Volume 493 Biographies 252: Man People 1 - Man People from Xidong in the Southwest 1

西南溪峒諸蠻上

The Various Man Peoples of the Southwestern Stream-Caves, Part One

古者帝王之勤遠略，耀兵四裔，不過欲安內而捍外爾，非所以求逞也。西南諸蠻夷，重山復嶺，雜廁荊、楚、巴、黔、巫中，四面皆王土。乃欲揭上腴之征以取不毛之地，疲易使之眾而得梗化之氓，誠何益哉！樹其酋長，使自鎮撫，始終蠻夷遇之，斯計之得也。然無經久之策以控馭之，狌鼯之性便於跳梁，或以仇隙相尋，或以饑饉所逼，長嘯而起，出則衝突州縣，入則負固山林，致煩興師討捕，雖能殄除，而斯民之荼毒深矣。宋恃文教而略武衛，亦豈先王制荒服之道哉！

In ancient times, sovereigns who labored over distant strategy and paraded their forces on every frontier did so only to calm the heartland and hold the outer realms at bay — not to gratify ambition for conquest. The Man and Yi tribes of the southwest inhabit country of folded peaks and ridgelines, scattered through the lands of Jing, Chu, Ba, Qian, and Wu, yet bounded on every side by the king's domain. To impose crushing levies on rich soil merely to annex worthless ground, or to exhaust a tractable population only to rule a people who resist assimilation — what could such a policy possibly gain? The sound approach is to recognize their chiefs and leave them to keep order among their own, treating them consistently as outer peoples rather than as ordinary subjects. Without enduring measures to hold them in check, their restless temperament — quick to bolt like a flying squirrel — sends them aloft at the slightest provocation, whether old feuds or hunger drive them. Out they surge against county seats; in they shelter among the hills. Campaign after campaign may crush them for a time, yet the common people pay a grievous price. The Song leaned on letters and ritual while slighting arms and garrisons — a far cry from the ancient kings' way of keeping the outer wilds in order.

西南溪峒諸蠻皆盤瓠種，唐虞為要服。周世，其眾彌盛，宣王命方叔伐之。楚莊既霸，遂服於楚。秦昭使白起伐楚，略取蠻夷，置黔中郡，漢改為武陵。後漢建武中，大為寇鈔，遣伏波將軍馬援等至臨沅擊破之，渠帥饑困乞降。曆晉、宋、齊、梁、陳，或叛或服。隋置辰州，唐置錦州、溪州、巫州、敘州，皆其地也。唐季之亂，蠻酋分據其地，自署為刺史。晉天福中，馬希範承襲父業，據有湖南，時蠻徭保聚，依山阻江，殆十餘萬。至周行逢時，數出冠邊，逼辰、永二州，殺掠民畜無寧歲。

The Man tribes of the southwestern stream-caves trace descent to Panhu; in the age of Yao and Shun they already stood among the distant domains owing ritual duty. Under the Zhou their population swelled until King Xuan sent Fang Shu against them. Once King Zhuang of Chu had made himself hegemon, they submitted to Chu. King Zhao of Qin dispatched Bai Qi against Chu, took the Man and Yi territories, and set up Qianzhong Commandery, which the Han later renamed Wuling. During Later Han's Jianwu reign they harried the borders heavily until Ma Yuan, Wave-Quelling General, broke them at Lin-yuan; their leaders, starving and cornered, sued for peace. Across the Jin, Liu-Song, Qi, Liang, and Chen dynasties they alternated between rebellion and submission. The Sui set up Chen Prefecture; the Tang added Jin, Xi, Wu, and Xu — all carved from their lands. When the Tang dynasty collapsed into chaos, Man chiefs carved up the region and styled themselves prefects. During Later Jin's Tianfu reign Ma Xifan took over his father's domain in Hunan while Man and Yao groups, entrenched along rivers and ridges, numbered close to a hundred thousand. Under Zhou Xingfeng they harried the frontier again and again, threatening Chen and Yong and leaving the countryside without a single peaceful year.

太祖既下荊、湖，思得通蠻情、習險厄、勇智可任者以鎮撫之。有辰州徭人秦再雄者，長七尺，武健多謀，在行逢時，屢以戰鬥立功，蠻黨伏之。太祖召至闕下，察其可用，擢辰州刺史，官其子為殿直，賜予甚厚，仍使自辟吏屬，予一州租賦。再雄感恩，誓死報效。至州日訓練士兵，得三千人，皆能被甲渡水，曆山飛塹，捷如猿猱。又選親校二十人分使諸蠻，以傳朝廷懷來之意，莫不從風而靡，各得降表以聞。太祖大喜，復召至闕，面加獎激，改辰州團練使，又以其門客王允成為辰州推官。再雄盡瘁邊圉，五州連袤數千里，不增一兵，不費帑庾，終太祖世，邊境無患。又有溪州刺史彭士愁等以溪、錦、獎州歸馬氏，立銅柱為界。

Once Taizu had secured Jing and the lake districts, he looked for a man who knew the Man peoples, understood the treacherous country, and had both nerve and wit enough to keep them quiet. A Yao warrior of Chen named Qin Zaixiong stood seven feet high — strong, shrewd, and repeatedly distinguished in Zhou Xingfeng's wars — and the Man clans looked up to him. Taizu called him to court, found him fit for service, made him Prefect of Chen, gave his son a post in the palace guard, lavished rewards upon him, let him choose his own officials, and handed over the entire prefectural levy. Deeply grateful, Zaixiong pledged his life to the throne. On reaching his post he drilled three thousand men who could march in armor, ford rivers, scale cliffs, and vault trenches with ape-like agility. He sent twenty trusted officers among the tribes to carry the court's message of conciliation; one by one they bowed to the breeze, and memorials of submission reached the capital from every quarter. Delighted, Taizu recalled him, praised him in person, made him Training Commissioner of Chen, and installed his client Wang Yuncheng as the prefecture's investigating officer. Zaixiong gave his all along a thousand-mile belt of five prefectures without asking for more troops or treasury grain, and through Taizu's lifetime the border stayed quiet. Earlier, Xi Prefect Peng Shichou and others had yielded Xi, Jin, and Jiang to the Ma house and set up a bronze pillar to mark the border.

建隆四年，知溪州彭允林、前溪州刺史田洪贇等列狀歸順，詔以允林為溪州刺史，洪贇為萬州刺史。允林卒，以其子師皎代為刺史。四月，水鬥都虞候林抱義上辰、敘二州圖。

In Jianlong 4 Peng Yunlin, acting prefect of Xi, Tian Hongyun, former prefect of Xi, and others petitioned to submit; the throne named Yunlin prefect of Xi and Hongyun prefect of Wan. After Yunlin's death his son Shijiao succeeded him as prefect. In the fourth month Lin Baoyi of the Water-Fighting command submitted maps of Chen and Xu.

乾德二年四月，溪、敘、獎等州民相攻劫，遣殿直牛允齎詔諭之，乃定。三年七月，珍州刺史田景遷內附。五溪團練使、洽州刺史田處崇上言：「湖南節度馬希範建敘州潭陽縣為懿州，署臣叔父萬盈為刺史。希範卒，其弟希萼襲位，改為洽州，願復舊名。」詔從其請。十二月，詔溪州宜充五溪團練使，刻印以賜之。四年，南州進銅鼓內附，下溪州刺史田思遷亦以銅鼓、虎皮、麝臍來貢。五年冬，以溪州團練使彭允足為濮州牢城都指揮使，溪州義軍都指揮使彭允賢為衛州牢城都指揮使，珍州錄事參軍田思曉為博州牢城都指揮使。允足等溪峒酋豪據山險，持兩端，故因其入朝而置之內地。

In Qiande 2/4 the tribes of Xi, Xu, Jiang, and neighboring prefectures fell to raiding one another until Niu Yun arrived with an imperial instruction and peace returned. In the seventh month of year three Zhen Prefect Tian Jingqian came in from the hills. Tian Chuchong, commissioner of the Five Streams and prefect of Qia, wrote: "When Ma Xifan ruled Hunan he raised Tan-yang in Xu to Yi Prefecture and made my uncle Wanying its prefect. After Xifan's death his brother Xie took power and renamed it Qia; we ask that the old name be restored." The court approved the request. In the twelfth month Xi was ordered to head the Five Streams command, and a seal was cut and granted. In year four Nan Prefecture sent in a bronze drum as a token of allegiance, and Lower Xi Prefect Tian Siqian brought drums, tiger pelts, and musk navel sacs as tribute. That winter Peng Yunzu of Xi was posted to command Pu's prison garrison, Peng Yunxian of the Xi loyal forces to Wei's, and Zhen registrar Tian Sixiao to Bo's. Men like Yunzu were hill chiefs who hedged their bets; the court used their audience visits to resettle them inland.

開寶元年，珍州刺史田景遷言，本州連歲災沴，乞改為高州，從之。八年，景遷卒，其子衙內都指揮使彥伊來請命，即以為刺史。九年，獎州刺史田處達以丹砂、石英來貢。

In Kaibao 1 Zhen Prefect Tian Jingqian reported repeated calamities and asked that the name be changed to Gao; the throne agreed. In year eight Jingqian died; his son Yanyi, commander of the inner guard, sought the post and was named prefect at once. In year nine Jiang Prefect Tian Chuda presented cinnabar and quartz as tribute.

太平興國二年，懿州刺史、五溪都團練使田漢瓊以其子、弟、女夫、大將、五溪統軍都指揮使田漢度而下十二人來貢，詔並加檢校官以獎之。三年，夷州蠻任朗政等來貢。七年，詔辰州不得移部內馬氏所鑄銅柱。溪州刺史彭允殊上言：「刺史舊三年則為州所易，望朝廷禁止。」賜敕書安撫之。八年，錦、溪、敘、富四州蠻相率詣辰州，言願比內郡輸租稅。詔長吏察其謠俗情偽，並按視山川地形圖畫來上，卒不許。懿州刺史田漢瓊、錦州刺史田漢希上言，願兩易其地，詔從之。又以知敘州舒德郛為刺史。

In Taiping Xingguo 2 Yi Prefect and Five Streams commissioner Tian Hanqiong arrived with twelve kin and officers, including his son, brother, son-in-law, and army commander Tian Handu; the court rewarded them all with honorary inspector titles. In year three Ren Langzheng of Yi and other Man leaders brought tribute. In year seven Chen was ordered not to relocate the Ma house's bronze boundary pillar within the prefecture. Xi Prefect Peng Yunshu wrote: "Custom has the prefect turned out every three years; we ask the throne to end the practice." The emperor sent a reassuring edict in reply. In year eight Man leaders from Jin, Xi, Xu, and Fu flocked to Chen and asked to pay regular taxes like interior counties. Officials were told to study their customs, survey the terrain, and send maps — but the request was ultimately denied. Yi Prefect Tian Hanqiong and Jin Prefect Tian Hanxi asked to swap domains; the court agreed. Shu Defu, who had been acting prefect of Xu, was confirmed in the post.

雍熙元年，黔南言溪峒夷獠疾病，擊銅鼓、沙鑼以祀神鬼，詔釋其銅禁。

In Yongxi 1 the south of Qian reported that stream-cave tribes, stricken with disease, beat bronze drums and gongs for the spirits; the court exempted them from the copper prohibition.

淳化二年，知晃州田漢權言，本管砂井步夷人粟忠獲古晃州印一鈕來獻。因請命以漢權為晃州刺史。又以五溪諸州統軍、鶴州刺史向通漢為富州刺史，從其請也。是年，荊湖轉運使言，富州向萬通殺皮師勝父子七人，取五藏及首以祀魔鬼。朝廷以其遠俗，令勿問。三年，晁州刺史田漢權、錦州刺史田保全遣使來貢。五年，以舒德言為元州刺史。獎、晃、敘、懿、元、錦、費、福等州皆來貢，上親視器幣以賜之。

In Chunhua 2 acting Huang Prefect Tian Hanquan reported that Su Zhong, a Yi tribesman of Shajingbu, had found and presented a knob from an old Huang seal. He asked that Hanquan be named prefect of Huang. Xiang Tonghan, commander of the Five Streams and prefect of He, was given Fu as well, as he had asked. That year the Jing-Hu transport commissioner reported that Fu's Xiang Wantong had slain seven members of the Pi Shisheng family and offered their organs and heads to evil spirits. Because theirs were remote customs, the court declined to investigate. In year three Chao Prefect Tian Hanquan and Jin Prefect Tian Baoquan sent envoys with tribute. In year five Shu Deyan was appointed prefect of Yuan. Jiang, Huang, Xu, Yi, Yuan, Jin, Fei, Fu, and the rest all sent tribute; the emperor himself examined the gifts before granting return presents.

至道元年，高州、溪州並來貢。二年，上親祀南郊，富州刺史向通漢上言：「聖人郊祀，恩浹天壤，況五溪諸州連接十洞，控西南夷戎之地。惟臣州自昔至今，為辰州牆壁，障護辰州五邑，王民安居。臣雖僻處遐荒，洗心事上，伏望陛下察臣勤王之誠，因茲郊禮，特加真命。」詔加通漢檢校司徒，進封河內郡侯。

In Zhidao 1 Gao and Xi both presented tribute. In year two the emperor sacrificed at the Southern Altar in person; Fu Prefect Xiang Tonghan wrote: "When the Son of Heaven worships at the suburbs, his grace floods heaven and earth — and all the more for the Five Streams, which link the Ten Caves and stand guard over the Yi and Rong of the southwest. My prefecture alone has long been Chen's rampart, sheltering its five districts so the emperor's subjects could live untroubled. Though I live at the edge of the world, my heart is clean in your service; I beg Your Majesty to see my loyalty and, on this sacred occasion, bestow a formal commission." The court made Tonghan honorary Minister of Education and enfeoffed him as Marquis of Henei.

五年正月，天賜州蠻向永豐等二十九人來朝。夔州路轉運使丁謂言：「溪蠻入粟實緣邊砦柵，頓息施、萬諸州饋餉之弊。臣觀自昔和戎安邊，未有境外轉糧給我戍兵者。」先是，蠻人數擾，上召問巡檢使侯廷賞，廷賞曰：「蠻無他求，唯欲鹽爾。」上曰：「此常人所欲，何不與之？」乃詔諭丁謂，謂即傳告陬落，群蠻感悅，因相與盟約，不為寇鈔，負約者，眾殺之。且曰：「天子濟我以食鹽，我願輸與兵食。」自是邊穀有三年之積。七月，高州刺史田彥伊子承寶等百二十二人來朝，賜巾服、器幣，以承寶為山河使、九溪十峒撫諭都監。

In the first month of year five twenty-nine men of Tianci, led by Xiang Yongfeng, presented themselves at court. Kuizhou transport commissioner Ding Wei reported: "Grain from the stream Man now fills our border forts and has ended the costly relay of supplies through Shi and Wan. Never before, in all the history of appeasing frontier peoples, had outsiders shipped grain to feed our garrisons." Earlier, when the Man had raided repeatedly, the emperor asked patrol commissioner Hou Tingshang, who answered: "They want nothing else — only salt." The emperor said: "That is what anyone would want — why withhold it?" An edict went to Ding Wei, who spread the word through the hamlets; the tribes rejoiced, swore not to raid, and agreed that anyone who broke faith would be put to death by the community. They declared: "The emperor has given us salt; we will supply grain for the army." From that time the frontier stores held three years' grain. In the seventh month Gao Prefect Tian Yanyi's son Chengbao led 122 men to court; they received caps, robes, and gifts, and Chengbao was named River-and-Mountain envoy and chief pacifier of the Nine Streams and Ten Caves.

六年四月，丁謂等言，高州義軍務頭角田承進等擒生蠻六百六十餘人，奪所略漢口四百餘人。初，益州軍亂，議者恐緣江下峽，乃集施、黔、高、溪蠻豪子弟捍禦，群蠻因熟漢路，寇略而歸。謂等至，即召與盟，令還漢口。既而有生蠻違約，謂遣承進率眾及發州兵擒獲之，焚其室廬，皆震懾伏罪。謂乃置尖木砦施州界，以控扼之，自是寇鈔始息，邊溪峒田民得耕種。七月，南高州義軍指揮使田彥強、防虞指揮使田承海來貢，施州叛蠻譚仲通等三十餘人來歸。

In the fourth month of year six Ding Wei reported that Tian Chengjin of Gao's loyal forces had taken over 660 captive Man and freed more than 400 Han subjects they had carried off. When the Yizhou garrison mutinied, courtiers feared a descent through the gorges and called up sons of Man chiefs from Shi, Qian, Gao, and Xi to guard the passes — but the tribes, now knowing the Han roads, raided and slipped home. When Ding Wei arrived he summoned them to swear peace and ordered the Han captives released. When some Man broke faith, Wei sent Chengjin with local troops to seize them, burn their villages, and cow them into submission. Wei built Sharp-Wood stockade on the Shi border to choke the passes; raids dwindled, and farmers in the stream-caves could till their fields again. In the seventh month Gao commanders Tian Yanqiang and Tian Chenghai brought tribute, while over thirty Shi rebels led by Tan Zhongtong surrendered.

景德元年，高州五姓義軍指揮使田文鄯來貢。富州刺史向通漢遣使潭州營佛事，以報朝廷存恤之惠。二年，夔州路降蠻首領皆自署職名，請因而命之，上不許，第令次補牙校。是歲，辰州諸蠻攻下溪州，為其刺史彭儒猛擊走之，擒酋首以獻，詔賜儒猛錦袍、銀帶。儒猛自陳母老，願被恩典，詔特加邑封。十二月，荊湖北路言，溪峒團練使彭文綰送還先陷漢口五十人，詔授文綰檢校太子賓客，知中彭州。其年，懿州刺史田漢希卒，以其子漢能為刺史。三年，高州新附蠻酋八十九人來貢。五溪都防禦使向通漢表求追贈父母，從之。溪州刺史彭文慶率溪峒群蠻來朝。又高州諸名豪百餘人入貢。四年五月，以高州刺史田彥伊子承寶為寧武郎將，高州土軍都指揮使田思欽為安化郎將。其年，宜州軍亂，朝廷恐宜、融溪峒因緣侵擾，因降詔約勒首領，皆奉詔，部分種族，無敢輒動。

In Jingde 1 Tian Wenshan, commander of Gao's Five-Clan loyal army, presented tribute. Fu Prefect Xiang Tonghan sent men to Tanzhou to sponsor Buddhist services in thanks for the court's kindness. In year two surrendered Kuizhou chiefs had taken titles for themselves and asked for recognition; the emperor refused and told them to queue for deputy-commander posts instead. That year Chen Man raided Lower Xi; prefect Peng Rumeng repulsed them, sent captured chiefs to court, and received a brocade robe and silver belt. Rumeng pleaded that his mother was elderly and deserved favor; the court granted her a special enfeoffment. In the twelfth month Jinghu North reported that stream-cave commissioner Peng Wenwan had freed fifty Han captives; he was made honorary guest of the heir apparent and acting prefect of Zhong Peng. That year Yi Prefect Tian Hanxi died and his son Hanneng succeeded him. In year three eighty-nine newly submitted Gao chiefs brought tribute. Five Streams defense commissioner Xiang Tonghan asked posthumous titles for his parents; the court agreed. Xi Prefect Peng Wenqing led the stream-cave tribes to court. More than a hundred Gao notables also presented tribute. In the fifth month of year four Yanyi's son Chengbao was named General of Tranquil Martiality and native-army commander Tian Siqin General of Pacifying Transformation. That year troops mutinied at Yizhou; fearing stream-cave raids from Yi and Rong, the court sent restraining edicts — every chief obeyed, kept his people in line, and none stirred.

大中祥符元年，夔州路言，五團蠻嘯聚，謀劫高州，欲令暗利砦援之。上以蠻夷自相攻，不許發兵。三月，知元州舒君強、知古州向光普並加銀青光祿大夫、檢校太子賓客。八月，黔州言，磨嵯、洛浦蠻首領龔行滿等率族二千三百人歸順。十月，溪峒諸蠻獻方物於泰山。三年，澧州言，慈利縣蠻相仇劫，知州劉仁霸請率兵定之。上恐深入蠻境，使其疑懼，止令仁霸宣諭詔旨，遂皆感服。四年，安、遠、順、南、永寧、濁水州蠻酋田承曉等三百七十三人來貢。五年，詔：「昨許溪峒蠻夷歸先劫漢口及五十人者，特署職名，仍聽來貢。如聞緣此要利，輒掠邊民充數，所在切辨察之。」其年，夔蠻千五百人乞朝貢，上慮其勞費，不許。又詔：施州溪蠻朔望犒以酒肴。閏十月，五溪蠻向貴升及磨嵯、洛浦蠻來貢。六年，夔州蠻彭延暹、龔才晃等來貢。辰州溪峒都指揮使魏進武率山徭數百人數寇城砦，朝廷不欲發兵窮討，乃降詔招諭。七年，進武詣吏請罪，署為三班借職，監房州稅，仍賜裝錢。八年，詔中彭州彭文綰歲賜錦袍。

In Dazhong Xiangfu 1 Kuizhou reported that Five-Tuan Man had massed, planning to strike Gao with help from Anli stockade. The emperor held that they were fighting among themselves and refused to send troops. In the third month acting Yuan prefect Shu Junqiang and acting Gu prefect Xiang Guangpu were both made Silver-Gleam grandees and honorary guests of the heir apparent. In the eighth month Qian reported that Mocuo and Luopu chiefs led by Gong Xingman brought 2,300 clansmen to submit. In the tenth month stream-cave tribes presented local tribute at Mount Tai. In year three Li reported Man feuds and raids in Cili; prefect Liu Renba asked to march troops to restore order. Fearing that an invasion would only alarm them, the emperor told Renba to announce the edict instead — and the tribes submitted willingly. In year four Tian Chengxiiao and 372 other chiefs from An, Yuan, Shun, Nan, Yongning, and Zhuoshui presented tribute. In year five the throne proclaimed: "Those stream-cave tribes who yesterday restored the Hankou captives and the fifty men they had taken shall receive special appointments and may continue to present tribute. Should anyone pad the rolls by raiding border villagers for profit, local officials must investigate each case rigorously." That same year fifteen hundred Kuai tribesmen asked leave to attend court; fearing the cost, the emperor refused. Another order directed that Shi stream-cave tribes receive wine and viands on each new and full moon. In the intercalary tenth month Five Streams chief Xiang Guisheng came to court, along with Man from Mo Cuo and Luopu. In year six Kuizhou chiefs Peng Yanxian and Gong Caihuang presented tribute. Chen stream-cave commander Wei Jinwu led hundreds of mountain Yao in repeated assaults on border forts; unwilling to mount a full expedition, the court sent edicts summoning him to terms. In year seven Jinwu surrendered and pleaded guilty; he received an acting third-rank post supervising Fangzhou taxes, plus outfit money. In year eight Wenwan of Zhong Peng was granted a brocade robe every year.

天禧元年，溪州蠻寇擾，遣兵討之。二年，辰州都巡檢使李守元率兵入白霧團，擒蠻寇十五人，斬首百級，降其酋二百餘人。知辰州錢絳等入下溪州，破砦柵，斬蠻六十餘人，降老幼千餘。刺史彭儒猛亡入山林，執其子仕漢等赴闕。詔高州蠻，捕儒猛來獻者厚加賞典。其年，儒猛因順州蠻田彥晏上狀本路，自訴求歸。轉運使以聞，上哀憐之，特許釋罪。儒猛乃奉上所略民口、器甲，詔辰州通判劉中象召至明灘，與歃血要盟，遣之。詔以仕漢為殿直，儒霸、儒聰為借職，賜冠帶、緡帛。富州刺史向通漢率所部來朝，貢名馬、丹砂、銀裝劍槊、兜鍪、彩牌等物。詔賜襲衣、金帶、鞍勒馬，並其子光澤以下器幣有差，特許通漢五日一朝。逾月，通漢上《五溪地理圖》，願留京師，上嘉美之，特授通漢檢校太傅、本州防禦使，還賜疆土，署其子光澤等三班職名。通漢再表欲留京師，不允，乃為光澤等求內地監臨，及言歲賜衣，願使者至本任，並從之。既辭，又賜以襲衣、金帶。三年，通漢卒，以其子光憲知州事。其後，光澤不為親族所容，上表納土，上察其意，不許。四年，知古州向光普遣使鼎州營僧齋，以祝聖壽。

Tianxi 1 brought Xi Man raids; the court sent troops against them. In year two Chen patrol commander Li Shouyuan entered Baiwu district, took fifteen raiders, claimed a hundred heads, and brought in over two hundred chiefs. Acting Chen prefect Qian Jiang pushed into Lower Xi, overran their forts, killed sixty-odd fighters, and accepted the surrender of a thousand old and young. Prefect Peng Rumeng vanished into the hills; his son Shihan and others were seized and sent to court. Gao tribes were promised rich rewards for anyone who captured Rumeng and delivered him to court. That year Rumeng petitioned through Shun chief Tian Yanyan, asking leave to come home. When the transport commissioner relayed the plea, the emperor pitied him and granted amnesty. Rumeng restored captives and weapons; vice-prefect Liu Zhongxiang was ordered to meet him at Mingtan for a blood covenant, then send him home. Shihan was made palace attendant; Rubba and Rucong received acting ranks, caps, belts, and silks. Fu Prefect Xiang Tonghan brought his people to court with famed horses, cinnabar, silver-trimmed arms, helmets, painted shields, and more. He received court robes, a gold belt, and a saddled horse; sons including Guangze got graded gifts; Tonghan alone was allowed to attend every five days. A month later he presented a map of the Five Streams and asked to stay in the capital; delighted, the throne made him honorary grand mentor and defense commissioner, restored his lands, and registered Guangze for third-rank posts. A second plea to remain was denied; he then secured inland posts for his sons and asked that yearly robes be delivered to his seat — all granted. On his departure he received robes and a gold belt again. In year three Tonghan died; his son Guangxian took over the prefecture. Later Guangze, shunned by his clan, offered to surrender his territory; the court read his motive and refused. In year four Gu prefect Xiang Guangpu sent men to Dingzhou to fund a monastic feast for the emperor's longevity.

初，北江蠻酋最大者曰彭氏，世有溪州，州有三，曰上、中、下溪，又有龍賜、天賜、忠順、保靜、感化、永順州六，懿、安、遠、新、給、富、來、寧、南、順、高州十一，總二十州，皆置刺史。而以下溪州刺史兼都誓主，十九州皆隸焉，謂之誓下。州將承襲，都誓主率群酋合議，子孫若弟、侄、親黨之當立者，具州名移辰州為保證，申鈐轄司以聞，乃賜敕告、印符，受命者隔江北望拜謝。州有押案副使及校吏，聽自補置。

The Northern River country was dominated by the Pengs, who for generations held Xi territory split into Upper, Middle, and Lower Xi, plus six named domains and eleven more — twenty prefectures in all, each with its own prefect. The Lower Xi prefect doubled as covenant chief; the other nineteen prefectures answered to him as "under the oath." Succession required the covenant chief and allied chiefs to choose the right heir, document the choice through Chenzhou to the control office, and only then receive patent and seals; appointees bowed north across the river in thanks. Each domain could appoint its own supervising deputies and clerks.

彭氏自允殊、文勇、儒猛相繼為下溪州刺史，至仕漢為殿直，留西京，後輒遁歸。天聖初，以狀白辰州，自言父老兄亡，潛歸本道，願放還家屬。詔徙其家京師，舍以官第。未幾，儒猛言仕漢逃歸，誘群蠻為亂，遣別子仕端等殺之。朝廷嘉其忠，降詔獎諭。時儒猛為檢校尚書右僕射，特遷左僕射。又以仕端為檢校國子祭酒，知溶州，加賜鹽三百斤、彩三十匹。彭氏有文綰者，知中彭州，即忠順州也。三年，儒猛攻殺文綰，其子儒索率其黨九十二人來歸，補儒索復州都知兵馬使，餘官為稟給。五年，儒猛死，仕端以名馬來獻，詔還其馬，命知下溪州，賜以袍帶。七年，遂以其弟仕羲貢方物。明道初，仕端死，復命仕羲為刺史，累遷檢校尚書右僕射。自允殊至仕羲五世矣。

Yunshu, Wenyong, and Rumeng had ruled Lower Xi in turn; Shihan, once made palace attendant, was kept at the western capital but soon fled home. Early in Tiansheng he told Chenzhou his father was old and his brother dead, that he had slipped home, and asked that his family be sent to him. The court moved his family to the capital and housed them in an official residence. Soon Rumeng reported that Shihan had returned and stirred the tribes to revolt; he sent Shiduan and others to kill him. The court praised his loyalty and sent a commending edict. Rumeng, then honorary right vice director, was promoted to the left-hand post. Shiduan became honorary director of education and prefect of Rong, with three hundred jin of salt and thirty bolts of silk. Another Peng, Wenwan, ruled Zhong Peng — the same as Zhongshun. In year three Rumeng killed Wenwan; Suo's ninety-two followers surrendered; Suo was restored as military commander, the rest given stipend posts. In year five Rumeng died; Shiduan offered a famed horse, which was returned; he was made Lower Xi prefect and given robes and belt. In year seven his brother Shixi brought tribute goods. When Shiduan died early in Mingdao, Shixi became prefect and rose to honorary right vice director. Five generations had passed from Yunshu to Shixi.

仕羲有子師寶，景祐中知忠順州。慶曆四年，以罪絕其奉貢。蓋自咸平以來，始聽二十州納貢，歲有常賜，蠻人以為利，有罪則絕之。其後，師寶數自訴，請知上溪州。皇祐二年，始從其請，朝貢如故。既而師寶妻為仕羲取去，師寶忿恚。至和二年，與其子知龍賜州師黨舉族趨辰州，告其父之惡；且言仕羲嘗殺誓下十三州將，奪其符印，並有其地，貢奉賜予悉專之，自號如意大王，補置官屬，將起為亂。於是知辰州宋守信與通判賈師熊、轉運使李肅之合議，率兵數千，深入討伐，以師寶為鄉導。兵至而仕羲遁入他峒，不可得，俘其孥及銅柱，而官軍戰死者十六七，守信等皆坐貶。

Shixi's son Shibao governed Zhongshun during Jingyou. Qingli 4 cut off his tribute for misconduct. Since Xianping the twenty domains had paid tribute for fixed yearly gifts — a profit the Man prized, withdrawn when they offended. Shibao repeatedly petitioned to rule Upper Xi. Huangyou 2 granted his wish and restored his tribute rights. Soon Shixi took Shibao's wife; Shibao was furious. Zhihe 2 he and his son Shidang of Longci led the whole clan to Chenzhou to denounce his father; charging that Shixi had killed thirteen subordinate chiefs, seized their seals and lands, hoarded tribute and gifts, styled himself Great King As-You-Will, appointed officials, and planned rebellion. Chen prefect Song Shouxin, vice-prefect Jia Shixiong, and transport commissioner Li Suzhi led several thousand men deep into the hills with Shibao as guide. Shixi escaped to another gorge; the army seized his family and the bronze pillar but lost six or seven men in ten; Shouxin and his colleagues were demoted.

自是，蠻獠數入寇鈔，邊吏不能制。朝廷姑欲無事，間遣吏諭旨，許以改過自歸，裁損五七州貢奉歲賜。初輒不聽，後遣三司副使李參、文思副使竇舜卿、侍御史朱處約、轉運使王綽經制，大出兵臨之，且馳檄招諭。而仕羲乃陳本無反狀，其僭稱號、補官屬，特遠人不知中國禮義而然。守信等輕信師寶之譖，擅伐無辜，願以二十州舊地復貢奉內屬。朝廷又遣殿中丞雷簡夫往視之。嘉祐二年，仕羲乃歸所掠兵丁五十一人、械甲千八百九事，率蠻眾七百飲血就降，辰州亦還其孥及銅柱。時師寶已死，遣師黨歸知龍賜州，戒勿殺。

Afterward Man and Liao raiders harried the borders beyond local control. Preferring peace, the court occasionally sent envoys offering amnesty and trimmed gifts to five or seven domains. They refused at first; later Li Can, Dou Shunqing, Zhu Chuyue, and Wang Chuo took command with a large force and simultaneous summons. Shixi protested he had never rebelled — titles and appointments were mere ignorance of court ritual. He blamed Shouxin for trusting Shibao's lies and attacking the innocent, and offered to restore all twenty domains to tribute and allegiance. The court sent palace official Lei Jianfu to investigate. Jiayou 2 he returned fifty-one soldiers and 1,809 arms, led seven hundred tribesmen in a blood oath to surrender; Chenzhou restored his family and the bronze pillar. Shibao was already dead; Shidang was sent home to rule Longci with orders not to kill.

自是，仕羲歲奉職貢。然黠驁，數盜邊，即辰州界白馬崖下喏溪聚眾據守，朝廷數招諭，令歸侵地，不聽。熙寧三年，為其子師彩所弑。師彩專為暴虐，其兄師晏攻殺之，並誅其黨，納誓表於朝，並上仕羲平生鞍馬、器服，仍歸喏溪地，乃命師晏襲州事。五年，復以馬皮、白峒地來獻。詔進為下溪州刺史，賜母妻封邑。章惇經制南、北江，湖北提點刑獄李平招納師晏，誓下州峒蠻張景謂、彭德儒、向永勝、覃文猛、覃彥霸各以其地歸版籍，師晏遂降。詔修築下溪州城，並置砦於茶灘南岸，賜新城名會溪，新砦名黔安，戍以兵，隸辰州，出租賦如漢民。遣師晏詣闕，授禮賓副使、京東州都監，官其下六十有四人。

Thereafter Shixi paid yearly tribute. Cunning and unruly, he raided repeatedly from Nuoxi below Baima Cliff inside Chen's border; repeated summons to return seized land went unheeded. Xining 3 his son Shicai killed him. Shicai ruled by terror until his brother Shiyan killed him and his faction, submitted the oath memorial, returned Shixi's goods and Nuoxi land, and took over the domain. In year five he offered horse hides and Baidong land. He was promoted to Lower Xi prefect; his mother and wife received fiefs. Zhang Dun oversaw both rivers; Li Ping won over Shiyan while Zhang Jingxu, Peng Deru, Xiang Yongsheng, Tan Wenmeng, and Tan Yanba surrendered their lands — and Shiyan yielded. Lower Xi city and a fort on Chatan's south bank were built — Huixi and Qian'an — garrisoned, subject to Chen, taxed like Han settlers. Shiyan went to court as vice commissioner of ritual guests and Jingdong supervisor; sixty-four followers received posts.

元豐八年，湖北轉運司言辰州江外生蠻覃仕穩等願內附，詔不許招納。其後彭仕誠者復為都誓主。元祐三年，羅家蠻寇鈔，詔召仕誠及都頭覃文懿等至辰州約敕之。四年，知誓下保靜州彭儒武、知永順州彭儒同、知謂州彭思聰、知龍賜州彭允宗、知藍州彭土明、知吉州彭儒崇，各同其州押案副使進奉興龍節及冬至、正旦溪布有差。

the eighth year of Yuanfeng Hubei transport reported Chen raw Man including Tan Shiwen seeking allegiance; the court forbade recruiting them. Later Peng Shicheng again became covenant chief. Yuanyou 3 Luojia raiders struck; Shicheng, Tan Wenyi, and other chiefs were summoned to Chenzhou and bound by edict. Year four six Peng prefects and their deputies sent graded stream-cloth for the Ascension festival, solstice, and New Year.

初，熙寧中，天子方用兵以威四夷，湖北提點刑獄趙鼎言峽州峒首刻剝亡度，蠻眾願內屬。辰州布衣張翹亦上書言南、北江利害，遂以章惇察訪湖北，經制蠻事。而南江之舒氏、北江之彭氏、梅山之蘇氏、誠州之楊氏相繼納土，創立城砦，使之比內地為王民。北江彭氏已見前。南江諸蠻自辰州達於長沙、邵陽，各有溪峒：曰敘、曰峽、曰中勝、曰元，則舒氏居之；曰獎、曰錦、曰懿、曰晃，則田氏居之；曰富、曰鶴、曰保順、曰天賜、曰古，則向氏居之。舒氏則德郛、德言、君疆、光銀，田氏則處達、漢瓊、漢希、漢能、漢權、保金，向氏則通漢、光普、行猛、永豐、永晤，皆受朝命。自治平末，光銀入貢。故事，南江諸蠻亦隸辰州，貢進則給以驛券，光銀援以為請，詔以券九道給之。其後有峽州舒光秀者，以刻剝其眾不附。

Early in Xining the emperor was bullying the frontier tribes; Zhao Ding reported that a Xia gorge chief had extorted his people past endurance and they wished to submit. Chen commoner Zhang Qiao wrote on both rivers; Zhang Dun was sent to inspect Hubei and take charge of Man affairs. The Shu of the south, Peng of the north, Su of Meishan, and Yang of Cheng surrendered in turn; new forts and garrisons made them subjects like any interior county. The Northern River Pengs have already been discussed above. Southern River Man from Chen to Changsha and Shaoyang held domains named Xu, Xia, Zhongsheng, and Yuan — all Shu country; Jiang, Jin, Yi, and Huang belonged to the Tians; Fu, He, Baoshun, Tianci, and Gu were Xiang lands. Defu, Deyan, Junjiang, and Guangyin led the Shu; Chuda, Hanqiong, Hanxi, Hanneng, Hanquan, and Baojin the Tians; Tonghan, Guangpu, Xingmeng, Yongfeng, and Yongwu the Xiangs — all held court rank. Guangyin had been sending tribute since late Zhiping. Southern River tribute had always earned courier vouchers from Chen; Guangyin cited precedent and received nine vouchers. Later Shu chief Shuguangxiu of Xia lost his people by extortion.

張翹言：「南江諸蠻雖有十六州之地，惟富、峽、敘僅有千戶，餘不滿百，土廣無兵，加以薦饑。近向永晤與繡、鶴、敘諸州蠻自相仇殺，眾苦之，咸思歸化。願先招富、峽二州，俾納土，則餘州自歸，並及彭師晏之孱弱，皆可郡縣。」詔下知辰州劉策商度，策請如翹言。熙寧五年，乃遣章惇察訪。未幾，策卒，乃以東作坊使石鑒為湖北鈐轄兼知辰州，且助惇經制。明年，富州向永晤獻先朝所賜劍及印來歸順，繼而光銀、光秀等亦降。獨田氏有元猛者，頗桀驁難製，異時數侵奪舒、向二族地。惇遣左侍禁李資將輕兵往招諭。資，辰州流人，曩與張翹同獻策者也。褊宕無謀，褻慢夷獠，遂為懿、洽州蠻所殺。惇進兵破懿州，南江州峒悉平，遂置沅州，以懿州新城為治所，尋又置誠州。

Zhang Qiao wrote: "Sixteen Southern River domains exist, but only Fu, Xia, and Xu have a thousand households; the rest count fewer than a hundred; the land is wide, arms few, and pestilence has brought famine. Lately Yongwu and the Xiu, He, and Xu tribes have feuded until the people crave submission. Win Fu and Xia first, and the rest will follow — even weak Peng Shiyan's domains could become regular counties." The order went to Liu Ce at Chen; Ce endorsed Zhang's plan. Xining 5 brought Zhang Dun's inspection tour. Ce soon died; workshop commissioner Shi Jian became Hubei control commissioner and Chen prefect to aid Zhang. Next year Yongwu of Fu surrendered his patent sword and seal; Guangyin and Guangxiu followed. Only Tian Yuanmeng remained proud and ungovernable, long encroaching on Shu and Xiang lands. Zhang sent guard Li Zi with a light detachment to negotiate. Zi was a Chen exile who had once advised Zhang Qiao. Petty, rash, and contemptuous of the tribes, he was killed by Yi and Qia Man. Zhang stormed Yi; the Southern River was pacified; Yuan Prefecture was created at Yi's new city, then Cheng as well.

元祐初，傅堯俞、王岩叟言：「沅、誠州創建以來，設官屯兵，布列砦縣，募役人，調戍兵，費钜萬，公私騷然，荊湖兩路為之空竭。又自廣西融州創開道路達誠州，增置潯江等堡，其地無所有，湖、廣移賦以給一方，民不安業，願斟酌廢置。」朝廷以沅州建置至是十五年，蠻情安習已久，但廢誠州為渠陽軍，而沅州至今為郡。元祐初，諸蠻復叛，朝廷方務休息，痛懲邀功生事。廣西張整、融州溫嵩坐擅殺蠻人，皆置之罪。詔諭湖南、北及廣西路曰：「國家疆理四海，務在柔遠。頃湖、廣諸蠻近漢者無所統壹，因其請吏，量置城邑以撫治之。邊臣邀功獻議，創通融州道路，侵逼峒穴，致生疑懼。朝廷知其無用，旋即廢罷；邊吏失於撫遏，遂爾扇搖。其叛酋楊晟台等並免追討，諸路所開道路、創置堡砦並廢。」自後，五溪郡縣棄而不問。

Early in Yuanyou Fu Yaoyu and Wang Yansou wrote: "Yuan and Cheng have cost tens of thousands — officials, garrisons, forts, corvée, rotating troops — draining Jing and Hu. A road from Guangxi's Rong to Cheng and new forts like Xunjiang bring nothing in return while Hunan and Guangxi ship taxes to sustain the region — the people beg for reconsideration." After fifteen years the Man were settled; Cheng became Quyang commandery, but Yuan remains a prefecture today. Early in Yuanyou the Man rose again, but the court wanted peace and cracked down hard on officers who manufactured incidents to win credit. Zhang Zheng in Guangxi and Wen Song of Rong were punished for killing Man on their own authority. An edict went to Hunan, northern Hunan, and Guangxi: "The empire holds all within the seas; its duty is to win over those far away. Lately the Man of Hunan and Guang who lived close to Han settlements had lacked unified rule; at their request for officials, the court had set up towns as needed to govern them. Frontier officers hungry for credit proposed opening a road through Rong, pressing on cave settlements until fear and distrust spread. Seeing no benefit, the court abolished the project at once; but border officials had failed to pacify and restrain them, and unrest spread in turn. Rebel chiefs such as Yang Sheng Tai were spared pursuit, and every new road and fort along the circuits was dismantled." After that the commanderies and counties of the Five Streams were left to themselves.

崇寧以來，開邊拓土之議復熾，於是安化上三州及思廣洞蒙光明、樂安峒程大法、都丹團黃光明、靖州西道楊再立、辰州覃都管罵等各願納土輸貢賦。又令廣西招納左、右江四百五十餘峒。宣和中，議者以為「招致熟蕃，接武請吏，竭金帛、繒絮以啖其欲，捐高爵、厚奉以侈其心。開闢荒蕪，草創城邑，張皇事勢，僥幸賞恩。入版圖者存虛名，充府庫者亡實利。不毛之地，既不可耕；狼子野心，頑冥莫革。建築之後，西南夷獠交寇，而溪峒子蠻亦復跳梁。士卒死於干戈，官吏沒於王事，肝腦塗地，往往有之。以此知納土之義，非徒無益，而又害之所由生也。莫若俾帥臣、監司條具建築以來財用出入之數，商較利病，可省者省，可並者並，減戍兵漕運，而夷狄可撫，邊鄙可亡患矣！」乃詔悉廢所置初郡。其餘諸蠻，自乾興以來，或叛或服，其類不一，各以歲月次之。

From Chongning onward the push to open borders and seize land revived; Anhua's upper three prefectures, Meng Guangming of Siguang cave, Cheng Dafa of Le'an ravine, Huang Guangming of the Dudan regiment, Yang Zaili on Jingzhou's western route, Tan Du of Chenzhou, and others all offered to surrender their lands and pay taxes. Guangxi was told to bring in more than four hundred fifty ravines along the Left and Right Rivers. In Xuanhe critics argued: "We lure in acculturated Fan who then line up to demand officials, drain gold, silk, and floss to satisfy their appetites, and heap rank and salary on them until their ambitions swell. They clear wilderness, throw up new towns, inflate every undertaking, and gamble on imperial reward. What enters the registers is a hollow name; what fills the treasuries brings no real gain. The soil will not bear crops; their hearts are those of wolf cubs—stubborn and unyielding. Once the building began, Yi and Liao in the southwest raided back and forth, and the stream-cave Man rose in revolt again. Soldiers fell to weapons, officials died on the throne's business, and brains and guts stained the earth—again and again. This showed that accepting surrendered territory was not merely useless but the very seed of harm. Better let commanders and supervisors list every cost since construction, weigh gain against loss, cut and combine where possible, trim garrisons and transport—then the tribes could be soothed and the frontier freed of trouble!" The court then abolished every newly created prefecture. Other Man affairs from Qianxing onward—now rebellion, now submission, no single pattern—are recorded below in chronological order.

乾興初，順州蠻田彥晏率其黨田承恩寇施州暗利砦，縱火而去，夔州發兵擊之，俘獲甚眾。彥晏在真宗朝為歸德將軍、檢校太子賓客、知順州；承恩者，知保順州田彥曉子也。明年，彥晏款邊上誓狀，願還所掠金帛、器械，且輸粟二千石自贖。詔拒其粟，舍其所負金帛，第令歸掠去戶口。仍加彥晏寧遠將軍、檢校工部尚書，承恩檢校國子祭酒兼監察御史，皆知州如故。後又有田忠顯者，與其黨百九人入貢。

Early in Qianxing, Shunzhou Man Tian Yanyan and his man Tian Chengen raided Shizhou's Anli stockade, torched it, and fled; Kuizhou troops struck back and took many prisoners. Yanyan had served Zhenzong as General of Guiding Virtue, honorary heir-apparent guest, and prefect of Shun; Chengen was the son of Baoshun prefect Tian Yanxiao. The next year Yanyan came to the border with a sworn petition, offering to return plundered gold, silk, and arms and pay two thousand piculs of grain as ransom. The court refused the grain, forgave the gold and silk, and required only the return of captives. Yanyan was promoted to General of Pacifying the Far and honorary minister of works; Chengen to honorary imperial-academy libationer and investigating censor—both kept their prefectures. Later Tian Zhongxian arrived with a party of one hundred nine to present tribute.

天聖二年，知古州向光普自言，嘗創佛寺，請名報國，歲度僧一人，許之。四年，歸順等州蠻田思欽等以方物來獻，時來者三百一人，而夔州路轉運司不先以聞，詔劾之。既而又詔安、遠、天賜、保順、南、順等州蠻貢京師，道里遼遠而離寒暑之苦，其聽以貢物留施州，所賜就給之。願入貢者十人，聽三二人至闕下，首領聽三年一至。七年，黔州蠻、舒延蠻、繡州蠻向光緒皆來貢。九年，施州屬蠻覃彥綰等寇永寧砦。景祐中，澧州屬蠻五百餘人入寇。時州將崔承祐畏避不以聞，為荊湖鈐轄司所奏，詔劾罷之。寶元二年，辰州狤獠三千餘人款附，以州將張昭懿招輯有功，進一官。

In the second year of Tiansheng, Gu prefect Xiang Guangpu reported that he had built a temple and asked that it be named Repaying the State, with one ordination each year—granted. In the fourth year Tian Siqin and other Man of Guishun brought tribute; three hundred one came, yet the Kuizhou transport office failed to report beforehand—the court ordered an inquiry. Another edict allowed Man of An, Yuan, Tianci, Baoshun, Nan, Shun, and the like, rather than travel the long road to the capital through heat and cold, to leave tribute at Shizhou and take their gifts there. Of every ten who wished to come, only two or three might reach court; chiefs might come once every three years. In the seventh year Qian Man, Shuyan Man, and Xiuzhou's Xiang Guangxu all presented tribute. In the ninth year dependent Shizhou Man led by Tan Yanwan attacked Yongning stockade. During Jingyou more than five hundred dependent Lizhou Man raided inward. Prefectural commander Cui Chengyou shrank from reporting it; the Jing-Hu control commission memorialized against him, and he was impeached and dismissed. In the second year of Baoyuan more than three thousand Jieliao of Chen submitted; prefect Zhang Zhaoyi was promoted one rank for winning them in.

慶曆三年，桂陽監蠻徭內寇，詔發兵捕擊之。蠻徭者，居山谷間，其山自衡州常寧縣屬於桂陽、郴連賀韶四州，環紆千餘里，蠻居其中，不事賦役，謂之徭人。初，有吉州巫黃捉鬼與其兄弟數人皆習蠻法，往來常寧，出入溪峒，誘蠻眾數百人盜販鹽，殺官軍，逃匿峒中，既招出而殺之，又徙山下民他處。至是，其黨遂合五千人，出桂陽藍山縣華陰峒，害巡檢李延祚、潭州都監張克明。事聞，擢楊畋提點刑獄，督攻討事，久之不克。遂詔湖南轉運使郭輔之等招撫之，始於湖南置安撫司。蠻所至殺掠居民，縱火劫財物，被害者甚眾。詔被害者並入山捕蠻，土兵蠲復有差。初，發兵捕蠻，至或誤殺良民，仁宗命訪之，口給絹五匹，仍拊其家。時蠻勢方熾，又遣殿中侍御史王絲、三司度支副使徐的經制。降敕書委知潭州劉沆招諭，能自歸者第錄以官。沆大發兵臨之，以敕書從事，降二千餘人，使散居所部，錄其首領鄧文誌、黃文晟、黃士元皆為三班奉職。又以內殿承製亓贇、崇班胡元嘗在石硋峒捕殺有勞，進贇莊宅副使，元禮賓副使，時四年冬也。

In the third year of Qingli Guiyang Man-Yao raided inward, and the court sent troops to hunt them down. The Man-Yao lived in the valleys; from Hengzhou's Changning their mountains ran through Guiyang and Chen, Lian, He, and Shao—a thousand li of winding country where Man paid no taxes and were called Yao. Earlier a Jizhou shaman, Huang Zhuogui, and his brothers had learned Man ways, moved through Changning's ravines, and led hundreds of Man to smuggle salt and kill troops; when they were lured out and executed, lowland settlers were relocated. Now their faction mustered five thousand, burst from Huayin ravine in Guiyang's Lanshan, and killed patrol commissioner Li Yanzu and Tanzhou director Zhang Keming. When word reached court, Yang Tian was made judicial intendant to lead the campaign, but for a long time could not prevail. The court then ordered Hunan transport commissioner Guo Fuzhi and others to win them over by persuasion, and for the first time set up a Hunan pacification commission. Wherever the Man went they killed, looted, and burned; casualties were heavy. Victims were permitted to join the hunt in the hills; native levies received graded tax relief. Early in the campaign troops sometimes killed innocents; Renzong ordered an inquiry, five bolts of silk for each life lost, and relief for the families. With Man strength at its height, the court also sent palace diarist Wang Si and fiscal vice commissioner Xu Di to direct operations. An imperial letter charged Tanzhou prefect Liu Kang to offer terms: whoever surrendered would be registered and given rank. Kang marched in force under the letter's authority; more than two thousand surrendered and were sent home, while leaders Deng Wenzhi, Huang Wensheng, and Huang Shiyuan were made third-class attendants. Qi Yun of the inner hall and court gentleman Hu Yuan, who had fought well at Shi'e ravine, were promoted—Yun to vice commissioner of manor houses, Yuan to vice commissioner of rites—in the winter of the fourth year.

五年二月，餘黨唐和等復內寇，乃詔湖南安撫、轉運、提點刑獄便宜從事。又特賜官兵土丁錢有差。於是沆檄楊畋等八路入討，覆蕩桃油平、能家源等，皆其巢穴，捕斬首級甚眾。詔官兵有功者九百餘人第遷一資，錄其應募討擊者道州進士十四人，並官之。然唐和等猶未平。又詔：「如聞賊黨欲降，其罷出兵，逃匿者諭使歸復，州縣拊存之。」是冬，蠻復入寇，與胡元及右侍禁郭正、趙鼎、殿侍王孝先戰於華陰峒隘口，元等死之，劉沆、楊畋皆坐黜。以劉夔代沆為安撫使，夔言：「唐和等既敗官軍，殺將吏，聚眾益自疑，恐浸為邊患，願以詔書招安，就補溪峒首領。」詔可。

In the second month of the fifth year Tang He and other holdouts raided again; Hunan pacification, transport, and judicial officials were told to act at discretion. Cash grants were also issued to regular troops and native levies according to rank. Kang sent Yang Tian and others in eight columns to overrun their nests at Taoyouping and Nengjiayuan and take many heads. More than nine hundred soldiers were promoted one step; fourteen Daozhou scholars who had volunteered for the campaign were also given posts. Yet Tang He and his band were still at large. Another edict ran: "If the rebels wish to surrender, halt the armies; tell those in hiding to come home, and let the counties receive them kindly. That winter the Man raided again. At the Huayin pass they killed Hu Yuan, right attendant Guo Zheng, Zhao Ding, and attendant Wang Xiaoxian; Liu Kang and Yang Tian were demoted. Liu Kui replaced Kang as pacification commissioner and argued: "Having beaten our troops and killed officers, Tang He grows bolder and more fearful by the day; he may become a lasting border threat. I ask to offer terms under imperial letter and appoint ravine chiefs on the spot." Approved.

是時，湖湘騷動，兵不得息。六年夏，仁宗顧謂輔臣曰：「官軍久戍南方，夏秋之交，瘴癘為虐，其令太醫定方和藥，遣使給之。」自是繼賜緡錢。未幾，夔言敗唐和於銀江源。轉運使周沆亦言指揮辛景賢招降賊黨五十六戶二百五十九人，錄其首領，戒所部拊存之。先是，命三司戶部判官崔嶧為體量安撫，往議討除、招安二策，既而知桂陽監宋守信奏：「唐和嘯聚千餘眾為盜，五六年卒未能克者，朝廷不許窮討故也。今衡州監酒黃士元頗習溪峒事，願得敢戰士二千、引路土丁二百，優給金帛，使之逐捕，必得然後已，並敕亓贇等合力以進。彼既勢窮，必將款附。」詔用其策，於是大發兵討之。其眾果懼，遁入郴州黃莽山，由趙峒轉寇英、韶州，依山自保。是冬，帝閔士卒暴露，復諭執政密戒主帥安恤。

Hunan and the Xiang region were in turmoil, and the armies had no respite. In the sixth summer Renzong told his ministers: "Our men have long camped in the south; when summer turns to autumn the miasma strikes. Let the imperial physicians prepare remedies and send them out." Cash grants followed as well. Soon Kui reported a victory over Tang He at Yinjang source. Transport commissioner Zhou Kang reported that commander Xin Jingxian had won over fifty-six households and two hundred fifty-nine rebels, enrolled their leaders, and ordered local officials to care for them. Earlier fiscal commissioner Cui Yi had been sent to weigh extermination against negotiation; then Guiyang director Song Shouxin wrote: "Tang He has held more than a thousand men in the hills for five or six years because the court would not let anyone finish the job. Hengzhou wine supervisor Huang Shiyuan, who knows the ravines well, asks for two thousand fighters and two hundred native guides, with generous reward, to hunt Tang He to the end, and orders Qi Yun and the rest to press together. Once cornered, they will surely submit." The court took his advice and launched a major campaign. They fled in fear to Huangmang Mountain in Chenzhou, then through Zhao ravine raided Ying and Shaozhou, holding the high ground. That winter the emperor, pitying men camped in the open, privately told his ministers to remind commanders to care for them.

七年，唐和遣其子執要領詣官，自言願貸糧米，居所保峒中。時楊畋復為湖南鈐轄，詔趨連、韶州山下，與廣南東、西轉運使共告諭之，使以兵械上官，質其親屬。詔補唐和、盤知諒、房承映、承泰、文運等五人為峒主，授銀青光祿大夫、檢校國子祭酒兼監察御史、武騎尉。知諒等，蓋唐和黨也。至冬，其眾悉降。

In the seventh year Tang He sent his son with tallies to the officials, asking for grain on credit and offering to remain in his ravine. Yang Tian had returned as Hunan control commissioner; he was sent to the foot of Lian and Shaozhou with the Guangnan transport commissioners to announce terms—surrender arms and leave kin as hostages. Tang He, Pan Zhiliang, Fang Chengying, Fang Chengtai, Wenyun, and others—five men in all—were made ravine lords with the titles silver radiance grandee, honorary imperial-academy libationer and investigating censor, and martial cavalry captain. Zhiliang and the rest were Tang He's men. By winter they had all surrendered.

皇祐五年，邵州蠻舒光銀因湖南安撫司官自陳捍禦之勞，願於峒中置中勝州，詔可。嘉祐二年，羅城峒蠻寇澧州，發兵擊走之。三年，以施州蠻向永勝所領州為安定州。五年，以邵州蠻楊光倩知徽州。光倩，通漢之子也。通漢，慶曆初嘗入貢，既死，光倩襲之。舊制，溪峒知州卒，承襲者許進奉行州事，撫遏蠻人，及五年，安撫司為奏給敕告。至是，光倩行州事七年，無他過，故命之。

In the fifth year of Huangyou Shaozhou Man Shu Guangyin, through pacification officials, claimed credit for defense and asked to establish Zhongsheng Prefecture in his ravine—the court agreed. In the second year of Jiayou Luocheng ravine Man raided Lizhou; troops drove them back. In the third year the domain of Shizhou Man Xiang Yongsheng was made Anding Prefecture. In the fifth year Shaozhou Man Yang Guangqian was appointed prefect of Hui. Guangqian was the son of Tonghan. Tonghan had presented tribute early in Qingli; when he died Guangqian succeeded him. By custom, when a ravine prefect died his heir might govern provisionally, keep the Man quiet, and after five years the pacification office would memorialize for an imperial patent. Guangqian had governed for seven years without fault, and so received formal appointment.

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