Volume 494 Biographies 253: Man People 2 - Man People from Xidong in the Southwest 2

西南溪峒諸蠻下梅山峒誠徽州南丹州

The Various Man Peoples of the Southwestern Stream-Caves, Lower Section; Meishan Cave; Cheng Huizhou; Nandan Prefecture

西南溪峒諸蠻下

The Various Man Peoples of the Southwestern Stream-Caves, Lower Section

紹興三年，臣僚言：“武岡軍溪峒舊嚐集人戶為義保，蓋其風土、習俗、服食、器械悉同徭人。故可為疆場捍蔽，雖曰籍之於官，然亦未嚐遠戍。靖康間，調之以勤王，其後湖南盜起，征斂百出，義保無復舊制，困苦不勝，乃舉其世業，客依蠻峒，聽其繇役。州縣猶驗舊籍催科，胥隸及門，則挈家遠徙，官失其稅，蠻獠日強。兼武岡所屬三縣，悉為徭人所有，遠戍之實已無，而鄉戶弩手之名尚在，歲取其直，人戶谘怨。乞擇本路監司詳議以聞。 ”詔從之。

In 1133, a court official reported: "In the stream-caves of Wugang Army, households had once been organized into volunteer militia bands known as yibao, because their way of life, customs, diet, dress, and arms were indistinguishable from those of the Yao." They could thus shield the borderlands; though enrolled on official registers, they were never posted to far-off garrisons. During the Jingkang crisis they were called up to defend the dynasty; later, as banditry spread through Hunan and exactions multiplied, the old yibao arrangement collapsed. Driven past endurance, families gave up their ancestral estates, sought shelter among the Man stream-caves, and accepted corvée under tribal authority. Prefectures and counties still used the old rolls to demand taxes; when runners appeared at the door, families fled with all they had, the state lost the revenue, and the frontier tribes grew stronger by the day. All three counties attached to Wugang had fallen under Yao control; distant service existed in name only, yet the label of village crossbowmen was kept alive and an annual levy collected, provoking widespread grievance. He asked that supervisory officials of the circuit be charged to study the matter in detail and report back. The court approved the request.

四年，辰州言，歸明保靜、南渭、永順三州彭儒武等久欲奉表入貢。詔以道路未通，俾荊湖北帥司慰諭，免赴闕。遣人持表及方物赴行在，仍優賜以答之。九月，詔荊湖南、北路溪峒頭首土人及主管年滿人合給恩賜，俾各路帥司會計覆實以聞。

In 1134, Chen Prefecture reported that Peng Ruwu and others from the three tribute prefectures of Guiming, Baojing, Nanwei, and Yongshun had long sought to submit memorials and pay tribute. Because travel routes were still unsafe, the court ordered the Jinghu North commander to reassure them and excuse them from a journey to the capital. Envoys might bring memorials and regional gifts to the temporary capital instead, and the court would reward them generously in return. In September, the court decreed imperial gifts for stream-cave chiefs, native leaders, and outgoing supervisors on the Jinghu South and North circuits, directing each commander to audit the rolls and report.

六年，知鼎州張觷言：“鼎、澧、辰、沅、靖州與溪峒接壤，祖宗時嚐置弓弩手，得其死力，比緣多故，遂皆廢闕。萬一蠻夷生變，將誰與捍禦？今雖各出良田，募人以補其額，率皆豪強遣僮奴竄名籍中，乘時射利，無益公家，所宜汰去。則募溪峒司兵得三百人，俾加習練，足為守禦，給田募人開墾，以供軍儲。 ”詔荊湖北路帥司相度以聞。帥司言：“營田四州舊置弓弩手九千一百一十人，練習武事，散居邊境，鎮撫蠻夷，平居則事耕作，緩急以備戰守，深為利便。靖康初，調發應援河東，全軍陷沒。今辰、沅、澧、靖等州乏兵防守，竊慮蠻夷生變叵測。若將四州弓弩手減元額，定為三千五百人，辰州置千人，沅州置千五百人，澧州、靖州各置五百人，分處要害，量給土田，訓練以時，耕戰合度，庶可備禦。以所餘閑田募人耕作，歲收其租，其於邊防財賦，兩得其便，可為經久之計。 ”詔從之。

In 1136, Zhang Jue, magistrate of Ding Prefecture, wrote: "Ding, Li, Chen, Yuan, and Jing all adjoin the stream-caves. Our ancestors once posted crossbowmen who fought to the death for the realm, but years of turmoil have let the institution lapse entirely." If the tribes should turn hostile, who would hold the line? Though good land is offered to fill the rolls, powerful families usually plant their slaves' names on the lists to turn a private profit, which does the state no good and ought to be purged. Instead, recruit three hundred stream-cave militia, drill them until they can hold the border, allocate land to settlers for cultivation, and use the yield to feed the garrisons. The court directed the Jinghu North commander to study the proposal and report back. The commander replied: "The four farm-garrison prefectures once fielded 9,110 crossbowmen trained for war, posted along the frontier to keep the tribes in check. In quiet times they farmed; in crisis they fought. The system worked remarkably well." Early in the Jingkang crisis they were sent to reinforce Hedong and the whole corps perished. Chen, Yuan, Li, Jing, and the rest are now undefended, and I worry that an unpredictable tribal revolt may follow. Cut the four-prefecture corps to 3,500 men — 1,000 at Chen, 1,500 at Yuan, 500 each at Li and Jing — station them at key points, grant land as needed, drill them regularly, and balance farming with fighting, and the frontier could be held again. Lease the surplus land to settlers, collect yearly rent, and both defense and frontier finance would gain — a durable policy for the border. The court accepted the proposal.

七年六月，張觷言：“湖外自靖康以來，盜賊盤踞，鍾相、楊太山、雷德進等相繼叛，澧州所屬尤甚。獨慈利縣向思勝等五人素號溪峒歸明，誓掌防拓，卒能保境息民，使德進賊黨無所剽掠，思勝後竟殺德進。會官軍招撫劉智等，而彭永健、彭永政、彭永全、彭永勝及思勝共獻糧助官軍，招復諸山四十餘柵，宣力效忠功居多，宜加恩賞。 ”詔思勝等五人各轉兩資。九月，詔荊湖、廣南路溪峒頭首土人內有子孫應襲職名差遣，及主管年滿合給恩賜之數，俾帥司取會核實以聞。

In the sixth month of 1137, Zhang Jue reported: "Since Jingkang, bandits have dominated the country south of the lakes. Zhong Xiang, Yang Taishan, Lei Dejin, and others rose one after another, and the territory under Li Prefecture was hit hardest." Only in Cili County did Xiang Sisheng and four companions — stream-cave leaders long loyal to the court — pledge to defend the border. They kept the district quiet, denied Lei Dejin's followers any prey, and Sisheng himself eventually killed Dejin. While imperial troops were pacifying Liu Zhi and his followers, Peng Yongjian, Peng Yongzheng, Peng Yongquan, Peng Yongsheng, and Sisheng fed the army, won back more than forty mountain forts, and served the dynasty with conspicuous loyalty. They deserve generous rewards. The court promoted Sisheng and his four companions two ranks apiece. In September, the court required Jinghu and Guangnan commanders to verify how many stream-cave chiefs and native leaders had heirs entitled to inherit posts, and how many outgoing supervisors were due imperial gifts, then report the totals.

九年，宜章峒民駱科作亂，寇郴、道、連、桂陽諸州縣，詔發大兵往討之，獲駱科。餘黨歐幼四等復叛，據藍山，寇平陽縣，遣江西兵馬都監程師回討平之。

In 1139, Luo Ke of the Yizhang stream-caves rose in revolt and raided Chen, Dao, Lian, and Guiyang. The court sent a major expedition, and Luo Ke was taken. Survivors led by Ou Yousi rebelled again, held Lanshan, and struck Pingyang County until Cheng Shihui, Jiangxi's military superintendent, crushed them.

十年，承信郎琴州溪峒楊進顒等率族屬歸生界五百餘戶、疆土三百餘里，獻累世所造兵器及金爐、酒杯各一，求入覲，詔本路帥司敦遣以行。十二年，詔以施州南砦路夷人向再健襲父思遷充銀青光祿大夫、檢校國子祭酒兼監察御史、武騎尉、知懿州事。

In 1140, Yang Jinyang, a Chengxin Lang from the Qin Prefecture stream-caves, brought more than five hundred households and three hundred li of borderland back to the empire, offered ancestral arms plus a gold censer and wine cup, and asked to attend court. The circuit commander was told to see him safely on his way. In 1142, Xiang Zaijian of the Nanzhai Road Yi in Shi Prefecture succeeded his father Sixian as Silver-Gleaming Grandee, acting Director of the Imperial Academy with concurrent censorial rank, Martial Cavalry Commandant, and Administrator of Yi Prefecture.

十四年十月，湖南安撫使劉昉奏，武岡軍徭人有父子相殺者，宜出兵助其父，俾還省地。上以問輔臣秦檜，檜曰：“恐輕舉生事。 ”帝曰：“恩威不可偏廢，可懷則示之以恩，否則威之。不侵省地則已，或有所侵，奈何不舉，俾知所畏哉。 ”十二月，成忠郎充武岡軍綏寧縣管界都巡檢兼溪峒首領楊進京，率其族三百人，備黃金、朱砂、方物求入貢，先遣其子孝友陳請。詔本路帥司閱舊制以聞，給孝友錢三百貫，俾還聽進止。

In the tenth month of 1144, Hunan's Pacification Commissioner Liu Fang reported a Yao feud in Wugang in which father and son had killed one another. He urged sending troops to support the father and recover land under provincial control. The emperor consulted Chief Councillor Qin Hui, who warned, "A rash move could spark wider trouble." The emperor replied, "Kindness and force must go hand in hand. Win them with grace when you can; use force when you cannot. If they leave provincial land alone, fine — but if they seize it, how can we stand idle? They must learn what they have to fear. In the twelfth month, Yang Jinjing — a Chengzhong Lang serving as border inspector of Suining in Wugang and as stream-cave chief — led three hundred kinsmen with gold, cinnabar, and regional gifts to petition for tribute status, sending his son Xiaoyou ahead to state the request. The circuit commander was told to check the old rules and report. Xiaoyou received three hundred strings of cash and was sent home to await further word.

十五年，楊進顒復求入貢，以武岡軍不時敦遣為言。詔本路帥司閱實應襲人姓名來上，並促進顒入覲。四月，廣南東路提刑黃應南言：“溪峒巡檢、尉、砦官不嚴守備，縱民與徭交通，恐啟邊釁，乞詔有司申嚴法令，俾帥臣、監司常加覺察。 ”宰臣以為沿邊互市，恐不宜禁絕。帝曰：“往年禁西夏互市，遂至用兵，可令帥司裁決。 ”前知全州高楫言：“徭人今皆微弱，不敢先侵省地，砦官每縱人深入，略其財物，遂致乘間竊發。宜詔與溪峒接壤州郡毋侵徭人，庶使邊民安業，以廣陛下柔遠好生之德。 ”帝從其言，詔守臣一遵成法，務在撫綏。

In 1145, Yang Jinyang again petitioned for tribute entry, protesting that Wugang officials had not expedited his journey. The court told the commander to verify heirs entitled to inherit posts and to hurry Jinyang to the capital. In the fourth month, Huang Yingnan, Guangnan East's judicial intendant, warned that stream-cave inspectors and stockade officers were neglecting defense and letting settlers trade freely with the Yao, risking border conflict. He asked for stricter enforcement and regular oversight by commanders and supervisors. Ministers argued that frontier trade ought not be banned outright. The emperor said, "When we once banned trade with Western Xia, war followed. Let the commanders judge each case." Gao Ji, former magistrate of Quan Prefecture, added, "The Yao are weak now and rarely strike first. Stockade officers let settlers push deep into tribal lands and seize property, which provokes retaliatory raids." Order the prefectures along the stream-caves not to harass the Yao, so border people can live in peace and Your Majesty's humane policy toward distant peoples may prevail. The emperor agreed and ordered local officials to follow existing law and focus on conciliation.

二十四年，禽楊正修及其弟正拱，送理寺獄鞫治，斬之。初，正修侍其父再興入覲，獻還省民疆土，遂命以官。建炎後，與弟正拱率九十團峒徭人出武岡軍，縱火殺掠民財為亂。紹興間，潭州帥司嚐招徠之，後復作亂，屢抗官軍，至是伏誅。二十八年七月，楊進京等復求入貢，詔以道遠慰諭之，優其賜與。

In 1154, Yang Zhengxiu and his brother Zhenggong were seized, tried at the Court of Judicial Review, and beheaded. Earlier, Zhengxiu had followed his father Zaixing to court, restored land and people to provincial control, and received an official appointment. After Jianyan he and Zhenggong led ninety Yao regiments from the stream-caves out of Wugang, burning, killing, and looting until open revolt broke out. During Shaoxing the Tan commander had once won them back, but they rebelled again, fought imperial troops repeatedly, and were finally put to death. In the seventh month of 1158, Yang Jinjing and others again petitioned for tribute. The court cited the long journey to console them and sent generous gifts instead.

隆興初，右正言尹穡言：“湖南州縣多鄰溪峒，省民往往交通徭人，擅自易田，豪猾大姓或詐匿其產徭人，以避科差。內虧國賦，外滋邊患。宜詔湖南安撫司表正經界，禁民毋質田徭人。詐匿其產徭人者論如法，仍沒入其田，以賞告奸者。田前賣入徭人，俾為別籍，毋遽奪，能還其田者，縣代給錢嚐之。 ”帝從其言。

Early in Longxing, Remonstrator Yin Ji reported that Hunan counties along the stream-caves saw settlers trading with the Yao and swapping land illegally, while powerful families hid estates under Yao names to escape taxes and corvée. Revenue suffers at home while border troubles grow abroad. The Hunan Pacification Commission should fix official boundaries and forbid settlers from pledging land to the Yao. Anyone who hides property under Yao names should be punished by law, the land confiscated, and informants rewarded. Land already sold to the Yao should be listed separately without immediate confiscation, and counties should compensate owners who recover their fields. The emperor approved.

乾道元年，宜章峒賊李金陷郴州，焚桂陽軍，州將棄城遁，衡州調常寧縣兵救之，弗克。世忠峒李昂霄者，率壯丁禦賊，民恃以安。湖南提舉常平鄭丙請發鄂渚軍討賊，平之。昂霄以功補承節郎，管轄衡州常寧縣溪峒，及官其子當年，俾後得襲職。

In 1165, Li Jin of the Yizhang stream-caves took Chen Prefecture and burned Guiyang Army. The commander fled, and troops from Changning sent by Heng Prefecture could not retake the city. Li Angxiao of the Shizhong cave led his men against the rebels, and the people found safety in his defense. Zheng Bing, Hunan's Ever-Normal intendant, asked for Ezhou troops to crush the rebels, and order was restored. Angxiao was made a Chengjie Lang and placed over Changning's stream-caves in Heng Prefecture; his son Dangnian received office as well, with the right to inherit later.

三年，靖州界徭人姚明教等作亂，詔荊、鄂駐紮明椿選將率精銳千人，會屯戍官合擊之，能立功者有厚賞。八月，詔平溪峒互市鹽米價，聽民便，毋相抑配，其徭人歲輸身丁米，務平收，無取羨餘及折輸錢，違者論罪。十一月，南郊禮成，詔以緣邊溪峒，州縣失於拊循，致懷反側，或逃竄山谷，其在赦恩以前，並加寬宥，能復業者，罪一切置不問，互市如故，悉聽其便，守臣常加撫問。以稱綏遠之意。

In 1167, Yao Mingjiao and others on the Jing border rebelled. Ming Chun at Jing and E was told to pick a commander, lead a thousand elite troops, join local garrisons in a joint strike, and reward merit generously. In August, the court fixed fair salt and grain prices in frontier trade, barred forced sales, required honest collection of Yao head-tax rice without surcharges or conversion fees, and promised punishment for abuses. After the southern-suburb rites in November, the court noted that poor governance along the stream-caves had driven some into rebellion or hiding. All offenses before the amnesty were pardoned; those who returned to their fields would face no prosecution; trade would continue freely; and local officials were to visit and reassure them often. This expressed the court's policy of gentle rule over distant peoples.

四年二月，詔湖南北、四川、二廣州軍應有溪峒處，務先恩信綏懷，毋弛防閑，毋襲科擾，毋貪功而啟釁。委各路帥臣、監司常加覺察。是月，詔禁沿邊奸人毋越逸溪峒，誘致蠻獠侵內地，違者論如律，其不能防閑致越逸者亦罪之。湖廣總領周嗣武言邊事，如二年四月之詔，帝嘉納之。是歲，田彥古死，子忠佐襲職，授銀青光祿大夫、檢校散騎常侍、知溪峒安化州兼監察御史、飛龍騎尉。

In the second month of 1168, the court told officials on every stream-cave frontier in Hunan, Sichuan, and Guangnan to win people through kindness, keep defenses ready, levy taxes openly rather than by surprise, and never provoke trouble for personal glory. Circuit commanders and supervisors were to watch compliance closely. That same month, the court banned frontier ruffians from slipping into tribal lands to incite raids on the interior, with legal punishment for offenders and for officials who failed to stop them. Zhou Siwu, Huguang's overall intendant, memorialized on border policy along the lines of the 1166 edict, and the emperor warmly approved. That year Tian Yanggu died and his son Zhongzuo succeeded him as Silver-Gleaming Grandee, acting Regular Attendant, Administrator of stream-cave Anhua with concurrent censorial rank, and Flying Dragon Cavalry Commandant.

六年，盧陽西據獠楊添朝寇邊，知沅州孫叔傑調兵數千討之，敗績，死者十七八。初，徭人與省戶交爭，殺二人死，叔傑輒出兵破其十三柵，奪還所侵地，於是徭人相結為亂。諸司請調常德府城兵三百人，益官兵三千人，合擊討之。宰臣虞允文奏曰：“蠻夷為變，皆守臣貪功所致。今徭人仇視守臣，若更去叔傑，量遣官軍，示以兵威，徐與盟誓，自可平定。 ”帝允其奏，俾葉行代叔傑，開示恩信，諭以禍福，遂招降之，邊境悉平。前知武岡軍趙善穀言：“武岡與湖北、廣西鄰壤，為極邊之地，溪峒七百八十餘所，七峒隸綏寧縣，五溪峒隸臨岡縣。紹興三十年，減冗員，改縣為臨口砦。然五峒之徭俗尤獷悍，釁生毫髮，則操戈相仇，砦官不能為輕重。況本軍巡防砦柵，惟真良、三門、兵溪、香平有土軍可備守禦，餘有官無兵，其關硤、武陽等砦設巡檢二員，徒費廩祿。以臣所知，宜復臨口砦為縣，則徭蠻易於製服，汰去冗員，則官廩亦無虛費，實邊郡之利也。”

In 1170, Yang Tianchao of the Western Liao in Luyang raided the frontier. Yuan Prefecture's Sun Shujie led several thousand men against him, was routed, and lost seven or eight men in ten. The trouble began when Yao and settlers quarreled and two men died. Shujie had promptly stormed thirteen stockades and reclaimed seized land, which drove the Yao to unite in revolt. Offices asked for three hundred Changde garrison troops plus three thousand regulars for a joint expedition. Chief Minister Yu Yunwen wrote, "Tribal revolts are almost always provoked by local officials chasing glory." The Yao now hate the local commander. Remove Shujie, send a modest force to show strength, then negotiate oaths slowly, and the region should quiet down. The emperor agreed. Ye Xing replaced Shujie, offered grace and clear warnings of consequences, and won the tribes back to submission until the whole frontier was calm. Zhao Shangu, former commander of Wugang, wrote that Wugang adjoined Hubei and Guangxi at the empire's edge, with more than seven hundred eighty stream-caves — seven under Suining County and five under Lingang. In 1160 redundant posts were cut and the county was downgraded to Linkou Stockade. Yet the five-cave Yao are especially fierce — the slightest spark sets them fighting with blades, and stockade officers cannot restrain them. Of Wugang's patrol posts, only Zhenliang, Sanmen, Bingxi, and Xiangping have local militia worth the name; elsewhere there are officers but no troops. Stockades such as Guanxia and Wuyang keep two inspectors each while drawing salaries for nothing. Restore Linkou Stockade to county status, and the Yao will be easier to govern; cut redundant posts, and the treasury will stop paying empty salaries — a genuine gain for the border.

七年，前知辰州章才邵上言：“辰之諸蠻與羈縻保靜、南渭、永順三州接壤，其蠻酋歲貢溪布，利於回賜，頗覺馴伏。盧溪諸蠻以靖康多故，縣無守禦，犵狑乘隙焚劫。後徙縣治於沅陵縣之江口，蠻酋田仕羅、龔誌能等遂雄據其地。沅陵之浦口，地平衍膏腴，多水田，頃為徭蠻侵掠，民皆轉徙而田野荒穢。會守倅無遠慮，乃以其田給靖州犵狑楊姓者，俾佃作而課其租，所獲甚微。楊氏專其地將二十年，其地當沅、靖二州水陸之衝，一有蠻隙，則為害不細，臣謂宜預為之備。靖康前，辰州每歲蒙朝廷賜錢七萬貫，、絹、布共八千一百匹，綿一萬七千兩。是時，本州廂禁軍一千四百餘人，沿邊一十六砦，土兵六百餘人，皆可贍給。其後中外多故，今歲賜止得一萬二千緡，而本州財復匱乏，無以充召募之費。禁軍止二百一十餘人，諸砦土兵止一百五人，甚至砦官有全無一兵而徒存虛名者，其於邊防豈可不為深慮？若歲增給民錢一萬，俾本州募強壯禁軍或效用二百人，分屯盧溪等處，以防諸蠻，庶使邊患永消，可免異時調遣之費。 ”書奏，詔湖北帥臣詳議以聞。是年，申嚴邊民售田之禁，守令不能奉法者除名，部刺史常加糾察。

In 1171, Zhang Caishao, former prefect of Chen, reported that Chen's tribes adjoin the tribute prefectures of Baojing, Nanwei, and Yongshun, send yearly stream-cloth tribute, value imperial gifts in return, and remain fairly docile. The Luxi tribes, left undefended during the Jingkang turmoil, were raided and burned by Gelao opportunists. When the seat was moved to the Yuanling river mouth, chiefs such as Tian Shiluo and Gong Zhineng seized the abandoned district. Pukou in Yuanling is flat, fertile rice country, but Yao and Man raids have driven settlers away and left the fields derelict. Short-sighted officials then leased the land to Yang-clan Gelao from Jing Prefecture and taxed the rent, yielding almost nothing. The Yang have held the land for nearly twenty years at the strategic junction of Yuan and Jing. Any tribal flare-up there could do serious harm, and I urge preventive measures now. Before Jingkang, Chen received seventy thousand strings of cash yearly plus 8,100 bolts of gauze, silk, and cloth and seventeen thousand taels of cotton from the court. Then the prefecture fielded more than 1,400 garrison troops, sixteen frontier stockades, and six hundred local militia — all adequately paid. Since then, turmoil at home and abroad has cut the annual grant to twelve thousand strings while local coffers are empty and recruitment impossible. Garrison strength is down to barely 210 men and local militia to 105; some stockade officers have no troops at all. Can the frontier be anything but deeply worrying? Add ten thousand strings yearly so Chen can recruit two hundred strong garrison or service troops and station them at Luxi and similar posts. That could end frontier trouble permanently and spare the cost of future expeditions. The Hubei commander was told to study the proposal and report back. That year the ban on frontier land sales to tribes was tightened: officials who failed to enforce it were dismissed, and regional inspectors were to audit compliance.

八年，知貴州陳乂上疏言：“臣前知靖州時，居蠻夷腹心，民不服役，田不輸賦，其地似若可棄。然為重湖、二廣保障，實南服之要區也。或控製失宜，或金穀不繼，或兵甲少振，蠻獠則乘時竊發，勤勞王師，朝廷當重守臣之選。崇寧初戍兵三千人，建炎以來，每於都統司或帥司摘兵二千人，以備屯戍。其凶悍者，以州郡不能製，遂慢守臣，反通徭蠻以撓編民。州郡非白主帥不敢治，比得報，已晚矣。故戍兵敢肆其惡，一旦有警，復安能為用？臣以為宜聽守臣節製為便。 ”帝嘉其言，復問左右曰：“靖隸湖北，今聞仰給廣西，何也？ ”趙雄對曰：“靖州本溪峒，神宗時創為誠州，元祐間廢，尋復為軍，徽宗朝始改靖州，與桂府為鄰，故令廣西給其金穀之費。近歲漕司匱乏，乃責辦諸州，以故不能如約。宜復舊制，俾廣西漕臣如期饋運。靖州屯戍官兵聽守臣節製，於事為便。 ”帝從之。

In 1172, Chen Yi of Gui Prefecture wrote that when he had governed Jing he sat deep among tribal peoples whose subjects refused corvée and whose fields paid no tax — land that seemed expendable. Yet it shields the lake country and both Guang circuits — a vital southern frontier. Poor governance, empty treasuries, or weak armaments invite tribal raids that exhaust imperial troops. The court must choose frontier officials with care. Chongning opened with three thousand garrison troops; since Jianyan, two thousand men have been detached yearly from the overall command or circuit headquarters for duty on the border. The worst offenders, knowing prefectures could not control them, scorned local officials and colluded with Yao and Man tribes to harass registered settlers. Local officials would not act without the commander's approval, and by the time orders arrived, the harm was done. Garrison troops therefore ran wild; when crisis struck, how could such men be relied upon? I believe frontier officials should command them directly. The emperor approved and asked his attendants, "Jing belongs to Hubei, yet I hear it now depends on Guangxi for supplies. Why?" Zhao Xiong explained that Jing had been a stream-cave district, made Cheng Prefecture under Shenzong, abolished in Yuanyou, restored as an army, and renamed Jing under Huizong. Because it adjoined the Gui princely domain, Guangxi had been assigned to fund it. Recently the transport commission has been broke and pushed costs onto the prefectures, so deliveries have fallen behind. Restore the old arrangement and require Guangxi's transport commissioner to deliver on time. Jing's garrison should answer to local officials — that would work far better. The emperor agreed.

十年四月，全州上言：“本州密邇溪峒，邊民本非奸惡。其始，朝廷禁法非不嚴密，監司、州郡非不奉行，特以平居失於防閑，故馴致其亂。又兼溪穀山徑非止一途，如靜江、興安之大通虛，武岡軍之新寧、盆溪及八十里山，永州之東安，皆可以徑達溪峒。其地綿亙郡邑，非一州得專約束，故遊民惡少之棄本者，商旅之避征稅者，盜賊之亡命者，往往由之以入。萃為淵藪，交相鼓扇，深為邊患。如武岡楊再興、桂陽陳峒相繼為亂，實原於此。為今計者，宜徙閑地巡檢兵，及分遣士卒屯諸溪穀山徑間，俾湖南北、廣西帥憲總其役，庶幾事權有歸，號令可行也。 ”儒林郎李大性上言：“比年徭蠻為亂，邊吏慮妨賞格，往往匿不以聞，遂致猖獗，使一方民命寄於徭人之手，誠可哀憫。近如梁牟等寇沅州，劫墟市，殺戮齊民，州縣告急於兩月之後，比調官軍討捕，俘降其賊，而人之被害已酷矣。宜戒州縣或遇徭人竊發，畫時以聞，違者論罪。仍命監司、帥臣常加覺察，庶幾先事備禦，俾徭人亦知畏懼，不敢侵軼，以傷吾民也。”

In the fourth month of 1174, Quan Prefecture reported that it lay close to the stream-caves and that frontier people were not wicked by nature. Imperial bans were strict and officials enforced them, but everyday neglect of vigilance gradually invited disorder. Mountain paths into the stream-caves are many: Datongxu in Jingjiang and Xing'an, Xining, Penxi, and Bashili Mountain in Wugang, and Dong'an in Yong — all offer direct access. The region spans many jurisdictions, so no single prefecture can police it. Vagrants, tax-dodging merchants, and fugitive bandits slip in by these routes. They gather into a haven, stir one another on, and become a grave border menace. Revolts such as Yang Zaixing's in Wugang and Chen Dong's in Guiyang stemmed from exactly this. Redeploy idle patrol troops and station soldiers along the mountain passes, with Hunan and Guangxi commanders coordinating the effort so authority and orders can be unified. Rulin Lang Li Daxing added that frontier officials, fearing lost promotion credit, often hid reports of Yao and Man unrest until whole districts were at the tribes' mercy — a pitiable state. When Liang Mou recently raided Yuan, looted markets, and killed civilians, officials reported the crisis only two months later. Troops eventually captured the bandits, but the people had already suffered terribly. Prefectures and counties should report any Yao raid immediately, on pain of punishment. Supervisors and commanders should watch closely so threats can be met early and the Yao learn to fear encroaching on our people.

十一年，詔給事中、中書舍人、戶部長貳同敕令所議，禁民毋質徭人田，以奪其業，俾能自養，以息邊釁。從知沅州王鎮之請也。沅州生界犵狑副峒官吳自由子三人，貨丹砂麻陽縣，巡檢唐人傑誣為盜，執之送獄，自由率峒官楊友祿等謀為亂。帥司調神勁軍三百人及沅州民兵屯境上，聲言進討。先遣歸明官田思忠往招撫之，以孔目官為質，世祿等既盟，自由取其三子以歸。

In 1175, the court ordered senior officials and the Statutes Office to ban settlers from mortgaging Yao land, so the tribes could keep their livelihoods and border strife might cease. This followed a petition from Yuan Prefecture's Wang Zhen. Wu Ziyou, a Gelao deputy cave official in Yuan's tribal zone, had three sons who sold cinnabar in Mayang County. Inspector Tang Renjie falsely charged them with theft and jailed them, whereupon Ziyou and cave officials such as Yang Youlu plotted revolt. The commander mobilized three hundred Shenjin troops and Yuan militia to the border, threatening an expedition. Tian Sizhong, a submitted official, was sent to negotiate, leaving a clerk as hostage. After Youlu and others swore peace, Ziyou reclaimed his sons.

嘉泰三年，前知潭州、湖南安撫趙彥勵上言：“湖南九郡皆接溪峒，蠻夷叛服不常，深為邊患。製馭之方，豈無其說？臣以為宜擇素有知勇為徭人所信服者，立為酋長，借補小官以鎮撫之。況其習俗嗜欲悉同徭人，利害情偽莫不習知，故可坐而製服之也。五年之間能立勞效，即與補正。彼既榮顯其身，取重鄉曲，豈不自愛，盡忠公家哉？所謂捐虛名而收實利，安邊之上策也。 ”帝下其議。既而諸司復上言：“往時溪峒設首領、峒主、頭角官及防遏、指揮等使，皆其長也。比年往往行賄得之，為害滋甚。今宜一新蠻夷耳目，如趙彥勵之請，所謂以蠻夷治蠻夷，策之上也。 ”帝從之。

In 1203, Zhao Yanli, former Tan prefect and Hunan Pacification Commissioner, wrote that all nine Hunan prefectures adjoined the stream-caves, where tribes rebelled and submitted unpredictably — a chronic border problem. Surely there must be a way to control them? Choose men of proven courage whom the Yao respect, make them chiefs, and grant minor provisional offices to keep order. They share Yao customs and understand tribal interests and deceits intimately, and can govern them without leaving their seats. Those who prove themselves within five years should receive permanent office. Once honored in their communities, would they not value their standing and serve the state loyally? This is the supreme border policy: trade empty titles for real control. The emperor sent the proposal for review. Offices then added that stream-caves once had chiefs, cave lords, horn-head officers, and defense commissioners — all drawn from tribal leadership. Lately posts are often bought by bribery, making matters worse. Refresh tribal leadership as Zhao Yanli urged — using tribes to govern tribes is the best policy. The emperor agreed.

嘉定元年，郴州黑風峒徭人羅世傳寇邊，飛虎統製邊寧戰沒。江西、湖南驚擾，知隆興趙希懌、知潭州史彌堅共招降之。二年，李元礪、羅孟二寇江西，攻破龍泉縣。李再興戰敗，死之，江州駐紮都統製趙選亦戰死。初，吉州獲賊長七人係獄，土豪黃從龍為賊畫策，賂吉守李絪，得縱還，賊遂無所忌。有侯押隊者，領兵戍龍泉境上，元礪復用從龍計，椎牛釃酒以犒官軍。賊至，官軍皆醉，狼狽散走。寇之初起甚微，賊伺知議論不一，故玩侮官軍。方江西力戰則求降湖南，湖南戰則求降江西，牽製王師，使不得相應援。其後命工部侍郎王居安知豫章，擒獲之，溪峒略平。

In 1208, Luo Shichuan of Chen's Heifeng Cave Yao raided the frontier, and Flying Tiger commander Bian Ning was killed in action. Jiangxi and Hunan were alarmed until Longxing's Zhao Xiyin and Tan's Shi Mijian jointly pacified them. In 1209, Li Yuanli and Luo Menger raided Jiangxi and took Longquan County. Li Zaixing was defeated and killed, and Jiangzhou commander Zhao Xuan also fell in battle. Earlier Ji had jailed seven bandit chiefs, but local strongman Huang Conglong bribed Prefect Li Yin to release them, and the bandits thereafter lost all restraint. Commander Hou Yadui held Longquan with his troops. Yuanli again used Conglong's trick, feasting the garrison with beef and wine. When the bandits struck, the drunken troops fled in chaos. The revolt began small; the bandits saw divided official counsel and mocked the imperial army. When Jiangxi fought hard they offered to surrender in Hunan; when Hunan fought they offered Jiangxi — pinning imperial forces so they could not coordinate. Wang Ju'an of the Ministry of Works was then sent to govern Yuzhang, captured the rebels, and largely pacified the stream-caves.

五年，臣僚上言：“辰、沅、靖等州舊嚐募民為弓弩手，給地以耕，俾為世業。邊陲獲保障之安，州縣無轉輸之費。比年多故，其製浸弛，徭蠻因之為亂，沿邊諸郡悉受其害。比申朝廷調兵詔捕，曠日持久，蠻夷習玩，成其猖獗之勢。其如楊晟台、李金、姚明教、羅孟二、李元礪、陳廷佐之徒，皆近事之明驗也。為今計者，宜講舊制，可紓饋餉之勞而得備禦之實，其安邊息民之長策歟。”

In 1212, a court official urged restoring the old practice in Chen, Yuan, and Jing of recruiting crossbowmen, granting them farmland as a hereditary livelihood. The frontier was secure and prefectures bore no transport burden. Years of turmoil have let the system lapse, Yao and Man have rebelled, and every border prefecture has suffered. Imperial expeditions take months, and tribes grow bold until revolt becomes rampant. Yang Shengtai, Li Jin, Yao Mingjiao, Luo Menger, Li Yuanli, and Chen Tingzuo are recent proof enough. Restore the old system: it eases supply burdens while providing real defense — the best long-term policy for border peace.

七年，臣僚復上言：“辰、沅、靖三州之地，多接溪峒，其居內地者謂之省民，熟戶、山徭、峒丁乃居外為捍蔽。其初，區處詳密，立法行事，悉有定制。峒丁等皆計口給田，多寡闊狹，疆畔井井，擅鬻者有禁，私易者有罰。一夫歲輸租三鬥，無他繇役，故皆樂為之用。邊陲有警，眾庶雲集，爭負弩矢前驅，出萬死不顧。比年防禁日弛，山徭、峒丁得私售田。田之歸於民者，常賦外復輸稅，公家因資之以為利，故謾不加省。而山徭、峒丁之常租仍虛掛版籍，責其償益急，往往不能聊生，反寄命徭人，或導其入寇，為害滋甚。宜敕湖、廣監司檄諸郡，俾循舊制毋廢，庶邊境綏靖而遠人獲安也。”

In 1214, another official wrote that Chen, Yuan, and Jing adjoined many stream-caves: interior dwellers were provincial subjects, while registered households, mountain Yao, and cave militia formed the outer shield. Originally arrangements were meticulous, with fixed regulations for every practice. Cave militia received land by household with clear boundaries; unauthorized sale was forbidden and private trade punished. Each man paid only three dou of rent a year with no other corvée, so all served willingly. When the frontier was threatened, men flocked to the colors, vying to march with their crossbows and facing death without hesitation. Lately enforcement has slackened, and mountain Yao and cave militia have sold land privately. Land sold to settlers brought extra taxes beyond regular dues, which officials profited from and therefore ignored. Yet Yao and cave militia still owed rents on paper they could not pay, were pressed ever harder, could not survive, threw in with the Yao, and sometimes guided raids — making things far worse. Huguang supervisors should order all prefectures to restore the old system so the border may quiet and distant peoples live in peace.

梅山峒

Meishan Cave

梅山峒蠻，舊不與中國通。其地東接潭，南接邵，其西則辰，其北則鼎、澧，而梅山居其中。開寶八年，嚐寇邵之武岡、潭之長沙。太平興國二年，左甲首領苞漢陽、右甲首領頓漢淩寇掠邊界，朝廷累遣使招諭，不聽，命客省使翟守素調潭州兵討平之。自是，禁不得與漢民交通，其地不得耕牧。後有蘇方者居之，數侵奪舒、向二族。

The Meishan Cave tribes had long had no contact with the Chinese empire. Their land bordered Tan to the east, Shao to the south, Chen to the west, and Ding and Li to the north, with Meishan at the center. In 975 they raided Wugang in Shao and Changsha in Tan. In 977, chieftains Bao Hanyang and Dun Hanling raided the frontier. Repeated imperial envoys failed to win them over, and Guest Reception Commissioner Zhai Shousu was sent with Tan troops to suppress them. Thereafter they were barred from contact with Han settlers, and their land could not be farmed or grazed. Later a man named Sufang settled there and repeatedly seized land from the Shu and Xiang clans.

嘉祐末，知益陽縣張頡收捕其桀黠符三等，遂經營開拓。安撫使吳中復以聞，其議中格。湖南轉運副使範子奇復奏，蠻恃險為邊患，宜臣屬而郡縣之。子奇尋召還，又述前議。熙寧五年，乃詔知潭州潘夙、湖南轉運副使蔡熚、判官喬執中同經製章惇招納之。惇遣執中知全州，將行，而大田三砦蠻犯境。又飛山之蠻近在全州之西，執中至全州，大田諸蠻納款，於是遂檄諭開梅山，蠻徭爭辟道路，以待得其地。東起寧鄉縣司徒嶺，西抵邵陽白沙砦，北界益陽四里河，南止湘鄉佛子嶺。籍其民，得主、客萬四千八百九戶，萬九千八十九丁。田二十六萬四百三十六畝，均定其稅，使歲一輸。乃築武陽、關硤二城，詔以山地置新化縣，並二城隸邵州。自是，鼎、澧可以南至邵。

Late in Jiayou, Yiyang magistrate Zhang Jie arrested the fierce Fu San and others and began planning to open the region. Pacification Commissioner Wu Zhongfu reported the plan, but it was blocked. Hunan's deputy transport commissioner Fan Ziqi urged again that the tribes, using rugged terrain to harass the border, should be brought under county administration. Ziqi was soon recalled to court but repeated his earlier proposal. In 1072, Tan Prefect Pan Su, Hunan deputy transport commissioner Cai Bi, judge Qiao Zhizhong, and commissioner Zhang Dun were ordered to bring the region under imperial control. Zhang Dun sent Qiao Zhizhong to Quan Prefecture, but as he was about to leave, tribes from the three Datian stockades raided the border. Feishan tribes lay just west of Quan. When Qiao arrived, the Datian tribes submitted. He then proclaimed the opening of Meishan, and tribes competed to clear roads in hope of receiving land. The new territory ran from Situling in Ningxiang east to Baisha Stockade in Shaoyang, bordered Yiyang's Sili River on the north, and ended at Foziling in Xiangxiang on the south. A census registered 14,809 host and client households and 19,089 adult males. There were 260,436 mu of fields, with taxes assessed evenly and paid once a year. Wuyang and Guanxia forts were built, Xinhua County was created in the mountains, and both forts were placed under Shao Prefecture. Thereafter Ding and Li could reach Shao overland to the south.

誠、徽州

Cheng and Huizhou

誠、徽州，唐溪峒州。宋初，楊氏居之，號十峒首領，以其族姓散掌州峒。

Cheng and Huizhou were stream-cave prefectures of the Tang. Early in the Song the Yang clan held the region as chieftains of the ten caves, distributing control among their kinsmen.

太平興國四年，首領楊蘊始來內附。五年，楊通寶始入貢，命為誠州刺史。淳化二年，其刺史楊政岩復來貢。是歲，政岩卒，以其子通盈繼知州事。

In 979, chieftain Yang Yun first submitted to the empire. In 980, Yang Tongbao first paid tribute and was made Prefect of Cheng. In 991, Prefect Yang Zhengyan again paid tribute. That year Zhengyan died and his son Tongying succeeded as prefect.

熙寧八年，有楊光富者，率其族姓二十三州峒歸附，詔以光富為右班殿直，昌運五人補三班奉職，晟情等十六人補三司軍將。繼有楊昌銜者，亦願罷進奉，出租賦為漢民，詔補為右班殿直，子弟侄十八人補授有差。獨光僭頗負固不從命，詔湖南轉運使朱初平羈縻之，未幾亦降，乃與其子日儼請於其側建學舍，求名士教子孫。詔潭州長史樸成為徽、誠等州教授；光僭皇城使、誠州刺史致仕，官為建宅；置飛山一帶道路巡檢。光僭未及拜而卒，遂以贈之，錄其子六人。

In 1075, Yang Guangfu led twenty-three tribal prefectures and caves to submit. Guangfu became a Right Guard Palace Direct Attendant, five Changyun clansmen received Third-Rank posts, and sixteen others including Shengqing became military officers. Then Yang Changxian also wished to end tribute, pay regular taxes, and become Han subjects. He was made a Right Guard Palace Direct Attendant, and eighteen kinsmen received offices of varying rank. Only Guangjian held out until Hunan transport commissioner Zhu Chuping pacified him. He soon surrendered and, with his son Riyan, asked to build a school and hire a scholar to educate their children. Pu Cheng, senior recorder of Tan, was appointed instructor for Huizhou, Cheng, and the other prefectures; Guangjian, retired as Imperial City Commissioner and Prefect of Cheng, was given an official residence; and a patrol inspector was posted along the Feishan roads. Guangjian died before taking office and was honored posthumously; his six sons were enrolled in service.

元豐三年，知邵州關杞請於徽、誠州融嶺鎮擇要害地築城砦，以絕邊患。詔湖南安撫謝景溫、轉運使朱初平、判官趙揚商度以聞，景溫等以為宜如杞言。乃議誠州以沅州貫保砦為渠陽縣隸之，以徽州為蒔竹縣隸邵州。趙揚言上江、多星、銅鼓、羊鎮、潭溪、上和、上誠、天村、大田等團並至誠州城下貿易，可漸招撫，並乞下湖南邵州蒔竹縣招諭芙蓉、萬驛諸團，從之，徒誠州治渠陽而貫保為砦如故。上江等諸團果皆納土，於是增築多星等砦，還連徽、廣西融州王口砦焉。

In 1080, Shao Prefect Guan Qi asked to build a fortified stockade at a strategic point in Rongling Town of Huizhou and Cheng to end border troubles. The court told Hunan Pacification Commissioner Xie Jingwen, Transport Commissioner Zhu Chuping, and Judge Zhao Yang to study the plan. They agreed with Guan Qi. They proposed making Yuan's Guanbao Stockade into Qiyang County under Cheng, and Huizhou into Zhizhu County under Shao. Zhao Yang reported that regiments such as Shangjiang, Duoxing, and Datian already traded at Cheng and could be won over gradually, and asked Shao's Zhizhu County to summon the Furong and Wanyi regiments. The court agreed, moved Cheng's seat to Qiyang, and left Guanbao a stockade. The Shangjiang regiments submitted, new stockades including Duoxing were built, and the line was linked again to Huizhou and Wangkou Stockade in Guangxi's Rong Prefecture.

元祐二年，改誠州為渠陽軍，罷兩州兵馬及守禦民丁。有楊晟台者，乘間寇文村堡，知渠陽軍胡田措置亡術，蠻結西融州蠻砦粟仁催，往來兩路為民患，調兵屯渠陽至萬人，湖南亦增屯兵應援，三路俱驚。朝廷方務省事，議廢堡砦，徹戍守，而以其地予蠻，乃詔湖北轉運副使李茂直招撫，又遣唐乂同措置邊事討之。後以渠陽為誠州，命光僭之子供備庫使昌達、供備庫副使楊昌等同知州事，而貫保、豐山、若水等砦皆罷戍，擇授土官，俾乂間毀樓櫓，撤官舍，護領居民入砦。崇寧初，改誠州為靖州。

In 1087, Cheng was downgraded to Qiyang Army and the garrisons and militia of both prefectures were disbanded. Yang Shengtai raided Wencun Fort. Qiyang commander Hu Tian mishandled the crisis as tribes allied with Surencui of western Rong and harassed both circuits. Ten thousand troops massed at Qiyang, Hunan sent reinforcements, and all three circuits were alarmed. Seeking to simplify administration, the court considered abandoning forts, withdrawing garrisons, and ceding land to the tribes. Li Maozhi of Hubei was told to pacify them, and Tang Yi was sent to handle the border campaign. Qiyang was later restored as Cheng. Guangjian's sons Changda and Yang Chang were made co-administrators. Garrisons at Guanbao, Fengshan, Ruoshui, and elsewhere were withdrawn, native officials appointed, and Yi ordered to dismantle towers, remove offices, and move residents into the stockades. Early in Chongning, Cheng was renamed Jing Prefecture.

南丹州

Nandan Prefecture

南丹州蠻，亦溪峒之別種也，地與宜州及西南夷接壤。開寶七年，酋帥莫洪[B16D]遣使陳紹規奉表求內附。九年，復來貢，求賜牌印，詔刻印以給之。太平興國五年，洪[B16D]貢銀百兩，以賀太平。

The Nandan tribes were another stream-cave people, bordering Yi Prefecture and the southwestern tribal realms. In 974, chieftain Mo Honghe sent Chen Shaogui with a memorial seeking to join the empire. In 976 they paid tribute again and asked for official plaques and seals, which the court provided. In 980, Honghe sent one hundred taels of silver to celebrate the era of great peace.

雍熙四年，洪[B16D]族人知寶隆鎮莫淮閬牛一頭，逐水草至金城州河池縣，宜州牙校周承鑒以其牛耕作，淮閬三遣人取牛，承鑒不還，凡耕十日，始釋牛逐水草去。淮閬怒，領鄉兵六十人劫取承鑒家資財，驅縣民莫世家牛六頭以歸，誘群蠻為寇。上遣供奉官王承緒乘傳劾承鑒，具伏占牛，詔棄市。時知宜州、讚善大夫侯汀失於備禦，群蠻之擾，頗害及民庶，詔發諸州兵進討，兵未至，悉已遁歸，汀坐免官。詔諭宜、融、柳州百姓及蠻界人戶曰：“朕托兆庶之上，處司牧之重，照臨所暨，撫養是均，矧於遐陬，尤所軫慮。昨以知宜州事侯汀失於綏緝，恣其侵牟，致茲邊夷，起為寇鈔，侵騷閭裏，虔劉士庶。及興師而討伐，乃畏威而竄伏。朕以興戎召釁，職由於汀，爰舉國章，削其官秩。汝等所宜體予含垢，革乃前非，安土厚生，保境延世，嬉我至化，是為永圖。或尚恣於陸梁，當盡剿其族類。 ”自是不復為寇。

In 987, Mo Huailang of Honghe's clan pastured an ox into Hechi County in Jincheng. Yi adjutant Zhou Chengjian seized it for plowing. Huailang sent men three times to reclaim it, but Chengjian kept the ox for ten days before releasing it. Enraged, Huailang led sixty local troops to loot Chengjian's home, drove off six oxen belonging to the Mo clan, and incited tribal raids. Palace Attendant Wang Chengxu was sent to investigate. Chengjian confessed to seizing the ox and was executed. Yi Prefect Hou Ting had failed to defend the border and the raids harmed civilians. Imperial troops were mobilized, but the tribes fled before they arrived. Ting was dismissed. An edict to the people of Yi, Rong, and Liu and the tribal frontier said: "I stand above the myriad people bearing the weight of rule. Wherever my gaze reaches, I nurture equally — and distant corners concern me most." Because Hou Ting failed to govern Yi and allowed oppression, border tribes rose to raid villages and kill subjects. When troops marched against them, they hid in fear of imperial might. War was provoked through Ting's fault, and I stripped him of rank by law. Embody my forbearance, reform your ways, settle your lands, guard your borders, and rejoice in imperial grace — that is the lasting plan. If any still resort to violence, their clans shall be exterminated. They raided no more.

淳化元年，洪[B16D]卒，其弟洪皓襲稱刺史，遣其子淮通來貢銀碗二十，銅鼓三面，銅印一鈕，旗一帖，繡真珠紅羅襦一。上降優詔，賜彩百匹，還其襦。自洪[B16D]領州十餘年，歲輸白金百兩。洪皓之襲兄位，專其地利，不修常貢。其弟洪沅忿之，挈妻子來奔宜州。洪皓怒其背己，數引兵攻洪沅。洪沅與二男並牙將一人，乘傳詣闕訴其事，請發兵致討。上以蠻夷之俗，羈縻而已，不欲為之興師報怨。洪沅先自稱南丹州副使，以為邵州團練使，給田十頃，下詔戒敕洪皓。

In 990, Honghe died and his brother Honghao succeeded, sending his son Huaitong with silver bowls, bronze drums, a seal, a banner, and an embroidered silk jacket as tribute. The emperor issued a gracious edict, granted one hundred bolts of silk, and returned the jacket. Honghe had ruled for more than ten years, paying one hundred taels of silver annually. Honghao monopolized the region's profits and stopped paying regular tribute. His brother Hongyuan fled with his family to Yi Prefecture. Honghao attacked Hongyuan repeatedly in anger. Hongyuan traveled to court with two sons and an adjutant to plead for troops against his brother. The emperor held that tribes required only loose rein and would not wage war for private vengeance. Hongyuan was made Regimentation Commissioner of Shao with ten qing of land, and Honghao was admonished by edict.

景德二年，洪皓死，長子淮襲父任。俄為弟淮辿攻南丹州，淮帥屬來奔，詔宜州賜閑田資給之。大中詳符五年，宜州言淮辿頗集諸蠻，阻富仁監道路，上廉知淮辿無侵擾狀，遣使犒設撫勞之。九年，撫水蠻叛，詔淮辿約勒溪峒，勿從誘脅。明年，平撫水蠻，淮辿等並以勞進秩。景祐三年，有淮戟者舉族來歸，命為湖南州團練副使，敕州縣拊存。後淮辿老，自言願傳其子世漸。至和元年，命世漸為檢校散騎常侍，權發遣州事。明年，以淮辿為懷遠大將軍致仕，世漸為刺史、檢校工部尚書，賜袍帶，錢十萬，絹百匹。又補其親黨數十人為檢校官，如故事也。世漸死，嘉祐末，命其子公帳襲之。

In 1005, Honghao died and his eldest son Huai succeeded him. Soon his brother Huaiyi attacked Nandan. Huai fled with his followers, and Yi Prefecture was ordered to grant them land and support. In 1012, Yi reported that Huaiyi had gathered tribes and blocked the road to Furen Stockade. Learning he had not raided, the emperor sent envoys with rewards. In 1016, when the Fushui tribes rebelled, Huaiyi was told to restrain the stream-caves from joining them. The next year, after the Fushui tribes were pacified, Huaiyi and others were promoted for their service. In 1036, Huaiji brought his clan to submit and was made Deputy Regimentation Commissioner of Hunan, with orders to local officials to care for them. When Huaiyi grew old, he asked to pass office to his son Shijian. In 1054, Shijian was made acting Regular Attendant and provisional administrator of the prefecture. The next year Huaiyi retired as General of Cherishing the Distant, and Shijian became prefect and acting Minister of Works with robe, belt, one hundred thousand cash, and one hundred bolts of silk. Several dozen kinsmen received acting offices as before. When Shijian died late in Jiayou, his son Gongzhang succeeded.

有世忍者，亦淮辿之子也。初率其屬人內附，治平初逃歸，攻殺公帳，奪其地自首，請於朝廷，願授刺史，補其親黨如故事，歲輸銀百兩。三年，遂命為刺史，皆如其請。熙寧二年，徭賊殺人，世忍執以獻，授檢校禮部尚書。元豐三年入貢，其印以“西南諸道武盛軍德政官家明天國主”為文，詔以南丹州印賜之，令毀其舊印。六年，大軍討安化，世忍獻弓矢，自言願世世為外臣，修貢不懈，遷檢校戶部尚書，給銅牌旗號，官其子侄九人。世忍死，子公佞襲。

Shiren was another son of Huaiyi. He had once submitted with his followers, but early in Zhiping fled back, killed Gongzhang, seized the land, and petitioned the court for the prefecture, offices for his kinsmen, and an annual tribute of one hundred taels of silver. In 1066 he was appointed prefect with everything he had asked for. In 1069, when Yao bandits killed people, Shiren captured and handed them over and was made acting Minister of Rites. In 1080 he paid tribute with a seal bearing grandiose titles. The court granted the Nandan seal and ordered the old one destroyed. In 1083, during the campaign against Anhua, Shiren sent bows and arrows, pledged eternal vassalage and steady tribute, was promoted to acting Minister of Revenue, given bronze plaques and banners, and nine kinsmen received office. When Shiren died, his son Gongning succeeded.

大觀元年，廣西經略使王祖道言公佞就擒。進築平、允、從州，牧文、地、蘭、那、安、外、習、南丹八州之地，並為鎮庭孚觀州、延德軍，以其弟公晟襲刺史。宣和四年，公晟乞以州事付其侄延豐，願與其子歸朝，詔從之，仍乘驛給券。

In 1107, Guangxi commissioner Wang Zudao reported that Gongning had been captured. He advanced, built Ping, Yun, and Cong prefectures, seized eight tribal prefectures including Nandan, established Guan Prefecture and Yande Army, and installed Gongning's brother Gongsheng as prefect. In 1122, Gongsheng asked to entrust the prefecture to his nephew Yanfeng and come to court with his son. The court agreed and provided relay transport.

紹興三年，公晟攻圍觀州，焚寶積監。朱勝非奏：“崇、觀、宣和間所開新邊，比來往往棄而不守，帥臣、監司屢言觀州為控扼之地。不宜棄。 ”帝曰：“前日用事之臣，貪功生事，公為欺罔，其實勞民費財，使遠俗不安也。 ”又用廣南經略安撫使劉彥適言，以公晟知南丹州兼溪峒都巡檢使、提舉盜賊公事，給以南丹州刺史舊印，公晟未受命。二十四年，公晟始貢馬，率諸蠻來歸。帝諭輔臣曰：“得南丹非為廣地也，但徭人不叛，百姓安業，為可喜耳。 ”遂以延沈襲公晟職，授銀青光祿大夫、檢校太子賓客、使持節南丹州諸軍事、南丹州刺史兼御史大夫、知南丹州公事、武騎尉。廣西經略安撫使呂願中諭降諸蠻三十二種，得州二十七，縣一百三十五，砦四十，峒一百七十九及一鎮、三十二團，皆為羈縻州縣。二十五年，延沈進補團練、防禦二使。三十一年，延沈恣行慘酷，為諸蠻所逐，歸死省地，眾推延廩襲職。隆興二年，延廩復為諸蠻所圖，攜家歸朝，經略司奏以延葚襲職。淳熙元年，南丹為永樂州所攻，使來告急，廣西帥臣遣將領陳泰權、天河縣主簿徐彌高諭和之。十四年，經略司奏以延陰襲職，詔從其請。嘉定五年，延陰之子光熙襲職，知南丹州事。

In 1133, Gongsheng besieged Guan Prefecture and burned Baoji Stockade. Zhu Shengfei wrote that new frontiers opened under Chongning, Guan, and Xuanhe had often been abandoned, though officials repeatedly called Guan Prefecture strategically vital. It should not be abandoned. The emperor replied that earlier officials had provoked trouble for glory, exhausting the people, wasting funds, and unsettling distant tribes. Following Liu Yanshi of Guangnan, Gongsheng was offered Nandan with concurrent stream-cave inspection and bandit-suppression duties and the old prefect seal, but he did not accept. In 1154, Gongsheng first offered horses and led the tribes back to submission. The emperor told his ministers that Nandan was not about expanding territory but about keeping the Yao peaceful and the people secure — that was what mattered. Yan Shen succeeded Gongsheng as Silver-Gleaming Grandee, acting Guest of the Heir Apparent, military commissioner of Nandan, prefect with concurrent censorial rank, and Martial Cavalry Commandant. Lu Yuanzhong of Guangxi reported thirty-two tribal groups submitting, yielding twenty-seven prefectures, 135 counties, 40 stockades, 179 caves, one town, and thirty-two regiments — all organized as loosely governed districts. In 1155, Yan Shen was further promoted to Regimentation and Defense Commissioner. In 1161, Yan Shen's cruelty drove the tribes to expel him. He died in provincial territory, and Yanlin succeeded. In 1164, Yanlin was plotted against again, brought his family to court, and the frontier commission recommended Yanqin to succeed. In 1174, Yongle attacked Nandan. The Guangxi commander sent Chen Taiquan and Tianhe recorder Xu Migao to negotiate peace. In 1187, the frontier commission recommended Yanyin to succeed, and the court agreed. In 1212, Yanyin's son Guang Xi succeeded as Administrator of Nandan.

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