, with no standing tax; when the community needed funds, everyone paid an equal share.
4
旁有毗舍邪國，語言不通，袒裸盱睢，殆非人類。 淳熙間，國之酋豪嘗率數百輩猝至泉之水沃、圍頭等村，肆行殺掠。 喜鐵器及匙箸，人閉戶則免，但刓其門圈而去。 擲以匙箸則頫拾之，見鐵騎則爭剚其甲，駢首就戮而不知悔。 臨敵用標槍，繫繩十餘丈爲操縱，蓋惜其鐵不忍棄也。 不駕舟楫，惟縛竹爲筏，急則群舁之泅水而遁。
Nearby lived the people of Piseye, with whom they could not speak; they went about naked and wide-eyed, seeming scarcely human at all. In the Chunxi period, Ryukyu chiefs once led several hundred warriors in a surprise raid on Quanzhou villages such as Shuiwo and Weitou, killing and looting freely. They coveted iron and household utensils; households that barred their doors were usually left alone, but the metal door fittings were pried out and carried off. Thrown spoons or chopsticks, they would stoop to snatch them up; at the sight of armored cavalry they fought to pierce the mail, falling in heaps without a thought of retreat. In combat they used javelins on cords more than ten zhang long so they could recover the heads—iron was too precious to leave behind. They did not sail proper boats, only lashed bamboo rafts; in a pinch they would shoulder the rafts and swim away together.
5
定安國
Ding'an
6
定安國本馬韓之種，爲契丹所攻破，其酋帥糾合餘衆，保於西鄙，建國改元，自稱定安國。 開寶三年，其國王烈萬華因女真遣使入貢，乃附表貢獻方物。 太平興國中，太宗方經營遠略，討擊契丹，因降詔其國，令張犄角之勢。 其國亦怨寇仇侵侮不已，聞中國用兵北討，欲依王師以攄宿憤，得詔大喜。
Ding'an sprang from the Mahan people. After the Khitan overran them, a chief rallied the survivors on the western frontier, founded a kingdom with its own reign title, and called it Ding'an. In Kaibao 3 (970), King Liewanhua sent a memorial and tribute goods along with a Jurchen embassy bound for the Song court. In the Taiping Xingguo era, as Taizong pressed his northern campaign against the Khitan, he sent Ding'an an edict instructing it to threaten the enemy from the flank. Ding'an too had long smarted under Khitan raids; when word came that the Song were marching north, they hoped to march with the imperial host and settle old scores, and they rejoiced at the edict.
7
六年冬，會女真遣使來貢，路由本國，乃托其使附表來上云：「定安國王臣烏玄明言：伏遇聖主洽天地之恩，撫夷貊之俗，臣玄明誠喜誠抃，頓首頓首。 臣本以高麗舊壤，渤海遺黎，保據方隅，涉曆星紀，仰覆露鴻鈞之德，被浸漬無外之澤，各得其所，以遂本性。 而頃歲契丹恃其強暴，入寇境土，攻破城砦，俘略人民。 臣祖考守節不降，與衆避地，僅存生聚，以迄於今。 而又扶餘府昨背契丹，並歸本國，災禍將至，無大於此。 所宜受天朝之密畫，率勝兵而助討，必欲報敵，不敢違命。 臣玄明誠懇誠願，頓首頓首。」 其末題云：「元興六年十月日，定安國王臣玄明表上聖皇帝前。」
In the winter of year six, a Jurchen tribute mission passed through Ding'an; the king entrusted them with a memorial that read: 'King Wuxuanming of Ding'an reports: Having met a sage emperor who joins Heaven and Earth in grace and nurtures the border peoples, I am filled with joy—your servant bows again and again. We are heirs of Goryeo's old domain and Bohai's scattered folk, holding a remote corner through many years. Under your all-embracing majesty and ceaseless favor, each of us has found a place to live as we are. Yet in recent years the Khitan, trusting in their brute force, have invaded our lands, stormed our fortresses, and carried off our people. My forefathers refused to submit and led our people into exile; only a remnant community survives to this day. Now Fuyu has broken with the Khitan and thrown in with us; no peril could be greater if we fail to act. We should accept your secret design, march our best troops to aid the campaign, and repay the enemy without fail—your servant will not disobey. Your servant Xuanming offers this in all sincerity—again I bow.' The colophon read: 'Tenth month, sixth year of Yuanxing—memorial of King Xuanming of Ding'an to the Sage Emperor.'
8
上答以詔書曰：「敕定安國王烏玄明。 女真使至，得所上表，以朕嘗賜手詔諭旨，且陳感激。 卿遠國豪帥，名王茂緒，奄有馬韓之地，介於鯨海之表，強敵吞併，失其故土，沉冤未報，積憤奚伸。 矧彼獯戎，尚搖蠆毒，出師以薄伐，乘夫天災之流行，敗衄相尋，滅亡可待。 今國家已于邊郡廣屯重兵，只俟嚴冬，即申天討。 卿若能追念累世之恥，宿戒舉國之師，當予伐罪之秋，展爾復仇之志，朔漠底定，爵賞有加，宜思永圖，無失良便。 而況渤海願歸於朝化，扶余已背於賊庭，勵乃宿心，糾其協力，克期同舉，必集大勳。 尚阻重溟，未遑遣使，倚注之切，鑒寐寧忘。」 以詔付女真使，令齎以賜之。
The emperor answered with an edict: 'To King Wuxuanming of Ding'an. Your memorial came with the Jurchen envoys; you recall the personal edict I once sent you and declare your gratitude. You are a famed king of a distant realm, lord of Mahan's lands between the eastern seas; a powerful foe swallowed your country and drove you from your homeland, and long injustice still cries for vengeance. Those northern tribes still stir up trouble; we shall march against them and, as Heaven sends disaster upon them, defeat after defeat will bring their end near. The court has already massed great armies on the frontier and waits only for deep winter to launch Heaven's punitive campaign. If you will remember generations of humiliation and ready your whole kingdom, then when we strike you may fulfill your wish for revenge; when the northern steppe is pacified, honors will be heaped upon you—plan for the long term and do not let this chance slip. Bohai yearns to submit to the court, and Fuyu has already broken with the Khitan; steel your old resolve, join forces with them, and strike on the appointed day—great merit awaits. The wide seas still keep us from sending envoys in person, but our trust in you is deep, and we do not forget you waking or sleeping.' The edict was entrusted to the Jurchen envoys to deliver to him.
9
端拱二年，其王子因女真使附獻馬、雕羽鳴鏑。 淳化二年，其五子太元因女真使上表，其後不復至。
In Duangong 2 (989), the crown prince sent horses and carved-feather whistling arrows by way of a Jurchen embassy. In Chunhua 2 (991), his fifth son Taiyuan sent a memorial through the Jurchen; no further embassies followed.
10
渤海國
Bohai
11
渤海本高麗之別種。 唐高宗平高麗，徙其人居中國。 則天萬歲通天中，契丹攻陷營府，高麗別種大祚榮走保遼東，睿宗以爲忽汗州都督，封渤海郡王，因自稱渤海國，並有扶餘、肅慎等十餘國，歷唐、梁、後唐，朝貢不絕。
Bohai was originally a Goryeo offshoot. When Tang Gaozong conquered Goryeo, he resettled many of its people within the empire. During Empress Wu's Wansui Tongtian reign, the Khitan captured Ying Prefecture; the Goryeo chieftain Dazu Rong withdrew into eastern Liaodong. Ruizong appointed him Protector-General of Huhan and Prince of Bohai, and he proclaimed the kingdom of Bohai, absorbing Fuyu, Sushen, and more than a dozen other states. Through Tang, Later Liang, and Later Tang, Bohai tribute never lapsed.
12
後唐天成初，爲契丹阿保機攻扶餘城下之，改扶餘爲東丹府，命其子突欲留兵鎮之。 阿保機死，渤海王復攻扶餘，不能克。 歷長興、清泰，遣使朝貢。 周顯德初，其酋豪崔烏斯等三十人來歸，其後隔絕不能通中國。
Early in Later Tang Tiancheng (926–927), the Khitan ruler Abaoji stormed Fuyu, renamed it the Eastern Dan prefecture, and left his son Tuyu to garrison it. After Abaoji's death the Bohai king attacked Fuyu again but failed to retake it. Through the Changxing and Qingtai reigns they continued to send tribute missions. Early in Later Zhou Xiande (954), thirty Bohai leaders including Cui Wusi defected to the court; afterward contact with China was lost.
13
太平興國四年，太宗平晉陽，移兵幽州，其酋帥大鸞河率小校李勳等十六人、部族三百騎來降，以鸞河爲渤海都指揮使。 六年，賜烏舍城浮渝府渤海琰府王詔曰：「朕纂紹丕構，奄有四海，普天之下，罔不率俾。 矧太原封域，國之保障，頃因竊據，遂相承襲，倚限定爲援，歷世逋誅。 朕前歲親提銳旅，盡護諸將，拔並門之孤壘，斷匈奴之右臂，眷言吊伐，以蘇黔黎。 蠢茲北戎，非理構怨，輒肆薦食，犯我封略。 一昨出師逆擊，斬獲甚衆。 今欲鼓行深入，席捲長驅，焚其龍庭，大殲丑類。 素聞爾國密邇寇仇，迫於吞併，力不能制，因而服屬，困於率割。 當靈旗破敵之際，是鄰邦雪憤之日，所宜盡出族帳，佐予兵鋒。 俟其翦滅，沛然封賞，幽、薊土宇，復歸中原，朔漠之外，悉以相與。 勖乃協力，朕不食言。」 時將大舉征契丹，故降是詔諭旨。
In Taiping Xingguo 4 (979), after Taizong took Jinyang and marched on Youzhou, the Bohai chief Daluanhe arrived with sixteen officers including Li Xun and three hundred tribesmen to surrender; Daluanhe was appointed metropolitan commander of Bohai. In year six the court sent an edict to the Bohai king of Wushe City's Fuyu circuit: 'Having inherited the great enterprise, I hold the four seas; all under Heaven now follow and submit. Taiyuan is the empire's shield; for years rebels held it and passed it from hand to hand, using Ding as their patron and defying imperial justice generation after generation. Last year I led the army in person, shielded every general, stormed the lone fortress at Bing Gate, and severed the barbarians' right arm—this campaign was waged to rescue the common people. Those foolish northern tribes, nursing grievances without cause, have swarmed like locusts against our frontiers. In our recent counterattack we killed and captured a great host of them. Now we mean to march deep into their lands, sweep forward without pause, burn their royal encampment, and destroy their forces utterly. We have long known that your kingdom lies hard by the enemy, too weak to resist their swallowing you up, and so you submitted—only to suffer their endless levies. When our banners break the foe, it will be your day to settle old scores; you should muster every clan and camp to fight at our side. Once they are destroyed, honors will flow in abundance; You and Ji will return to the heartland, and all lands beyond the northern desert shall be yours. Exert yourselves in concert; I do not break my word.' A major Khitan campaign was then in preparation, and this edict was sent to rally Bohai support.
14
九年春，宴大明殿，因召大鸞河慰撫久之。 上謂殿前都校劉延翰曰：「鸞河，渤海豪帥，束身歸我，嘉其忠順。 夫夷落之俗，以馳騁爲樂，候高秋戒候，當與駿馬數十匹，令出郊遊獵，以遂其性。」 因以緡錢十萬並酒賜之。
In the spring of year nine the emperor feasted in the Hall of Great Brightness and summoned Daluanhe for a long, cordial audience. The emperor told Metropolitan Commander Liu Yanhan: 'Luanhe is a Bohai chieftain who came to us of his own accord; I commend his loyalty. Border peoples love the chase; when autumn comes, give him several dozen fine horses and let him hunt in the countryside to his heart's content.' He was also granted one hundred thousand strings of cash and wine.
15
日本國
Japan
16
日本國者，本倭奴國也。 自以其國近日所出，故以日本爲名； 或云惡其舊名改之也。 其地東西南北各數千里，西南至海，東北隅隔以大山，山外即毛人國。 自後漢始朝貢，歷魏、晉、宋、隋皆來貢，唐永徽、顯慶、長安、開元、天寶、上元、貞元、元和、開成中，並遣使入朝。
Japan was formerly known as the land of Wa. Because their country lies where the sun rises, they took the name Japan; or some say they changed it because they disliked the old name. Its domain stretches several thousand li in every direction; to the southwest lies the sea, and in the northeast great mountains separate it from the land of the Hairy People beyond. Tribute began in Later Han and continued through Wei, Jin, Liu Song, and Sui; under Tang they sent embassies in the Yonghui, Xianqing, Chang'an, Kaiyuan, Tianbao, Shangyuan, Zhenyuan, Yuanhe, and Kaicheng reigns.
17
雍熙元年，日本國僧奝然與其徒五六人浮海而至，獻銅器十餘事，並本國《職員今》、《王年代紀》各一卷。 奝然衣綠，自云姓藤原氏，父爲真連； 真連，其國五品品官也。 奝然善隸書，而不通華言，問其風土，但書以對云：「國中有《五經》書及佛經、《白居易集》七十卷，並得自中國。 土宜五穀而少麥。 交易用銅錢，文曰『乾文大寶』。 畜有水牛、驢、羊，多犀、象。 產絲蠶，多織絹，薄致可愛。 樂有中國、高麗二部。 四時寒暑，大類中國。 國之東境接海島，夷人所居，身面皆有毛。 東奧州產黃金，西別島出白銀，以爲貢賦。 國王以王爲姓，傳襲至今王六十四世，文武僚吏皆世官。」
In Yongxi 1 (984), the Japanese monk Chiran arrived by sea with five or six disciples, bearing more than ten bronze vessels and one copy each of his country's Offices Statute and Chronology of Kings. Chiran wore green robes and said he was of the Fujiwara clan; his father had held the rank of Zhenlian; a fifth-grade office in the Japanese court hierarchy. Chiran wrote clerical script well but spoke no Chinese; asked about his homeland, he wrote: 'Our country has the Five Classics, Buddhist scriptures, and seventy juan of Bai Juyi's collected works, all obtained from China. The land grows the five grains well but little wheat. Commerce used copper coins inscribed 'Qianwen Dabao.' They raised water buffalo, donkeys, and sheep, and had many rhinoceroses and elephants. Silk and silkworms were produced there, and they wove much fine, delicate gauze. Their music included Chinese and Goryeo repertoires. The seasons and climate were much like China's. The eastern frontier borders islands where barbarian peoples live, hairy over face and body. Eastern O province produced gold and a western island silver, which served as tribute. The royal house bears the surname Wang and has ruled through sixty-four generations to the present king; all civil and military posts are hereditary.'
18
其《年代紀》所記云：「初主號天御中主。 次曰天村雲尊，其後皆以『尊』爲號。 次天八重雲尊，次天彌聞尊，次天忍勝尊，次瞻波尊，次萬魂尊，次利利魂尊，次國狹槌尊，次角龔魂尊，次汲津丹尊，次面垂見尊，次國常立尊，次天鑒尊，次天萬尊，次沫名杵尊，次伊奘諾尊，次素戔烏尊，次天照大神尊，次正哉吾勝速日天押穗耳尊，次天彥尊，次炎尊，次彥瀲尊，凡二十三世，並都於築紫日向宮。
The Chronology records: 'The first ruler was called Heavenly Sovereign in the Midst. Next came Heavenly Village Cloud Lord; thereafter all used the title 'Lord.' Then followed, in order, Heavenly Eightfold Cloud Lord, Heavenly Full Hearing Lord, Heavenly Enduring Victory Lord, Zhanbo Lord, Myriad Souls Lord, Sharp Souls Lord, Narrow Mallet of the State Lord, Horn Gong Soul Lord, Drawing Ford Cinnabar Lord, Face Hanging Seen Lord, Ever-Standing State Lord, Heavenly Mirror Lord, Heavenly Myriad Lord, Foam Name Pestle Lord, Izanagi, Susa-no-O, the Great Sun Goddess, Righteous Victor Swift Sun Heavenly Rice-Ear, Heavenly Prince, Flame, and Prince Lian—twenty-three reigns in all, with their capital at the Hyuga palace in Tsukushi.
19
彥瀲第四子號神武天皇，自築紫宮入居大和州橿原宮，即位元年甲寅，當周僖王時也。 次綏靖天皇，次安寧天皇，次懿德天皇，次孝昭天皇，次孝天皇，次孝靈天皇，次孝元天皇，次開化天皇，次崇神天篁，次垂仁天皇，次景行天皇，次成務天皇。 次仲哀天皇，國人言今爲鎮國香椎大神。 次神功天皇，開化天皇之曾孫女，又謂之息長足姬天皇，國人言今爲太奈良姬大神。 次應神天皇，甲辰歲，始於百濟得中國文字，今號八蕃菩薩，有大臣號紀武內，年三百七歲。 次仁德天皇，次履中天皇，次反正天皇，次允恭天皇，次安康天皇，次雄略天皇，次清甯天皇，次顯宗天皇，次仁賢天皇，次武烈天皇，次繼體天皇，次安開天皇，次宣化天皇。 次天國排開廣庭天皇，亦名欽明天皇，即位十三年，壬申歲始傳佛法于百濟國，當此土梁承聖元年。
Prince Lian's fourth son took the title Emperor Jimmu, moved from the Tsukushi palace to the Kashihara palace in Yamato, and acceded in the jiayin year, in the reign of King Xi of Zhou. He was followed by Emperors Suizei, Annei, Itoku, Kosho, Ko, Korei, Kogen, Kaika, Sujin, Suinin, Keiko, and Seimu. Next came Emperor Chuai, whom the Japanese say is now worshipped as the Great God of Kashii Who Pacifies the Realm. Next came Empress Jingu, a great-great-granddaughter of Kaika, also called Okinaga Tarashi; the Japanese revere her today as the Great Goddess of Nara. Next came Emperor Ojin; in a jiachen year Japan first received Chinese writing from Baekje. He is now venerated as the Bodhisattva of the Eight Barbarians, and a minister named Ki no Takeuchi is said to have lived three hundred and seven years. They were followed by Emperors Nintoku, Richu, Hanzei, Ingyo, Anko, Yuryaku, Seinei, Kenzo, Ninken, Buretsu, Keitai, Ankan, and Senka. Next came Emperor Kinmei; in the thirteenth year of his reign, a renshen year, Buddhism was first sent to Baekje—the same year as Liang Chengsheng 1 in China.
20
次敏達天皇。 次用明天皇，有子曰聖德太子，年三歲，聞十人語，同時解之，七歲悟佛法於菩提寺，講《聖曼經》，天雨曼陀羅華。 當此土隋開皇中，遣使泛海至中國，求《法華經》。
Next came Emperor Bidatsu. Next came Emperor Yomei, whose son Prince Shotoku at age three could hear ten people speaking and understand them all at once; at seven he grasped the Dharma at Bodhi Temple, expounded the Shengman Sutra, and mandarava flowers fell from the sky. During China's Sui Kaihuang era he sent envoys across the sea to obtain the Lotus Sutra.
21
次崇峻天皇。 次推古天皇，欽明天皇之女也。 次舒明天皇，次皇極天皇。 次孝德天皇，白雉四年，律師道照求法至中國，從三藏僧玄奘受經、律、論，當此土唐永徽四年也。 次天豐財重日足姬天皇，令僧智通等入唐求大乘法相教，當顯慶三年。 次天智天皇，次天武天皇，次持總天皇。 次文武天皇，大寶三年，當長安元年，遣粟田真人入唐求書籍，律師道慈求經。 次阿閉天皇，次皈依天皇。 次聖武天皇，寶龜二年，遣僧正玄昉入朝，當開元四年。 次孝明天皇，聖武天皇之女也，天平勝寶四年，當天寶中，遣使及僧入唐求內外經教及傳戒。 次天炊天皇。 次高野姬天皇，聖武天皇之女也。 次白璧天皇，二十四年，遣二僧靈仙、行賀入唐，禮五臺山學佛法。 次桓武天皇，遣騰元葛野與空海大師及延曆寺僧澄入唐，詣天臺山傳智者止觀義，當元和元年也。 次諾樂天皇，次嵯峨天皇，次淳和天皇。 次仁明天皇，當開成、會昌中，遣僧入唐，禮五台。 次文德天皇，當大中年間。 次清和天皇，次陽成天皇。 次光孝天皇，遣僧宗睿入唐傳教，當光啟元年也。
Next came Emperor Sushun. Next came Empress Suiko, a daughter of Kinmei. Then Emperors Jomei and Empress Kogyoku. Next came Emperor Kotoku; in Hakuchi 4 the vinaya master Dojo traveled to China and received sutras, vinaya, and treatises from Xuanzang—Tang Yonghui 4. Empress Saimei then sent monks including Chitsu to Tang for the Mahayana Faxiang teaching—in Xianqing 3. Then came Emperors Tenji and Tenmu and Empress Jito. Next came Emperor Monmu; in Taiho 3 (Chang'an 1) he sent Awata no Mahito to Tang for books and the vinaya master Doji for scriptures. Then Emperors Shomu and Konin. Next came Emperor Shomu; in Hoki 2 he sent the sangha lord Genbo to the Tang court—Kaiyuan 4. Next came Empress Kōken, a daughter of Emperor Shōmu; in Tenpyō Shōhō 4, during the Tang Tianbao era, she sent envoys and monks to Tang for Buddhist scriptures and ordination. Next came Emperor Tenkasui. Next came Empress Genshō, another daughter of Emperor Shōmu. Next came Emperor Heizei; in his twenty-fourth year he sent the monks Ryōsen and Gyōga to Tang to pay reverence at Mount Wutai and study the Dharma. Next came Emperor Kammu, who sent Tōgen Kadono with the Great Master Kūkai and the Enryaku-ji monk Chō to Tang and on to Mount Tiantai to bring back Zhiyi's doctrine of śamatha-vipaśyanā—in Yuanhe 1. Then came Emperors Noraku, Saga, and Junna. Next came Emperor Ninmyō; in the Kaicheng and Huichang eras he sent monks to Tang to worship Mount Wutai. Next came Emperor Montoku, in the Dazhong era. Then came Emperors Seiwa and Yōzei. Next came Emperor Kōkō, who sent the monk Shūei to Tang to spread the teaching—in Guangqi 1.
22
次仁和天皇，當此土梁龍德中，遣僧寬建等入朝。 次醍醐天皇，次天慶天皇。 次封上天皇，當此土周廣順年也。 次冷泉天皇，今爲太上天皇。 次守平天皇，即今王也。 凡六十四世。
Next came Emperor Ninna; during Liang Longde he sent the monk Kanken and others to the Chinese court. Then came Emperors Daigo and Tenkei. Next came Emperor Fuzhang, in the Zhou Guangshun era. Next came Emperor Reizei, who now reigns as retired emperor. Next came Emperor Heizei, the reigning sovereign. In all there had been sixty-four sovereigns.
23
畿內有山城、大和、河內、和泉、攝津凡五州，共統五十三郡。 東海道有伊賀、伊勢、志摩、尾張、三河、遠江、駿河、伊豆、甲斐、相模、武藏、安房、上總、常陸凡十四州，共統一百一十六郡。 東山道有通江、美濃、飛驒、信濃、上野、下野、陸奧、出羽凡八州，共統一百二十二郡。 北陸道有若狹、越前、加賀、能登、越中、越後、佐渡凡七州，共統三十郡。 山陰道有丹波、丹彼、徂馬、因幡、伯耆、出雲、石見、隱伎凡八州，共統五十二郡。 小陽道有播麼、美作、備前、備中、備後、安藝、周防、長門凡八州，共統六十九郡。 南海道有伊紀、淡路、河波、贊耆、伊豫、土佐凡六州，共統四十八郡。 西海道有築前、築後、豐前、豐後、肥前、肥後、日向、大隅、薩摩凡九州，共統九十三郡。 又有壹伎、對馬、多礻執凡三島，各統二郡。 是謂五畿、七道、三島，凡三千七百七十二都，四百一十四驛，八十八萬三千三百二十九課丁。 課丁之外，不可詳見。 皆奝然所記雲。
The capital region comprised five provinces—Yamashiro, Yamato, Kawachi, Izumi, and Settsu—administering fifty-three districts in all. The Tōkaidō comprised fourteen provinces—Iga, Ise, Shima, Owari, Mikawa, Tōtōmi, Suruga, Izu, Kai, Sagami, Musashi, Awa, Kazusa, and Hitachi—administering one hundred sixteen districts. The Tōsandō comprised eight provinces—Omi, Mino, Hida, Shinano, Kōzuke, Shimotsuke, Mutsu, and Dewa—administering one hundred twenty-two districts. The Hokurikudō comprised seven provinces—Wakasa, Echizen, Kaga, Noto, Etchū, Echigo, and Sado—administering thirty districts. The San'indō comprised eight provinces—Tanba, Tajima, Inaba, Hōki, Izumo, Iwami, and Oki, with one province name corrupted in the source—administering fifty-two districts. The Sanyōdō comprised eight provinces—Harima, Mimasaka, Bizen, Bitchū, Bingo, Aki, Suō, and Nagato—administering sixty-nine districts. The Nankaidō comprised six provinces—Kii, Awaji, Awa, Sanuki, Iyo, and Tosa—administering forty-eight districts. The Saikaidō comprised nine provinces—Chikuzen, Chikugo, Buzen, Bungo, Hizen, Higo, Hyūga, Ōsumi, and Satsuma—administering ninety-three districts. There were also three outlying islands - Iki, Tsushima, and a third island whose name is corrupt in the manuscript - each administering two districts. This was the realm of the Five Capital Provinces, Seven Circuits, and Three Islands: 3,772 districts, 414 relay stations, and 883,329 registered tax-paying males. Beyond the registered tax males, the rest of the population could not be ascertained in detail. All of this, it is said, was recorded by Chiran.
24
按隋開皇二十年，倭王姓阿每，名自多利思比孤，遣使致書。 唐永徽五年，遣使獻琥珀、馬腦。 長安二年，遣其朝臣真人貢方物。 開元初，遣使來朝。 天寶十二年，又遣使來貢。 元和元年，遣高階真人來貢。 開成四年，又遣使來貢。 此與其所記皆同。 大中、光啟、龍德及周廣順中，皆嘗遣僧至中國，《唐書》中、《五代史》失其傳。 唐咸亨中及開元二十三年、大曆十二年、建中元年，皆來朝貢，其記不載。
Records show that in Sui Kaihuang 20 the Wa king Ametarishiko, of the Ame clan, sent envoys bearing a letter. In Tang Yonghui 5 they sent envoys bearing tribute of amber and agate. In Chang'an 2 they sent the courtier Mahito with regional tribute goods. At the opening of the Kaiyuan era they sent envoys to court. In Tianbao 12 they again sent envoys with tribute. In Yuanhe 1 they sent Takashina no Mahito with tribute. In Kaicheng 4 they again sent envoys with tribute. These entries accord with what Chiran recorded. During the Dazhong, Guangqi, and Longde eras and the Zhou Guangshun reign, monks had also been sent to China—the Tang History mentions them, but the Five Dynasties History omits the record. Tribute missions also came in Tang Xianheng, Kaiyuan 23, Dali 12, and Jianzhong 1—none of which appear in Chiran's account.
25
太宗召見奝然，存撫之甚厚，賜紫衣，館于太平興國寺。 上聞其國王一姓傳繼，臣下皆世官，因歎息謂宰相曰：「此島夷耳，乃世祚遐久，其臣亦繼襲不絕，此蓋古之道也。 中國自唐季之亂，宇縣分裂，梁、周五代享曆尤促，大臣世胄，鮮能嗣續。 朕雖德慚往聖，常夙夜寅畏，講求治本，不敢暇逸。 建無窮之業，垂可久之範，亦以爲子孫之計，使大臣之後世襲祿位，此朕之心焉。」
Emperor Taizong received Chiran in audience, treated him with exceptional kindness, granted him purple robes, and housed him at Taiping Xingguo Temple. Learning that Japan's throne passed within a single clan and its ministers held hereditary office, the emperor sighed and told his chief ministers, 'They are only islanders, yet their dynasty has endured for ages and ministerial lines continue unbroken—surely this is the way of antiquity. Since the chaos at the end of Tang, China itself has been torn apart; under Liang and Zhou the Five Dynasties ruled only briefly, and great ministerial houses have seldom kept their lines intact. Though I fall short of the sages of old, I rise early and retire late in reverent diligence, striving for sound governance and daring not to slacken. I mean to build an enduring foundation and leave a lasting example—not least for my heirs—so that ministers' sons may inherit office and emolument in turn. That is my aim.'
26
其國多有中國典籍，奝然之來，復得《孝經》一卷、越王《孝經新義》第十五一卷，皆金縷紅羅標，水晶爲軸。 《孝經》即鄭氏注者。 越王者，乃唐太宗子越王貞； 《新義》者，記室參軍任希古等撰也。 奝然復求詣五台，許之，令所過續食； 又求印本《大藏經》，詔亦給之。 二年，隨台州甯海縣商人鄭仁德船歸其國。
Japan already held many Chinese classics; with Chiran's visit the court also received a copy of the Classic of Filial Piety and juan 15 of the Prince of Yue's New Meaning of the Classic of Filial Piety, each bound with gold-threaded red silk labels and crystal rollers. The Classic of Filial Piety was the edition with Zheng's commentary. The Prince of Yue was Prince Zhen, a son of Emperor Taizong of Tang; and the New Meaning had been compiled by the secretariat officer Ren Xigu and others. Chiran asked to visit Mount Wutai as well; the emperor consented and ordered provisions supplied at every stage of the journey; he also requested a printed edition of the Buddhist canon, and an edict granted that too. In the second year he sailed home on the ship of Zheng Rende, a merchant of Ninghai County in Taizhou.
27
後數年，仁德還。 奝然遣其弟子喜因奉表來謝曰：「日本國東大寺大朝法濟大師、賜紫、沙門奝然啟：傷鱗入夢，不忘漢主之恩； 枯骨合歡，猶亢魏氏之敵。 雖雲羊僧之拙，誰忍鴻霈之誠。 奝然誠惶誠恐，頓首頓首，死罪。 奝然附商船之離岸，期魏闕於生涯，望落日而西行，十萬里之波濤難盡； 顧信風而東別，數千里之山嶽易過。 妄以下根之卑，適詣中華之盛。 於是宣旨頻降，恣許荒外之跋涉； 宿心克協，粗觀宇內之瑰奇。 況乎金闕曉後，望堯雲於九禁之中； 岩扃晴前，拜聖燈於五台之上。 就三藏而稟學，巡數寺而優遊。 遂使蓮華回文，神筆出於北闕之北； 貝葉印字，佛詔傳於東海之東。 重蒙宣恩，忽趁來跡。 季夏解台州之纜，孟秋達本國之郊。 爰逮明春，初到舊邑，緇素欣待，侯伯慕迎。 伏惟陛下惠溢四溟，恩高五嶽，世超黃、軒之古，人直金輪之新。 奝然空辭鳳凰之窟，更還螻蟻之封。 在彼在斯，只仰皇德之盛； 越山越海，敢忘帝念之深。 縱粉百年之身，何報一日之惠。 染筆拭淚，伸紙搖魂，不勝慕恩之至。 謹差上足弟子傳燈大法師位嘉因、並大朝剃頭受戒僧祚乾等拜表以聞。」 稱其本國永延二年歲次戊子二月八日，實端拱元年也。
Several years later Rende returned. Chiran sent his disciple Ki'in with a memorial of thanks that read: 'The Great Master of the Dharma and Salvation of the Great Court of Japan's Eastern Great Temple, purple-robed śrāmaṇa Chiran respectfully submits: Like a wounded fish appearing in a dream, I cannot forget the grace of the Han emperor; like dry bones reunited in joy, I still hold firm against the foe of Wei; Humble though this rustic monk may be, who could refuse the sincerity of so vast an imperial favor? Chiran prostrates himself in deepest awe and fear—worthy of death. Chiran boarded a merchant ship bound westward, setting his life's hope on the imperial court; with the setting sun at his back he crossed seas whose hundred-thousand-li waves seemed endless; yet on the homeward breeze the thousands of li of mountains were swiftly left behind. Presumptuously, with my humble capacity, I came into the splendor of China. Again and again imperial edicts descended, freely permitting this journey from beyond the seas; my long-cherished wish was fulfilled, and I beheld something of the wonders of the realm. Above all, after dawn at the golden palace gates I beheld Yao's clouds within the innermost precincts; and in clear weather before the rocky gates I bowed before the holy lamps atop Mount Wutai. I studied under masters of the Tripitaka and wandered freely among many temples. Thus the Lotus Sutra in palindrome script and the divine brush came forth from north of the northern gate; and printed palm-leaf pages—the Buddha's edicts—were carried to the lands east of the Eastern Sea. Granted imperial favor once more, I hastened home by the route I had come. In late summer I cast off from Taizhou; by early autumn I reached my homeland's shores. The following spring, when I first returned to my old home, monks and laypeople alike rejoiced in anticipation, and lords came eagerly to welcome me. Your Majesty's kindness overflows the four seas and your grace towers above the Five Peaks; your reign surpasses the age of the Yellow Emperor and accords with the new era of the wheel-turning king. Chiran has left the phoenix's realm and returned once more to his humble ant's domain. Whether abroad or at home, I can only look up to the splendor of your imperial virtue; across mountains and seas alike, how dare I forget the depth of your regard? Even were my body to crumble over a hundred years, I could not repay a single day's grace. With ink-stained brush and tears wiped away, I spread this paper with a trembling soul, overcome by gratitude. Respectfully I send my chief disciple, the lamp-transmission Dharma Master Ka'in, together with the tonsured and ordained monk Soken of the Great Court and others to present this memorial.' The memorial was dated the eighth day of the second month of Eien 2 (wuzi) in Japan—the same year as Duan Gong 1.
28
又別啟，貢佛經，納青木函； 琥珀、青紅白水晶、紅黑木槵子念珠各一連，並納螺鈿花形平函； 毛籠一，納螺杯二口； 葛籠一，納法螺二口，染皮二十枚； 金銀蒔繪筥一合，納發鬘二頭，又一合，納參議正四位上藤佐理手書二卷、及進奉物數一卷、表狀一卷； 又金銀蒔繪硯一筥一合，納金硯一、鹿毛筆、松煙墨、金銅水瓶、鐵刀； 又金銀蒔繪扇筥一合，納檜扇二十枚、蝙蝠扇二枚； 螺鈿梳函一對，其一納赤木梳二百七十，其一納龍骨十橛； 螺鈿書案一、螺鈿書幾一； 金銀蒔繪平筥一合，納白細布五匹； 鹿皮籠一，納䝚裘一領； 螺鈿鞍轡一副，銅鐵鐙、紅絲秋、泥障； 倭畫屏風一雙； 石流黃七百斤。
A separate memorial accompanied the tribute: Buddhist scriptures in a green-wood case; amber, blue, red, and white crystal, and red and black wood-bead rosaries, one string each, all in flat mother-of-pearl inlaid cases; one wicker basket holding two conch cups; one kudzu basket holding two ritual conch trumpets and twenty pieces of dyed leather; one gold-and-silver makie box with two sets of hair ornaments; and another box containing two autograph rolls by Councilor Fujiwara no Sukemasa, Fourth Rank Upper, plus one roll listing tribute items and one memorial; also a gold-and-silver makie writing set with a gold inkstone, deer-hair brush, pine-soot ink, gilt-copper water flask, and iron knife; also a gold-and-silver makie fan case with twenty cypress fans and two bat-shaped fans; a pair of mother-of-pearl comb cases—one with two hundred seventy red-wood combs, the other with ten pieces of dragon bone; one mother-of-pearl writing desk and one mother-of-pearl writing table; one gold-and-silver makie flat case with five bolts of fine white cloth; one deerskin basket holding one fur robe; one mother-of-pearl saddle and bridle set with bronze-iron stirrups, red silk trappings, and mud screens; one pair of Japanese-painted folding screens; and seven hundred jin of sulfur.
29
熙寧五年，有僧誠尋至台州，止天臺國清寺，願留。 州以聞，詔使赴闕。 誠尋獻銀香爐，木槵子、白琉璃、五香、水精、紫檀、琥珀所飾念珠，及青色織物綾。 神宗以其遠人而有戒業，處之開寶寺，盡賜同來僧紫方袍。 是後連貢方物，而來者皆僧也。 元豐元年，使通事僧仲回來，賜號慕化懷德大師。 明州又言得其國太宰府牒，因使人孫忠還，遣仲回等貢絁二百匹、水銀五千兩，以孫忠乃海商，而貢禮與諸國異，請自移牒報，而答其物直，付仲回東歸。 從之。
In Xining 5 the monk Jōjin reached Taizhou and lodged at Guoqing Temple on Mount Tiantai, asking to remain. The prefecture reported this, and an edict summoned him to court. Jōjin presented a silver incense burner, prayer beads inlaid with wood-bead, white glass, five spices, crystal, red sandalwood, and amber, and bolts of blue woven silk gauze. Emperor Shenzong, impressed that this foreigner observed the precepts, housed him at Kaibao Temple and granted purple monastic robes to all the monks who had accompanied him. Thereafter tribute arrived in succession, and every envoy was a monk. In the first year of Yuanfeng the interpreter monk Chōkai arrived and was granted the title Great Master Who Cherishes Transformation and Holds Virtue. Mingzhou also reported receiving a dispatch from Japan's Dazaifu office. Because the merchant Sun Zhong was returning, Chōkai and others brought two hundred bolts of silk and five thousand liang of mercury as tribute. Since Sun Zhong was a private sea trader and Japan's tribute protocol differed from that of other states, the court requested permission to reply with its own dispatch, compensate the goods at market value, and entrust payment to Chōkai for his return eastward. The request was granted.
30
乾道九年，始附明州綱首以方物入貢。 淳熙二年，倭船火兒滕太明毆鄭作死，詔械太明付其綱首歸，治以其國之法。 三年，風泊日本舟至明州，衆皆不得食，行乞至臨安府者復百餘人。 詔人日給錢五十文、米二升，俟其國舟至日遣歸。 十年，日本七十三人復飄至秀州華亭縣，給常平義倉錢米以振之。 紹熙四年，泰州及秀州華亭縣復有倭人爲風所泊而至者，詔勿取其貨，出常平米振給而遣之。 慶元六年至平江府，嘉泰二年至定海縣，詔並給錢米遣歸國。
In Qiandao 9 they first sent tribute goods by joining a Mingzhou convoy leader. In Chunxi 2 the Japanese sailor Teng Taiming of a ship's crew beat Zheng Zuo to death; an edict ordered Taiming shackled and handed to his convoy leader for repatriation, to be punished under Japanese law. In Chunxi 3 a Japanese ship blown ashore reached Mingzhou; the crew had no food, and more than a hundred of them resorted to begging as far as Lin'an Prefecture. An edict granted each person fifty cash and two sheng of rice per day and ordered that they be repatriated when a ship from Japan arrived. In Chunxi 10 seventy-three Japanese were again cast ashore at Huating County in Xiuzhou; relief was paid from Changping and Ever-Normal Granary stores. In Shaoxi 4 Japanese cast ashore again at Taizhou and at Huating in Xiuzhou; an edict forbade seizing their goods, supplied relief rice from the Ever-Normal Granary, and sent them home. In Qingyuan 6 some reached Pingjiang Prefecture and in Jiatai 2 others reached Dinghai County; an edict provided money and grain and sent them all home.
31
党項，古析支之地，漢西羌之別種。 後周世始強盛，有細風氏、費聽氏、往利氏、頗超氏、野亂氏、房當氏、來禽氏、拓拔氏最爲強族。 唐貞觀至上元間內附，散居西北邊。 元和以後，頗相率爲盜。 會昌初，武宗置三使以統之：在邠、寧、延者爲一使，在鹽、夏、長澤者爲一使，在靈武、麟、勝者爲一使。 五代亦嘗入貢。 今靈、夏、綏、麟、府、環、慶、豐州，鎮戎、天德、振武軍並其族帳。
The Tangut lived in the ancient territory of Qizhi and were a branch of the Western Qiang known since Han times. They first rose to power under the Later Zhou; the Xifeng, Feiting, Wangli, Pochao, Yeluan, Fangdang, Laiqin, and Tuoba were the most powerful clans. From Tang Zhenguan through Shangyuan they submitted to the court and settled across the northwestern frontier. After the Yuanhe era they often banded together in raids. Early in Huichang Emperor Wuzong placed them under three commissioners: one over the Bian-Ning-Yan region, one over Yan-Xia-Changze, and one over Lingwu-Lin-Sheng. Under the Five Dynasties they sometimes sent tribute as well. Their tribal encampments now lay across Ling, Xia, Sui, Lin, Fu, Huan, Qing, and Feng prefectures and the garrisons of Zhenrong, Tiande, and Zhenwu.
32
太祖建隆二年，代州刺史折乜埋來朝。 乜埋，党項之大姓，世居河右，有捍邊之功，故授以方州，召令入覲而遣還。
In Jianlong 2, Daiz Prefect Zhe Miemai came to court. Miemai was a leading Tangut clan that had long held the west-of-the-River country and distinguished itself on the frontier; he was therefore given a prefecture, summoned to audience, and sent home.
33
開寶元年，直蕩族首領啜佶等引並人寇府州，爲王師所敗。 詔內屬羌部十六府大首領屈遇與十二府首領羅崖領所部誅啜佶，啜佶懼，以其族歸順。 以屈遇爲檢校太保、歸德將軍，羅崖、啜佶並爲檢校司徒、懷化將軍。
In Kaibao 1 the Zhidang chieftain Chuo Ji and others led Bing forces in a raid on Fu Prefecture and were defeated by imperial troops. An edict ordered Qu Yu, head of the sixteen affiliated Qiang prefectures, and Luo Ya of twelve prefectures to put Chuo Ji to death; Chuo Ji, afraid, brought his clan over in submission. Qu Yu was appointed Acting Grand Mentor and General Who Pacifies Virtue; Luo Ya and Chuo Ji were both made Acting Minister of Education and Generals Who Cherish Transformation.
34
太平興國二年二月，靈州部送歲市官馬，賂所過族帳物粗惡，羌人恚不受。 知州、比部郎中張全操捕得十八人殺之，沒入其兵仗羊馬，戎人遂擾。 上遣使齎金帛撫賜其族，與之盟，始定。 召全操下有司鞫之，決杖流登州沙門島。 是歲，靈州通遠軍界嗓咩族、折四族、吐蕃村族、柰㖞三家族、尾落族、柰家族、嗓泥族剽略官綱，詔靈州安守忠、通遠軍董遵誨討平之。 六年，府州外浪族首領來都等來貢馬。 七年，豐州大首領黃羅並弟乞蚌等來貢馬。 又銀州羌部拓跋遇來訴本州賦役苛虐，乞移居內地，詔令各守族帳。 又保細族結集扇動諸部，夏州巡檢使梁迥率兵討平之。
In the second month of Taiping Xingguo 2, escorts from Lingzhou bringing the annual official horse market gave tribal encampments along the route shoddy gifts; the Qiang refused them in anger. Prefect Zhang Quancao, a director in the Ministry of Revenue, seized eighteen men and executed them, confiscated their arms and livestock, and the border peoples soon turned restive. The emperor sent envoys with gold and silk to soothe the tribes, renewed the covenant, and peace was restored. Zhang Quancao was summoned for trial; he was caned and exiled to Shamen Island off Deng Prefecture. That year the Sangmie, Zhesi, Tubo Village, Nai'e Sanjia, Weiluo, Nai, and Sangni clans on Lingzhou's Tongyuan Army frontier plundered official convoys; An Shouzhong of Lingzhou and Dong Zunhui of Tongyuan were ordered to pacify them. In Taiping Xingguo 6 Lai Dou, chieftain of the Wailang clan at Fu Prefecture, presented horses in tribute. In Taiping Xingguo 7 Huang Luo, a chief of Feng Prefecture, and his younger brother Qi Bang and others brought horses in tribute. Tubo Yu of Yin Prefecture's Qiang also petitioned that local levies were oppressive and asked to move inland; the court ordered the tribes to remain at their encampments. The Baoxi clan also rallied neighboring tribes to revolt; Liang Jiong, patrol commissioner of Xia Prefecture, marched against them and restored order.
35
雍熙初，諸族渠帥附李繼遷爲寇，詔判四方館事田仁朗及閣門使王侁等相繼領兵討擊，並賜麟、府、銀、夏、豐州及日利、月利族敕書招諭之。
Early in Yongxi various chieftains rallied to Li Jiqian in raids; Tian Renlang, director of the Office for Foreign Relations, and Palace Gate envoy Wang Ren and others were sent in succession to campaign against them, while edicts of summons went to the prefectures of Lin, Fu, Yin, Xia, and Feng and to the Rili and Yueli clans.
36
二年四月，侁等於銀州北破悉利諸族，斬首三千六百餘級，生擒八十人，俘老小一千四百餘口，器甲一百八十六，梟偽署代州刺史折羅遇並弟埋乞，獲馬牛羊三萬計。 五月，又于開光谷西杏子平破保寺、保香族，追奔二十餘里，斬首八百餘級，梟其首領埋乜已等五十七人，生擒四十九人，俘其老小三百餘人，獲牛羊馬驢凡四千余計。 又破保、洗兩族，俘三千人，降五十五族，獲牛羊八千計。
In the fourth month of Yongxi 2 Wang Ren routed the Xili clans north of Yin Prefecture, taking more than 3,600 heads and eighty captives together with some 1,400 noncombatants, 186 sets of arms, the heads of the self-styled Daiz Prefect Zhe Luoyu and his brother Mai Qi, and roughly thirty thousand horses and livestock. In the fifth month they also broke the Baosi and Baoxiang clans at Xingzi Plain west of Kaiguang Valley, pursued the fugitives twenty li, took more than 800 heads and the heads of fifty-seven chieftains including Mai Miyi, captured forty-nine alive with some 300 dependents, and seized roughly 4,000 animals. They next defeated the Bao and Xi clans, took 3,000 captives, won over fifty-five tribes, and seized about 8,000 cattle and sheep.
37
侁等又言，麟州及三族砦羌人二千餘戶皆降，酋長折御乜等六十四人獻馬首罪，願改圖自效，爲國討賊，遂與部下兵入濁輪川，斬賊首五十級、酋豪二十人，李繼遷及三族砦監押折御乜皆遁去。 旋命內客省使郭守文自三交乘驛亟往，與王侁等同領邊事。 五月，王侁、李繼隆等又破銀州杏子平東北山谷內沒邵、浪悉訛等族，及濁輪川東、兔頭川西諸族，生擒七十八人，梟五十九人，俘二百三十六口，牛羊驢馬千二百六十，招降千四百五十二戶。
Wang Ren reported that more than 2,000 Qiang households at Lin Prefecture and the Three-Clan Stockade had submitted; sixty-four chieftains including Zhe Yumi brought horses in repentance and offered to serve against the rebels. They then entered the Zhuolun River with their men, taking fifty enemy heads and twenty chieftain heads; Li Jiqian and the stockade supervisor Zhe Yumi both fled. Guo Shouwen of the Inner Reception Bureau was then ordered to ride posthorses from Sanjiao to join Wang Ren in directing frontier operations. In the fifth month Wang Ren, Li Jilong, and others routed the Moshao, Langxi'e, and other clans in the hills northeast of Xingzi Plain in Yin Prefecture and the tribes east of the Zhuolun and west of Rabbit Head River, capturing seventy-eight alive, beheading fifty-nine, taking 236 dependents, 1,260 animals, and winning over 1,452 households.
38
六月，夏州尹憲等引兵至鹽城，吳移、越移等四族來降，憲等撫之。 岌伽羅膩十四族拒命，憲等縱兵斬首千餘級，俘擒百人，焚千餘帳，獲馬牛羊七千計。 又降銀麟夏等州、三族砦諸部一百二十五族，合萬六千一百八十九戶。 酋豪折御乜窮蹙來歸，守文置之部下。 又夏州咩嵬族魔病人乜崖在南山族結黨爲寇，招懷不至，擒斬之，梟首徇衆，並滅其族。 又府州女乜族首領來母崖男社正等內附，因遷居茗乜族中。
In the sixth month Yin Xian of Xia Prefecture marched to Salt City; the Wuyi, Yueyi, and two other clans submitted and were reassured. Fourteen Jiagluoni clans resisted; Yin Xian's troops took more than 1,000 heads, a hundred captives, burned a thousand tents, and seized some 7,000 animals. One hundred twenty-five tribes from Yin, Lin, Xia, and the Three-Clan Stockade also submitted, totaling 16,189 households. Hard pressed, chieftain Zhe Yumi surrendered; Guo Shouwen took him into his force. Moya of Xia Prefecture's Miewei clan, a plague victim of the Nanshan tribe who had banded together for raids, spurned overtures; he was seized and executed, his head displayed publicly, and his clan was wiped out. Laimu Ya, Nanzheng, and other chieftains of Fu Prefecture's Nümi clan also submitted and were resettled among the Mingmi tribe.
39
七月，賜宥州界咩兀十族首領、都指揮使遇乜布等九人敕書，以安撫之。 十一月，以勒浪族十六府大首領屈遇、名波族十二府大首領浪買當豐州路最爲忠順，及兀泥三族首領佶移等、女女四族首領殺越都等歸化，並賜敕書撫之。
In the seventh month edicts of reassurance went to nine chieftains of the Miewu Ten Clans on the You Prefecture border, including Director-in-Chief Yu Miyi. In the eleventh month edicts of reassurance went to Qu Yu of the sixteen Lelang prefectures and Lang Maidang of the twelve Mingbo prefectures on the Fengzhou route, the most steadfast allies, and to Ji Yi of the Wuni Three Clans and Shayue Dou of the Nünu Four Clans, all of whom had come over.
40
端拱元年三月，火山軍言河西羌部直蕩族內附。 二年四月，夏州趙保忠言：「臣准詔市馬，已獲三百匹，其宥州御泥布、囉樹等二族黨附繼遷，不肯賣馬，臣遂領兵掩殺二百餘人，擒百餘人，其族即降，各已安撫。」 詔書獎諭之。 十月，繼遷寇會州熟倉族，爲其首領咩㗭率來離諸族擊走之。
In the third month of Duangong 1 Huoshan Army reported that the Zhidang Qiang of the Hexi region had submitted. In the fourth month of Duangong 2 Zhao Baozhong of Xia Prefecture reported: "Under the horse-purchase edict I have obtained three hundred mounts. The Yuni Bu and Luoshu clans in You Prefecture, allied with Jiqian, refused to sell; I raided them, killing more than 200 and capturing more than 100, and both clans have now submitted and been pacified." An edict commended him. In the tenth month Li Jiqian raided the Shucang clan in Hui Prefecture; chieftain Mieli of that tribe and the Laili clans drove him back.
41
淳化元年，藏才三族都判啜尾卒，其子啜香來請命，乃令代其父。 二年七月，以黃乜族降戶七百余散于銀、夏州舊地處之。 八月，李繼遷居王庭鎮，趙保忠往襲之，繼遷奔鐵斤澤，貌奴、猥才二族奪其牛畜二萬餘。 十一月，繼遷寇熟倉族，刺史咩㗭率來離諸族擊退之。 先是，兀泥大首領泥中佶移內附，詔授慎州節度，俄復歸繼遷，其長子突厥羅與首領黃羅至是以千餘帳降，府州折御卿以聞，降詔慰諭之。 趙保忠又襲破宥州御泥布、囉樹二族，尋各降之，以其朋附繼遷，來上。
In Chunhua 1 Chuo Wei, chief magistrate of the Cangcai Three Clans, died; his son Chuo Xiang petitioned to succeed him and was confirmed in the post. In the seventh month of Chunhua 2 more than 700 surrendered Huangmi households were resettled on former lands of Yin and Xia prefectures. In the eighth month Li Jiqian was encamped at Wangting; Zhao Baozhong attacked him; Jiqian fled to Tiejin Marsh, and the Maonu and Weicai clans seized more than 20,000 of his animals. In the eleventh month Li Jiqian again raided the Shucang clan; Prefect Mieli and the Laili tribes beat him back. Earlier Wuni chief Ji Yi had submitted and been made military governor of Shen Prefecture, but soon rejoined Jiqian; now his eldest son Tujieluo and chief Huang Luo came over with more than 1,000 tents. Zhe Yuqing of Fu Prefecture reported the submission, and the court sent words of reassurance. Zhao Baozhong next broke the Yuni Bu and Luoshu clans in You Prefecture; both soon submitted, and he reported their earlier alliance with Jiqian.
42
四年三月，直蕩族大首領啜尾、子河𣿭大首領馬一併來貢，詔以啜尾叔羅買爲本族都監，又啜尾下首領十人、馬一下首領十二人皆賜錦袍、銀帶、器幣。 是年，鄭文寶獻議禁青鹽，羌族四十四首領盟于楊家族，引兵騎萬三千餘人入寇環州石昌鎮，知環州程德玄等擊走之。 因詔屯田員外郎、知制誥錢若水馳驛詣邊，馳其鹽禁，由是部族寧息。 十二月，鹽州羌人酋長巢延渭爲本州刺史。 是年，藏才西族大首領羅妹來貢。
In the third month of Chunhua 4 Zhidang chief Chuo Wei and Zihe'e chief Ma Yi came in tribute; Chuo Wei's uncle Luomai was made clan overseer, and twenty-two subordinate chieftains received brocade robes, silver belts, and gifts. That year Zheng Wenbao proposed banning trade in green salt; forty-four Qiang chieftains leagued at the Yang clan and invaded Shichang garrison in Huan Prefecture with more than 13,000 horsemen; Prefect Cheng Dexuan beat them back. The court then sent Drafting Edict Officer Qian Ruoshui posthaste to the frontier to revoke the salt ban, and the tribes quieted down. In the twelfth month Qiang chieftain Chao Yanwei was appointed prefect of Yan Prefecture. That year Cangcai Western chief Luomei came in tribute.
43
五年正月，以綏州羌酋蘇移、山海㖡、母馱香三人並爲懷化將軍，野利、嵬名乜屈、啜泥三人並爲歸德郎將。 四月，府州折御卿言：銀、夏州管勾生戶八千帳族悉來歸附，錄其馬牛羊萬計。 邈二族大首領崖羅、藏才東族首領歲囉啜克各遣其子弟朝貢。 六月，繼遷所驅脅內屬戎人橐駝路熟藏族首領乜遇率部族反攻繼遷，其弟力戰而死，既敗繼遷之衆，復來歸附。 以遇爲檢校司空，領會州刺史。 是年，兀泥族首領黃羅內附，以爲懷化將軍，領昭州刺史。
In the first month of Chunhua 5 Su Yi, Shanhai'e, and Mutuoxiang of Sui Prefecture were made Generals Who Cherish Transformation, and Yeli, Weiming Miyu, and Chuoni were made Regiment Commanders Who Pacify Virtue. In the fourth month Zhe Yuqing of Fu Prefecture reported that all 8,000 native tent households under Yin and Xia prefectures had submitted, with livestock numbering in the tens of thousands. Yaluo of the Miao Two Clans and Suiluo Chuo Ke of the Cangcai Eastern clan each sent sons to court in tribute. In the sixth month Miyi, chief of the Shucang clan on the Camel Road whom Li Jiqian had coerced into service, turned his tribe against Jiqian; his brother died fighting, but they routed Jiqian's force and rejoined the court. Miyi was appointed Acting Minister of Works and prefect of Hui Prefecture. That year Wuni chief Huang Luo submitted and was made General Who Cherishes Transformation and prefect of Zhao Prefecture.
44
至道元年四月，以勒浪嵬女兒門十六府大首領馬尾等內附，以馬尾爲歸德大將軍、領恩州刺史，以勒浪樹李兒門首領沒崖爲安化郎將，副首領遇兀爲保順郎將。 六月，賜慶州界首領順州刺史李奉明、澄州刺史李彥咩、鹽州刺史巢延渭、演州刺史李順忠、環州界首領會州刺史乜遇及靈州界並河外保安、保靖、臨河、懷遠、定遠五鎮等部敕書慰撫之。 七月，睡泥族首領你乜逋令男詣靈州，言族內七百余帳爲李繼遷劫略，首領𠵚逋一族奔往蕭關，你乜逋一族乞賜救助，詔賜以資糧。 環州熟倉族癿遇略奪繼遷牛馬三十餘，繼遷令人招撫之，癿遇答云：「吾一心向漢，誓死不移。」 詔以遇爲會州刺史，賜帛五十匹、茶五十斤。
In the fourth month of Zhidao 1 Ma Wei, chief of the sixteen Lelang Weinü'ermen prefectures, submitted; he was made Grand General Who Pacifies Virtue and prefect of En Prefecture; Mo Ya of the Lelang Shuli'ermen was made Regiment Commander Who Brings Tranquility, and deputy chief Yu Wu Regiment Commander Who Preserves Obedience. In the sixth month edicts of reassurance went to Shun Prefect Li Fengming, Cheng Prefect Li Yanmi, Yan Prefect Chao Yanwei, Yan Prefect Li Shunzhong, and Hui Prefect Miyi on the Qing and Huan frontiers, and to the five garrisons beyond the river—Bao'an, Baojing, Linhe, Huaiyuan, and Dingyuan—on the Ling Prefecture border. In the seventh month the son of Shuini chief Ni Miyi came to Ling Prefecture reporting that Li Jiqian had plundered more than 700 of their tents; chief Bipo's clan had fled toward Xiaoguan; Ni Miyi's clan asked for relief, and the court supplied provisions. Qiyu of Huan Prefecture's Shucang clan seized more than thirty head from Li Jiqian; when Li Jiqian sent envoys to win him back, Qiyu replied: "My heart is loyal to the Song; I will never waver, even unto death." Qiyu was appointed prefect of Hui Prefecture and given fifty bolts of silk and fifty jin of tea.
45
二年三月，以府州界五族大首領折突厥移爲安遠大將軍，父死來請命也。 六月，勒浪族副首領遇兀等百九十三人歸附，貢馬七匹。 遇兀舊隸契丹，淳化初，遷族帳於府州界，東至河百五十里，南至府州三百里，至是，始朝貢。 上召問慰勞，賜錦袍銀帶。 遇兀言部族多良馬，今始來朝，所貢未備。 上曰：「吾嘉爾忠順之節，慕化來歸，固不以多馬爲意也。」
In the third month of Zhidao 2 Zhe Tujeyi, chief of the Five Clans on the Fu Prefecture border, was made Grand General of Far Pacification after petitioning to succeed his father. In the sixth month 193 Lelang tribesmen including deputy chief Yu Wu submitted and presented seven horses. Yu Wu had once served the Khitan; early in Chunhua his people were moved to the Fu Prefecture border—150 li east to the river and 300 li south to Fu Prefecture—and only now came to court in tribute. The emperor received him, offered encouragement, and granted brocade robes and silver belts. Yu Wu said his tribe had many fine horses but that, having only now arrived at court, his tribute was incomplete. The emperor said: "I honor your loyal submission in coming to us; I do not measure your worth by the number of horses."
46
七月，李繼隆出討繼遷，賜麟府州兀泥巾族大首領突厥羅、女女殺族大首領越都、女女夢勒族大首領越移、女女忙族大首領越置、女女籰兒族大首領党移、沒兒族大首領莫末移、路乜族大首領越移、細乜族大首領慶元、路才族大首領羅保、細母族大首領羅保保乜凡十族敕書招懷之。 閏七月，懷安鎮羌誘諸族寇慶州，監軍趙繼升率師擊敗之，斬首三百級，獲羊馬千計。
In the seventh month, as Li Jilong marched against Li Jiqian, edicts of enticement went to ten chieftains on the Lin and Fu frontier: Tujieluo of the Wuni Jin, Yue Dou of the Nünu Sha, Yue Yi of the Nünu Mengle, Yue Zhi of the Nünu Mang, Dang Yi of the Nünu Yuansun, Mo Moyi of the Mo'er, Yue Yi of the Lumi, Qingyuan of the Ximi, Luo Bao of the Lucai, and Luo Baobaomi of the Ximu. In the intercalary seventh month Huai'an garrison Qiang stirred neighboring tribes to raid Qing Prefecture; supervisor Zhao Jisheng routed them, taking 300 heads and some 1,000 animals.
47
三年二月，泥巾族大首領名悉俄，首領皆移、尹遇、崔保羅、沒佶，凡五人來貢馬。 名悉俄等舊皆內屬，因李繼遷之叛，徙居河北，今復來貢。
In the second month of Zhidao 3 five Nijin chiefs—Mingsi'e, Jie Yi, Yin Yu, Cuibaoluo, and Mojii—presented horses in tribute. Mingsi'e and the others had once been affiliated tribes; when Li Jiqian rebelled they moved north of the Yellow River, and now returned in tribute.
48
咸平元年三月，熟倉族癿遇來朝，真宗嘉其誠節，親見撫勞，賜以器幣。 十月，兀泥族大首領、昭州刺史黃羅對於崇德殿。 兀泥族在青岡嶺、三角城、龍馬川，領族帳千五百戶，初隸繼遷，俄投府州，淳化中數敗契丹，及與繼遷相攻擊。 及繼遷內附，黃羅懼，北徙過黃河。 今還舊地，遂入貢，且言繼遷既受朝命，不敢侵伐。 上面加獎慰，賜齎甚厚。 十二月，詔直蕩族大首領鬼啜尾于金家堡置渡，令諸族互市。
In the third month of Xianping 1 Qiyu of the Shucang clan came to court; Emperor Zhenzong praised his loyalty, received him in person, and gave gifts. In the tenth month Wuni chief and Zhao Prefect Huang Luo was received in audience at Chongde Hall. The Wuni held Qinggang Ridge, Triangle City, and Longma River with 1,500 tents; they had first served Jiqian, then shifted to Fu Prefecture; in the Chunhua era they repeatedly beat the Khitan and clashed with Jiqian. When Li Jiqian submitted to the court, Huang Luo, fearing for his position, moved north across the Yellow River. Now back on his old lands, he came to court and reported that with Jiqian under imperial authority he would not dare raid him. The emperor praised him warmly and rewarded him generously. In the twelfth month the court ordered Zhidang chief Gui Chuowei to establish a ferry post at Jinjia Fort for intertribal trade.
49
二年正月，以咩逋族開道使泥埋領費州刺史。 十月，以勒浪族十六府大首領、歸德大將軍、恩州刺史馬泥領本州團練使。 十一月，藏才八族大首領皆賞羅等來獻名馬。 四年七月，以會州刺史癿遇爲保順郎將，蘇家族屈尾、鼻家族都慶、白馬族埋香、韋移族都香爲安化郎將。 九月，環州言，繼遷所掠羌族嵬逋等徙帳來歸，又繼遷諸羌族明葉示及撲咩、訛豬等首領率屬內附，並令給善地處之。 其年，卑甯族首領喝鄰半祝貢名馬，自稱有精騎三萬，願備驅策。 有詔慰獎，厚償其直。
In the first month of Xianping 2 Mietong clan envoy Nimi was made prefect of Fei Prefecture. In the tenth month Lelang chief Ma Ni, Grand General Who Pacifies Virtue and prefect of En Prefecture, was made regimental trainer of his prefecture. In the eleventh month Cangcai Eight Clans chief Jieshang Luo and others presented fine horses. In the seventh month of Xianping 4 Hui Prefect Qiyu was made Regiment Commander Who Preserves Obedience; Qu Wei of the Su clan, Du Qing of the Bi clan, Mai Xiang of the Baima clan, and Du Xiang of the Weiyi clan were made Regiment Commanders Who Bring Tranquility. In the ninth month Huan Prefecture reported that Weibo and other Qiang tribes Li Jiqian had raided were returning; chieftains Mingyeshi, Pumie, Ezhu, and others also led their people in, and all were given good land. That year Beining chief Helin Banzhu presented fine horses and claimed 30,000 elite horsemen ready for imperial service. An edict commended him and paid generously for the horses.
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五年，咩逋族開道使、費州刺史泥埋遣子城逋入貢，上嘉泥埋數與繼遷戰鬥有勞，授錦州團練使，以其族弟屈子爲懷化將軍充本族指揮使，城逋爲歸德將軍充本族都巡檢使，余首領署軍主以下名識者凡十數人。 又以黑山北莊郎族龍移爲安遠大將軍，昧克爲懷化將軍。 八月，河西教練使李榮等向化。 其年，羌寇抄金明縣，李繼周擊走之。
In Xianping 5 Mietong envoy and Fei Prefect Nimi sent his son Chengbu in tribute; the emperor rewarded Nimi's repeated service against Li Jiqian by making him regimental trainer of Jin Prefecture, appointing his clansman Quzi General Who Cherishes Transformation and clan commander, Chengbu General Who Pacifies Virtue and chief clan inspector, and posting more than a dozen other chiefs in graded ranks. Long Yi of the Heishan Beizhuang Lang clan was also made Grand General of Far Pacification and Meike General Who Cherishes Transformation. In the eighth month Hexi drill commissioner Li Rong and others submitted to the court. That year Qiang raiders struck Jinming County; Li Jizhou beat them back.
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十月，詔河西戎人歸投者遷內地，給以閒田。 時勒厥麻等三族千五百帳以濁輪砦失守，越河內屬，分處邊境。 邊臣屢言勒厥麻往來賊中，恐復叛去，乃徙置憲州樓煩縣，遣使賜金帛撫慰。 十二月，咩逋族遣使來貢。 上聞賀蘭山有小涼、大涼族甚盛，常恐與繼遷合勢爲患，近知互有疑隙，輒相攻掠，朝廷欲遂撫之。 乃召問咩逋使者，因其還特詔賜之，以激其立效。 上又謂樞密使王繼英等曰：「邊臣言遷賊舉兵，屢爲龍移、昧克所敗。 此族在黃河北數萬帳，或號莊郎昧克，常以馬附藏才入貢，頗勤外禦。」 六年，遂降詔獎慰之。 二月，葉市族囉埋等持繼遷偽署牒率百餘帳來歸，以囉埋爲本族指揮使，囉胡爲軍使。 邠寧部署言牛羊、蘇家等族殺繼遷族帳有功，上曰：「此族恃遠與險，久爲賊援，屢遣邊吏招諭，近聞有志內附，尚疑其詐，果能格鬥立效。」 詔厚賜首領等茶彩以獎激之。 涇原部署言，者龍移卑陵山首領廝敦琶遣使稱已集本族騎兵，願隨軍討賊。
In the tenth month the court ordered Hexi tribes who submitted to be resettled inland and given vacant farmland. When Zhuolun Stockade fell, 1,500 tents of the Lejuema and two allied clans crossed the river to submit and were settled along the frontier. Border officers warned that Lejuema still mingled with rebels and might defect again; he was moved to Loufan County in Xian Prefecture and given gold and silk to reassure him. In the twelfth month the Mietong clan sent tribute envoys to court. The emperor had heard that the powerful Xiaoliang and Daliang clans on Helan Mountain might join Li Jiqian and become a threat; learning recently that the two tribes were suspicious of each other and often raided one another, the court decided to win them over. He then summoned the Mietong envoys, and on their departure sent a special edict with gifts to spur them to prove their worth. The emperor also told Bureau of Military Affairs commissioner Wang Jiying and others: "Border officials report that the rebel Li Jiqian has taken the field and has been beaten again and again by Long Yi and Meike. That clan numbered tens of thousands of tents north of the Yellow River—some called them Zhuanglang Meike—and they had often sent horses to court through Cangcai, serving diligently on the outer frontier." In Xianping 6 the court issued an edict commending and reassuring them. In the second month Luomai of the Yeshi clan and others, carrying forged commissions from Li Jiqian, led more than a hundred tents in submission; Luomai was made clan commander and Luohu army commander. The Binning deployment commissioner reported that the Niuyang and Sujia clans had killed Li Jiqian's followers with distinction. The emperor said: "Those tribes had long aided the rebels from remote, rugged country; we had summoned them repeatedly and only lately heard they meant to submit, still doubting their sincerity—yet they have fought well and proved themselves." An edict richly rewarded the chiefs with tea and silks. The Jingyuan deployment commissioner reported that Sidunpa, chief of Zhe Longyi on Beiling Mountain, had sent word that he had mustered his clan's horsemen and wished to join the campaign against the rebels.
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三月，以咩逋族首領泥埋領鄯州防禦使，充靈州河外五鎮都巡檢使。 時潘羅支已授河西節制，上以泥埋實與羅支犄角捍賊，故加恩寵。 是月，綏州羌部軍使拽臼等百九十五口內屬。 原州熟戶裴天下等請率族兵掩擊遷黨移湖等帳，來求策應，部署司不報。 上以戎人宣力禦賊，不應沮之，即詔諭諸路以精甲策應。 環州酋長蘇尚娘擊賊有勞，及屢告賊中機事，以爲臨州刺史，賜錦袍銀帶。 環慶部署張凝言：「內屬戎人興賊界錯居，屢爲脅誘。 臣領兵離木波鎮直湊八州原下砦，招降岑移等三十二族，又至分水嶺降麻謀等二十一族，柔遠鎮降巢迷等二十族，遂抵業樂，降𡗀樹羅家等一百族，合四千八十戶，第給袍帶物彩，慰遣還帳。」
In the third month Mietong chief Nimi was appointed defense commissioner of Sha Prefecture and chief inspector of the five garrisons beyond the river at Ling Prefecture. Pan Luozhi had already been given command in Hexi; the emperor rewarded Nimi further because he and Luozhi formed a pincer against Li Jiqian. That month Zhua Jiu, a Qiang army commander of Sui Prefecture, and 194 others submitted. Pei Tianxia and other registered tribesmen of Yuan Prefecture asked to lead clan forces against Yihu, a Li Jiqian ally, and sought coordinated support; the deployment office gave no answer. The emperor said frontier tribes fighting the rebels should not be discouraged and ordered every circuit to send elite troops in support. Huan Prefecture chief Su Shangniang, who had fought the rebels well and repeatedly reported their movements, was made prefect of Lin Prefecture and given a brocade robe and silver belt. Huanqing deployment commissioner Zhang Ning reported: "Affiliated frontier tribes living cheek by jowl with the enemy are constantly pressured and lured away. I led troops from Mubo garrison to the stockade below Baz Prefecture's Bayuan and won over thirty-two clans led by Cen Yi; at Watershed Pass twenty-one clans led by Mamou submitted; at Rouyuan garrison twenty clans led by Chaomi; at Yele one hundred clans led by Shushuluojia—a total of 4,080 households. I gave robes, belts, and gifts in rank order and sent them back to their camps."
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四月，繼遷寇洪德砦，酋長慶香與癿𡗀慶族合勢擊之，以砦兵策援，大敗繼遷，擒四十九人，墜崖死者甚衆，獲馬七十餘匹，旗鼓鎧甲數百計。 上考陣圖以問入奏使，使者言砦兵拒賊千余步，慶香等親率部族與賊接戰，上曰：「慶香等假王師爲援，而交鋒俘獲，乃其功也。」 悉與所獲物，加賜銀彩，以慶香領順州刺史，癿𡗀慶領羅州刺史。 河西內屬折勒厥麻等三族請以精兵千人、馬三百備征討，詔嵐州撫諭。 環州白馬族與繼遷戰鬥，屢徙帳乏食，賜稟粟。 又詔洪德砦歸附戎人，給內地土田，資以口糧。
In the fourth month Li Jiqian raided Hongde Stockade; chief Qingxiang and the Qie Qing clan joined forces against him with stockade troops in support. Li Jiqian was routed: forty-nine captives, many dead on the cliffs, more than seventy horses, and hundreds of banners, armor, and shields taken. The emperor studied the battle map and questioned the reporting envoy, who said stockade troops had held the enemy at bay a thousand paces while Qingxiang and his clansmen closed and fought. The emperor said: "They used the imperial garrison as a shield, but the fighting and the captures were their own doing." They received all the spoils plus additional silver and silks; Qingxiang was made prefect of Shun Prefecture and Qie Qing prefect of Luo Prefecture. Three Hexi affiliated clans including Zhelejuema offered a thousand elite troops and three hundred horses for the campaign; Lan Prefecture was ordered to reassure them. Huan Prefecture's White Horse clan, fighting Li Jiqian and repeatedly shifting camp, ran short of food and was given grain. The court also ordered affiliated tribes at Hongde Stockade resettled inland with farmland and rations.
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五月，唐龍鎮上言：鎮有貿易於府州者，爲州人邀殺，盡奪資畜。 乃詔府州自今許令互市，切加存撫。 六月，瓦窯、沒劑、如羅、昧克等族濟河擊敗繼遷黨，優詔撫問。 七月，補野狸族首領子阿宜爲懷安將軍。 八月，原、渭等州言本界戎人來附者八部二十五族，今詣吏納質。 以環州蘇尚娘子孽娘爲臨州刺史。 府州八族都校明義等言，屢于麟州屈野川擊繼遷，及緣邊六七柵防遏，皆有克獲。 詔獎齎之，仍令府州常以勁兵援助，勿失機便。
In the fifth month Tanglong garrison reported that traders at Fu Prefecture had been ambushed and killed by locals, who seized all their goods and livestock. The court then ordered Fu Prefecture to open mutual markets and treat the traders with care. In the sixth month the Wayao, Meiji, Ruluo, Meike, and other clans crossed the river and defeated Li Jiqian's allies; the court sent a gracious edict of commendation. In the seventh month A Yi, son of the Yeli chief, was appointed General of Huai'an. In the eighth month Yuan and Wei prefectures reported that eight divisions comprising twenty-five affiliated clans had submitted and were now presenting hostages to local officials. Nie Niang, daughter of Huan Prefecture's Su Shangniang, was made prefect of Lin Prefecture. Mingyi and other commanders of Fu Prefecture's Eight Clans reported repeated victories over Li Jiqian at Qunye River in Lin Prefecture and successful interdiction from six or seven border stockades. The court commended and rewarded them and ordered Fu Prefecture always to send strong reinforcements without missing a chance to strike.
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二年，熟戶旺家族擊夏兵，擒軍主一人以獻。 環州言：「戎人入寇，擊走之，擒酋將慶𡗀送闕下，請斬於槁街。」 上特貰死，配淮南。 原州野狸族首領廝多逋丹卒，其子阿酌代爲首領，且乞奉料。 詔諭以立功則賜之。
In Jingde 2 the registered Wangjia clan defeated Xia forces and presented a captured army commander. Huan Prefecture reported: "Enemy tribes raided; we beat them back and captured chief-general Qingzhao, whom we have sent to court with a request that he be executed at Gaojie." The emperor specially spared his life and exiled him to Huainan. Siduobodan, chief of Yuan Prefecture's Yeli clan, died; his son Azhuo succeeded him and asked for a stipend. An edict told him stipends would follow meritorious service.
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三年，府州折惟昌言兀泥族大首領名崖從父盛佶，爲趙德明白池軍主，密遣使諭名崖雲，德明雖外托修貢之名，而點閱兵馬尤急，必恐劫掠山界，名崖以告。 上嘉之，降詔撫諭，就賜錦袍銀帶。 九月，秦州言野兒和尚族部落尤大，能稟朝命，凡諸族爲寇盜者輒遏絕之，請加旌別。 詔補三砦都首領。 十一月，鎮戎軍曹瑋言叛去酋長蘇尚娘復求歸附。 詔報瑋曰：「尚娘反覆無信，特恐狙詐，以誤邊吏，又使德明緣此爲詞，不可納也。」
In Jingde 3 Zhe Weichang of Fu Prefecture reported that Shengji, uncle of Wuni great chief Mingya and a Baichi army commander under Zhao Deming, had secretly warned Mingya that Deming, though professing tribute, was urgently mustering troops and likely planned raids on the mountain frontier; Mingya had reported this. The emperor praised the report, sent an edict of reassurance, and granted brocade robes and silver belts on the spot. In the ninth month Qin Prefecture reported that the large Ye'er Heshang clan obeyed the court and blocked other tribes from raiding, and asked that they be specially honored. An edict appointed him chief overseer of three stockades. In the eleventh month Cao Wei of Zhenrong Army reported that the renegade chief Su Shangniang was again asking to submit. The court replied to Wei: "Shangniang has proven faithless time and again; I fear a ruse that would mislead our border officers and give Deming an excuse—do not accept him."
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四年，唐龍鎮羌族來美與其叔璘不葉，召契丹破之，來依府州。 璘、美非大族，嘗持兩端，頃亦寇鈔近界，發兵趣之，則走河之東曰東壥，契丹加兵，則入河之西曰西壥，地極險阻，介卒騎兵所不能及。 至是，上亦憫其窮而款塞，特優容之。 會契丹使至，即令諭其事，仍還所掠璘、美人畜。 其族人懷正又與璘互相讎劫，側近帳族不寧，詔遣使召而盟之，依本俗法和斷。
In Jingde 4 Laimai, a Qiang of Tanglong garrison, feuded with his uncle Lin, called in the Khitan to destroy him, and fled to Fu Prefecture. Lin and Laimai were minor clans that had long played both sides and lately raided the frontier; when troops approached they fled east of the river to East Zhan, and when the Khitan reinforced they slipped west to West Zhan—country so rugged that even light cavalry could not follow. The emperor, pitying their destitution and their submission at the border, treated them with special leniency. When a Khitan envoy arrived, the court had him instructed in the matter and ordered the return of people and livestock taken from Lin and Laimai. Their kinsman Huaizheng then feuded with Lin in reciprocal raids, unsettling neighboring camps; the court sent an envoy to summon both sides, bind them by oath, and settle the dispute under tribal law.
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大中祥符元年，鄜延鈐轄言，小湖臥浪族軍主最處近塞，往時出師皆命爲前鋒，甚著誠節。 詔補侍禁。 二年六月，麟府鈐轄言杜慶族依援唐龍鎮，數侵別帳，請發熟戶兵擊之。 上曰：「戎落皆吾民也，宜以道撫之。」 不許。 其年，兀泥族大首領名崖同府州折惟昌入貢，上親加撫問，特詔副都知張繼能賜射于瓊林苑。 四年，藏才西族、中族首領奴移、橫全等並遣子來朝。 五年，環慶熟戶有酗酒劫奪使臣馬櫻者，上怒，令部署司重罰之。
In Dazhong Xiangfu 1 the Fuyan military commissioner reported that the Xiaohu Wolang clan's army commander, posted nearest the border, had always served as vanguard on campaign and had shown outstanding loyalty. An edict appointed him Palace Attendant. In the sixth month of Xiangfu 2 the Linfu military commissioner reported that the Du Qing clan, backed by Tanglong garrison, had repeatedly raided neighboring tents and asked for registered tribal troops to suppress them. The emperor said: "These frontier peoples are all our subjects; they should be governed with kindness." The request was denied. That year Wuni great chief Mingya came in tribute with Zhe Weichang of Fu Prefecture; the emperor received them personally, and a special edict granted Deputy Capital Gate Director Zhang Jineng an archery display at Qilin Garden. In Xiangfu 4 chiefs Nuyi and Hengquan of the Cangcai Western and Middle clans sent their sons to court. In Xiangfu 5 drunken registered tribesmen of Huanqing robbed envoy Ma Ying's horses; the emperor was furious and ordered the deployment office to punish them severely.
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六年，北界克山軍主率衆過大里河侵熟戶，爲羅勒族都囉擊走之。 詔以都囉爲本族指揮使，且諭邊臣約飭族帳，謹守疆界，勿出境追襲。 九月，夏州略去熟戶旺家族首領都子等來歸，隨而至者又三族，遣使存勞之。
In Xiangfu 6 a northern Keshan army commander crossed the Dali River to raid registered tribes and was beaten back by Duluo, chief overseer of the Luole clan. Duluo was made clan commander, and border officials were told to restrain their tribes, hold the line, and not pursue across the frontier. In the ninth month Du Zi, chief of the Wangjia registered tribe raided from Xia Prefecture, and others submitted; three more clans followed, and envoys were sent to welcome them.
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七年，涇原鈐轄曹瑋請署熟戶百帳以上大首領爲本族軍主，次指揮使，又次副指揮使，百帳而下爲本族指揮使，從之。 五月，瑋言葉市族大首領豔奴歸順。 七月，瑋又言北界萬子族謀鈔略，發兵逆之，大敗於天麻川，又爲魏埋等族掩擊，殺其酋帥，斬首千餘級。 八年，北界酋長、指揮使浪梅娘等來投，諭邊臣令追取熟戶亡入北界者，即遣還梅娘。
In Xiangfu 7 Jingyuan military commissioner Cao Wei proposed that registered chiefs of clans over a hundred tents be named clan army commanders, with commanders, deputy commanders, and chiefs of smaller clans ranked below; the court agreed. In the fifth month Wei reported that Yeshi great chief Yannu had submitted. In the seventh month Wei reported that the northern Wanzi clan planned a raid; his troops intercepted and routed them at Tianma River, and Weimai and other clans ambushed the survivors, killing their chiefs and taking more than a thousand heads. In Xiangfu 8 northern chiefs and commanders including Lang Meiniang defected; border officials were ordered to recover registered tribesmen who had fled north and return them to Meiniang.
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九年，羌兵寇小力族，巡檢李文貞率兵奮擊，追斬籍遇太保首級，賜文貞錦袍銀帶。 五月，北界毛屍族軍主浪埋、骨咩族酋長癿唱、巢迷族酋長馮移埋率其屬千一百九十口、牛馬雜畜千八百歸附，降詔撫之。
In Xiangfu 9 Qiang raiders struck the Xiaoli clan; inspector Li Wenzhen attacked fiercely, pursued and killed Jiyu Taibao, and was rewarded with a brocade robe and silver belt. In the fifth month northern Maoshi army commander Langmai, Gumei chief Qiechang, and Chaomi chief Feng Yimai led 1,190 followers and 1,800 head of livestock in submission; the court sent an edict of welcome.
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天禧元年，環州言北界騎兵數千來剽熟戶，擊走之。 二年，涇原路言樊家族九門都首領客廝鐸內屬，以廝鐸爲軍主。 三年，鄜延路言亡去熟戶委乞等六百九十五人，及骨咩、大門等族來歸。 四年正月，又言宥州羌族臘兒率衆劫熟戶咩魏族，金明都監李士彬擊之，斬臘兒，梟七十二級，俘餘衆，獲甲馬三百餘。 五月，小湖族都虞候喏嵬、巡檢胡懷節等擊賊有功，並進秩。 環州七臼族軍主近膩納質歸化，以近膩領順州刺史，首領惹都等十五人補官有差。 七月，撲咩族馬訛等率屬來附。 十月，以淮安鎮六族都軍主乞埋爲三班借職，充羌部巡檢。 五年，北界羅骨等劫剽熟戶，環慶部署田敏追擊之，俘獲甚衆，詔獎敏等，賜器幣。
In Tianxi 1 Huan Prefecture reported that several thousand northern horsemen had raided registered tribes and been driven off. In Tianxi 2 the Jingyuan circuit reported that Kesiduo, Jiumen chief overseer of the Fan clan, had submitted; he was made army commander. In Tianxi 3 the Fuyan circuit reported that 695 defected registered tribesmen including Weiqi and the Gumei and Daman clans had returned. In the first month of Tianxi 4 the circuit also reported that You Prefecture Qiang chief Lae'er had raided the registered Miewei clan; Jinming supervisor Li Shibin attacked, killed Lae'er, displayed seventy-two heads, captured the rest, and took more than three hundred horses and sets of armor. In the fifth month Xiaohu deputy inspector Nuowei, inspector Hu Huaijie, and others were promoted for distinguished service against the rebels. Jinni, army commander of Huan Prefecture's Qijiu clan, submitted a hostage and pledged allegiance; he was made prefect of Shun Prefecture, and fifteen chiefs including Redu received appointments of varying rank. In the seventh month Ma E of the Pumie clan and others led their people in submission. In the tenth month Qimai, chief army commander of Huai'an garrison's Six Clans, was given Third-Rank Acting Office and appointed Qiang frontier inspector. In Tianxi 5 northern Luogu and others raided registered tribes; Huanqing deployment commissioner Tian Min pursued them and took many captives; the court commended Tian and his men and granted gifts.