Volume 492 Biographies 251: Foreign States 8 - Gusiluo of Tubo, Dongzhan, Aligu, Xiazheng, Zhao Sizhong

吐蕃〈（唃廝囉董氈阿裏骨瞎征趙思忠）〉

Tubo (Gusiluo, Dongzhan, Aligu, Xiazheng, Zhao Sizhong)

〈（唃廝囉董氈阿裏骨瞎征趙思忠）〉

(Gusiluo, Dongzhan, Aligu, Xiazheng, Zhao Sizhong)

吐蕃本漢西羌之地，其種落莫知所出。或雲南涼禿發利鹿孤之後，其子孫以禿發為國號，語訛故謂之吐蕃。唐貞觀後，常來朝貢。至德後，因安、史之亂，遂陷河西、隴右之地。大中三年，其國宰相論恐熱以秦、原、安樂及石門等七關來歸。四年，又克成、維、扶三州。五年，其國沙州刺史張義潮以瓜、沙、伊、肅十一州之地來獻。唐末，瓜、沙之地復為所隔。然而其國亦自衰弱，族種分散，大者數千家，小者百十家，無復統一矣。自儀、渭、涇、原、環、慶及鎮戎、秦州暨於靈、夏皆有之，各有首領，內屬者謂之熟戶，餘謂之生戶。涼州雖為所隔，然其地自置牧守，或請命於中朝。

Tubo occupied what had been the Western Qiang lands in Han times, but the origins of its tribes remain unknown. Some hold that they were descended from Tufa Lilugu of Southern Liang, whose line took Tufa as its dynastic name—a term that, through phonetic corruption, came to be pronounced Tubo. After the Zhenguan reign of Tang, they regularly sent tribute missions to court. After the Zhide reign, the An-Shi Rebellion enabled them to overrun Hexi and Longyou. In the third year of Dazhong (849), the Tubo chancellor Lun Qinre submitted Qin, Yuan, Anle, Shimen, and four other frontier passes—seven in all. The next year they also recovered the prefectures of Cheng, Wei, and Fu. In the fifth year (851), Shazhou prefect Zhang Yichao offered up the territory of eleven prefectures—Gua, Sha, Yi, Su, and seven others. By the end of Tang, Gua and Sha were once again severed from the dynasty. Yet Tubo itself had grown feeble: tribes splintered into groups of a few thousand households at most and as few as a hundred or ten, and no central authority remained. They were found from Yi, Wei, Jing, Yuan, Huan, and Qing through Zhenrong and Qinzhou to Lingzhou and Xiazhou, each band under its own chief; those who had submitted were called subject tribes, the rest raw tribes. Though Liangzhou lay beyond imperial reach, the city still appointed its own local administrators and sometimes petitioned the central court for recognition.

天成中，權知西涼府留後孫超遣大將拓拔承誨來貢，明宗召見，承誨云：「涼州東距靈武千里，西北至甘州五百里。舊有鄆人二千五百為戍兵，及黃巢之亂，遂為阻絕。超及城中漢戶百餘，皆戍兵之子孫也。其城今方幅數里，中有縣令、判官、都押衙、都知、兵馬使，衣服言語略如漢人。」即授超涼州刺史，充河西軍節度留後。乾祐初，超卒，州人推其土人折逋嘉施權知留後，遣使來貢，即以嘉施代超為留後。

During the Tiancheng era (926–930), Sun Chao, acting prefect of Western Liang, sent his general Tuoba Chenghui to court with tribute. Emperor Mingzong received him, and Chenghui reported: "Liangzhou lies a thousand li east of Lingwu and five hundred li northwest of Ganzhou. It once held a garrison of twenty-five hundred men from Yun Prefecture, but the Huang Chao uprising severed all contact with the interior. Sun Chao and the hundred-odd Han households still in the city were all descendants of that garrison. The walled city now spans several li; inside are a county magistrate, aides, a chief military adjutant, clerks, and a horse-and-arms commissioner, and its people dress and speak much like Han Chinese." The court thereupon appointed Sun Chao prefect of Liangzhou and acting military governor of the Hexi Army. Early in the Qianyou era (948–950), Sun Chao died. The locals elevated the native leader Zhebo Jiashi as acting military governor and sent tribute to court; Jiashi was confirmed in Sun Chao's post.

涼州郭外數十里，尚有漢民陷沒者耕作，餘皆吐蕃。其州帥稍失民情，則眾皆嘯聚。城內有七級木浮圖，其帥急登之，紿其眾曰：「爾若迫我，我即自焚於此矣。」眾惜浮圖，乃盟而舍之。周廣順三年，始以申帥厚為河西節度。帥厚初至涼州，奏請授吐蕃首領折逋支等官，並從之。顯德中，師厚為其所迫，擅還朝，坐貶。涼州亦不復命帥。

Within a few dozen li of Liangzhou's walls, stranded Han farmers still worked the fields; beyond them lived only Tubo peoples. Whenever the prefect lost popular support, the people would rise in armed assembly. The city held a seven-story wooden pagoda. When a commander was cornered, he would rush up it and warn the mob: "Press me further and I shall burn myself alive on this spot." The people, unwilling to lose the pagoda, swore an oath and released him. In the third year of Guangshun (953), Zhou appointed Shen Shuaihou military governor of Hexi. On reaching Liangzhou, Shuaihou petitioned to confer official titles on Tubo chiefs including Zhebo Zhi; the court approved every nomination. During Xiande (954–955), pressure from the locals forced Shuaihou to abandon his post and return to court without leave; he was punished with demotion. Liangzhou thereafter received no further imperial commanders.

建隆二年，靈武五部以橐駝良馬致貢，來離等八族酋長越嵬等護送入界，敕書獎諭。秦州首領尚波於傷殺采造務卒，知州高防捕係其黨四十七人，以狀聞。上乃以吳廷祚為雄武軍節度代防安輯之，令廷祚齎敕書賜尚波於等曰：「朝廷製置邊防，撫寧部落，務令安集，豈有侵漁？曩者秦州設置三砦，止以采取材木，供億京師，雖在蕃漢之交，不妨牧放之利。汝等占據木植，傷殺軍人。近得高防奏汝等見已拘執，聽候進止。朕以汝等久輸忠順，必悔前非，特示懷柔，各從寬宥。已令吳廷祚往伸安撫及還舊地。所宜共體恩旨，各歸本族。」仍以錦袍銀帶賜之，尚波於等感悅。是年秋，乃獻伏羌地。

In the second year of Jianlong (961), the five divisions of Lingwu sent fine Bactrian camels and horses as tribute; chiefs of eight tribes, including Laili and Yuewei, escorted the gifts to the frontier, and the emperor issued a commendatory edict. The Qinzhou chieftain Shang Boyu killed men of the timber-collection detachment; Prefect Gao Fang seized forty-seven of his followers and reported the incident. The emperor appointed Wu Tingzuo military governor of the Xiongwu Army to replace Gao Fang and restore order, and sent him with an edict for Shang Boyu and his people: "The court has organized the frontier and sought to settle the tribes in peace. How could we tolerate encroachment upon them? The three stockades at Qinzhou were established only to harvest timber for the capital. Though they stand on the frontier between our peoples, they were never meant to interfere with your grazing rights. Yet you seized that timber by force and killed imperial soldiers. Gao Fang has just reported that your leaders are in custody, awaiting my decision. Because you have long shown loyalty, I trust you will repent this offense. I therefore extend clemency and grant you all a full pardon. Wu Tingzuo has been sent to reassure your people and restore your former territories. Accept this grace in full and return each to your own tribe." Brocade robes and silver belts were added to the gifts, and Shang Boyu and his people were deeply gratified. That autumn they surrendered the Fuqiang region.

乾德四年，知西涼府折逋葛支上言：「有回鶻二百餘人、漢僧六十餘人自朔方路來，為部落劫略。僧雲欲往天竺取經，並送達甘州訖。」詔褒答之。五年，首領閭逋哥、督廷、督南、割野、麻裏六人來貢馬。開寶六年，涼州令步奏官僧吝氈聲、逋勝拉蠲二人求通道於涇州以申朝貢，詔涇州令牙將至涼州慰撫之。八年，秦州大石、小石族寇土門，略居民，知州張炳擊走之。

In the fourth year of Qiande (966), Zhebo Gezhi, acting prefect of Western Liang, reported: "Over two hundred Uyghurs and more than sixty Han monks traveling the Shuofang route were robbed by local tribes. The monks said they were bound for India to obtain scriptures; we escorted them as far as Ganzhou." The court issued a commendatory reply. In the fifth year (967), six chiefs—Lübuge, Duting, Dunan, Geye, and Mali—presented horses as tribute. In the sixth year of Kaibao (973), two Liangzhou envoys, Linzhansheng and Boshenglajuan, petitioned for safe passage through Jingzhou so they could reach court with tribute; the emperor ordered Jingzhou to dispatch a military adjutant to Liangzhou to receive them. In the eighth year (975), the Large Stone and Small Stone clans of Qinzhou raided Tumen and looted civilians until Prefect Zhang Bing repelled them.

太平興國二年，秦州安家族寇長山，巡檢使韋韜擊走之。三年，秦州諸族數來寇略三陽、┒穰、弓門等砦，監軍巡檢使周承晉、任德明、耿仁恩等會兵擊敗之，斬首數十級，腰斬不用命卒九人於境上。太宗乃詔曰：「秦州內屬三族等頃慕華風，聿求內附，俾之安輯，咸遂底寧。近聞乘蕃育之資，稔寇攘之志，敢忘大惠，來撓邊疆。豈朕信之未孚，而吏撫之不至？並蠲釁咎，特示威懷。今後或更剽剠，吏即捕治，置之於法，不須以聞。」是年，又寇八狼砦，巡檢劉崇讓擊敗之，梟其帥王泥豬首以徇。三月，小遇族寇慶州，知州慕容德豐擊走之。八年，諸種以馬來獻，太宗召其酋長對於崇政殿，厚加慰撫，賜以束帛，因謂宰相曰：「吐蕃言語不通，衣服異制，朕常以禽獸畜之。自唐室以來，頗為邊患。以國家兵力雄盛，聊舉偏師，便可驅逐數千里外。但念其種類蕃息，安土重遷，倘因攘除，必致殺戮，所以置於度外，存而勿論也。」九年秋，秦州言蕃部以羊馬來獻，各已宴犒，欲用茶絹答其直。詔從之。

In the second year of Taiping Xingguo (977), the Anjia clan of Qinzhou raided Changshan; Patrol Inspector Wei Tao drove them back. In the third year (978), Qinzhou tribes repeatedly raided the stockades at Sanyang, Jirang, Gongmen, and elsewhere. Military supervisors and patrol inspectors Zhou Chengjin, Ren Deming, and Geng Ren'en combined their forces, killed dozens of raiders, and executed nine insubordinate soldiers by waist-cutting at the frontier. Emperor Taizong then proclaimed: "The three subject tribes of Qinzhou and their neighbors lately turned toward Chinese civilization and sought to submit. We settled them in peace. Yet now, emboldened by their herds, they have taken to raiding again, forgetting our great kindness and harassing the border. Has my trust failed to reach them, or have my officials fallen short in their care? I forgive all past offenses and again extend both firmness and mercy. If they raid again, local officials may arrest and punish them by law without awaiting further orders from court." That same year they raided Balang Stockade; Patrol Inspector Liu Chongrang routed them and exposed the head of their chief Wang Nizhu as a warning. In the third month, the Xiaoyu clan raided Qingzhou; Prefect Murong Defeng repelled them. In the eighth year (983), various tribes presented horses. Taizong received their chiefs in the Chongzheng Hall, treated them generously, and bestowed silk. He then told his chief ministers: "The Tubo speak another tongue and dress differently; I have always regarded them much as one would birds and beasts. Since Tang times they have been a persistent frontier menace. With our armies as strong as they are today, a single detached column could drive them a thousand li and more. Yet they multiply on their own soil and are loath to leave it; any attempt to uproot them would mean slaughter on a vast scale. That is why I leave them beyond the pale of our concern—let them remain, and speak no more of it." That autumn Qinzhou reported that frontier tribes had presented sheep and horses; the prefect had already feasted them and wished to pay them in tea and silk. The emperor approved.

淳化元年，秦州大、小馬家族獻地內附。二年，權知西涼州、左廂押蕃落副使折逋阿喻丹來貢。先是，殿直丁惟清往涼州市馬，惟清至而境大豐稔，因為其所留。靈州命蕃落軍使崔仁遇往迎惟清。又吐蕃賣馬還過靈州，為党項所略，表訴其事，因請留惟清至來年同入朝。詔答之。四年，阿喻丹死，以其弟喻龍波為保順郎將代其任。五年，折平族大首領、護遠州軍鑄督延巴率六穀諸族馬千餘匹來貢。既辭，復撾登聞鼓，言儀州八族首領逋波鵄等侵奪地土。上降敕書告諭之。知秦州溫仲舒上言，每歲伐木，多為蕃族攘奪，今已驅其部落於渭北。太宗慮生邊患，乃以知鳳翔薛惟吉對易其任，語見《惟吉傳》。是年春，知西涼府左廂押蕃落副使折逋喻龍波、振武軍都羅族大首領並來貢馬。

In the first year of Chunhua (990), the Large and Small Ma clans of Qinzhou surrendered their lands and submitted. In the second year (991), Zhebo Ayudan, acting prefect of Western Liangzhou and deputy commissioner of the left wing for Fan tribes, came to court with tribute. Earlier, Palace Attendant Ding Weiqing had gone to Liangzhou to buy horses. The region was enjoying a bumper harvest, and the locals detained him. Lingzhou dispatched Fan-tribe Army Commissioner Cui Renyu to fetch him. Tubo horse traders passing back through Lingzhou were robbed by the Tangut; they petitioned the court and asked that Ding Weiqing remain until the following year so they could enter court together. The court assented. In the fourth year (993), Ayudan died; his younger brother Yulongbo was appointed Langjiang of Baoshun to succeed him. In the fifth year (994), Yanba, great chief of the Zheping clan and supervisor of the Huyuanzhou foundry, brought more than a thousand horses from the Six Valleys tribes as tribute. After his audience he struck the Denunciation Drum, charging that chiefs of Yizhou's eight tribes, including Tubo'e, had seized his people's lands. The emperor issued an edict of admonition. Acting Qinzhou Prefect Wen Zhongshu reported that each year's timber harvest was repeatedly seized by frontier tribes; he had now driven those tribes north of the Wei River. Fearing fresh border troubles, Taizong transferred him and appointed Xue Weiji of Fengxiang in his place, as related in Xue's biography. That spring Zhebo Yulongbo, deputy commissioner of the Western Liang left wing, and the great chief of Zhenwu Army's Duoluo clan both presented horses at court.

至道元年，涼州蕃部當尊以良馬來貢，引對慰撫，加賜當尊虎皮一，歡呼致謝。二年四月，折平族首領握散上言，部落為李繼遷所侵，願會兵靈州以備討擊，賜幣以答之。七月，西涼府押蕃落副使折逋喻龍波上言，蕃部頻為繼遷侵略，乃與吐蕃都部署沒暇拽於會六穀蕃眾來朝，且獻名馬。上厚賜之。是歲，涼州復來請帥，詔以丁惟清知州事，賜以牌印。

In the first year of Zhidao (995), the Liangzhou chieftain Dangzun presented fine horses. Received in audience and richly rewarded, he was given a tiger pelt and shouted his thanks in delight. In the fourth month of the second year (996), Zheping chief Wosan reported that Li Jiqian was raiding his people and offered to rendezvous at Lingzhou for a joint campaign; the court rewarded him with silks. In the seventh month Yulongbo reported repeated Tangut raids and arrived at court with the Tubo frontier commander Moxiazhuaiyu and leaders of the Six Valleys tribes, presenting fine horses as tribute. The emperor rewarded them generously. That year Liangzhou again petitioned for an imperial commander; the court appointed Ding Weiqing acting prefect and granted him official plaque and seal.

咸平元年十一月，河西軍左廂副使、歸德將軍折逋遊龍缽來朝。遊龍缽四世受朝命為酋，雖貢方物，未嘗自行，今始至，獻馬二千餘匹。河西軍即古涼州，東至故原州千五百里，南至雪山、吐谷渾、蘭州界三百五十里，西至甘州同城界六百里，北至部落三百里。周回平川二千里。舊領姑臧、神烏、蕃禾、昌鬆、嘉麟五縣，戶二萬五千六百九十三，口十二萬八千一百九十三。今有漢民三百戶。城周回十五里，如鳳形，相傳李軌舊治也。皆龍缽自述雲。詔以龍缽為安遠大將軍。

In the eleventh month of the first year of Xianping (998), Zhebo Youlongbo, deputy of the Hexi Army's left wing and General of Guide, arrived at court. For four generations his line had held imperial appointment as chiefs and sent tribute, but none had ever come in person. Youlongbo was the first to do so, bringing more than two thousand horses. The Hexi Army is ancient Liangzhou: fifteen hundred li east to former Yuanzhou; three hundred fifty li south to the Snow Mountains, Tuyuhun, and the Lanzhou frontier; six hundred li west to Ganzhou; three hundred li north to the tribal lands. The surrounding plain extends two thousand li. It once administered five counties—Guzang, Shenwu, Fanhe, Changsong, and Jialin—with 25,693 households and 128,193 persons. Today only three hundred Han households remain. The walled city measures fifteen li around and is said to resemble a phoenix—the traditional seat, it is said, of Li Gui. All of this came from Youlongbo's own report. The court appointed him Grand General of Pacifying the Distance.

二年，以儀州延蒙八部都首領渴哥領化州刺史，首領透逋等為懷化郎將。四年，知鎮戎軍李繼和言，西涼府六穀都首領潘羅支願戮力討繼遷，請授以刺史，仍給廩祿。經略使張齊賢又請封六穀王兼招討使。上以問宰相，皆曰：「羅支已為酋帥，授刺史太輕；未領節制，加王爵非順；招討使號不可假外夷。」乃以為鹽州防禦使兼靈州西面都巡檢使。時西涼使來，且言六穀分左右廂，左廂副使折逋遊龍缽實參羅支戎事。朝廷方務綏懷，又以龍缽領宥州刺史，六族首領褚下箕等三人為懷化將軍。其年，潘羅支遣部下李萬山率兵討賊，貽書繼和請師期。先是，遣宋沆、梅詢等為安撫使、副，未行，上謂宰相曰：「朕看《盟會圖》，頗記吐蕃反覆狼子野心之事。今已議王超等領甲馬援靈州，若難為追襲，即靈州便可製置，沆等不須遣，止走一使以會兵告之。」

In the second year (999), Kege, paramount chief of Yizhou's eight Yanmeng tribes, was appointed prefect of Huazhou, and chiefs including Toubo were made Langjiang of Huaihua. In the fourth year (1001), Zhenrong commander Li Jihe reported that Panluozhi, paramount chief of Western Liang's Six Valleys, offered to join the campaign against Li Jiqian and asked to be made prefect with a state stipend. Frontier Commissioner Zhang Qixian further proposed enfeoffing him as King of the Six Valleys and appointing him Pacification Commissioner. The emperor consulted his chief ministers, who replied: "Panluozhi is already a tribal paramount chief—to make him a mere prefect is too slight an honor; he holds no military commission yet—conferring a royal title would be irregular; and the title of Pacification Commissioner must not be granted to foreign peoples." He was therefore appointed Defense Commissioner of Yanzhou and Chief Frontier Inspector on the western approaches to Lingzhou. A Western Liang envoy then reported that the Six Valleys were organized in left and right wings and that Youlongbo, deputy of the left wing, in fact shared Panluozhi's military command. As the court pursued a policy of conciliation, Youlongbo was also made prefect of Youzhou, and three chiefs of six tribes, including Chuxiaji, were appointed Generals of Huaihua. That year Panluozhi dispatched Li Wanshan with troops against the Tangut and wrote to Li Jihe to arrange a joint operation. Earlier the court had appointed Song Hang and Mei Xun as Pacification Commissioner and deputy, though they had not yet departed. The emperor told his ministers: "I have been studying the Alliance Chart and am well reminded of how fickle and treacherous the Tubo have always been. We have already decided that Wang Chao and others shall lead troops to relieve Lingzhou. If pursuit proves difficult, Lingzhou can be secured without them—there is no need to send Hang and his party; dispatch a single envoy to arrange the joint campaign."

五年十月，羅支又言賊遷送鐵箭誘臣部族，已戮一人、縶一人，聽朝旨。詔褒諭之，聽自處置。十一月，使來，貢馬五千匹。詔厚給馬價，別賜彩百段、茶百斤。六年，又遣咩逋族蕃官成逋馳騎至鎮戎軍，請會兵討賊。邊臣疑成逋詐，護送部署司，成逋懼，逸馬墜崖死。上聞，甚歎息之，曰：「此泥埋之子，族人畏其勇，父子皆有戰功，凡再詣闕，朕皆召見，獎其向化。」詔劾鎮戎官吏，仍令渭州以禮葬之。其年，原、渭蕃部三十二族納質來歸。羅支又遣蕃官吳福聖臘來貢，表言感朝廷恩信，憤繼遷倔強，已集騎兵六萬，乞會王師收復靈州。乃以羅支為朔方軍節度、靈州西面都巡檢使，賜以鎧甲器幣。又以吳福聖臘為安遠將軍，次首領兀佐等七人為懷化將軍。羅支屢請王師助擊賊，議者以西涼去渭州限河路遠，不可預約師期。上曰：「繼遷常在地斤三山之東，每來寇邊，及官軍出，則已遁去。使六穀部族近塞捍禦，與官軍合勢，亦國家之利。」降詔許之。六月，知渭州曹瑋言隴山西延家族首領禿逋等納馬立誓，乞隨王師討賊，以漢法治蕃部，且稱其忠。詔授本族軍主。八月，者龍族首領來貢名馬，上嘉其嘗與潘羅支協力抗賊，令復優待之。其年十一月，繼遷攻西蕃，遂入西涼府，知州丁惟清陷沒。羅支偽降，未幾，集六穀諸豪及者龍族合擊繼遷。繼遷大敗，中流矢遁死。

In the tenth month of the fifth year (1002), Panluozhi reported that Li Jiqian had sent iron arrows to lure away his followers; he had executed one man and imprisoned another, and awaited the court's orders. The court commended him and authorized him to act as he saw fit. In the eleventh month his envoys arrived with five thousand horses as tribute. The court paid generously for the horses and additionally granted a hundred bolts of silk and a hundred jin of tea. In the sixth year (1003) he again sent the Miebo tribal officer Chengbo at full gallop to Zhenrong Army to request a joint campaign against the Tangut. Frontier officials suspected treachery and escorted him under guard to headquarters. Terrified, Chengbo spurred his horse over a cliff and was killed. On hearing this the emperor sighed deeply and said: "He was a son of the Nimai clan, feared by his people for his valor. Father and son had both won distinction in battle. He had come to court twice, and each time I received him and praised his turn toward civilization." He censured the Zhenrong officials and ordered Weizhou to bury Chengbo with full honors. That year thirty-two Yuan and Wei frontier tribes sent hostages and submitted. Panluozhi again sent the tribal officer Wu Fushengla with tribute. In his memorial he declared himself grateful for the court's favor, furious at Li Jiqian's obstinacy, and ready with sixty thousand horsemen; he asked to join the imperial forces in retaking Lingzhou. Panluozhi was appointed military commissioner of the Shuofang Army and chief frontier inspector west of Lingzhou, and received armor and ceremonial gifts. Wu Fushengla was made General of Pacifying the Distant, and seven subordinate chiefs including Wuzuo were made Generals of Cherishing Transformation. Panluozhi repeatedly asked for imperial troops to join the campaign, but critics argued that Xiliang lay too far from Weizhou across river and road to fix a joint rendezvous in advance. The emperor said: "Li Jiqian usually operates east of the Dijin Three Mountains. Whenever he raids the frontier and our troops march out, he is already gone. If the Liugu tribes hold the frontier and fight alongside our troops, that serves the state as well." An edict approved the request. In the sixth month, Cao Wei, prefect of Weizhou, reported that Tupu and other chiefs of the Yan clan west of Longshan had sworn allegiance with horse offerings, asked to join the imperial campaign, pledged to govern their tribes under Han law, and were commended for their loyalty. The court appointed him military chief of his tribe. In the eighth month a Zhelong chief presented famous horses in tribute. The emperor praised his past cooperation with Panluozhi against the Tangut and ordered that he again receive favorable treatment. That November Li Jiqian attacked the western tribes and took Xiliang Prefecture; Prefect Ding Weiqing was killed. Panluozhi feigned submission, then soon rallied the Liugu magnates and the Zhelong tribe for a joint attack on Li Jiqian. Li Jiqian was routed, struck by a stray arrow, and died in flight.

者龍凡十三族，而六族附迷般囑及日逋吉羅丹。西涼府既聞羅支遇害，乃率龕穀、蘭州、宗哥、覓諾諸族攻者龍六族，六族悉竄山谷中，詔使者安集之。六穀諸豪乃議立羅支弟廝鐸督為首領。且言鐸督剛決平恕，每會戎首，設觴豆飲食必先卑者，犯令雖至親不貸，數更戰討，威名甚著。詔授鐸督鹽州防禦使、靈州西面沿邊都大巡檢使。上以遷黨未平，藉其腹背攻製，遂加鐸督朔方軍節度、押蕃落等使、西涼府六穀大首領。

The Zhelong comprised thirteen tribes in all; six of them followed Mibanshu and Ripojiluodan. Learning of Panluozhi's death, Xiliang Prefecture led the Kan'gu, Lanzhou, Zongge, and Minnuo tribes against the six Zhelong tribes, who all fled into the hills. The court sent envoys to pacify and resettle them. The Liugu magnates then chose Panluozhi's younger brother Siduodu as their leader. They praised Siduodu as firm yet fair: at gatherings of tribal chiefs he always served the humblest first; he showed no mercy even to kin who broke his orders; and his fame had grown through many campaigns. Siduodu was appointed Defender of Yanzhou and chief grand frontier inspector along the western border of Lingzhou. With Li Jiqian's followers still unrestful, the emperor sought to use Siduodu to pin them from both sides and therefore further appointed him military commissioner of the Shuofang Army, commissioner for overseeing the Fan tribes, and great chief of the Six Valleys of Xiliang Prefecture.

涇原路言隴山縣王、狸、延三族歸順。又渭州言龕穀、懶家族首領尊氈磨壁餘龍及便囑等獻名馬，願率所部助討不附者；又言西涼市馬道出本族，自今保無他虞。詔賜馬直，以便囑等為郎將。石、隰州又言河西諸蕃四十五族內附。其年，遷黨寇永寧，為藥令族合蘇擊敗之，斬首百餘級。鎮戎軍上言，先叛去蕃官茄羅、兀贓、成王等三族及<者多>移軍主率屬歸順，請獻馬贖罪，特詔宥之。

Jingyuan Circuit reported that the Wang, Li, and Yan tribes of Longshan County had submitted. Weizhou also reported that Zunzhanmobiyulong of the Kan'gu and Lan clans and Bianshu and others presented fine horses and offered to lead their followers against those who refused submission; and added that the Xiliang horse-trade route ran through their lands, which they pledged to keep secure hereafter. The court paid for the horses and made Bianshu and the others Lang generals. Shi and Xizhou also reported that forty-five Hexi frontier tribes had submitted. That year Li Jiqian's followers raided Yongning and were defeated by Hesu of the Yaoling tribe, with more than a hundred heads taken. Zhenrong Army reported that the three tribes of the former rebel officers Qieluo, Wuzang, and Chengwang, together with the Enbo tribal military chief and their followers, had returned, offered horses to atone for their crimes, and received a special pardon.

二年，廝鐸督遣其甥嗬昔來貢，仍上與趙德明戰鬥功狀；又言蕃帳周斯那支有智勇，久參謀議，請授以六穀都巡檢使。上嘉獎，從其請，仍賜茶彩。又追錄潘羅支子失吉為歸德將軍，厚賜器幣；者龍七族首領有捍寇之勞，並月給千錢。舊制，弓矢兵器不入外夷。時西涼樣丹族上表求市弓矢，上以樣丹宣力西陲，委以捍蔽，特令渭州給賜。因別賜廝鐸督，以重恩意。

In the second year Siduodu sent his nephew Hexi with tribute and submitted a report of victories against Zhao Deming; he also recommended the tribal chieftain Zhousinazhi as wise and brave, long active in counsel, and asked that he be made chief frontier inspector of the Six Valleys. The emperor praised him, granted the request, and additionally bestowed tea and silk. Panluozhi's son Shiji was posthumously made General of Returning Virtue and richly rewarded with ceremonial goods; and chiefs of the seven Zhelong tribes who had helped repel raids were each granted a monthly stipend of a thousand cash. By longstanding rule, bows, arrows, and weapons were not supplied to foreign tribes. The Yangdan tribe of Xiliang then petitioned to buy bows and arrows. Because Yangdan served on the western frontier as a bulwark against invasion, the emperor specially ordered Weizhou to supply them. Siduodu received a separate grant as well, to deepen the court's favor.

三年，又以者龍族合窮波、黨宗族業羅等為本族首領、檢校太子賓客，皆鐸督外姻也。鐸督遣安化郎將路黎奴來貢。黎奴病於館，特遣尚醫視療。及卒，上憐之，厚加賵給。五月，鐸督又言部落疾疫。詔賜白龍腦、犀角、硫黃、安息香、白紫石英等藥，凡七十六種。使者感悅而去。又製加鐸督檢校太傅，其族帳李波逋等四十九人為檢校太子賓客，充本族首領。鐸督遣所部波機進賣馬，因言積官奉半歲，乞就京給賜市所須物，從之。渭州言妙娥、延家、熟嵬等族率三千餘帳、萬七千餘口及羊馬數萬款塞內附。詔遣使撫勞之，賜以袍帶茶彩，仍以折平族首領撒逋渴為順州刺史，充本族都軍主。是年，宗家、當宗、章迷族來貢，移逋、攃父族歸附。九月，詔釋西面納質戎人。先是，諸蕃有鈔劫為惡嘗經和斷者，恐異時復叛，故收其子弟為質，乃有禁錮終身者。上憫而縱之，族帳感恩，皆稽顙自誓不為邊患。四年，邊臣言趙德明謀劫西涼，襲回鶻。上以六穀、甘州久推忠順，思撫寧之，乃遣使諭廝鐸督令援結回鶻為備，並賜鐸督茶藥、襲衣、金帶及部落物有差。鐸督奉表謝。

In the third year Heqiongbo of the Zhelong tribe and Yeluoluo of the Dangzong clan were again made tribal chiefs and honorary guests of the crown prince—all affinal kin of Siduodu. Siduodu sent the Anhua Lang general Lu Linu with tribute. Linu fell ill at the guest lodge, and an imperial physician was specially sent to treat him. When he died, the emperor took pity on him and granted generous funeral gifts. In the fifth month Siduodu again reported epidemic sickness among his tribes. The court granted white dragon's brain, rhinoceros horn, sulfur, benzoin, white and purple quartz, and other medicines—seventy-six kinds in all. The envoy departed deeply gratified. Siduodu was further made honorary grand tutor, and forty-nine members of his household including Li Bobo were made honorary guests of the crown prince and installed as tribal chiefs. Siduodu sent his follower Boji to sell horses and asked to collect half a year's accumulated stipends in the capital and buy needed goods; the request was granted. Weizhou reported that the Miao'e, Yanjia, and Shurwei tribes had come to the frontier with more than three thousand households, over seventeen thousand people, and tens of thousands of sheep and horses to submit. The court sent envoys to comfort them and granted robes, belts, tea, and silk; Saboke of the Zheping tribe was made Prefect of Shunzhou and chief military commander of his tribe. That year the Zongjia, Dangzong, and Zhangmi tribes sent tribute, and the Yibo and Safu tribes submitted. In the ninth month an edict released the frontier hostages held on the western border. Previously, tribesmen who had raided and been bound by peace settlements had had their sons and brothers taken hostage for fear they might rebel again; some had been imprisoned for life. The emperor took pity and freed them. Grateful, the tribes bowed to the ground and swore they would cause no further trouble on the frontier. In the fourth year frontier officials reported that Zhao Deming planned to seize Xiliang and raid the Uyghurs. Because Liugu and Ganzhou had long been loyal, the emperor sought to reassure them and sent envoys instructing Siduodu to ally with the Uyghurs in defense; Siduodu also received tea, medicines, ceremonial robes, a gold belt, and other gifts for his tribes. Siduodu submitted a memorial of thanks.

三月，秦州曹瑋言熟戶郭廝敦、賞樣丹皆大族，樣丹輒作文法謀叛，廝敦密以告，約半月殺之，至是，果攜樣丹首來。上以廝敦陰害樣丹，不欲明加恩獎，以疑懼諸族。時方議築南使城，遂以廝敦獻地為名，詔授順州刺史。先是，張佶深入蕃境，邊事數擾。及瑋破魚角蟬，戮賞樣丹二酋，由是前拒王師者伏匿避罪，瑋誘召之，許納罰首過。既而至者數千人，凡納馬六十匹，給以匹彩。或以少為訴者，瑋叱之曰：「是贖罪物，汝輩敢希利耶！」戎族聞之，皆畏服。八月，曹瑋言伏羌砦廝雞波與宗哥族李磨論聚為文法，領兵趣之，悉潰散，夷其城帳。九月，瑋又言宗哥唃廝囉、羌族馬波叱臘魚角蟬等率馬銜山、蘭州、龕谷、氈毛山、洮河、河州羌兵至伏羌砦三都谷，即率兵擊敗之，逐北二十里，斬馘千餘級，擒七人，獲馬牛、雜畜、衣服、器仗三萬三千計。吹麻城張族都首領張小哥以功授順州刺史。瑋又言永寧砦隴波、他廝麻二族召納質不從命，率兵擊之，斬首二百級。十一月，詔給秦州七砦熟戶首領、都軍主以下百四十六人告身。

In the third month Cao Wei of Qinzhou reported that the settled tribesmen Guo Sidun and Shangyangdan were both powerful clans. Yangdan had repeatedly organized rebellion under tribal law; Sidun secretly informed on him and agreed to kill him within a fortnight—and now arrived with Yangdan's head. The emperor, unwilling openly to reward Sidun for secretly killing Yangdan, feared that doing so would alarm the other tribes. Plans were then underway to build Nanshi City, so under the pretext of Sidun's land grant he was appointed Prefect of Shunzhou. Previously Zhang Jie had pushed deep into tribal territory and the frontier had been repeatedly unsettled. After Wei defeated Yujiao Chan and executed the chiefs Shang and Yangdan, those who had earlier resisted imperial troops hid to escape punishment. Wei summoned them and promised amnesty if they paid fines and surrendered heads for their crimes. Soon several thousand came forward, presenting sixty horses in all; each received a bolt of colored silk. When some complained the payment was too small, Wei rebuked them: "This is the price of atonement—do you dare haggle for profit!" The tribes heard this and submitted in awe. In the eighth month Cao Wei reported that Sijibo of Fuxiang Stockade and Limolun of the Zongge tribe had organized under tribal law. He marched against them, they scattered, and their camps were destroyed. In the ninth month Wei again reported that Gusiluo of Zongge, the Qiang chieftains Mabo Chila and Yujiao Chan, and others had led Qiang forces from Maxianshan, Lanzhou, Kan'gu, Zhanmaoshan, the Tao River, and Hezhou to Fuxiang Stockade at Sandu Valley. He routed them, pursued them twenty li, took more than a thousand heads, captured seven men, and seized some thirty-three thousand horses, cattle, livestock, garments, and weapons. Zhang Xiaoge, chief of the Zhang clan of Chuima City, was made Prefect of Shunzhou for his service. Wei also reported that the Longbo and Tasima tribes of Yongning Stockade had refused summons to send hostages; he attacked them and took two hundred heads. In the eleventh month an edict granted commissions to one hundred forty-six settled-household chiefs and subordinate commanders of Qinzhou's seven stockades.

唃廝囉者，緒出讚普之後，本名欺南陵溫逋。篯逋猶讚普也，羌語訛為篯逋。生高昌磨榆國，既十二歲，河州羌何郎業賢客高昌，見廝囉貌奇偉，挈以歸，置貢刂心城，而大姓聳昌廝均又以廝囉居移公城，欲於河州立文法。河州人謂佛「唃」，謂兒子「廝囉」，自此名唃廝囉。於是宗哥僧李立遵、邈川大酋溫逋奇略取廝囉如廓州，尊立之。部族浸強，乃徙居宗哥城，立遵為論逋佐之。

Gusiluo traced his line to Zanpu; his original name was Qinanglun. Bianpu is simply Zanpu—the Qiang tongue had corrupted the name to Bianpu. He was born in the Gaochang kingdom of Muyu. At twelve, He Langye, a Hezhou Qiang visiting Gaochang, was struck by Gusiluo's imposing bearing, took him back, and settled him at Gongxin City. The great clan Songchang Sijun also installed Gusiluo at Yigong City, intending to establish tribal law in Hezhou. In the Hezhou tongue "Gu" meant Buddha and "Siluo" meant son; hence he was called Gusiluo. Thereupon the Zongge monk Li Liyizun and the Miaochuan great chief Wenbuqi seized Gusiluo and brought him to Huozhou, where they raised him up as leader. As his following grew stronger he moved to Zongge City and made Li Liyizun his chief minister.

立遵或曰李遵，或曰李立遵，又曰郢成藺逋叱。論逋者，相也。立遵念貪，且喜殺戮，國人不附，既與曹瑋戰三都穀不勝，又襲西涼為所敗。廝囉遂與立遵不協，更徙邈川，以溫逋奇為論逋，有勝兵六七萬，與趙德明抗，希望朝廷恩命。知秦州張佶奏請拒絕。涇原鈐轄曹瑋上言，宜厚唃廝囉以扼德明。而立遵屢表求讚普號，朝議以讚普戎王也，立遵居廝囉下，不應妄予，乃用廝鐸督恩例，授立遵保順軍節度使，賜襲衣、金帶、器幣、鞍馬、鎧甲等。

Li Liyizun is also called Li Zun, again Li Liyizun, and also Yingchenglanbochi. Lunbo means "minister." Li Liyizun was greedy and bloodthirsty, and his people would not follow him. He had already been defeated by Cao Wei at Sandu Valley and had also raided Xiliang and been beaten. Gusiluo then broke with Li Liyizun, moved again to Miaochuan, and made Wenbuqi his minister. With sixty or seventy thousand seasoned troops he stood against Zhao Deming and looked to the court for favor and appointment. Zhang Jie, prefect of Qinzhou, memorialized urging rejection. Cao Wei, frontier commander of Jingyuan, argued that Gusiluo should be treated generously to contain Zhao Deming. Li Liyizun repeatedly petitioned for the title of Zanpu, but court opinion held that Zanpu was the title of a tribal king and that Li Liyizun, ranking below Gusiluo, should not receive it rashly. Following Siduodu's precedent of favor, he was instead made military commissioner of the Baoshun Army and granted ceremonial robes, a gold belt, gifts, saddle horses, armor, and the like.

大中祥符八年，廝囉遺使來貢。詔賜錦袍、金帶、器幣、供帳什物、茶藥有差，凡中金七千兩，他物稱是。其年，廝囉立文法，聚眾數十萬，請討平夏以自效。上以戎人多詐，或生他變，命周文質監涇原軍，曹瑋知秦州兼兩路沿邊安撫使以備之。宗哥城東南至永寧九百一十五里，東北至西涼府五百里，西北至甘州五百里，東至蘭州三百里，南至河州四百一十五里。又東至龕穀五百五十里，又西南至青海四百里，又東至新渭州千八百九十里。九年，廝囉、立遵等獻馬五百八十二匹。詔賜器幣總萬二千計以答之。數使人至秦州求內屬。

In the eighth year of Dazhong Xiangfu (1015), Gusiluo sent envoys with tribute. The court granted brocade robes, a gold belt, ceremonial goods, supplies, tea, and medicines in varying measure—seven thousand taels of gold in all, with other gifts to match. That year Gusiluo established tribal law, mustered several hundred thousand followers, and offered to campaign against Pingxia to prove his loyalty. Fearing the tribes' deceit and further trouble, the emperor ordered Zhou Wenzhi to supervise the Jingyuan army and made Cao Wei prefect of Qinzhou and pacification commissioner on both frontier routes to guard against it. From Zongge City it was nine hundred fifteen li southeast to Yongning, five hundred li northeast to Xiliang Prefecture, five hundred li northwest to Ganzhou, three hundred li east to Lanzhou, and four hundred fifteen li south to Hezhou. Kan'gu lay another five hundred fifty li to the east; Qinghai four hundred li to the southwest; and New Weizhou one thousand eight hundred ninety li to the east. In the ninth year Gusiluo, Li Liyizun, and others presented five hundred eighty-two horses. The court replied with ceremonial goods totaling some twelve thousand pieces. He repeatedly sent envoys to Qinzhou asking to submit to the court.

明道初，即授廝囉寧遠大將軍、愛州團練使，授逋奇歸化將軍。已而逋奇為亂，囚廝囉置阱中，出收不附己者，守阱人間出之。廝囉集兵殺逋奇，徙居青唐。

At the opening of the Mingdao reign Gusiluo was made Great General of Pacifying the Far and regimental commander of Ai Prefecture, and Wenbuqi was made General of Returning to Civilization. Before long Wenbuqi rebelled, imprisoned Gusiluo in a pit, and went out to subdue dissenters; the guards secretly freed him. Gusiluo rallied his troops, killed Wenbuqi, and moved his seat to Qingtang.

景祐中，以廝囉為保順軍節度觀察留後，歲以奉錢令秦州就賜。元昊侵略其界，兵臨河湟，廝囉知眾寡不敵，壁鄯州不出，陰間元昊，頗得其虛實。元昊已渡河，插幟誌其淺，廝囉潛使人移植深處以誤元昊。及大戰，元昊潰而歸，士視幟渡，溺死十八九，所鹵獲甚眾。自是，數以奇計破元昊，元昊遂不敢窺其境。及元昊取西涼府，潘羅支舊部往往歸廝囉，又得回紇種人數萬。廝囉居鄯州，西有臨穀城通青海，高昌諸國商人皆趨鄯州貿賣，以故富強。

During the Jingyou era, Gusiluo was appointed military commissioner and observation regent of the Baoshun Army; each year his stipend was dispatched to Qinzhou for presentation. When Yuan Hao invaded his borders and brought troops to the Huangshui region, Gusiluo, knowing he was outmatched, shut himself up in Shazhou and sent covert agents against Yuan Hao, learning a great deal about his forces. After Yuan Hao crossed the river and planted banners to mark the fords, Gusiluo secretly had them moved to deeper water to deceive him. In the great battle Yuan Hao was routed; his men followed the banners to the ford and eight or nine in ten drowned. The booty Gusiluo took was immense. Thereafter he repeatedly outmaneuvered Yuan Hao with stratagems, and Yuan Hao no longer dared probe his borders. When Yuan Hao seized Xiliang Prefecture, many of Pan Luozhi's old followers defected to Gusiluo, and he also gained several tens of thousands of Uyghur tribesmen. Gusiluo made his seat at Shazhou. Linggu City to the west opened the route to Qinghai, and merchants from Gaochang and other lands all converged on Shazhou to trade—by which means he grew rich and strong.

寶元元年，加保順軍節度使，仍兼邈川大首領。時以元昊反，遣左侍禁魯經持詔諭廝囉，使背擊元昊以披其勢，賜帛二萬匹。經還，以勞擢閣門祗候。廝囉奉詔出兵向西涼，西涼有備，廝囉知不可攻，捕殺遊邏數十人亟還，聲言圖再舉。元昊既屢寇邊，仁宗召對魯經，欲再遣，經固辭，貶經為左班殿直。募敢使者，屯田員外郎劉渙應詔。渙至，斯囉迎導供帳甚厚，介騎士為先驅，引渙至庭。廝囉冠紫羅氈冠，服金線花袍、黃金帶、絲履，平揖不拜，延坐勞問，稱「阿舅天子安否」。道舊事則數十二辰屬，曰兔年如此，馬年如此。渙傳詔，已而廝囉召酋豪大犒，約盡力無負，然終不能有大功。後累加恩兼保順河西節度使、洮涼兩州刺史，又加階勳檢校官、功臣、食邑，賜器幣鞍勒馬。

In the first year of Baoyuan (1038), he was promoted to military commissioner of the Baoshun Army while retaining his title as great chieftain of Miaochuan. When Yuan Hao rebelled, the court sent Left Attendant Lu Jing with an edict urging Gusiluo to strike him from the rear and break his momentum, granting twenty thousand bolts of silk. On his return, Lu Jing was promoted to gatekeeper attendant in recognition of his service. Gusiluo obeyed the edict and marched on Xiliang, but finding it well defended and knowing it could not be taken, he killed several dozen scouts, withdrew at once, and announced he would attack again. After Yuan Hao had repeatedly raided the frontier, Emperor Renzong summoned Lu Jing and wished to send him again; Jing firmly refused and was demoted to left-class palace direct. The court sought a bold envoy, and External Affairs Officer of the Colonies Liu Huan answered the call. When Liu Huan arrived, Gusiluo received him with lavish hospitality, sent armored horsemen ahead as escort, and led him to the hall. Gusiluo wore a purple felt cap, a gold-thread brocade robe, a gold belt, and silk shoes. He gave a level salute without bowing, invited Liu Huan to sit, inquired after his welfare, and asked, "How fares Uncle the Son of Heaven?" When recalling old times he reckoned by the twelve zodiac animals, saying, "In the year of the Rabbit it was thus; in the year of the Horse it was thus." Liu Huan delivered the edict; Gusiluo then gathered the tribal chiefs for a great feast and pledged his full effort—but in the end achieved no great success. Later he was repeatedly honored with further titles—concurrently military commissioner of Baoshun and Hexi and prefect of both Tao and Liang—along with promotions in rank, merit titles, honorary offices, a fief, and gifts of vessels, silks, saddles, and horses.

嘉祐三年，摖羅部阿作等叛廝囉歸諒詐，諒祚乘此引兵攻掠境上，廝囉與戰敗之，獲酋豪六人，收橐駝戰馬頗眾，因降隴逋、公立、馬頗三大族。會契丹遣使送女妻其少子董氈，乃罷兵歸。

In the third year of Jiayou (1058), Azuo and others of the Sheluo tribe defected from Gusiluo to Liangzha, who seized the moment to raid the borders. Gusiluo defeated him, captured six chiefs, seized many camels and war horses, and thereby brought the Longzhou, Gongli, and Mapo clans to submission. Just then the Khitan sent envoys to give a bride to his youngest son Dongzhan, and the armies were withdrawn.

治平二年夏，羌邈奔及阿叔溪心以隴、珠、阿諾三城叛諒祚歸廝囉，廝囉不禮，乃復歸諒祚，請兵還取所獻地，諒祚不之罪，為出萬餘騎隨邈奔、溪心往取，不能克，但取邈川歸丁家五百餘帳而還。廝囉其年冬死，年六十九，第三子董氈嗣。

In the summer of the second year of Zhiping (1065), the Qiang chieftains Miaoben and his uncle Xixin rebelled against Liangzha with the three cities of Long, Zhu, and Anuo and submitted to Gusiluo, who treated them coldly. They returned to Liangzha, asked for troops to recover the lands they had surrendered, and Liangzha did not punish them but sent out more than ten thousand horsemen with Miaoben and Xixin. They failed to retake the cities but brought back more than five hundred Ding-clan households of Miaochuan. Gusiluo died that winter at sixty-nine; his third son Dongzhan succeeded him.

董氈母曰喬氏，廝囉三妻。喬氏有色，居曆精城，所部可六七萬人，號令明，人憚服之。方董氈少時，擇酋長子年與董氈相若者與之遊，衣服飲食如一，以此能附其眾。董氈自九歲廝囉為請於朝，命為會州刺史，而喬氏封太原郡君。其二妻皆李立遵女也，生瞎氈及磨氈角。立遵死，李氏寵衰，斥為尼，置廓州，錮其子瞎氈。磨氈角結母黨李巴全竊載其母奔宗哥，廝囉不能制，磨氈角因撫有其眾。李氏以寶元二年恩賜紫衣。磨氈角亦累奉貢，初補嚴州團練使，後以思州團練使卒。所部立其子瞎撒欺丁，李氏懼孤弱不能守，乃獻皮帛、入庫廩文籍於廝囉，廝囉因受之。嘉祐三年，命欺丁為順州刺史。瞎氈居龕穀，屢通貢，授澄州團練使，先卒。子木征居河州，母弟瞎吳叱居銀川。

Dongzhan's mother was Lady Qiao, Gusiluo's third consort. Lady Qiao was beautiful. She dwelt at Lijing City with some sixty or seventy thousand followers under her command; her orders were clear, and men feared and obeyed her. While Dongzhan was still young, the chiefs chose sons of chiefs of about his age to keep him company, with identical clothes, food, and drink—by which means he won over his followers. From the age of nine Gusiluo petitioned the court on Dongzhan's behalf; Dongzhan was appointed prefect of Hui and Lady Qiao was enfeoffed as Lady of Taiyuan Commandery. His other two wives were both daughters of Li Liyizun and bore Xiazhan and Mozhanjiao. When Li Liyizun died, Lady Li fell from favor, was expelled and made a nun at Huozhou, and her son Xiazhan was imprisoned. Mozhanjiao joined his mother's kinsman Li Baquan and secretly carried off his mother to Zongge. Gusiluo could not restrain him, and Mozhanjiao thereby won control of his followers. Lady Li was granted purple robes as an imperial favor in the second year of Baoyuan. Mozhanjiao also sent tribute repeatedly; he was first appointed regimental commander of Yan Prefecture and later died holding that office at Si Prefecture. His followers installed his son Xiasaqiding. Fearing she was too weak to hold out alone, Lady Li presented hides and silks and surrendered the granary registers to Gusiluo, who accepted them. In the third year of Jiayou, Xiqiding was appointed prefect of Shun Prefecture. Xiazhan dwelt at Kanggu, sent tribute repeatedly, was appointed regimental commander of Cheng Prefecture, and died before the others. His son Muxizheng dwelt at Hezhou, and his mother's younger brother Xiawuchi at Yinchuan.

廝囉地既分，董氈最強，獨有河北之地，其國大抵吐蕃遺俗也。懷恩惠，重財貨，無正朔。市易用五穀、乳香、硇砂、罽毯、馬牛以代錢帛。貴虎豹皮，用緣飾衣裘。婦人衣錦，服緋紫青綠。尊釋氏。不知醫藥，疾病召巫覡視之，焚柴聲鼓，謂之「逐鬼」。信咒詛，或以決事，訟有疑，使詛之。訟者上辭牘，藉之以帛，事重則以錦。亦有鞭笞杻械諸獄具。人喜啖生物，無蔬茹醯醬，獨知用鹽為滋味，而嗜酒及茶。居板屋，富姓以氈為幕，多並水為秋遷戲。貢獻謂之「般次」，自言不敢有貳則曰「心白向漢」云。其後，河州、武勝軍諸族浸驕，閉于闐諸國朝貢道，擊奪般次。詔邊將問罪。已而董氈遣使奉貢入謝，上慰納焉。

After Gusiluo's realm was divided, Dongzhan was the strongest, holding alone the lands north of the Yellow River; their polity largely preserved Tubo custom. They cherished imperial favor, valued goods and wealth, and kept no official calendar. In trade they used grain, frankincense, sal ammoniac, felt rugs, horses, and cattle in place of coin and silk. Tiger and leopard skins were prized and used to trim fur coats. Women wore brocade in crimson, purple, blue, and green. They honored Buddhism. They knew no medicine; when ill they summoned shamans, burned firewood, and beat drums in what they called "driving off ghosts." They trusted curses and sometimes used them to decide disputes; when a case was doubtful, the parties were made to curse one another. Litigants submitted written petitions with silk attached; for serious matters they used brocade. They also had whips, cangues, shackles, and other instruments of punishment. People liked to eat raw meat; they ate no vegetables, pickles, or sauces, using only salt for flavor, yet they were fond of wine and tea. They lived in plank houses; wealthy families hung felt curtains, and many gathered by the water for autumn games. Tribute missions were called banci; when pledging loyalty they said, "My heart is white toward Han." Thereafter the tribes of Hezhou and the Wusheng Army grew increasingly arrogant, blocked the tribute route from Khotan and other lands, and attacked and seized tribute missions. The court ordered frontier generals to demand an accounting. Before long Dongzhan sent envoys with tribute to apologize; the emperor accepted them with words of reassurance.

初，廝囉死，董氈嗣為保順軍節度使、檢校司空。神宗即位，加太保，進太傅。熙寧元年，封其母安康郡太君，以其子藺逋比為錦州刺史。三年，夏人寇環慶，董氈乘虛入其境，大克獲。賜璽書袍帶獎激之。王韶既定熙河，其首領青宜結鬼章寇河州踏白城，景思立死焉。帝命邊臣招來之。十年，以鬼章及阿裏骨皆為刺史。董氈貢真珠、乳香、象牙、玉石、馬，賜以銀、彩、茶、服、緡錢，改西平節度使，遣供奉官郭英齎詔書、器幣至其國。

When Gusiluo died, Dongzhan succeeded him as military commissioner of the Baoshun Army and honorary minister of works. When Emperor Shenzong ascended the throne, Dongzhan was promoted to Grand Guardian and then to Grand Preceptor. In the first year of Xining (1068), his mother was enfeoffed as Grand Lady of Ankang Commandery, and his son Linbubi was appointed prefect of Jin Prefecture. In the third year, when the Tangut raided Huan and Qing, Dongzhan seized the opportunity to strike their territory and won a great victory. The court rewarded him with an imperial letter, robes, and belt. After Wang Shao had pacified Xihe, the chieftain Qingyijie Guizhang raided Tabai City in Hezhou, where Jing Sili was killed. The emperor ordered frontier officials to win them over. In the tenth year, both Guizhang and Aligu were appointed prefects. Dongzhan presented pearls, frankincense, ivory, jade, and horses and received silver, brocades, tea, garments, and cash in return. His title was changed to military commissioner of Xiping, and Palace Supply Officer Guo Ying was sent with an edict and ceremonial goods to his realm.

方鬼章犯境時，列帳訥兒溫及祿尊率部族叛附之。既來降，又陰與董氈通。元豐初，詔知岷州種諤集酋長斬之，以妻女田產賜降將俞龍珂。二年，遣景青宜黨令支貢方物，以令支為珍州刺史，賜董氈錢萬緡，銀彩千計。三年，邈川城主溫訥支郢成及叔溪心、弟阿令京等款塞，以郢成為會州團練使，溪心內殿崇班，令京西頭供奉官，餘族人皆殿直奉職。

While Guizhang was raiding the frontier, the encamped chiefs Ne'erwen and Luzun led their tribes in defection to his side. After submitting, they secretly maintained contact with Dongzhan. At the opening of the Yuanfeng reign, the court ordered Minzhou prefect Zhong E to assemble the chiefs and execute them; their wives, daughters, fields, and property were granted to the surrendering general Yu Longke. In the second year, Danglingzhi of the Jing Qingyi faction presented local products; Danglingzhi was appointed prefect of Zhen, and Dongzhan was granted ten thousand strings of cash and more than a thousand pieces of silver and brocade. In the third year, the Miaochuan fort lord Wen'ezhiyingcheng, his uncle Xixin, his younger brother Alingjing, and others submitted at the border. Yingcheng was made regimental commander of Hui, Xixin an inner hall attendant of the inner palace, Alingjing a western head palace supply officer, and the rest of the clansmen were all made palace direct and service attendants.

四年，王師討夏，會其兵。董氈遣酋長抹征等率三萬人赴黨龍耳江及隴、朱、珂諾，又集六部兵十二萬，約以八月分三路與官軍會。帝以其協濟軍威，事功可紀，由常樂郡公進封武威郡王，鬼章、阿裏骨、黨令支皆團練使，心牟欽氈、阿星、李叱臘欽為刺史。

In the fourth year, when the imperial army campaigned against Xia, his forces joined the campaign. Dongzhan sent the chiefs Mozheng and others with thirty thousand men to Danglong'er River and to Long, Zhu, and Kenuo, and mustered a further one hundred twenty thousand from six divisions, agreeing to rendezvous with the imperial army in three columns in the eighth month. Because he had aided the imperial armies and his merit deserved record, the emperor promoted him from Duke of Changle Commandery to Duke of Wuwei; Guizhang, Aligu, and Danglingzhi were all made regimental commanders, and Xinmuchin, Axing, and Lichilaxin were made prefects.

夏人欲與之通好，許割賂斫龍以西地，雲如歸我，即官爵恩好一如所欲。董氈拒絕之，訓整兵甲，以俟入討，且遣使來告。帝召見其使，使歸語董氈盡心守圉；每稱其上書情辭忠智，雖中國士大夫存心公家者不過如此。知邈川事力固不足與夏人抗，但欲解散其謀，使不與結和而已，故終不能大有功。

The Tangut sought peace with him, offering to cede lands west of Zhanlong and promising that if he returned to them, rank, titles, and favor would be granted just as he wished. Dongzhan refused, drilled and readied his forces to await a punitive campaign, and sent envoys to report this to the court. The emperor received his envoy and sent him back to tell Dongzhan to guard the frontier with all his heart; he repeatedly praised the loyalty and wisdom of Dongzhan's memorials, saying that even Chinese literati devoted to the public good did no more. Knowing Miaochuan's strength was insufficient to stand against the Tangut, he only wished to break up their designs and prevent an alliance—that was all—and so in the end achieved no great success.

哲宗立，加檢校太尉。元祐元年，卒。藺逋叱已死，養子阿裏骨嗣。

When Emperor Zhezong ascended the throne, Dongzhan was promoted to honorary Grand Commandant. In the first year of Yuanyou (1086), he died. Lanbuchi was already dead; the adopted son Aligu succeeded him.

阿裏骨，本于闐人。少從其母給事董氈，故養為子。元豐蘭州之戰最有功，自肅州團練使進防禦使。董氈病革，召諸酋領至青唐，謂曰：「吾一子已死，惟阿裏骨母嘗事我，我視之如子。今將以種落付之，何如？」諸酋聽命。既嗣事，遣使修貢。

Aligu was originally from Khotan. As a youth he followed his mother in serving Dongzhan, who therefore adopted him as a son. In the Lanzhou campaign of Yuanfeng he won the greatest merit and was promoted from regimental commander of Su Prefecture to defense commissioner. When Dongzhan was gravely ill, he summoned the tribal chiefs to Qingtang and said, "My only son is already dead; only Aligu's mother once served me, and I regard him as a son. Now I mean to entrust the tribe to him—what do you think?" The chiefs assented. After succeeding to office, he sent envoys to renew tribute.

明年，裏骨奉表謝罪。詔熙河無復出兵，許貢奉如故，加金紫光祿大夫、檢校太保。其廓州主魯尊欲焚拆河橋歸漢，熙州以聞。哲宗以裏骨既通貢，不可有納叛之名，欲弗納，又封其妻溪尊勇丹為安化郡君，子邦彪篯為鄯州防禦使，弟南納支為西州刺史。鬼章死，詔焚付其骨。

The next year, Aligu presented a memorial of apology. An edict declared that Xihe would send out no more troops, permitted tribute as before, and promoted him to Grand Preceptor of the Golden Purple Light and honorary Grand Guardian. His Huozhou fort lord Luzun wished to burn and dismantle the river bridge and submit to the Song; Xizhou reported this. Emperor Zhezong, because Aligu had already opened tribute relations, could not accept Luzun without the stigma of harboring a defector; yet he also enfeoffed Aligu's wife Xizun Yongdan as Lady of Anhua Commandery, his son Bangbiaojian as defense commissioner of Shazhou, and his younger brother Nannazhi as prefect of Xi Prefecture. When Guizhang died, an edict ordered his bones burned and sent to the court.

紹聖元年，以師子來獻。帝慮非其土性，厚賜而還之。三年，卒，年五十七。瞎征嗣。

In the first year of Shaosheng (1094), a lion was presented in tribute. The emperor, fearing it was ill suited to the climate, richly rewarded them and sent it back. In the third year he died at fifty-seven. Xiazheng succeeded him.

瞎征，即邦彪篯也。以紹聖四年正月為河西軍節度使、檢校司空、寧塞郡公。性嗜殺，部曲睽貳。大酋心牟欽氈之屬有異志，忌瞎征季父蘇南黨征雄勇多智，共誣其謀逆，瞎征不能察而殺之，盡誅其黨，獨篯羅結逃奔溪巴溫。

Xiazheng was Bangbiaojian. In the first month of the fourth year of Shaosheng (1097), he was appointed military commissioner of the Hexi Army, honorary minister of works, and Duke of Ningsai. By nature he was bloodthirsty, and his followers were divided and estranged. Great chiefs such as Xinmuchin and his followers harbored other designs; envying Xiazheng's younger uncle Sunan Dangzheng for his courage and wisdom, they jointly accused him of plotting rebellion. Xiazheng failed to see through the charge and killed him, executed his entire faction, and only Bianluojie fled to Xibawen.

溪巴溫者，董氈疏族也，自阿裏骨之立，去依隴逋部，河南諸羌多歸之。篯羅結奉溪巴溫長子杓拶據溪哥城。瞎征討殺杓拶，篯羅結奔河州，說王贍以取青唐之策。已而溫入溪哥城，自稱王子。

Xibawen was a distant kinsman of Dongzhan; since Aligu's accession he had gone to rely on the Longzhou tribe, and many Qiang south of the river rallied to him. Bianluojie installed Xibawen's eldest son Shaoza and seized Xige City. Xiazheng attacked and killed Shaoza; Bianluojie fled to Hezhou and urged Wang Shan with a plan to seize Qingtang. Before long Xibawen entered Xige City and styled himself prince.

元符二年七月，贍取邈川。八月，瞎征自青唐脫身來降。欽氈迎溪巴溫入青唐，立木征之子隴拶為主。九月，贍軍至青唐，隴拶出降。以邈川為湟州，青唐為鄯州。二酋雖降，然其種人本無歸漢意。議者謂：「今不先修邈川以東城障而遽取青唐，非計也。以今日觀之，有不可守者四：自炳靈寺渡河至青唐四百里，道險地遠，緩急聲援不相及，一也；羌若斷橋塞隘，我雖有百萬之師，倉卒不能進，二也；王贍提孤軍以入，四無援兵，必生他變，三也；設遣大軍而青唐、宗哥、邈川食皆止支一月，內地無糧可運，難以久處，四也。官軍自會州還者皆憔悴，衣屨穿決，器仗不全，羌視之有輕漢心，旦夕必叛。」

In the seventh month of the second year of Yuanfu (1099), Wang Shan seized Miaochuan. In the eighth month, Xiazheng slipped out of Qingtang and submitted to the Song. Qinzhuan welcomed Xibawen into Qingtang and installed Muxizheng's son Longzui as chief. In the ninth month, Wang Shan's army reached Qingtang, and Longzui came out to surrender. Miaochuan was made Huang Prefecture and Qingtang Shan Prefecture. Although the two chiefs had surrendered, their tribesmen had no wish to submit to the Song. Commentators argued: "If we do not first build fortifications east of Miaochuan but rush to seize Qingtang, the plan is unsound. Viewed from the present situation, there are four reasons it cannot be held: from Bingling Temple, crossing the river to Qingtang is four hundred li—the road is perilous and the land remote, so in an emergency reinforcements cannot arrive in time—this is the first; If the Qiang destroy bridges and block the passes, even an army of a million could not advance in haste—this is the second; Wang Shan led an isolated army inward with no reinforcements on any side—other troubles would surely arise—this is the third; Even if a large army were sent, provisions at Qingtang, Zongge, and Miaochuan would last only one month, and with no grain transportable from the interior, troops could not remain there long—this is the fourth. The government troops returning from Huizhou were haggard, their clothes and shoes in tatters, their weapons incomplete; the Qiang looked on them with contempt for the Han, and rebellion was inevitable before long."

閏九月，欽氈等果與青唐城中人相結，謀復奪城。山南諸羌亦叛。贍遣將破之，戮結咓齪及欽氈等九人。青唐圍解而邈川益急，夏人十萬助之。總管王湣以死戰固守，乃得免。贍棄青唐歸，巴溫與其子溪賒羅撒據之。朝論請並棄邈川，且謂董氈無後，隴拶乃木征之子、唃廝囉嫡曾孫，最為親的。於是以隴拶為河西軍節度使、知鄯州，封武威郡公，充西蕃都護，依府州折氏世世承襲。尋賜姓名曰趙懷德；其弟邦辟勿丁咓曰懷義，為廓州團練使、同知湟州；加瞎征檢校太傅、懷遠軍節度使。

In the intercalary ninth month, Qinzhuan and his followers indeed conspired with people inside Qingtang to retake the city. The Qiang south of the mountains also rebelled. Wang Shan sent generals to defeat them and executed Jieluocuo, Qinzhuan, and seven others. The siege of Qingtang was lifted, but the pressure on Miaochuan grew worse as a hundred thousand Tangut troops came to their aid. Chief commandant Wang Min held on through desperate fighting and only then escaped destruction. Wang Shan abandoned Qingtang and withdrew; Xibawen and his son Xishaluosa seized it. Court opinion urged abandoning Miaochuan as well, arguing that Dongzhan had no heir and that Longzui, as the son of Muxizheng and Gusiluo's legitimate great-grandson, was the closest in the line of succession. Thereupon Longzui was appointed military commissioner of the Hexi Army and prefect of Shan, enfeoffed as Duke of Wuwei, and made protector-general of the Western Tribes, with hereditary succession on the model of the Zhe clan of Fuzhou. Soon he was granted the surname and personal name Zhao Huai De; his younger brother Bangbiwudinglao was named Huaiyi and appointed regimental commander of Huo and concurrently prefect of Huang; Xiazheng was additionally made honorary grand preceptor and military commissioner of Huaiyuan Army.

三年三月，懷德及所降契丹、夏國、回鶻公主入見，各賜冠服，退易之，於邇英閣前後立班謝，賜食於橫門。徽宗命輔臣呼與語，問何以招致溪巴溫，對曰：「譬如乳牛，係其子即母須來，係其母即子須來。俟至岷州，當遣人往諭，使之歸漢。」遂與瞎征俱還湟州。溪賒羅撒謀襲殺懷德，懷德奔河南。瞎征不自安，求內徙，詔居鄧州。崇寧元年，卒。三年，王厚復湟、鄯。懷德至京師，拜感德軍節度使，封安化郡王。

In the third month of the third year, Huai De and the princesses who had submitted from Khitan, Tangut, and Uyghur realms had audience at court. Each was granted cap and robes, changed out of them, stood in ranks before and after Yingying Pavilion to give thanks, and was given a meal at Heng Gate. Emperor Huizong ordered his ministers to summon them and asked how Xibawen might be won over. Huai De replied: "It is like a milk cow—tie up the calf and the mother must come; tie up the mother and the calf must come. When we reach Min Prefecture, I shall send someone to instruct him and bring him to submit to the Song." He then returned to Huang Prefecture together with Xiazheng. Xishaluosa plotted to ambush and kill Huai De, who fled south of the river. Xiazheng felt insecure and requested relocation to the interior; an edict assigned him to Deng Prefecture. In the first year of Chongning (1102), he died. In the third year, Wang Hou recovered Huang and Shan. Huai De came to the capital, was appointed military commissioner of Gande Army, and enfeoffed as Prince of Anhua Commandery.

趙思忠即瞎氈之子木征也。瞎氈死，木征不能自立，青唐族酋瞎藥雞囉及僧鹿遵迎之居洮州，欲立以服洮岷疊宕、武勝軍諸羌。秦州以其近邊，逐之，乃還河州，後徙安江城，董氈欲羈屬之，不能有也。母弟瞎吳叱，別居銀川聶家山，至和初，補本族副軍主。嘉祐中，為河州刺史。王韶經略熙河，遣僧智緣往說之，啖以厚利，因隨以兵；前後殺其老弱數千，焚族帳萬數，得腹心酋領十餘人，又禽其妻子，皆不殺。遂以熙寧七年四月舉洮、河二州來降，賜以姓名，拜榮州團練使。封其母郢成結遂寧郡太夫人，妻包氏咸寧郡君。弟董穀賜名繼忠，補六宅副使。結吳延征賜名濟忠，瞎吳叱曰紹忠，巴氈角曰醇忠，巴氈抹曰存忠；長子邦辟勿丁咓曰懷義，次蓋咓日秉義，皆超拜官。以思忠為秦州鈐轄，不涖事，而乞主熙河羌部，經略司以為不可。詔以二州給地五十頃。後遷合州防禦使，卒，贈鎮洮軍節度觀察留後。

Zhao Sizhong was Xiazhan's son Muxizheng. When Xiazhan died, Muxizheng could not stand on his own. Qingtang tribal chiefs Xiayaojiluo and the monk Sengluzun welcomed him to Tao Prefecture, intending to install him so as to bring the Qiang of Tao, Min, Die, Dang, and Wusheng Army to submission. Qin Prefecture, because he was too close to the border, drove him out. He returned to He Prefecture and later moved to Anjiang City. Dongzhan wished to keep him under constraint but could not. His younger brother by the same mother, Xiawuchi, lived separately at Nie Family Mountain in Yinchuan; at the beginning of Zhihe (1054), he was appointed deputy chieftain of the tribe. During the Jiayou era (1056–1063), he was made prefect of He. Wang Shao, as frontier commissioner of Xihe, sent the monk Zhiyuan to persuade him, tempted him with rich rewards, and then followed with troops; In succession they killed several thousand of his elderly and weak, burned tens of thousands of tents, captured more than ten trusted chieftains, and also seized their wives and children—all without killing them. Thereupon in the fourth month of the seventh year of Xining (1074), he brought Tao and He prefectures to surrender, was granted the surname and personal name Zhao Sizhong, and was appointed regimental commander of Rong Prefecture. His mother Yingchengjie was enfeoffed as Grand Lady of Suining Commandery, and his wife Lady Bao as Lady of Xianning Commandery. His younger brother Donggu was given the name Jizhong and appointed deputy commissioner of the Six Residences. Jiewuyanzheng was named Jizhong, Xiawuchi Shaozhong, Bazhanjiao Chunzhong, and Bazhanmo Cunzhong; The eldest son Bangbiwudinglao was named Huaiyi, the second Gairuori Bingyi—all were promoted to office above their station. Sizhong was made frontier commander of Qin but did not personally attend to duties; he petitioned to oversee the Qiang tribes of Xihe, but the frontier commission deemed it inadvisable. An edict granted fifty qing of land from the two prefectures. Later he was transferred to defender of He Prefecture; when he died he was posthumously awarded military commissioner and observation intendant of Zhentao Army.

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