Volume 495 Biographies 254: Man People 3 - Fu Shuizhou, Guang Yuanzhou, Li Dong, Huan Zhou

撫水州廣源州黎洞環州

Fu Shuizhou, Guang Yuanzhou, the Li Dong, and Huan Zhou.

撫水州

Fu Shuizhou

撫水州在宜州南，有縣四：曰撫水，曰京水，曰多逢，曰古勞。唐隸黔南。其酋皆蒙姓同出，有上、中、下三房及北遐一鎮。民則有區、廖、潘、吳四姓。亦種水田、采魚，其保聚山險者，雖有纁田，收穀粟甚少，但以藥箭射生，取鳥獸盡，即徙他處，無羊馬、桑柘。地曰帚洞，五十里至前村，川原稍平，合五百餘家，夾龍江居，種稻似湖湘。中有樓屋戰棚，衛以竹柵，即其酋所居。兵器有環刀、摽牌、木弩。善為藥箭，中者大叫，信宿死，得邕州藥解之即活。

Fu Shuizhou lay south of Yizhou and comprised four counties: Fu Shui, Jing Shui, Duo Feng, and Gu Lao. In Tang times it fell under Qiannan administration. All their chiefs were of the Meng clan and shared common descent; the people were organized into upper, middle, and lower branches plus a garrison at Beixia. The commoners belonged to four clans: Qu, Liao, Pan, and Wu. They also cultivated paddies and fished. Those who held mountain redoubts might have upland fields, yet harvested little grain; they lived mainly by hunting with poisoned arrows, and when game was depleted they relocated. They kept no sheep, horses, mulberry, or catalpa. One district was called Saodong. Fifty li on lay Qian Village, where the river plain was relatively open: over five hundred households lined the Long River and grew rice in the manner of Huguang and Hunan. There stood towered halls and fighting platforms ringed with bamboo palisades—the chief's seat. They armed themselves with ring-handled sabers, rattan shields, and wooden crossbows. They excelled at poisoned arrows: the wounded would shriek and perish within two days, yet Yongzhou's antidote could still save them.

雍熙中，數寇邊境，掠取民口、畜產。詔書招安，補其酋蒙令地殿直，蒙令劄奉職。咸平中，又數為寇盜，止令邊臣驅逐出境。其黨狡獪者凡三十餘人，宜州守將因擒送闕下，上召見詰責之，對曰：「臣等蠻陬小民，為饑寒所迫耳。」上顧謂左右曰：「昨不欲盡令剿絕，若縱殺戮，顧無噍類矣！」因釋罪，賜錦袍、冠帶、銀彩，戒勖遣之。逾年，酋長蒙頂等六十五人詣闕，納器甲百七十事。又蒙漢誠、蒙虔瑋、蒙填來朝，上器甲數百及毒藥箭，誓不搔邊。比歲皆遣使來貢及輸兵器，乃授漢誠官，賜物有差，既而侵軼如故。景德三年，蠻酋蒙填詣宜州自陳，願朝貢謝罪，詔守臣諭以盡還所掠民貲畜，乃從其請。

In the Yongxi era they raided the frontier repeatedly, carrying off subjects and livestock. The court issued an edict offering pacification and appointed the chiefs Meng Lingdi as Diandianzhizhi and Meng Lingzha as Fengzhizhi. Under Xianping they turned to raiding once more, and the court only directed frontier officials to expel them beyond the border. The Yizhou commander seized more than thirty of their craftiest followers and sent them to court. When the emperor questioned them, they answered: "We are only humble tribesmen of the southern marches, forced to this by hunger and cold." The emperor turned to his attendants and said: "I refused to have them wiped out entirely yesterday; had we slaughtered them all, there would have been no one left!" He pardoned them, granted brocade robes, caps and belts, and silver ornaments, exhorted them, and sent them home. A year later, sixty-five chiefs led by Meng Ding presented themselves at court with one hundred and seventy sets of arms and armor. Meng Hancheng, Meng Qianwei, and Meng Tian likewise came to court, offered hundreds of suits of armor and poisoned arrows, and vowed not to molest the frontier. Year after year they sent tribute missions and delivered weapons; the court then appointed Hancheng to office and granted graded gifts, yet they soon resumed their incursions as before. In Jingde 3, the chief Meng Tian appeared at Yizhou to plead for tribute and pardon. The court directed the prefect to demand full restitution of captives and plunder before accepting his suit.

大中詳符六年，首領指揮使蒙但挈族來歸，徙於桂州。九年，數寇宜、融州界，轉運使俞獻可言：「知宜州董元己不善綏撫，昨蠻人饑，來質餱糧，公縱主者克剝概量；及求入貢，復驟沮其意：遂使忿恚為亂。」詔出元己，遂遣潭州都監季守睿代元己招撫，群蠻拒命，侵掠不已。獻可請以本道澄海軍及募丁壯進討，乃詔益以潭州兵五千人，命東染院使、平州刺史曹克明為宜融等州都巡檢安撫使，內殿崇班王文慶、閣門祗候馬玉、內供奉官楊守珍等為都監。上猶以蠻夷異類，攻剽常理，不足以剿絕。又意其道險難進師，第令克明、獻可設方略攝其酋首，索所鈔生口，因而撫之。克明、獻可上言：「蠻人去冬寇天河，今又鈔融州廂陽諸砦，剽劫居民，害巡檢樊明，累依宣旨詔諭，曾不悛革，臣請便宜掩擊。」從之。

In Dazhong Xiangfu 6 the commander Meng Dan led his clan in submission and was resettled in Guizhou. In the ninth year they raided Yi and Rong repeatedly. Transport Commissioner Yu Xianke reported: "Prefect Dong Yuanji of Yizhou mishandles pacification. When the tribesmen came hungry to pawn grain for food, he let the granary clerks short-weight them; and when they sought to present tribute, he abruptly blocked them—so their anger erupted into revolt." The court recalled Yuanji and sent Tanzhou Metropolitan Supervisor Ji Shourui to pacify them in his stead, yet the tribes defied orders and kept raiding. Xianke asked to march the circuit Chenghai Army and recruited militia against them. The court added five thousand Tanzhou troops and named Cao Keming, envoy of the Eastern Dyeing Court and prefect of Pingzhou, overall pacification commissioner for Yi, Rong, and neighboring prefectures, with Wang Wenqing, Ma Yu, and Yang Shouzhen as his supervisors. The emperor still held that these alien tribes lived by raiding by nature and that extermination was unwarranted. He also judged the terrain too treacherous for a full campaign and told Keming and Xianke only to devise means to seize the chiefs, recover captives, and win them over. Keming and Xianke reported: "The tribes raided Tianhe last winter and now have seized Rongzhou's Xiangyang stockades, looted the people, and killed Inspector Fan Ming. Despite repeated imperial admonitions they will not reform. We ask leave to strike at discretion." The request was approved.

克明乃與守珍領兵入樟嶺路，文慶、玉趨宜州西路，又令宜、桂都巡檢程化鵬取樟嶺古牢隘路會合。化鵬遇蠻於上房兩水口，擊破之。文慶、玉至如門團，為蠻所扼，不能進。克明、守珍乃過橫溪恩德砦，召山獠向導，開路進師。蠻依篁竹間，時出戰鬥，輒敗走。旬餘，上黃泥嶺杉木隘路，溪穀險邃，蠻據要害以拒官軍，自辰至午，大潰。其黨遂過霸苑抵帚洞，乃入中房前村。克明等頓兵下砦，中夕，群蠻大嘩噪，擊鉦鼓，攻砦甚急，出兵擊之，傷殺頗眾，因縱火焚其廬室積聚，自此恐懼，竄入山谷。又緣龍江南岸而東，至昏暮，過石峽隘險，士不並行。蠻復連弩北岸，克明遣猛士步涉與鬥，至即退走，砦於下房博賀村，克明設伏砦外。其夜，蠻眾大集，遇伏發，內外合擊，追斬殆盡。乘勝搜山，悉得馬牛享士卒。

Keming marched with Shouzhen along the Zhangling road while Wenqing and Yu took Yizhou's western route; Cheng Huapeng, metropolitan inspector of Yi and Gui, was sent through the Zhangling Gulaopass to rendezvous. Huapeng met the tribes at Shangfang's twin river mouths and routed them. Wenqing and Yu reached Rumentuan, where the tribes barred their advance. Keming and Shouzhen crossed via the Ende stockade at Hengxi, hired mountain Liao guides, and cut a path for the army. The tribes skirmished from the bamboo thickets but broke and fled whenever engaged. After ten days they climbed the Huangniling fir-wood pass, where deep ravines let the tribes hold the heights against the imperial troops; from mid-morning to noon the enemy collapsed. The fugitives fled through Bayuan to Saodong and into Zhongfang's Qian Village. Keming encamped below the stockade. At midnight the tribes stormed it with gongs and drums; the garrison sallied, inflicted heavy casualties, and burned their dwellings and stores, driving them in terror into the hills. They pressed east along the Long River's south bank until dusk, when the narrow Stone Gorge forced them to march single file. Crossbows lined the north bank again. Keming sent picked men to ford and fight; the tribes withdrew to their camp at Xiafang's Bohé Village, where he laid an ambush outside the stockade. That night the tribes massed and walked into the ambush; inner and outer columns closed in and cut them down almost to a man. Victorious, they scoured the hills, seized all cattle and horses, and feasted the troops.

克明等知其窮蹙，乃曉諭恩信，許以改過，於是酋帥蒙承貴等麵縛詣軍自首，克明厚加犒宴，且數責之，皆俯伏謝罪。及聞詔旨赦令勿殺，莫不泣下，北望稱萬歲。上以夷性無厭，習知朝廷多釋其罪，故急則來歸，緩則叛去，切詔克明等諭以悉還所掠漢口、資畜，即許要盟。承貴等感悅奉詔，乃歃貓血立誓，自言奴山摧倒，龍江西流，不敢復叛。克明等師還，宜州蠻人納器甲凡五千數，願遷處漢地者七百餘口，詔分置廣西及荊湖州軍，給以田糧。凡立功使臣將士遷補、賜齎者千八百一十六人。承貴因請改州縣名，以固歸順之意。詔以撫水州為安化州，撫水縣為歸仁縣，京水縣為長寧縣。自是間歲朝貢，不復為邊患矣。

Seeing them cornered, Keming offered mercy on repentance. Chiefs including Meng Chenggui came bound to surrender; he feasted them generously yet rebuked them sharply, and all prostrated themselves in apology. On hearing the edict of pardon they wept, turned north, and shouted long life to the emperor. The emperor judged these tribes never satisfied and apt to submit only under pressure, having learned the court usually pardoned them. He urgently ordered Keming to demand full return of captives and plunder before any pact. Moved, Chenggui and his fellows swore on cat's blood that even if Slave Mountain fell and the Long River reversed its course, they would never rebel again. On the army's return the tribes surrendered five thousand sets of arms. Over seven hundred who wished to live under Han rule were resettled across Guangxi and Jinghu with fields and rations. One thousand eight hundred and sixteen officers and men who had earned merit were promoted or rewarded. Chenggui asked that the prefecture and counties be renamed to seal their loyalty. The court renamed Fu Shuizhou Anhua, Fu Shui County Guiren, and Jing Shui County Changning. Thereafter they sent tribute every other year and ceased to trouble the frontier.

獻可等又言：「殿直蒙肚知歸化州，州與撫水相接，數遣子文寶及其妻族甘堂偵軍事，又其子格與官軍鬥敵，悉部送赴闕。有蒙隻者，亦肚之子，先嘗告賊，署為昭州押牙。」詔補肚密州別駕，隻海州都押牙，賦以官田。文寶、格、甘堂並黥配登、萊州。寶元元年，復率眾寇融、宜州，發邵、澧、潭三州戍兵合數千人往擊。時蠻勢方熾，至殺運糧官吏。復詔趣兵進討，逾年乃平。

Xianke further reported: "Meng Du of Guihua Zhou, which adjoins Fu Shui, repeatedly sent his son Wenbao and his wife's kinsman Gantang to spy on our forces; another son, Ge, fought imperial troops—all should be sent to court. Meng Zhi, another son of Du, had earlier informed on rebels and was appointed yaya of Zhaozhou." Du was made vice-prefect of Mizhou and Zhi chief yaya of Haizhou, with official fields granted to each. Wenbao, Ge, and Gantang were tattooed and banished to Deng and Laizhou. In Baoyuan 1 they raided Rong and Yizhou again; several thousand garrison troops from Shao, Li, and Tan were sent against them. The tribes were at their strongest and even killed officers escorting grain convoys. The court ordered a renewed offensive; more than a year passed before order was restored.

慶曆中，再以方物入貢。至和二年，復至。詔以知州蒙全會為三班奉職，又以監州姚全料為借職。嘉祐六年，又來貢。是後，月赴宜州參謁及貿巨板，每歲州四管犒。及三歲，聽輸所貢兵械於思立砦，以其直償之，遞以官資遷補。熙寧初，知宜州錢師孟、通判曹覿擅裁損侵剝之，土人羅世念、蒙承想、蒙光仲等為亂。五年，攻德謹砦，襲將官費萬，殺之。經略司問致寇狀，而宜州但以饑為言，故朝廷賜粟二萬石以安輯之。已而守臣王奇戰死，事聞，乃詔知沅州謝麟、帶禦器械和斌經制溪洞，發在京驍騎兩營及江南、福建將兵三千五百人，以聽師期。明年，世念等遂與諸蠻峒首領族類四千五百人出降。以世念為內殿承製，承想、光仲等十人各拜官。崇寧二年，其酋蒙光有者復嘯聚為寇，經略司遣將官黃忱等擊卻之。大觀二年，遂以三州一鎮戶口六萬一千來上。詔以知融州程鄰往黔南路撫諭，官吏推恩有差。至和後，又有融州屬蠻大丘峒首領楊光朝請內附，又有楊克端等百三人來歸，皆納之。

Under Qingli they again sent local tribute. They came again in Zhihe 2. The court named Prefect Meng Quanhui Sanban Fengzhi and Surveillance Prefect Yao Quanliao Jiezhi. They presented tribute again in Jiayou 6. Thereafter they visited Yizhou monthly to pay respects and trade heavy timber; the prefecture gave seasonal rewards four times a year. Every three years they could deliver tribute arms to Silizhai and receive payment in kind, advancing in rank by stages. Early in Xining, Prefect Qian Shimeng and Vice-Prefect Cao Shi arbitrarily cut and exploited their payments, and natives including Luo Shinan, Meng Chengxang, and Meng Guangzhong rebelled. In the fifth year they stormed Dejin stockade, ambushed Officer Fei Wan, and killed him. The frontier commissionerate investigated the cause of the revolt, yet Yizhou cited only famine; the court therefore sent twenty thousand shi of grain to pacify them. Soon afterward Defender Wang Qi was killed in battle. The court then ordered Yuanzhou Prefect Xie Lin and Bearer of Imperial Armaments He Bin to take charge of the stream gorges and mobilized two battalions of capital cavalry plus thirty-five hundred troops from Jiangnan and Fujian, to march as circumstances required. The following year Shinan and four thousand five hundred tribesmen from various stockade chiefs surrendered. Shinan was appointed Inner Palace Artisan; Chengxang, Guangzhong, and ten others received offices. In Chongning 2 Chief Meng Guangyou rallied raiders again; Officer Huang Chen and others drove them back. In Daguan 2 they submitted registers listing sixty-one thousand households across three prefectures and one garrison. The court sent Rongzhou Prefect Cheng Lin to pacify them along the Qiannan route and rewarded officials in graded measure. After Zhihe, Yang Guangchao of Rongzhou's Daqiu stockade sought incorporation, and Yang Keduan with one hundred three followers submitted; all were received.

諸蠻族類不一，大抵依阻山谷，並林木為居，椎髻跣足，走險如履平地。言語侏離，衣服斒斕。畏鬼神，喜淫祀。刻木為契，不能相君長，以財力雄強。每忿怒則推刃同氣，加兵父子間，復仇怨不顧死。出入腰弓矢，匿草中射人，得牛酒則釋然矣。親戚比鄰，指授相賣。父子別業，父貧則質身於子，去禽獸無幾。其族鑄銅為大鼓，初成，懸庭中，置酒以召同類，爭以金銀為大釵叩鼓，去則以釵遺主人。相攻擊，鳴鼓以集眾，號有鼓者為「都老」，眾推服之。

The tribes were diverse but generally held mountain valleys, living among the woods with topknots and bare feet, and crossing cliffs as easily as level ground. Their speech was hard to follow and their dress brightly patterned. They feared spirits and loved lavish rites. They kept contracts on carved wood, recognized no single chief, and bowed to wealth and force. In anger they turned blades on kin, even father against son, and pursued vendettas without fear of death. They went armed with bow and quiver, shot from the grass, and could be appeased with cattle and wine. Kin and neighbors would identify one another for sale into bondage. Fathers and sons held separate property; a poor father might pledge himself to his son, scarcely above livestock. Each clan cast a great bronze drum; when finished it was hung in the courtyard and wine summoned the kindred, who competed to strike it with heavy gold or silver hairpins left behind for the host. In war they beat the drum to rally the people; its owner was styled "Chief Elder," and all obeyed him.

唐末，諸酋分據其地，自為刺史。宋興，始通中國，奉正朔，修職貢。間有桀黠貪利或疆吏失於撫禦，往往聚而為寇，抄掠邊戶。朝廷禽獸畜之，務在羈縻，不深治也。熙寧間，以章惇察訪經制蠻事，諸溪峒相繼納土，願為王民，始創城砦，比之內地。元祐初，諸蠻復叛，朝廷方務休息，乃詔諭湖南、北及廣西路並免追討，廢堡砦，棄五溪諸郡縣。崇寧間，復議開邊，於是安化上三州及思廣諸峒蠻夷，皆願納土輸貢賦，及令廣西招納左、右江四百五十餘峒。尋以議者言，以為招致熟蕃非便，乃詔悉廢所置州郡，復祖宗之舊焉。

Late in Tang times the chiefs partitioned the region and styled themselves prefects. With the rise of Song they opened relations with the empire, accepted the court calendar, and paid regular tribute. When the bold grew greedy for gain or frontier officials mishandled them, they often banded together to raid border settlements. The court treated them like untamed creatures, seeking only to restrain them rather than punish harshly. Under Xining, Zhang Dun surveyed frontier tribes; stockade after stockade surrendered land and sought subject status, and walled posts were built to match the interior. Early in Yuanyou the tribes rebelled again. The court sought repose and ordered Hunan, Hubei, and Guangxi to cease pursuit, dismantled frontier forts, and abandoned the Five Streams prefectures. Under Chongning the court debated reopening the frontier; the three upper Anhua prefectures and Siguang stockades offered land and taxes, and Guangxi was told to absorb over four hundred fifty Left and Right River stockades. Soon critics argued that incorporating seasoned tribes was unwise; the court abolished the new prefectures and restored the former frontier order.

紹興初，監察御史明橐言：「湖南邊郡及二廣之地，舊置溪峒歸明官，比年浸廣其員，及諸州措置隘砦，闕人把拓，又令管押兵夫，素不習知法令，率貪婪無厭。況管押又皆鄉民，甚為邊患，遭困苦折辱者往往無所赴訴。議者欲俾帥臣籍其姓名，每三年一遷易，如州縣官故事。或云止循舊添差，並罷管押兵夫，宜令二廣、湖南帥臣處置適宜，無啟邊禍，以害遠人。」詔下其議。三年，安化蠻蒙全劍等八百人劫普議砦，火其屋宇，廣西帥臣遣縣砦將佐發兵討平之。

Early in Shaoxing, Investigating Censor Ming Nang reported: "On Hunan's frontier and in the two Guang circuits, stream-stockade Guiming posts have multiplied. Pass stockades lack guards, yet local Guanya who know no law supervise corvée labor and are endlessly greedy. These Guanya are villagers themselves and plague the frontier; victims of their abuse often have no recourse. Some proposed that circuit commanders register them and rotate appointees every three years, as with regular officials. Others urged only the old supplementary appointments, ending Guanya control of corvée, and letting the Guang and Hunan commanders act prudently so as not to provoke frontier trouble and harm distant subjects." The memorial was referred for deliberation. In the third year, eight hundred Anhua tribesmen led by Meng Quanjian raided Puyi stockade and burned it; the Guangxi commander sent local officers to suppress them.

四年，廣南東、西路宣諭明橐言：

In the fourth year, Pacification Commissioner Ming Nang of Eastern and Western Guangnan reported:

平、觀二州本王口、高峰二砦，處廣右西偏，舊常無虞。崇寧、大觀間，邊臣啟釁，奏請置州拓境，深入不毛，如平、從、允、孚、庭、觀、溪、馴、敘、樂、隆、兌等十有二州，屬之黔南，其官吏軍兵請給費用，悉由內郡，於是騷然，莫能支吾。政和間，朝廷始悟其非，罷之。或者謂平州為西南重鎮，兼製王江、從、允等州及湖南之武岡軍、湖北之靖州、桂州之桑江峒猺，觀州則控製南丹、陸家砦、茆灘十道及白崖諸蠻，以故二州獨不廢。臣自曆邊，即乞罷平、觀者，前後非一。內攝官吳芾嘗充經略司準備幹當，頗得其詳。

Ping and Guan prefectures had begun as the Wangkou and Gaofeng stockades on Guang's far western edge, long considered secure. During the Chongning and Daguang eras, border officials stirred up trouble by proposing new prefectures to push the frontier deep into uninhabited country. They created twelve prefectures—including Ping, Cong, Yun, Fu, Ting, Guan, Xi, Xun, Xu, Le, Long, and Dui—under Qiannan, with every cost of officials, troops, and supplies borne by inland prefectures. The burden threw the region into turmoil, and the state could no longer sustain it. By the Zhenghe era, the court finally recognized the mistake and shut the prefectures down. Some argued that Ping Prefecture was the southwest's key stronghold, keeping Wangjiang, Cong, Yun, and other prefectures in check, along with Hunan's Wugang Army, Hubei's Jing Prefecture, and the Sangjiang-dong Yao under Gui Prefecture. Guan Prefecture, they said, held sway over Nandan, Lujia Stockade, the ten passes of Maotan, and the Baiya tribes. For these reasons alone Ping and Guan were spared abolition. Ever since my tours on the border, I have repeatedly asked that Ping and Guan be abolished. Wu Fei, an internal adjunct officer who had served as a preparatory staff officer under the Pacification Commission, knew the details well.

觀州初為宜州富仁監，大觀間，帥臣王祖道欲招納文、蘭州，都巡檢劉惟忠謂得文、蘭不若取南丹之利，因誣其州莫公佞阻文、蘭不令納土，為公佞罪，惟忠遂禽殺公佞。帥司奏其功，乃改南丹為觀州，命惟忠守之。公佞之死，人以為冤。其弟公晟結溪峒圖報復，連歲攻圍，惟忠中傷死，繼以黃璘代守。璘度不能支，辭疾告罷，以岑利疆代之。黃忱復建議，欲增築高峰砦於富仁監側，為觀聲援。會朝廷罷新邊，遂請以高峰砦為觀州，設知州一人、兵職官二人、曹官一人、指使砦保官七人，吏額五十人，廂禁軍、土丁、家丁又千餘人。歲費錢一萬二千九百餘貫、米八千八百一十七石有奇。州無稅租戶籍，皆仰給鄰郡。飛挽涉險阻，或遇蠻寇設伏，陰發毒矢，中人輒死。人畏賊，率委棄道路，縱然達州，縻費亦不可勝計。昔為富仁監時，不聞有警，惟是邊吏欲以刺探為功，故時時稱警急，因以為利，遂欲存而不廢也。比年戶籍日削，民多流離，或轉入溪洞，公私困弊為甚。

Guan Prefecture began as Yizhou's Furen Superintendency. In the Daguang era, frontier commander Wang Zudao sought to bring Wen and Lan prefectures into submission. Chief inspector Liu Weizhong argued that Nandan offered greater profit than Wen and Lan, so he framed Mo Gongning of that prefecture for blocking their surrender, had him convicted, and then captured and killed him. The commander's office reported Liu Weizhong's achievement, and Nandan was renamed Guan Prefecture with Weizhong placed in charge. People widely believed Gongning had been killed unjustly. Gongning's brother Gong Sheng rallied the stream-cave peoples for revenge and besieged the prefecture for years until Weizhong died of his wounds. Huang Lin then took over the defense. Seeing he could not hold the line, Lin resigned on grounds of illness, and Cen Lijiang took his place. Huang Chen again recommended fortifying Gaofeng Stockade next to the Furen Superintendency to reinforce Guan Prefecture. When the court scaled back the new frontier, officials asked to elevate Gaofeng Stockade to Guan Prefecture, with a full administrative staff—one prefect, two military officers, one clerical officer, seven stockade commanders, fifty clerks—and over a thousand garrison soldiers, native levies, and household retainers. It cost over 12,900 strings of cash and more than 8,817 shi of grain each year. With no tax-paying households on its rolls, the prefecture depended wholly on neighboring counties for its provisions. Emergency convoys had to traverse dangerous country, and tribal raiders often ambushed them with poisoned arrows that killed on contact. Fearing attack, carriers often abandoned supplies along the route, and even what did arrive cost an incalculable sum in waste and loss. When the place was still the Furen Superintendency, there had been no trouble at all. Border officials invented alarms to claim credit for intelligence work and turn a profit, which is why they fought to keep Guan Prefecture alive. In recent years registered households had steadily declined as people fled, many disappearing into the hill country, leaving both government and populace in severe distress.

平州初隸融州，亦羈縻州峒也。舊通湖北渠陽軍，置融江砦及文村、臨溪、潯江堡，後以地隔生蠻，遂廢。崇寧間，復隸融。王口砦地接王江，更為懷遠軍，後更為平州；更吉州為從州、王江為允州；並隸黔南。政和二年，復廢。邊吏黃忱、李坦誑其帥臣程鄰，乞存平州，設知州一人、兵職官二人、曹官一人，縣令簿二人，提舉溪峒公事；本州管界都同巡檢二人，五砦堡監官指揮十人，吏額百人，禁軍、土丁千人。歲費錢一萬四千四百一十八貫六百文、米一萬一千一百二十五石有奇。州無租賦戶籍，轉運司歲移桂、融、象、柳之粟以給之。及徙融州西北金溪鄉稅米四百九十餘石隸懷遠，縻費甚於觀州。況守臣到任，即奏推恩其子，州、縣、砦、堡例得遷官酬賞，而稅場互市之利又為守臣邊吏所私，獨百姓有征戍轉輸之苦，誠為可憫。臣以為宜罷平、觀二州便。

Ping Prefecture originally fell under Rong Prefecture as one of the loosely governed tribal domains. It once linked to Hubei's Qiyang Army, with Rongjiang Stockade and the Wencun, Linxi, and Xunjiang forts—but those posts were abandoned when unrestrained tribes cut the route off. In the Chongning era it was placed back under Rong Prefecture. Wangkou Stockade, bordering Wangjiang, was upgraded to Huaiyuan Army and later to Ping Prefecture; Jizhou was renamed Cong Prefecture and Wangjiang became Yun Prefecture; All were placed under Qiannan. In Zhenghe 2 it was abolished once more. Frontier officials Huang Chen and Li Tan misled commander Cheng Lin into petitioning to keep Ping Prefecture, with a full staff—a prefect, two military officers, one clerical officer, two county magistrates and registrars, and a commissioner for tribal affairs; The prefecture would have two joint inspectors, ten officers commanding five stockades and forts, a hundred clerks, and a thousand garrison soldiers and native levies. Annual costs ran to 14,418 strings six hundred cash and more than 11,125 shi of grain. With no tax base of its own, the transport commission had to ship grain annually from Gui, Rong, Xiang, and Liu to keep the prefecture supplied. When more than 490 shi of taxed grain from Jinxi Township in northwest Rong was reassigned to Huaiyuan, the drain on resources exceeded even that of Guan Prefecture. Worse, new commanders immediately petitioned for honors for their sons, while prefectures, counties, stockades, and forts routinely won promotions and rewards. Tax posts and border-trade profits went to officials, leaving ordinary people to bear conscription and transport burdens—a truly lamentable state of affairs. I believe abolishing Ping and Guan is the right course.

然尚有可議者，觀州初為富仁監時，有銀冶二，官取其利有常額，熙寧元降條例具在，宜先下經略司，責公晟等依熙寧條例施行。況公晟實公佞弟，理宜掌州事，近雖逃歸，未為蠻族信服，察其情勢，不得不倚重中國。若乘時授之，彼知恩出朝廷，必深感悅。

One point remains: when the area was still the Furen Superintendency, two silver smelteries yielded fixed profits to the state, and the original Xining-era regulations still apply. Orders should go first to the Pacification Commission directing Gong Sheng and others to enforce those rules. Gong Sheng is Gongning's brother and rightfully should govern the area. Though he recently fled home and has not yet earned tribal trust, his position leaves him no choice but to rely on the court. If appointed now, he would recognize the favor as coming from the throne itself and respond with genuine loyalty.

樞密院亦上言：「廣西沿邊堡砦，昨因邊臣希賞，改建州城，侵擾蠻夷，大開邊釁。地屬徼外，租賦亦無所入，而支費煩內郡，民不堪其弊，遂皆廢罷。唯平、觀二州以帥臣所請，故存。今睹明橐所奏，利害之實昭然可見。緣帥臣又稱公晟於南丹、觀州、寶監境上不時竊發，若廢二州，恐於緣邊事宜有所未盡。」詔令廣南西路帥、漕、憲司共條具利害以聞。既而諸司交言：「平、觀二州困弊已甚，有害無益，請復祖宗舊制為便。」詔從其言。

The Bureau of Military Affairs also memorialized: "Guangxi's frontier stockades and forts were upgraded to prefectural cities by officials seeking rewards. This harassed the tribes and provoked serious border conflict. These lands lay beyond the frontier with no tax revenue, yet inland prefectures bore the costs until the people could take no more and the posts were abolished. Only Ping and Guan survived, kept open at the frontier commander's request. Ming Nang's memorial now makes the costs and benefits unmistakably clear. The frontier commander also reported that Gong Sheng had been raiding along the borders of Nandan, Guan, and the Bao Superintendency, so abolishing the two prefectures might leave some border concerns unresolved." The throne ordered the Guangnan West Route commander, transport commissioner, and surveillance commission to submit a joint assessment of costs and benefits. The agencies soon agreed in separate reports: "Ping and Guan are already deeply exhausted—nothing but harm, no benefit. Restoring the old institutional order is the sensible course." The court approved.

乾道六年，詔補蒙澤進武副尉。初，宜州蠻莫才都為亂，廣西經略劉焞遣進勇副尉蒙明質賊巢，諭降才都。既而復肆猖獗，戕賊官兵。未幾，禽才都，械送經略司伏法，悉破其黨，而明亦遇害，備極慘酷，邊人憐之。焞乞推恩其子澤以旌死事，朝廷從之，故有是命。

In Qiandao 6, the court appointed Meng Ze Vice Commandant for Military Advancement. Earlier, the Yizhou tribesman Mo Caidou had risen in rebellion. Guangxi Pacification Commissioner Liu Xun sent Vice Commandant for Valiant Advancement Meng Ming to the rebel stronghold to accept Caidou's surrender. He soon broke out again, slaughtering government troops. Before long Caidou was captured, sent in chains to the Pacification Commission, and executed; his entire faction was destroyed. Meng Ming was also killed in appalling circumstances, and frontier people mourned him. Liu Xun asked that honors be extended to Meng Ming's son Ze in recognition of his father's sacrifice, and the court agreed—hence this appointment.

淳熙十年冬，安化蠻突入內地，焚砦柵，殺居民為亂。宜州駐紮將官田昭明與蠻力戰敗，死之。十一年，廣西路鈐轄沙世堅言：「官軍與瑤人兵器利鈍不同，宜敕沿邊軍州多置強弩毒矢，以懼瑤人。」從之。是年，安化蠻蒙光漸率眾抄掠，世堅討平之。初，知宜州馬寧祖不支思立砦鹽錢，執議以為前守所積逋，止給錢一月，不能遍及蠻部，而權思立砦準備將領楊良臣復鎮撫乖方，遂致激變光漸等。詔罷良臣，貶寧祖秩，敕帥、漕以時給溪峒鹽錢。

In the winter of Chunxi 10, Anhua tribesmen burst into the interior, burning stockades and killing civilians in rebellion. Yizhou garrison officer Tian Zhaoming fought the tribes fiercely, was defeated, and was killed. In the eleventh year, Guangxi Route Commander Sha Shijian argued: "Government troops and the Yao differ greatly in weapon quality. Frontier prefectures should be ordered to stock more heavy crossbows and poisoned arrows to deter Yao attacks." The court agreed. That same year, Anhua tribesman Meng Guangjian led raids that Sha Shijian put down. The trouble began when Yizhou prefect Ma Ningzu withheld Sili Stockade salt payments, claiming they covered only one month's arrears left by his predecessor and could not reach every tribal community. Acting Sili Stockade officer Yang Liangchen also mishandled pacification, provoking Guangjian and others to rise. The court dismissed Yang Liangchen, demoted Ma Ningzu, and ordered the commander and transport commissioner to pay tribal salt subsidies on time.

十二年正月，廣西漕臣胡庭直上言：「邕州之左江、永年、太平等砦，在祖宗時，以其與交阯鄰壤，實南邊藩籬重地，故置州縣，籍其丁壯，以備一旦之用，規模宏遠矣。比年邊民率通交阯，以其地所產鹽雜官鹽貨之，及減易馬鹽以易銀，忽而不防，恐生邊釁，所宜禁戢。」既而諸司上言：「經略司初準朝旨，置馬鹽倉，貯鹽以易馬，歲給江上諸軍及御前投進，用銀鹽錦，悉與蠻互市。其永平砦所易交阯鹽，貨居民食，皆舊制也。況邊民素與蠻夷私相貿易，官不能制。今一切禁絕，非惟左江居民乏鹽，而蠻情亦叵測，恐致乖異也。」乃牒邕州，禁民毋私販交阯鹽，以妨鈔法。是年，詔以楊世俊襲父進通職，補承信郎。

In the first month of the twelfth year, Guangxi transport commissioner Hu Tingzhi memorialized: "Yong Prefecture's Zuojiang, Yongnian, Taiping, and other stockades were vital southern frontier barriers bordering Jiaozhi. Our ancestors established prefectures and counties there and registered able-bodied men for emergencies—a far-sighted design. In recent years frontier people have traded freely with Jiaozhi, mixing local salt with official salt and substituting cheaper horse salt for silver. Left unchecked, this could spark border trouble and should be stopped." The agencies replied: "The Pacification Commission had set up horse-salt warehouses under court orders, storing salt to trade for horses and supplying river armies and imperial tribute. Silver, salt, and brocade were all exchanged with the tribes. Trading Jiaozhi salt at Yongping Stockade for sale to local residents was long-established practice. Frontier people have long traded privately with tribal peoples, beyond official control. A total ban would not only leave Zuojiang residents short of salt but also alienate the tribes in unpredictable ways." Officials then ordered Yong Prefecture to ban private sale of Jiaozhi salt so as not to undermine the salt monopoly. That year the court granted Yang Shijun his father's Jin Tong post and appointed him Gentleman for Trustworthy Service.

紹熙初，廣西帥以本路副總管沙世堅素有韜略，累立邊功，為群蠻所畏服，嘗破蒙光漸，示以威信，光漸不敢寇邊者累年。乞以世堅兼知宜州，實能制伏蠻夷，為久遠之利。帝從之。慶元四年，宜州蠻蒙峒、袁康等寇內地，奪官鹽為亂，廣西帥司調官兵招降之，朝廷推賞有差。

Early in the Shaoxi era, the Guangxi commander noted that deputy commander Sha Shijian was a proven strategist with repeated frontier victories whom the tribes both feared and respected. After defeating Meng Guangjian and establishing his authority, Guangjian had not raided the border for years. He asked that Shijian also be appointed prefect of Yizhou, where he could truly keep the tribes in check for lasting benefit. The emperor approved. In Qingyuan 4, Yizhou tribesmen Meng Dong, Yuan Kang, and others raided the interior and seized official salt in rebellion. The Guangxi command mobilized troops to accept their surrender, and the court granted varying rewards.

嘉定三年，章戡知靜江府，建議以為廣西所部二十五郡，三方鄰溪峒，與蠻瑤、黎、蜑雜處，跳梁負固，無時無之，西南最為重地。邕、欽之外，羈縻七十有二，地裏綿邈，鎮戍非一，請增置雄邊軍二百人及調憲司甲軍二百隸帥司。初，安平州李密侵鄰洞，劫掠編民，並取古甑峒，以其幼子變姓名為趙懷德知峒事，戡諭邕守推古甑一人主之。十一年，臣僚復上言：「慶曆間，張方平嘗以為朝廷每備西北，孰不知瑤蠻衝突嶺外，南鄰交阯，勢須經營。唐時西備吐蕃，其後安南寇邊，旋致龐勳之禍。國朝每憂契丹、元昊，而儂智高陷邕州，南徼騷動，天子為之旰食，豈細故哉？臣等比見淮甸間版築薦興，更戍日益，而廣南城隍摧圮不葺，戍兵逃亡殆盡，春秋教閱，郡無百人。雖有鄉兵、義丁、土丁之名，實不足用，緩急豈能集事？宜於嶺南要地增築城堡，籍其民兵，歲時練習，定賞罰格，以示懲勸。如此則號令嚴明，守禦完固，民習戰鬥，可息瑤蠻侵掠之患，措四十州民於久安之域矣。」詔從之。

In Jiading 3, Zhang Kan, prefect of Jingjiang, argued that Guangxi's twenty-five prefectures bordered tribal lands on three sides, where Man, Yao, Li, and Dan peoples lived intermixed and unrest was constant—the southwest was the empire's most critical sector. Beyond Yong and Qin lay seventy-two loosely governed domains across vast distances with multiple garrisons. He asked for two hundred Border Vanguard troops plus two hundred armored soldiers from the surveillance commission, all placed under the commander's office. Earlier, Li Mi of Anping Prefecture had raided neighboring caves, plundered registered civilians, and seized Guzeng Cave, installing his young son under the alias Zhao Huaide as cave chief. Zhang Kan urged Yong's defender to appoint a legitimate Guzeng leader instead. In the eleventh year, officials memorialized again: "In the Qingli era Zhang Fangping warned that while the court always looked to the northwest, Yao and Man unrest beyond the mountains and the southern border with Jiaozhi also demanded attention. In Tang times the court focused on Tibet in the west, only for Annam to raid the frontier and trigger the Pang Xun rebellion. Our dynasty worried constantly about the Khitan and Yuanhao, yet Nong Zhigao took Yong Prefecture and threw the southern frontier into chaos, costing the emperor his peace of mind—is that a minor concern? We see constant fortification and rotating garrisons growing in the Huai region, while in Guangnan city walls crumble unrepaired, garrison troops have fled, and spring and autumn reviews turn out fewer than a hundred men per prefecture. Militia, righteous levies, and native levies exist in name only and could not meet a real crisis. Key points in Lingnan should be fortified, local militia registered and drilled regularly, with clear rewards and punishments to motivate defense. With strict command, solid defenses, and a trained populace, Yao and Man raids could be ended and the people of forty prefectures brought to lasting security." The court approved.

廣源州

Guangyuan Prefecture

廣源州蠻儂氏，州在邕州西南鬱江之源，地峭絕深阻，產黃金、丹砂，頗有邑居聚落。俗椎髻左衽，善戰鬥，輕死好亂。其先，韋氏、黃氏、周氏、儂氏為首領，互相劫掠。唐邕管經略使徐申厚撫之，黃氏納質，而十三部二十九州之蠻皆定。自交阯蠻據有安南，而廣源雖號邕管羈縻州，其實服役於交阯。

Guangyuan was home to the Nong tribe, at the Yu River's headwaters southwest of Yong Prefecture—rugged, remote country rich in gold and cinnabar, with scattered settlements. They wore topknots and left-lapped robes, fought well, held life cheap, and were prone to rebellion. Formerly the Wei, Huang, Zhou, and Nong clans had been rival chieftains who raided one another. Tang Yongguan Pacification Commissioner Xu Shen won them over with generous treatment; the Huang clan sent hostages, and tribes across thirteen divisions and twenty-nine prefectures were pacified. After Jiaozhi tribes seized Annam, Guangyuan remained nominally a Yongguan dependency but in practice served Jiaozhi.

初，有儂全福者，知儻猶州，其弟存祿知萬涯州，全福妻弟儂當道知武勒州。一日，全福殺存祿、當道，並有其地。交阯怒，舉兵執全福及其子智聰以歸。其妻阿儂本左江武勒族也，轉至儻猶州，全福納之。全福見執，阿儂遂嫁商人，生子名智高。智高生十三年，殺其父商人，曰：「天下豈有二父耶？」因冒儂姓，與其母奔雷火洞，其母又嫁特磨道儂夏卿。

At first Nong Quanfu governed Tangyou Prefecture, his brother Cunlu held Wanya, and Quanfu's brother-in-law Nong Dangdao held Wule. One day Quanfu killed both Cunlu and Dangdao and seized their territories. Enraged, Jiaozhi sent troops who captured Quanfu and his son Zhicong and carried them off. His wife A Nong came from the Zuojiang Wule clan; she moved to Tangyou, where Quanfu married her. After Quanfu was captured, A Nong married a merchant and bore a son named Zhigao. At age thirteen Zhigao killed his merchant stepfather, declaring: "How can a man have two fathers?" He took the Nong surname, fled with his mother to Leihuo Cave, where she remarried Nong Xiaqing of Temo Circuit.

久之，智高復與其母出據儻猶州，建國曰大曆。交阯攻拔儻猶州，執智高，釋其罪，使知廣源州，又以雷火、頻婆四洞及思浪州附益之。居四年，內怨交阯，襲據安德州，僭稱南天國，改年景瑞。皇祐元年，寇邕州。明年，交阯發兵討之，不克。廣西轉運使蕭固遣邕州指使亓贇往刺候，而贇擅發兵攻智高，為所執，因問中國虛實，贇頗為陳大略，說智高內屬。乃遣贇還，奉表請歲貢方物，未聽。又以馴象、金銀來獻，朝廷以其役屬交阯，拒之。後復齎金函書以請，知邕州陳珙上聞，不報。智高既不得請，又與交阯為仇，且擅山澤之利，遂招納亡命，數出敝衣易穀食，紿言洞中饑，部落離散。邕州信其微弱，不設備也。乃與廣州進士黃瑋、黃師宓及其黨儂建侯、儂誌忠等日夜謀入寇。一夕，焚其巢穴，紿其眾曰：「平生積聚，今為天火焚，無以為生，計窮矣。當拔邕州，據廣州以自王，否則必死。」

Eventually Zhigao and his mother emerged to seize Tangyou Prefecture and proclaimed a state called Dali. Jiaozhi captured Tangyou and Zhigao, then pardoned him and installed him as governor of Guangyuan, adding Leihuo, Pinpo, four caves, and Silang Prefecture to his domain. Four years later, resentful of Jiaozhi, he seized Ande Prefecture, declared himself ruler of the Southern Celestial Kingdom, and adopted the era name Jingrui. In Huangyou 1 he attacked Yong Prefecture. The following year Jiaozhi sent troops against him but failed to defeat him. Guangxi transport commissioner Xiao Gu sent Yong Prefecture commander Qi Yun to scout the situation, but Yun unauthorizedly attacked Zhigao, was captured, and questioned about China's strength. He outlined the general situation and urged Zhigao to submit to the court. Zhigao then sent Yun back with a petition offering annual tribute, but the court did not accept. He sent trained elephants, gold, and silver as tribute, but the court refused, regarding him as a vassal of Jiaozhi. Later he sent another petition in a golden casket; Yong Prefecture prefect Chen Gong forwarded it to the court, which gave no response. Denied his petition and now feuding with Jiaozhi, Zhigao also controlled the mountain and marsh trade. He gathered fugitives, frequently trading tattered clothes for grain while claiming his people were starving and his tribes dispersed. Yong Prefecture took him at his word and kept no guard up. He then plotted night and day with Guangzhou degree holders Huang Wei and Huang Shimiyu, along with followers Nong Jianhou and Nong Zhizhong, to launch an invasion. One night he set fire to his own stronghold and lied to his followers: "Everything we saved has been destroyed by heaven's fire. We cannot survive—our options are gone. We must take Yong Prefecture, hold Guangzhou, and declare ourselves kings—or we are dead."

四年四月，率眾五千沿鬱江東下，攻破橫山砦，遂破邕州，執知州陳珙等，兵死千餘人。智高閱軍資庫，得所上金、函，怒謂珙曰：「我求一官統攝諸部，汝不以聞，何也？」珙對：「嘗奏，不報。」索奏草不獲，遂扶珙出，珙惶恐呼萬歲，救自效，不聽，乃並其屬及廣西都監張立害之。立臨刑大罵，不為屈。於是智高僭號仁惠皇帝，改年啟曆，赦境內。師宓以下皆稱中國官名。

In the fourth month of the fourth year, he led five thousand men down the Yu River, overran Hengshan Stockade and Yong Prefecture, captured Prefect Chen Gong, and killed more than a thousand defenders. Searching the arsenal, Zhigao found Chen Gong's unreported petition in its golden casket and raged: "I asked for authority over all the tribes—why didn't you tell the court?" Chen Gong answered, "I did report it—the court never replied." When no draft could be found, Zhigao dragged Chen Gong out. Gong cried "Long live the Emperor!" and offered to serve, but was ignored. Zhigao killed him, his staff, and Guangxi chief inspector Zhang Li. Zhang Li cursed Zhigao to the end and never yielded. Zhigao then proclaimed himself Emperor Renhui, named his era Qili, and declared a general amnesty. Shimiyu and the others all adopted titles from the imperial bureaucracy.

是時，天下久安，嶺南州縣無備，一旦兵起倉卒，不知所為，守將多棄城遁。故智高所向得志，相繼破橫、貴、龔、潯、藤、梧、封、康、端九州，害曹覲於封州、趙師旦馬貴於康州，餘殺官吏甚眾。所過焚府庫，進圍廣州。初，智高將至，守將仲簡不許民入保城中，民不得入者皆附智高，智高勢益張。先是，魏瓘築州城，鑿井畜水，作大弩為守備。至是，智高為雲梯土山，攻城甚急，又斷流水，而城堅，井飲不竭，弩發，中輒洞潰，智高力屈。會知英州蘇緘屯兵邊渡村，扼其歸路；番禺縣令蕭注募土丁及海上強壯二千餘人，與智高眾格鬥，焚其戰艦；轉運使王罕亦自外至，益修守備。智高知不可拔，圍五十七日，七月壬戌，解去。由清遠濟江，擁婦女作樂而行，遇張忠戰於白田，忠死之。去攻賀州，不克，夜害蔣偕於太平場。九月庚申，破昭州，害王正倫等於館門驛。州之山有數穴，大可容數百千人，民聞兵至，走匿其中，智高知之，縱火，皆焚死。十月丁丑，破賓州。甲申，復據邕州，日夜伐木治舟楫，揚言復趨廣州。十二月壬申，又敗陳曙於金城驛。初，智高以反聞，朝廷命曙就擊之，既而楊畋、曹修、張忠、蔣偕相繼出，又以余靖、孫沔為安撫使。畋、修聞智高至，退軍避之。忠、偕勇而無謀，皆死。智高益自恣，南土騷然。仁宗以為憂，命狄青為宣撫使，諸將皆受青節制。曙恐青至有功，亟挑戰，故敗。

The empire had been at peace for years, and Lingnan had no defenses. When rebellion erupted overnight, local commanders panicked and many fled their posts. Zhigao swept through Heng, Gui, Gong, Xun, Teng, Wu, Feng, Kang, and Duan, killing Cao Jin at Fengzhou and Zhao Shidan and Ma Gui at Kangzhou along with countless other officials. His army burned treasuries along the way and pushed on to besiege Guangzhou. When Zhigao approached, Defender Zhong Jian refused to let civilians into the city. Those left outside joined the rebels, and Zhigao's forces swelled. Earlier, Wei Guan had fortified the city with walls, wells, and giant crossbows. Zhigao built siege towers and ramparts and cut off the water supply, but the walls held, the wells never ran dry, and Wei Guan's crossbows punched clean holes through his ranks until Zhigao's army was spent. Meanwhile Yingzhou Prefect Su Jian blocked the retreat at Biandu Village; Panyu Magistrate Xiao Zhu rallied over two thousand local militiamen and sailors, fought Zhigao's troops, and burned his fleet; Transport Commissioner Wang Han arrived from outside and tightened the defenses. After fifty-seven days, seeing Guangzhou could not be taken, Zhigao withdrew on the renxu day of the seventh month. He crossed the river near Qingyuan, marching to music with captive women until Zhang Zhong intercepted him at Baitian and was killed. Failing to take Hezhou, he ambushed and killed Jiang Xie at Taiping that night. On the gengshen day of the ninth month he seized Zhaozhou and murdered Wang Zhenglun and others at Guanmen Post Station. Locals fled into mountain caves that could shelter thousands. Zhigao found them and set the caves ablaze, burning everyone inside. On the dingchou day of the tenth month he captured Binzhou. On the jiashen day he retook Yongzhou, cutting timber day and night to build boats while boasting he would strike Guangzhou again. On the renshen day of the twelfth month he routed Chen Shu at Jincheng Post Station. Zhigao's disinformation first drew Chen Shu, then Yang Tian, Cao Xiu, Zhang Zhong, and Jiang Xie; the court also appointed Yu Jing and Sun Mian as pacification commissioners. Yang Tian and Cao Xiu retreated as soon as they heard Zhigao was near. Zhang Zhong and Jiang Xie fought boldly but recklessly, and both were killed. Zhigao grew bolder still, and the south was in turmoil. Alarmed, Emperor Renzong put Di Qing in overall command, with every general under his authority. Chen Shu, afraid Di Qing would win the glory, rashly offered battle and was defeated.

五年正月，青及沔、靖會兵賓州，官軍、土丁合三萬一千餘人，按軍法誅曙及指揮使袁用等三十二人於坐，一軍大振。於是進兵，青將前陣，沔將次陣，靖將後陣，以一晝夜絕昆侖關歸仁鋪。智高聞王師絕險而至，出其不意，悉眾來拒，執大盾、摽槍，衣絳衣，望之如火，青陣少卻，先鋒孫節死之。青起麾蕃落騎兵，張在左翼出其後交擊，左者右，右者左，已而左者復左，右者復右，其眾不知所為，大敗走。會日暮，智高復趨邕州，夜焚城遁，由合江口入大理國。得屍五千三百四十一，築為京觀，所掠生口萬餘人，復其業。獲偽印九，黃師宓而下偽官五十七人，梟其首城上，收馬牛、金帛以钜萬計。智高自起兵幾一年，暴踐一方，如行無人之境，吏民不勝其毒。朝廷為下赦令，優除復，慰拊瘡痍，百姓始得更生雲。先是，謠言「農家種，糴家收。」已而智高叛，為青破，皆如其謠。

In the first month of the fifth year Di Qing, Sun Mian, and Yu Jing mustered over thirty-one thousand troops at Binzhou and, enforcing military law, executed Chen Shu, Commander Yuan Yong, and thirty others on the spot. Morale soared. They marched forward with Di Qing leading the vanguard, Sun Mian the center, and Yu Jing the rear, crossing Kunlun Pass to Guiren Station in a single day and night. Surprised that imperial troops had crossed Kunlun Pass, Zhigao marched out his entire force with great shields and crimson spears like a wall of fire. Di Qing's line buckled briefly and vanguard Sun Jie was killed. Di Qing then unleashed tribal cavalry on the left, wheeling them behind the enemy and feinting left and right until the rebels lost all sense of direction and broke and ran. At dusk Zhigao fled back toward Yongzhou, burned the city overnight, and escaped into Dali through Hejiangkou. They counted 5,341 enemy dead and erected a victory mound; more than ten thousand captives were freed to resume their lives. Nine rebel seals and fifty-seven officials down to Huang Shimiyu were captured; their heads were hung on the city wall. Booty in horses, cattle, gold, and silk amounted to vast sums. In nearly a year of rebellion Zhigao had ravaged the region as if no one stood in his way, until officials and commoners alike could bear no more. The court issued amnesties, tax relief, and relief for the wounded, and the people could at last begin to rebuild their lives. A prophecy had circulated: "The Nong clan sows, the Di clan reaps." When Zhigao rebelled and was crushed by Di Qing, events unfolded exactly as the prophecy foretold.

智高母阿儂有計謀，智高攻陷城邑，多用其策，僭號皇太后，性慘毒，嗜小兒肉，每食必殺小兒。智高敗走，阿儂入保特磨，依其夫儂夏卿，收殘眾得三千餘人，習騎戰，復欲入寇。至和初，余靖督部吏黃汾黃獻珪石鑒、進士吳舜舉發峒兵入特磨，掩襲之，獲阿儂及智高弟智光、子繼宗繼封，檻至京師。初未欲殺，日給食飲，欲以誘出智高，或傳智高死，乃悉棄市。既而西川復奏智高未死，謀寇黎、雅州，詔本路為備。御史中丞孫抃又請敕益州先事經制，以安蜀人。然智高卒不出，其存亡莫可知也。

Zhigao's mother A Nong was the strategist behind many of his conquests. He proclaimed her Empress Dowager. Cruel by nature, she ate human flesh and demanded a child killed for every meal. After Zhigao's defeat A Nong fortified Temo with her husband Nong Xiaqing, rallied three thousand survivors, trained cavalry, and planned another raid. Early in the Zhihe era Yu Jing sent cave militia led by Huang Fen, Huang Xiangui, Shi Jian, and Wu Shunju into Temo in a surprise raid, capturing A Nong, Zhigao's brother Zhiguang, and sons Jizong and Jifeng and sending them to the capital in cages. At first the court kept them alive on daily rations hoping to lure Zhigao out. When rumors spread that he was dead, all were executed. Later Sichuan reported that Zhigao was still alive and planning raids on Lizhou and Yazhou, and the court ordered the circuit to stand ready. Censor-in-chief Sun Bian also urged the court to order Yizhou to take preemptive measures to reassure the people of Shu. Zhigao never reappeared, and his fate remained unknown.

儂氏又有宗旦者，知雷火洞，稍桀黠。嘉祐二年，嘗入寇，知桂州蕭固招之內屬，以為忠武將軍，又補其子知溫悶峒日新為三班奉職。七年，宗旦父子請以所領雷火、計城諸峒屬縣官，願得歸樂州，永為王民。詔各遷一官，以宗旦知順安州，仍賜耕牛、鹽彩。是歲，儂夏卿、儂平、儂亮亦自特磨來歸，皆其族也。日新後嘗監邕州稅。治平中，宗旦與交阯李日尊、劉紀有隙，畏逼，知桂州陸詵因使人說之，遂棄其州內徙，命為右千牛衛將軍。

Another Nong clansman, Zongdan, controlled Leihuo Cave and had grown restive and shrewd. After raiding in Jiayou 2, Guilin Prefect Xiao Gu induced Zongdan to submit and made him Loyal and Martial General, with sons Zhiwen and Mendong Rixin given court posts. In the seventh year Zongdan and his sons asked to place Leihuo, Jicheng, and their other cave domains under county administration and relocate to Le Prefecture as permanent subjects of the empire. The court promoted each a rank, made Zongdan prefect of Shun'an, and granted plow oxen, salt, and colored cloth. That same year Nong Xiaqing, Nong Ping, and Nong Liang also came in from Temo—all members of the clan. Rixin later served as overseer of Yongzhou taxes. In the Zhiping era, feuding with Jiaozhi's Li Rizun and Liu Ji, Zongdan was persuaded by Guilin Prefect Lu Shen to abandon his domain and move inland, receiving appointment as Right Qianniu Guard General.

有甲峒蠻者，亦役屬交阯，間出寇邕州。景祐三年，嘗掠思陵州憑祥峒生口，殺登龍鎮將而去。嘉祐五年，合交阯、門州等蠻五千餘人復為寇，與官兵拒戰，斬首數百。詔知桂州蕭固趨邕州發諸郡兵，與轉運使宋咸、提點刑獄李師中合議追討。是歲數入寇，又詔安撫使余靖擊之。蘇茂州蠻亦近邕州，至和、嘉祐中，皆嘗擾邊。

The Jia Cave tribes, vassals of Jiaozhi, sometimes raided Yongzhou. In Jingyou 3 they raided Pingxiang Cave in Siling Prefecture for captives, killed the Denglong garrison commander, and withdrew. In Jiayou 5 they joined with over five thousand men from Jiaozhi, Menzhou, and allied tribes to raid again; government forces fought them and took several hundred heads. The court ordered Guilin Prefect Xiao Gu to rush to Yongzhou, mobilize troops from surrounding prefectures, and pursue the raiders with Transport Commissioner Song Xian and Judicial Intendant Li Shizhong. They raided repeatedly that year, and Pacification Commissioner Yu Jing was ordered to attack them. Sumo Prefecture tribes near Yongzhou also harassed the frontier during the Zhihe and Jiayou eras.

黎洞，唐故瓊管之地，在大海南，距雷州泛海一日而至。其地有黎母山，黎人居焉。舊說五嶺之南，人雜夷獠，朱崖環海，豪富兼並，役屬貧弱；婦人服緦緶，績木皮為布，陶土為釜，器用瓠瓢；人飲石汁，又有椒酒，以安石榴花著甕中即成酒。俗呼山嶺為「黎」，居其間者號曰黎人，弓刀未嘗去手。弓以竹為弦。今儋崖、萬安皆與黎為境，其服屬州縣者為熟黎，其居山洞無征徭者為生黎，時出與郡人互市。

Li Cave lay in what had been Tang's Qiong administration, south of the sea a day's sail from Leizhou. The region centered on Limu Mountain, home to the Li people. Tradition held that south of the Five Ridges peoples mingled with tribal groups; on sea-girt Hainan the wealthy absorbed the poor and reduced them to servitude; Women wore hemp and cotton, wove cloth from tree bark, fired clay pots, and used gourd vessels; They drank a mineral spring liquor and a pepper wine made by steeping pomegranate blossoms in jars. Mountains were called "Li," and those who lived among them were known as the Li people, who never went unarmed. Their bows were strung with bamboo. Danzhou, Yazhou, and Wan'an all bordered Li territory. Those under county authority were called "acculturated Li"; those in mountain caves free of taxes and labor service were "wild Li," who sometimes came down to trade with Han settlers.

至和初，有黎人符護者，邊吏嘗獲其奴婢十人，還之。符護亦嘗犯邊，執瓊、崖州巡檢慕容允則及軍士，至是，以軍士五十六人與允則來歸。允則道病死，詔軍士至者貸其罪。

Early in the Zhihe era a Li leader named Fu Hu had ten servants seized by border officials, who later returned them. Fu Hu had also raided the frontier and captured Patrol Inspector Murong Yunze of Qiong and Yazhou along with his men; now he returned with Yunze and fifty-six soldiers. Yunze died on the journey home, and the court pardoned the returned soldiers.

嘉定九年五月，詔宜人王氏女吳氏襲封，統領三十六峒。

In the fifth month of Jiading 9, Lady Wu, daughter of Lady Wang, was enfeoffed to command thirty-six caves.

環州蠻區氏，州隸宜州羈縻，領思恩、都亳二縣。

The Qu clan of Huan Prefecture, a jimi dependency under Yizhou, governed Si'en and Dumei counties.

有區希範者，思恩人也。狡黠頗知書，嘗舉進士，試禮部。景祐五年，與其叔正辭應募，從官軍討安化州叛蠻。既而希範擊登聞鼓求錄用，事下宜州，而知州馮伸己言其妄，編管全州。正辭亦嘗自言功，不報。二人皆觖望。希範後輒遁歸，與正辭率其族人及白崖山酋蒙趕、荔波洞蠻謀為亂，將殺伸己，且曰：「若得廣西一方，當建為大唐國。」會有日者石太清至，因使之筮，太清曰：「君貴不過封侯。」乃令太清擇日殺牛，建壇場，祭天神，推蒙趕為帝，正辭為奉天開基建國桂王，希範為神武定國令公、桂州牧，皆北向再拜，以為受天命。又以區丕績為宰相，餘皆偽立名號，補置四十餘人。

One of them was Qu Xifan of Si'en. Clever and literate, he had taken the jinshi examination at the Ministry of Rites. In Jingyou 5 he and his uncle Zhengchen enlisted and joined government forces against rebel tribes in Anhua Prefecture. Later Xifan beat the Denunciation Drum to demand an official post. Yizhou Prefect Feng Shenji called him deluded and had him exiled to Quanzhou under supervision. Zhengchen too petitioned for recognition of his service, but received no reply. Both men grew resentful. Xifan soon escaped and, with Zhengchen, rallied their clansmen plus Biyai chieftain Meng Gan and the Libo Cave tribes to rebel, planning to kill Feng Shenji and proclaim: "If we seize Guangxi we will restore the Great Tang." A fortune-teller named Shi Taiqing was brought in to cast lots. He said, "Your highest rank will be no more than marquis." They then had an ox sacrificed on a newly built altar to heaven, proclaimed Meng Gan emperor, Zhengchen as Prince of Gui and founder of the dynasty, and Xifan as Grand Duke and prefect of Guilin—all bowing northward to receive heaven's mandate. Qu Piji was named chancellor, and more than forty others were given rebel titles and offices.

慶曆四年正月十三日，率眾五百破環州，劫州印，焚其積聚。以環州為武城軍，又破帶溪砦，下鎮寧州及普義砦，有眾一千五百。宜州捉賊李德用出韓婆嶺擊卻之，前後斬獲甚眾，俘偽將二。希範懼，入保荔波洞，間出拒官軍。朝廷下詔購之，獲希範、正辭及趕者，人賜袍帶、錢三十萬、鹽千斤。

On the thirteenth day of the first month of Qingli 4 he led five hundred men to seize Huanzhou, steal the prefectural seal, and burn its stores. He renamed Huanzhou the Wucheng Army, overran Dai Stream Stockade, captured Zhenning Prefecture and Puyi Stockade, and swelled his force to fifteen hundred. Yizhou's bandit-hunter Li Deyong drove them back at Hanpo Ridge, killing and capturing many and taking two rebel generals prisoner. Frightened, Xifan withdrew to Libo Cave and only ventured out sporadically to fight government troops. The court posted bounties: anyone who captured Xifan, Zhengchen, or Gan received robes, three hundred thousand cash, and a thousand jin of salt.

明年，轉運使杜杞大引兵至環州，使攝官區曄、進士曾子華、宜州校吳香誘趕等出降，殺馬牛具酒，紿與之盟，置曼陀羅花酒中，飲者皆昏醉，稍呼起問勞，至則推仆後廡下。比暮，眾始覺，驚走，而門有守兵不得出，悉擒之。後數日，又得希範等，凡獲二百餘人，誅七十八人，餘皆配徙。仍醢希範，賜諸溪峒，繢其五藏為圖，傳於世，餘黨悉平。

The next year Transport Commissioner Du Qi marched on Huanzhou and sent Qu Ye, Zeng Zihua, and Wu Xiang to lure Gan and his followers into surrender. At a feast of slaughtered cattle and wine laced with datura, the rebels all fell unconscious and were dragged one by one behind the hall. By evening the rebels roused in panic, but guards blocked the gates and all were seized. Days later Xifan and others were captured as well. More than two hundred rebels were taken; seventy-eight were executed and the rest exiled. Xifan's body was pickled and sent to the cave tribes; a painting of his disemboweled organs was circulated as a warning, and the remaining rebels were wiped out.

鎮寧州亦隸宜州。景祐二年，蠻酋莫陵等七百餘人內寇，遣西京作坊使郭誌高、閣門祗候梁紹熙往討，未至，陵等詣桂、宜州巡檢李仲政請降。廣西轉運使不俟詔，貸其罪。詔劾之，已而釋之。

Zhenning Prefecture was also under Yizhou's jurisdiction. In Jingyou 2 more than seven hundred tribesmen under chieftain Mo Ling raided inward. The court sent Workshop Commissioner Guo Zhigao and Gate Attendant Liang Shaoxi to suppress them, but before they arrived Mo Ling and his men surrendered to Patrol Inspector Li Zhongzheng of Guilin and Yizhou. Without waiting for imperial orders, the Guangxi transport commissioner pardoned them. The court censured him, yet he was soon pardoned.

是歲，高、竇州犾獠陳友朋等亦寇海上，本路會兵擊之，潰去。

That same year Chen Youpeng and other tribesmen of Gao and Dou prefectures raided the coast; circuit forces combined against them and drove them off in defeat.

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