1
西南諸夷黎州諸蠻敍州三路蠻威茂渝州蠻黔涪施高徼外諸蠻瀘州蠻
The Southwestern Yi Peoples; the Yi of Lizhou; the Yi of Xuzhou's three routes; the Yi of Wei, Mao, and Yuzhou; the Yi of Qian, Fu, Shi, Gao and outlying regions; and the Yi of Luzhou
2
西南諸夷，漢牂牁郡地。 武帝元鼎六年，定西南夷，置牂牁郡。 唐置費、珍、莊、琰、播、郎、牂、夷等州。 其地北距充州百五十里，東距辰州二千四百里，南距交州一千五百里，西距昆明九百里。 無城郭，散居村落。 土熱，多霖雨，稻粟皆再熟。 無徭役，將戰征乃屯聚。 刻木為契。 其法，劫盜者，償其主三倍； 殺人者，出牛馬三十頭與其家以贖死。 病疾無醫藥，但擊銅鼓、銅沙鑼以祀神。 風俗與東謝蠻同。 隋大業末，首領謝龍羽據其地，勝兵數萬人。 唐末，王建據西川，由是不通中國。 後唐天成二年，牂牁清州刺史宋朝化等一百五十人來朝。 其後孟知祥據西川，復不通朝貢。
The peoples of the southwest occupied the lands of the Han dynasty's Zangge Commandery. In 111 BCE, the sixth year of Emperor Wu's Yuan Ding reign, he subdued the southwestern Yi and established Zangge Commandery. The Tang established prefectures there, including Fei, Zhen, Zhuang, Yan, Bo, Lang, Zha, and Yi. The region lay one hundred fifty li north of Chong Prefecture, two thousand four hundred li east of Chen, one thousand five hundred li south of Jiao, and nine hundred li west of Kunming. They built no walled towns and lived in scattered hamlets. The climate was warm and rainy, and both rice and millet could be harvested twice a year. They performed no corvée service and assembled in camps only when war was expected. They recorded agreements by carving marks on wood. Their law required robbers to repay their victims three times the amount stolen; and murderers paid the victim's family thirty head of cattle and horses to ransom themselves from execution. They had no physicians or drugs; when sick they beat bronze drums and gongs to worship the spirits. Their customs matched those of the Eastern Xie Man. Late in the Sui dynasty's Daye era, the chieftain Xie Longyu held the region with an army of tens of thousands. Late in the Tang, Wang Jian seized western Sichuan, after which the region lost contact with the central court. In 927, the second year of Later Tang's Tiancheng reign, Song Chaohua, prefect of Qing Prefecture in Zangge, and one hundred fifty others presented themselves at court. Later Meng Zhixiang seized western Sichuan, and tribute ceased once more.
3
乾德三年，平孟昶。 五年，知西南夷南寧州蕃落使龍彥曁舀等遂來貢，詔授彥曁舀歸德將軍、南寧州刺史、蕃落使，又以順化王武才為懷化將軍，武才弟若啟為歸德司階，武龍州部落王子若溢、東山部落王子若差、羅波源部落王子若台、訓州部落王子若從、雞平部落王子若冷、戰洞部落王子若磨、羅母殊部落王子若母、石人部落王子若藏並為歸德司戈。 開寶二年，武才等一百四十人又來貢，以武才為歸德將軍。 來人乞賜武才鈿函手詔，以舊制所無，不許。 四年，其國人詣涪州，言南寧州蕃落使龍彥曁舀卒，歸德將軍武才及八刺史狀請以彥曁舀子漢瑭為嗣，詔授漢瑭南寧州刺史兼蕃落使。 八年，三十九部順化王子若發等三百七十七人來貢馬百六十匹、丹砂千兩。
In 965, the third year of the Qiande reign, the Song pacified Meng Chang. Two years later, Long Yan'ao, commissioner of southwestern Yi affairs at Nanning, came with tribute. The court named him General Who Returns to Virtue, prefect of Nanning, and tribal commissioner; made Shunhua Prince Wu Cai General Who Cherishes Transformation; appointed Wu Cai's brother Ruoqi registrar of returning virtue; and named the tribal princes Ruo Yi of Wulong, Ruo Cha of Dongshan, Ruo Tai of Luoboyuan, Ruo Cong of Xun, Ruo Leng of Jiping, Ruo Mo of Zhandong, Ruo Mu of Luomushu, and Ruo Cang of Shiren marshals of returning virtue. In 969, Wu Cai and one hundred forty others again brought tribute, and Wu Cai was confirmed as General Who Returns to Virtue. The envoys asked for an autograph edict in an inlaid casket for Wu Cai, but the court refused because precedent provided no such grant. In 971, envoys reported at Fu Prefecture that Nanning commissioner Long Yan'ao had died. Wu Cai and eight prefects asked that Yan'ao's son Hantang succeed him, and the court named Hantang prefect of Nanning and tribal commissioner. In 975, Ruo Fa of Shunhua and three hundred seventy-seven men from thirty-nine divisions brought one hundred sixty horses and a thousand liang of cinnabar as tribute.
4
太平興國五年，夷王龍瓊琚遣其子羅若從並諸州蠻七百四十四人以方物、名馬來貢。 六年，保州刺史董奇死，以其子紹重繼之。 雍熙二年八月，奉化王子以慈等三百五十人以方物來貢。 夷王龍漢鸸自稱權南寧州事兼蕃落使，遣牂牁諸州酋長趙文橋率種族百餘人來獻方物、名馬，並上蜀孟氏所給符印。 授漢鸸歸德將軍、南寧州刺史，以文橋等並為懷化司戈。 端拱二年，漢鸸又貽書五溪都統向通漢，約以入貢。 淳化元年，漢鸸遣其弟漢興來朝。 三年，夷王龍漢興及都統龍漢𤩊、刺史龍光顯、龍光盈及順化王雨滯等各貢馬、朱砂。
In 980, Yi king Long Qiongjun sent his son Luo Ruocong with seven hundred forty-four men from the prefectures, bearing local goods and fine horses. The next year, Bao Prefecture's Dong Qi died and was succeeded by his son Shaochong. In August 985, Yici of Fenghua and three hundred fifty others brought local goods as tribute. Yi king Long Han'e claimed provisional authority over Nanning and the tribal commission; he sent Zangge chieftain Zhao Wenqiao with more than a hundred clansmen bearing goods and fine horses, and surrendered the tallies and seals the Meng of Shu had issued. The court named Han'e General Who Returns to Virtue and prefect of Nanning, and made Wenqiao and his party marshals who cherish transformation. In 989, Han'e wrote to Five Streams commander Xiang Tonghan to arrange a joint tribute mission. In 990, Han'e sent his brother Hanxing to court. In 992, Yi king Long Hanxing, commander Long Hanyao, prefects Long Guangxian and Long Guangying, and Shunhua prince Yuzhi each sent horses and cinnabar.
5
至道元年，其王龍漢𤩊遣其使龍光進率西南牂牁諸蠻來貢方物。 太宗召見其使，詢以地裏風俗，譯對曰：「地去宜州陸行四十五日。 土宜五穀，多種粳稻，以木弩射獐鹿充食。 每三二百戶為一州，州有長。 殺人者不償死，出家財以贖。 國王居有城郭，無壁壘，官府惟短垣。」 光進之說，與前書所記小異，故並敘之。 上因令作本國歌舞，一人吹瓢笙如蚊蚋聲，良久，數十輩連袂宛轉而舞，以足頓地為節。 詢其曲，則名曰《水曲》。 其使十數輩，從者千餘人，皆蓬發，面目黧黑，狀如猿猱。 使者衣虎皮氈裘，以虎尾插首為飾。 詔授漢𤩊寧遠大將軍，封歸化王； 又以歸德將軍羅以植為安遠大將軍，保順將軍龍光盈、龍光顯並為安化大將軍，光進等二十四人並授將軍、郎將、司階、司戈。 其本國使從者，有甲頭王子、刺史、判官、長史、司馬、長行、傔人七等之名。
In 995, King Long Hanyao sent envoy Long Guangjin with the southwestern Zangge tribes to present tribute. Taizong received the envoy and asked about the country and its customs. The interpreter replied: "Our land lies forty-five days' march by land from Yizhou. The soil grows all five grains, especially glutinous rice; they hunt roe deer with wooden crossbows for meat. Every two or three hundred households form a district, each with its own headman. Murderers are not executed; they ransom themselves with family wealth. The king dwells within walled quarters without battlements; government offices are fenced only with low earthen walls." Guangjin's account differed slightly from the earlier record, and both versions are given here. The emperor asked for their native music and dance. One man played a gourd mouth-organ with a buzzing hum; then dozens linked arms in a winding dance, stamping their feet for the beat. Asked its title, they said it was called "Water Tune." More than ten envoys came with over a thousand followers, all with tangled hair and dark faces, looking like apes. The envoys wore tiger-skin felt cloaks and stuck tiger tails upright in their hair as ornaments. The court named Hanyao Grand General Who Pacifies the Distant and enfeoffed him King Who Returns to Transformation; made Luo Yizhi Grand General Who Pacifies the Distant; named Long Guangying and Long Guangxian Grand Generals Who Pacify Transformation; and appointed Guangjin and twenty-four others as generals, commandants, registrars, or marshals. Their retinue used seven ranks of title: helmeted prince, prefect, adjutant, chief clerk, marshal, senior attendant, and retainer.
6
咸平元年，其王龍漢𤩊遣使龍光腆又率牂牁諸蠻千餘人來貢，詔授光腆等百三十人官。 三年，都部署張文黔來貢。 五年，漢𤩊又遣牙校率部蠻千六百人、馬四百六十匹並藥物布帛等來貢，賜冠帶於崇德殿，厚齎遣還。 六年，知全州錢絳請招誘溪峒名豪，上以生事，寢其奏不報。
In 998, King Long Hanyao sent Long Guangtian with more than a thousand Zangge tribesmen; the court gave offices to Guangtian and one hundred thirty others. In 1000, frontier commander Zhang Wenqian brought tribute. In 1002, Hanyao sent an adjutant with sixteen hundred tribesmen, four hundred sixty horses, medicines, and textiles. The court granted caps and belts in Chongde Hall and sent them home with rich gifts. In 1003, Quan Prefecture's Qian Jiang asked to recruit famous gorge chieftains, but the emperor feared needless trouble and left the memorial unanswered.
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景德元年，詔西南牂牁諸國進奉使親至朝廷者，今廣南西路發兵援之，勿抑其意。 先是，龍光進等來朝，上矜其道遠，人馬多斃，因詔宜州自今可就賜恩物。 至是，懇請詣闕，從之。 二年，詔羈縻保、霸州刺史董紹重、董忠義歲賜紫綾錦袍。 四年，西南蠻羅甕井都指揮使顏士龍等來貢。 士龍種落遐阻，未嘗來朝，今始至，詔館餼賜予如高、溪州。
In the first year of Jingde, 1004, an edict directed Guangnan West Circuit to send troops to escort envoys from the southwestern Zangge states who wished to bring offerings personally to court, and not to frustrate their intent. Earlier, when Long Guangjin's party had come to court, the emperor pitied the distance and the losses en route and ordered that gifts might henceforth be granted at Yizhou. Now they earnestly asked to come to the capital, and the court agreed. In the second year, 1005, an edict granted annual purple gauze and brocade robes to Dong Shaochong and Dong Zhongyi, prefects of the jimi Bao and Ba prefectures. In 1007, southwestern Man commander Yan Shilong of Luoweng Well and others brought tribute. Shilong's people had never reached court before because of their remoteness; the court lodged and rewarded them as it did envoys from Gao and Xi.
8
大中祥符元年，瀘州言江安縣夷人殺傷內屬戶，害巡檢任賽，既不自安，遂為亂。 詔遣閣門祗候侍其旭乘傳招撫。 旭至，蠻人首罪，殺牲為誓。 未幾，復叛。 旭因追斬數十級，擒其首領三人，又以衣服糸由布誘降蠻鬥婆行者，將按誅其罪。 上以旭召而殺之，違招安之實，即降詔戒止； 且令篤恩信，設方略制禦，無尚討伐以滋驚擾。 二年，旭言夷人恃岩險，未即歸服。 詔文思副使孫正辭等為都巡檢使，乃分三路入其境，脅以兵威，皆震懾伏罪。 三年，正辭言夷人安集，降詔嘉獎。 先有蠻羅忽余甚忠順，防援井監，捕殺違命者不已。 上遣內臣郝昭信褒慰之，且諭以赦蠻黨前罪，勿復邀擊。
In 1008, Luzhou reported that Yi in Jiang'an had attacked registered households, killed inspector Ren Sai, and then rebelled out of fear. The court sent gatehouse attendant Shiqi Xu posthaste to pacify them. When Xu arrived, the tribesmen confessed and swore oaths over slaughtered animals. Soon they rebelled again. Xu pursued them, beheaded dozens, captured three chiefs, and lured the Man leader Doupo Xingzhe to surrender with clothing and cloth, intending to try and execute him. The emperor ruled that Xu had killed a man he had summoned to surrender, betraying pacification, and sent an edict to stop him; and told him to win trust, use strategy to restrain them, and not rely on punitive campaigns that would only spread panic. In 1009, Xu reported that the Yi still held the cliffs and had not submitted. The court named literary vice commissioner Sun Zhengci overall touring inspector; he entered in three columns, overawed them with force, and they all submitted. In 1010, Zhengci reported the Yi pacified, and the court praised him. A loyal Man named Luo Huyu had long defended Jing Well post, constantly hunting down rebels. The emperor sent inner attendant Hao Zhaoxin to reward him and announce an amnesty for the rebels, ordering him to stop ambushing them.
9
四年，茂州夷族首領、耆老，刑牛犬於三溪，誓不侵擾州界。 又峽路鈐轄執為亂夷人王群體等至闕下，上曰：「蠻夷不識教義，向之為亂，亦守臣失於綏撫。」 並免死，分隸江、浙遠地。 其年，霸州董哲為其巡檢使董延早所殺。 五年，黎洞夷人互相殺害，巡檢使發兵掩捕。 上聞而切責之曰：「蠻夷相攻，許邊吏和斷，安可擅發兵甲，或致擾動？」 即令有司更選可任者代之。
In 1011, Yi chiefs and elders of Mao slaughtered cattle and dogs at San Stream and swore not to raid the prefecture. The Gorges Route commander also brought rebel Yi leader Wang Qunti to court. The emperor said: "These tribes do not know our ways; their rebellion owed something to frontier officials' failure to pacify them." All were spared execution and assigned to distant parts of Jiang and Zhe. That year, Ba Prefecture's Dong Zhe was murdered by his inspector Dong Yanzao. In 1012, Yi of the Li caves fought among themselves, and the inspector sent troops to raid them. The emperor sharply rebuked him: "When tribes fight among themselves, frontier officials may mediate. How dare you send troops on your own and risk wider unrest?" He ordered the ministries to choose a replacement at once.
10
六年，晏州多剛縣夷人鬥望、行牌率眾劫淯井監，殺駐泊借職平言，大掠資畜。 知瀘州江安縣、奉職文信領兵趨之，遇害。 民皆驚擾，走保戎州。 轉運使寇曁咸即令諸州巡檢會江安縣，集公私船百餘艘，載糧甲，張旗幟，擊銅鑼，鼓吹，自蜀江下抵清浮壩，樹營柵，招安近界夷族，諭以大兵將至，勿與望等同惡。 未幾，納溪、藍順州刺史史個松，生南八姓諸團，烏蠻獨廣王子界南廣溪移、悅等十一州刺史李紹安，山后高、鞏六州及江安界娑婆村首領，並來乞盟，立竹為誓門，刺貓狗雞血和酒飲之，誓同力討賊。 曁咸乃署榜，許以官軍至不殺其老幼，給賜衣幣酒食。 上遣內殿崇班王懷信乘傳與曁鹹等議綏撫方略，歒言鬥望等屢為寇鈔，恃寬赦不悛惡，今請發嘉、眉屯兵捕剪，以震懼之。
In 1013, Yi leaders Dou Wang and Xingpai of Duogang in Yan led a raid on Qijing Well, killed clerk Ping Yan, and looted livestock and goods. Jiang'an magistrate Wen Xin marched to intercept them and was killed. The populace panicked and fled to the safety of Rong Prefecture. Transport commissioner Kou Xian gathered inspectors at Jiang'an, mustered more than a hundred boats loaded with grain and arms, raised banners, beat gongs, and sailed down the Shu River to Qingfu Dam. He built camps, won over nearby Yi, and warned that a great army was coming—do not join Wang's rebels. Soon prefect Shi Gesong of Naxi and Lanshun, the eight Shengnan clans, Wuman princes and eleven prefects including Li Shao'an, six highland prefectures, and Jiang'an border headmen came to ally. They raised a bamboo oath-gate, mixed cat, dog, and chicken blood with wine, and swore to join the campaign against the rebels. Xian posted a proclamation promising that government troops would spare women and children and reward those who submitted with clothing, cloth, wine, and food. The emperor sent inner attendant Wang Huaixin to consult with Xian on pacification. They reported that Dou Wang had raided repeatedly, trusting in past mercy, and asked for Jia and Mei garrison troops to crush them and restore fear.
11
六年九月，詔懷信為嘉、眉、戎、瀘等州水陸都巡檢使，閣門祗候康訓、符承訓為都同巡檢使，及發虎翼、神虎等兵三千餘人，令懷信與曁咸商度進討。 上因謂樞密使陳堯叟曰：「往時孫正辭討蠻，有虎翼小校率眾冒險者三人，朕志其姓名，今以配懷信。 正辭嘗料簡鄉丁號'白艻子兵'，以其識山川險要，遂為鄉導，今亦令懷信召募。 又使臣宋賁屢規畫溪洞事，適中機要，以賁知江安縣與懷信等議事。」 歒乃點集昌、瀘、富順監白艻子弟得六千餘人。 十一月，懷信、康訓分領，緣溪入合灘，至生南界鬥滿村遇夷賊二千餘人，擊之，殺傷五百人，奪梭槍藤牌。 會暮，收眾保砦。 夷党三千餘人分兩道，張旗喊呼來逼砦柵，懷信出擊，皆潰散。 進壁娑婆，遇夷二千于羅固募村，又破之。 追至鬥行村上屏風山，連破四砦。 一日三戰，俘馘百餘人，奪資糧五千石、槍刀什器萬數，焚羅固募鬥引等三十餘村、庵舍三千區。 懷信又引兵至鬥行村追擊過盧羅，射僕二百餘人，椚其欄柵千數。 分遣部下于羅個頰羅能落運等村及龍峨山掩殺，大獲戎具，斬首級及重傷投崖死者頗眾，燒舍千區及積谷累萬。 兩路兵會於涇灘置砦，遣康訓部壕砦卒修涇灘路，以渡大軍。 俄為夷賊所邀，戰不利，訓顛於崖，死之。 懷信引兵急擊，大敗之，追斬至涇灘。 懷信夾砦于晏江口，曁咸與符承訓偵知賊諜欲乘夜擊晏江，馳報懷信，即自涇灘拔砦赴之。 比至晏江北山，夷眾萬余已自東南合勢逼懷信砦，懷信彀強弩環砦射賊，曁鹹等整眾乘高策援，夷人大懼而卻，合擊破之，死傷千餘人。
In the ninth month of 1013, the court named Huaixin overall land-and-water inspector for Jia, Mei, Rong, and Lu, with Kang Xun and Fu Chengxun as co-inspectors, and sent more than three thousand Tiger Wing and Divine Tiger troops for Huaixin and Xian to plan the campaign. The emperor then told Military Affairs Commissioner Chen Yaosou: "Formerly, when Sun Zhengci campaigned against the Man, there were three Tiger Wing junior officers who led men in risking dangerous ground. I remember their names and now assign them to Huaixin. Zhengci once drafted local militia called 'White Taro Soldiers' who knew the terrain to serve as guides; Huaixin is to recruit them as well. Envoy Song Ben had repeatedly planned gorge campaigns with sound judgment; the court made him Jiang'an magistrate to advise Huaixin." They mustered more than six thousand White Taro youths from the Chang, Lu, and Fushun posts. In the eleventh month, Huaixin and Kang Xun advanced along the stream to Hetan and at Douman Village met more than two thousand Yi rebels. They killed or wounded five hundred and seized spears and rattan shields. At dusk they withdrew to a fortified camp. More than three thousand Yi advanced in two columns with banners and shouts against the camp; Huaixin sallied forth and routed them. They fortified Suopo and at Luogumu Village defeated another two thousand Yi. They pursued to Pingfeng Mountain above Douxing Village and took four stockades in succession. In one day they fought three battles, took more than a hundred prisoners and heads, seized five thousand shi of grain and countless weapons, and burned more than thirty villages and three thousand huts. Huaixin pursued from Douxing past Luluo, shot down more than two hundred men, and destroyed more than a thousand palisades. Detachments ambushed villages including Yuluo, Geluo, and Nengluoyun and at Long'e Mountain, capturing much war gear, killing many who fell from cliffs, and burning a thousand dwellings and vast stores of grain. Both columns met at Jingtan and built a camp; Kang Xun's engineers repaired the Jingtan road for the main army's crossing. Yi bandits soon ambushed them; the fight went badly, and Xun fell from a cliff to his death. Huaixin counterattacked at once, routed them, and pursued to Jingtan. Huaixin camped at Yan River mouth. Xian and Fu Chengxun learned the rebels planned a night attack and warned Huaixin, who broke camp at Jingtan and rushed to relieve him. At Yan River's north hill more than ten thousand Yi had already converged on Huaixin's camp from the southeast. Huaixin ringed the camp with crossbows while Xian attacked from the heights. The Yi fled in terror; the combined assault killed or wounded more than a thousand.
12
七年正月，其酋鬥望三路分眾來鬥，又為官軍大敗，射殺數百人，溺江水死者莫計。 夷人震澁，詣軍首服，納牛羊、銅鼓、器械，曁鹹等依詔撫諭。 二月，還軍淯井，夷首鬥望及諸村首領悉赴監自陳，願貸死，永不寇盜邊境。 因殺三牲盟誓，辭甚懇苦。 即犒以牢酒，感悅而去。 歒、懷信等上言夷人寧息，請置淯井監壕柵，並許近界市馬。 從之。
In the first month of 1014, chieftain Dou Wang attacked in three columns and was routed again; hundreds were shot down and countless others drowned in the river. The Yi submitted in awe, bringing cattle, sheep, bronze drums, and arms to surrender; Xian and his colleagues pacified them as the edict directed. In the second month the army withdrew to Qijing Well; chieftain Dou Wang and village headmen came to the post to plead for their lives and swear never to raid the border again. They slaughtered three animals for an oath, speaking with desperate earnestness. The court feasted them with wine and provisions, and they left satisfied. Xian and Huaixin reported the Yi pacified and asked to build trenches at Qijing Well and allow border horse markets. The court agreed.
13
八年，夔州路上言黔州西南密州夷族張聲進遣使進奉，為南寧州蕃落使龍漢𤩊邀奪，仇劫不已，乞降敕書安撫。
In 1015, Kuizhou reported that Zhang Shengjin of Mi Prefecture had sent tribute envoys whom Nanning commissioner Long Hanyao had robbed; they asked for an edict of pacification.
14
天聖四年龍光凝、景祐三年龍光辨、康定元年龍光饧、慶曆五年龍以特、皇祐二年龍光澈等，繼以方物來貢獻。 與以特俱至者七百十九人。 是年，以安遠將軍、知蕃落使龍光辨為甯遠軍大將軍，甯遠將軍知靜蠻軍節度使龍光凝、承宣武甯大將軍龍異豈並為安遠大將軍，承宣奉化大將軍龍異魯為武甯大將軍。 至和中，龍以烈、龍異靜、首領張漢陛、王子羅以崇等皆入貢，命其首領而下九十三人為大將軍至郎將。 嘉祐中，以烈復至。 大率龍姓諸部族地遠且貧，熙寧中來見，賜以袍帶等物，刺其數於背。 又有張玉、石自品者，嘉祐中來貢，而鶼州亦遣人貢馬。 有董氏世知保州曰仲元者，襲是州二十餘年矣，至是益州鈐轄司表其善拊蠻夷，命為本州刺史。 鶼州、保州皆西南邊地也。 又有夷在瀘州部，亦西南邊地，所部十州：曰鞏、曰定、曰高、曰奉、曰淯、曰宋、曰納、曰晏、曰投附、曰長寧，皆夷人居之，依山險，善寇掠。 淯井監者，在夷地中，朝廷置吏領之，以拊禦夷眾，或不得人，往往生事。
In the fourth year of Tiansheng, 1026, Long Guangning; in the third year of Jingyou, 1036, Long Guangbian; in the first year of Kangding, 1040, Long Guangtang; in the fifth year of Qingli, 1045, Long Yite; in the second year of Huangyou, 1050, Long Guangche; and others came in succession to present local products as tribute. Yite's party alone numbered seven hundred nineteen. That year Long Guangbian, Anyuan General and Acting Tribal Commissioner, was made Grand General of the Ningyuan Army; Long Guangning, Ningyuan General and Acting Military Commissioner of the Jingman Army, and Long Yikai, Chengxuan Wuning Grand General, were both made Anyuan Grand Generals; and Long Yilu, Chengxuan Fenghua Grand General, was made Wuning Grand General. During Zhihe, Long Yilie, Long Yijing, Zhang Hanbi, Prince Luo Yichong, and others brought tribute; ninety-three leaders received ranks from grand general to commandant. During Jiayou, Yilie returned. The Long clans were remote and poor; in the Xining era visitors received robes and belts, with numbers tattooed on their backs. Zhang Yu and Shi Zipin came in Jiayou, and Jian Prefecture also sent horse tribute. Dong Zhongyuan of Bao Prefecture, who had ruled it for twenty years, was praised for pacifying the tribes and appointed prefect. Jian and Bao were both southwestern frontier prefectures. Yi under Luzhou held ten mountainous prefectures—Gong, Ding, Gao, Feng, Yu, Song, Na, Yan, Toufu, and Changning—known for raiding. Qijing Well lay deep in Yi country; poor officials often provoked incidents.
15
慶曆四年四月，夷人攻三江砦，詔秦鳳路總管司發兵千人選官馳往捕擊。 既而瀘州教練使、生南招安將史愛誘降夷賊鬥敖等，詔並補三班差使、殿侍、淯井監一路招安巡檢。 未幾，夷眾復寇三江砦，指使王用等擊走之。 皇祐元年二月，夷眾萬餘人復圍淯井監，水陸不通者甚久。 初，監戶負晏州夷人錢而歐傷斗落妹，其眾憤怒，欲報之。 知瀘州張昭信勸諭，既已聽服，而淯井監復執婆然村夷人細令等，殺長寧州落占等十人，故激成其亂。 詔知益州田況發旁郡士卒，命梓夔路兵馬鈐轄宋定往援之。 於是兩路合官軍洎白艻子弟幾二萬人與戰，兵死者甚眾，飢死又千餘人，數月然後平。 賜況及轉運使敕書，褒獎宋定而下十三人，進秩有差。 後況還朝，乃奏夷眾連年為亂，繇主者非其人，請令轉運、鈐轄司舉官為知監、監押，代還日，特遷一資。 從之。
In April 1044, Yi attacked Sanjiang Stockade; Qinfeng circuit sent a thousand troops. Luzhou instructor Shi Ai induced Dou Ao to surrender; the court made them inspectors along the Qijing route. Soon the Yi raided Sanjiang again; Wang Yong drove them off. In the second month of Huangyou year 1, more than ten thousand Yi again besieged Yujing Superintendency, cutting off land and water routes for a long time. At first, households under the superintendency owed money to the Yi of Yanzhou and beat and injured Dou Luomei; his followers were angered and wanted revenge. Zhang Zhaoxin, prefect of Luzhou, admonished and instructed them, and they had already submitted; but Yujing Superintendency then seized Xiling and other Yi of Poran Village and killed Luozhan and ten others from Changningzhou, thereby provoking the disorder. An edict ordered Tian Kuang, prefect of Yizhou, to dispatch soldiers from neighboring commanderies, and ordered Song Ding, military controller of Zikui Circuit, to go to their aid. Thereupon the government troops of the two circuits, together with Bailao youths, nearly twenty thousand men in all, fought them; very many soldiers died in battle, more than a thousand also died of starvation, and only after several months was the matter pacified. Kuang and the transport commissioner were given imperial letters, while Song Ding and thirteen men below him were commended and rewarded with promotions in rank by grade. Later, when Kuang returned to court, he memorialized that the Yi had caused disorder year after year because those in charge were not the right people. He requested that the transport and military-control offices recommend officials to serve as superintendents and garrison supervisors, and that when they returned from replacement they receive a special promotion of one rank. This was approved.
16
嘉祐二年，三里村夷鬥還等百五十人復謀內寇。 有黃土坎夷鬥蓋，長寧州人也，先以其事來告。 淯井監引兵趨之，捕斬七千餘級。 鈐轄司上聞，詔賜鬥蓋錢三十萬、錦袍、銀帶。 明年，又補鬥蓋長寧州刺史。
In Jiayou year 2, 150 Yi of Sanli Village, including Dou Huan, again plotted an incursion inland. Dou Gai, a Huangtukan Yi man from Changningzhou, had reported the matter in advance. Qijing Well troops pursued them and took more than seven thousand heads. The court rewarded Dou Gai with three hundred thousand cash, a brocade robe, and a silver belt. The next year Dou Gai became prefect of Changning.
17
瀘州部舊領姚州廢已久，有烏蠻王子得蓋者來居其地，部族最盛，數遣人詣官，自言願得州名以長夷落。 事聞，因賜號姚州，鑄印予之。 得蓋又乞敕書一通以遺子孫，詔從其請。
Abandoned Ya Prefecture was resettled by the powerful Wuman prince Degai, who asked for an official prefectural title. The court restored the name Ya Prefecture and cast a seal for him. Degai also asked for an edict to pass to his heirs, and the court agreed.
18
夔州路又有溱、南二州夷，頗盛強，皇祐初，詔自今歲遣使者存問之。
The Qin and Nan Yi of Kuizhou were powerful; in 1049 the court ordered annual envoys to visit them.
19
雅州西山野川路蠻者，亦西南夷之別種也，距州三百里，有部落四十六，唐以來皆為羈縻州。 太平興國三年，首領馬令膜等十四人以名馬、犎牛、虎豹皮、麝臍來貢，並上唐朝敕書告身凡七通，咸賜以冠帶，其首領悉授官以遣之。 紹聖二年，以碉門砦蠻部王元壽襲懷化司戈云。
The Yechuan Road Man west of Ya were a southwestern Yi branch three hundred li away, with forty-six jimi tribes since Tang times. In 978, chieftain Ma Lingmo and fourteen others brought horses, cattle, pelts, and musk, presenting seven Tang commissions; all received caps, belts, and offices. In 1095, Wang Yuanshou of Diaomen Stockade succeeded as marshal who cherishes transformation.
20
黎州諸蠻，凡十二種：曰山后兩林蠻，在州南七日程； 曰邛部川蠻，在州東南十二程； 曰風琶蠻，在州西南一千一百里； 曰保塞蠻，在州西南三百里； 曰三王蠻，亦曰部落蠻，在州西百里； 曰西箐蠻，有彌羌部落，在州西三百里； 曰淨浪蠻，在州南一百五十里； 曰白蠻，在州東南一百里； 曰烏蒙蠻，在州東南千里； 曰阿宗蠻，在州西南二日程。 凡風琶、兩林、邛部皆謂之東蠻，其餘小蠻各分隸焉。 邛部于諸蠻中最驕悍狡譎，招集蕃漢亡命，侵攘他種，閉其道以專利。 曰大雲南蠻，曰小雲南蠻，即唐南詔，今名大理國，自有傳。 夷俗尚鬼，謂主祭者鬼主，故其酋長號都鬼主。
The Lizhou tribes comprise twelve groups, beginning with the Shanhou Lianglin Man seven days south of the prefecture; the Qiongbu River Man twelve stages to the southeast; the Fengpa Man eleven hundred li southwest; the Baosai Man three hundred li southwest; the Sanwang or Tribal Man one hundred li west; the Xiqing Man with the Miqang tribe three hundred li west; the Jinglang Man one hundred fifty li south; the Bai Man one hundred li southeast; the Wumeng Man a thousand li southeast; the Azong Man two days southwest. Fengpa, Lianglin, and Qiongbu were Eastern Man; smaller tribes fell under them. Qiongbu was the proudest and most treacherous, sheltering fugitives, raiding neighbors, and monopolizing the trade routes. Great and Small Yunnan Man were Tang Nanzhao, now Dali, which has its own account. The Yi revered ghosts; their chief sacrificer was the Ghost Master, and chieftains were called Chief Ghost Masters.
21
山后兩林蠻，後唐天成間始來貢。 開寶二年六月壬子，勿兒遣部落將軍離魚以狀白黎州，期十月內入貢，成都府以聞，詔嘉答之。 至是來朝，賜以器幣。 由黎州南行七日而至其地，又一程，至嶲州。 嶲州今廢，空城中但有浮圖一。 又二程，至建昌城。 又十七程，至雲南。 三年七月，又朝貢。 六年四月，邛部川歸德將軍阿伏上言，為山后兩蠻勿兒率眾侵掠堡砦。 八年，懷化將軍勿尼等六十余人來貢，詔以勿尼為歸德將軍，又以兩林蠻大鬼主蘇吠為懷化將軍。
The Shanhou Lianglin Man first sent tribute in the Later Tang Tiancheng era. In June 969, Wuer notified Lizhou that he would tribute by the tenth month; Chengdu reported it and the court responded warmly. He now came to court and received vessels and silks. Seven days south from Lizhou lay their lands; one more stage reached Wen Prefecture. Wen Prefecture was abandoned; only a pagoda remained in the empty city. Two stages farther lay Jiancheng. Seventeen stages beyond that lay Yunnan. In the seventh month of the third year they tribute again. In 971, Afu of Qiongbu reported that Wuer of the two Lianglin tribes was raiding stockades. In 975, Wuni and sixty others came to court; Wuni became General Who Returns to Virtue and Su Fei General Who Cherishes Transformation.
22
太平興國二年，遣使王子卑彩、副使牟蓋、鬼主還祖等七十八人以名馬來貢，乞頒正朔。 下詔曰：「山后兩林要蠻主歸德將軍勿尼、懷化將軍勿兒等克慕聲明，遠修職貢，並增環衛之秩，俾為夷落之榮。 勿尼可特授歸德大將軍，勿兒可特授懷化大將軍。」 是冬，又遣使離魚貢犀二株、馬九匹，來賀登極。 四年，勿兒與都鬼主又遣王子祚遇以名馬來貢。 八年，蠻主弟牟昂及王子牟蓋、摩忙、卑愧、副使牟計等二百三十九人來貢。 詔以牟昂為懷化大將軍，牟蓋等三人為歸德郎將，牟計等百二十人並為懷化司戈。
In 977, Prince Beicai, Mougai, Huizu, and seventy-eight others brought horses and asked for the calendar. The edict said: "Wuni, Guide General and Man lord of Lianglinyao behind the mountains, Wuer, Huaihua General, and the others have deeply admired our enlightened rule and brought their duties and tribute from afar; let them all be promoted in the guard ranks, to be an honor for the Yi settlements. Wuni may specially be appointed Guide Grand General, and Wuer may specially be appointed Huaihua Grand General." That winter Liyu brought two rhinoceros horns and nine horses to congratulate the accession. In 979, Wuer sent Prince Zuoyu with fine horses. In 983, Mouang, Mougai, and two hundred thirty-nine others came to court. Mouang became grand general; Mougai and others became commandants; Mouji and one hundred twenty became marshals.
23
雍熙三年，勿尼等及其王子李奉恩復來貢馬。 淳化元年，王子離魚、副使卑都、卑諭、鬼主曵皮禮等百二十八人來貢。 詔授離魚歸德將軍，卑都保順郎將，卑諭歸德司戈，卑熱等五十四人懷化司戈。
In 986, Wuni and Prince Li Fengen brought horses again. In 990, Liyu, Beidu, Yipili, and one hundred twenty-eight others came to court. Liyu became general; Beidu commandant; Beiyu marshal; fifty-four others became marshals.
24
天禧二年，山后兩林百蠻都鬼主李阿善遣將軍卑熱等一百五十人來貢。
In 1018, Chief Ghost Master Li Ashan sent Beire and one hundred fifty men with tribute.
25
邛部川蠻，亦曰大路蠻，亦曰勿鄧，居漢越溋郡會無縣地。 其酋長自稱「百蠻都鬼主」。 開寶二年六月，都鬼主阿伏白黎州，期以十月令王子入貢，成都府以聞，詔嘉納之。 四年，黎州定遠兵士構叛，聚居鹿角溪，阿伏令弟遊擊將軍卑吠等率眾平之。 詔賜阿伏銀帶、錦袍，並賜其眾銀帛各百，以為歸德將軍。 六年，阿伏與山后兩林蠻主勿兒言語相失，勿兒率兵侵邛部川，頗俘殺部落。 黎州以聞，並賜詔慰諭，令各守封疆，勿相侵犯。
The Qiongbu River Man, also called Great Road or Wudeng Man, lived in ancient Yuewen's Huiwu County. Their chieftain called himself "Chief Ghost Master of the Hundred Tribes." In the sixth month of the second year of Kaibao, 969, Chief Ghost Master Afu reported to Lizhou and set the tenth month for ordering a prince to enter with tribute. The Chengdu prefectural office reported this, and an edict praised and accepted it. In the fourth year, 971, Dingyuan soldiers of Lizhou mutinied and gathered at Lujiao Stream; Afu ordered his younger brother Beifei, Guerrilla General, and others to lead their followers and suppress them. The court gave Afu a silver belt and brocade robe, rewarded his men, and named him General Who Returns to Virtue. In 973, Afu quarreled with Wuer, who invaded Qiongbu and killed many tribesmen. Lizhou reported the feud; both received edicts ordering them to keep the peace.
26
太平興國四年，首領牟昂、諸族鬼主副使離襪等各以方物來貢。
In 979, Mouang, Liwu, and others brought local goods.
27
雍熙二年，都鬼主諾驅並其母熱免遣王子阿有等百七十二人以方物、名馬來貢。 詔以諾驅為懷化將軍，並賜其母銀器。
In 985, Nuoqu and his mother Remian sent Prince Ayuo with one hundred seventy-two men. Nuoqu became General Who Cherishes Transformation; his mother received silver vessels.
28
端拱二年，遣弟少蓋等三百五十人來賀籍田，貢禦馬十四匹、馬二百八十匹、犀角二、象牙二、莎羅毯一、合金銀飾蠻刀二、金飾馬鞍勒一具、敎原羊十、撐牛六。 詔以少蓋為歸德郎將。
In 989, Shaogai and three hundred fifty others congratulated the plowing rite with horses, horns, ivory, rugs, blades, saddles, sheep, and zebu. Shaogai became Commandant Who Returns to Virtue.
29
淳化元年，諾驅自部馬二百五十匹至黎州求互市，詔增給其直。 諾驅令譯者言更入西蕃求良馬以中市。 二年，復遣子牟昂、叔離襪以方物、良馬、嫠牛來貢，仍乞加恩。 詔授諾驅懷化大將軍，少蓋懷化將軍，牟昂歸德將軍，離襪懷化司戈； 又封諾驅母歸德郡太君熱免甯遠郡太君，弟離遮、小男阿醉都判官，任彥德等一百九十一人為懷化司戈。
In 990, Nuoqu brought two hundred fifty horses to Lizhou to trade; the court raised the price. Nuoqu said through an interpreter that he would seek better horses in the western Fan lands. In 991, Mouang and Liwu returned with goods, horses, and zebu, asking for favor. Nuoqu became grand general; Shaogai general; Mouang general who returns to virtue; Liwu marshal. Nuoqu's mother Remian became Lady of Pacifying-the-Distant Commandery; one hundred ninety-one followers became marshals.
30
至道元年，李順亂西川，王繼恩討平之。 遣嘉州牙校辛顯使，諾驅奉淳化二年所授官告、敕書及日曆為信，因言與賊樊秀等接戰，敗之，復請朝覲，通嘉州舊路。 繼恩上言：「通嘉州路非便，只令于黎州賣馬。」 詔不允。 其入覲王子一十九人並加官，鬼主三十六人並賜敕書以撫之。 至道三年，遣王子阿醉來朝。
In 995, Li Shun rebelled in western Sichuan and Wang Jien suppressed him. Adjutant Xin Xian visited Nuoqu, who presented his Chunhua commissions and reported defeating Fan Xiu, asking to reopen the Jia road. Jien memorialized: "Opening the Jiazhou road is inconvenient; they should only be ordered to sell horses at Lizhou." The court refused. Nineteen princes were promoted and thirty-six Ghost Masters received soothing edicts. In 997, he sent Prince Azui to court.
31
真宗咸平二年，遣王子部的等來貢文犀、名馬，賜衣帶、器幣有差。 又乞給印，以「大渡河南山前、後都鬼主」為文，從之。 五年，又遣王子離歸等二百余人入貢。 六年，黎州言邛部川都蠻王諾驅卒，其子阿遒立。
In 999, Prince Budi brought rhinoceros and horses and received graded gifts. He also requested a seal reading "Chief Ghost Master before and behind the mountains south of the Dadu River," and this was granted. In 1002, Prince Ligui and more than two hundred others came to court. In 1003, Lizhou reported Nuoqu's death and his son Aqiu's succession.
32
景德二年，阿遒遣王子將軍百九十二人來貢。 詔授阿遒安遠將軍，阿遒叔懷化將軍，阿育為歸德將軍，離歸為懷化將軍，大判官懷化司候任彥德、王子將軍部的並為懷化郎將，判官任惟慶為懷化司候。 大中祥符元年，遣將軍趙勿娑等獻名馬、犀角、象齒、娑羅毯，會于泰山。 禮畢，阿遒加恩。 勿娑等厚賜遣還。
In 1005, Aqiu sent one hundred ninety-two princes and generals. Aqiu became General Who Pacifies the Distant; his uncle, Ayu, Ligui, Ren Yande, Budi, and Ren Weiqing received ranks. In 1008, Zhao Wusuo and others brought horses, horns, ivory, and rugs to Mount Tai. After the rites, Aqiu received added favor. Wusuo and his party were richly rewarded and sent home.
33
天聖八年十月，邛部川都蠻王黎在遣卑郎、離滅等來貢方物。 時占城、龜茲、沙州亦皆入貢，至以家自隨。 晏殊因請圖其人物衣冠，並訪道裏風俗以上史官，詔可。 九年三月，命黎在為保義將軍，又命其部族為郎將、司戈、司候，凡三十餘人。 明道元年，黎州言黎在請三歲一貢，詔諭以道路遐遠，聽五年一至。 景祐初，黎州復言邛部蠻請歲入貢，詔如明道令。 寶元元年，百蠻都王忙海遣將軍卑蓋等貢方物，且請三歲一貢，不許。
In October 1030, Chief Man King Lizai of Qiongbu sent Beilang and Limie with tribute. Champa, Kucha, and Shazhou also sent tribute, some even bringing their families. Yan Shu asked that their dress be painted and their routes and customs recorded for the historians; the court agreed. In March 1031, Lizai became General Who Protects Righteousness; more than thirty followers received offices. In 1032, Lizai asked to tribute every three years; the court allowed every five because of the distance. In 1034, annual tribute was again requested; the court repeated the five-year rule. In 1038, King Manghai sent Beigai with goods and asked for triennial tribute; the court refused.
34
慶曆四年，邛部川山前、山后百蠻都鬼主牟黑遣將軍阿濟等三百三十九人獻馬二百一十、嫠牛一、大角羊四、犀株一、莎羅毯一。 慶曆間，有都鬼主弁黑等入貢。 未幾，其王咩墨擾邊，知黎州孫固使其首領苴克殺之。
In 1044, Mouhei sent Aji with three hundred thirty-nine men, two hundred ten horses, and other gifts. During Qingli, Chief Ghost Master Bianhei and others tribute. Soon King Miemo raided the border; prefect Sun Gu had chieftain Juke kill him.
35
熙寧三年，苴克遣使來賀登寶位，自稱「大渡河南邛部川山前、山后百蠻都首領」，賜敕書、器幣、襲衣、銀帶。 是年，苴克死，詔以其子韋則為懷化校尉、大渡河南邛部川都鬼主。 九年，遣其將軍卑郎等十四人入貢。
In 1070, Juke sent envoys to congratulate the accession, styling himself "Chief of the Hundred Man before and behind the mountains in Qiongbu River south of the Dadu River"; he was given an imperial letter, utensils and cloth, court dress, and a silver belt. That year Juke died; an edict appointed his son Weize as Huaihua Commandant and Chief Ghost Master of Qiongbu River south of the Dadu River. In 1076, he sent General Beilang and fourteen others with tribute.
36
乾道元年，詔以崖韈襲兄蒙備金紫光祿大夫、懷化校尉、都鬼主如故。 淳熙元年，吐蕃寇西邊，崖韈率眾掩擊，詔嘉其功。 二年五月，兩林蠻王弟籠畏及酋長崖來率部義等攻邛部川之籠甕城，不克，大掠而去。 崖韈追之，不及。 制置使范成大檄黎州嚴加備禦。 八年，崖韈死，其侄墨崖襲職。 詔黎州屯戍土軍、禁軍及西兵，遇有邊事並聽本州守臣節制。
In the first year of Qiandao, 1165, an edict appointed Yawa to succeed his elder brother Mengbei as Gold and Purple Guanglu Grandee, Huaihua Commandant, and Chief Ghost Master as before. In 1174, Yawa ambushed Tibetan raiders and was praised. In May 1175, Longwei and Yailai attacked Longweng city, failed, and looted as they withdrew. Yawa pursued but could not catch them. Fan Chengda ordered Lizhou to strengthen its defenses. In 1181, Yawa died; his nephew Moyai succeeded. Border troops at Lizhou were placed under the prefect's command.
37
嘉定九年，邛部川逼于雲南，遂伏屬之。 其族素效順，捍禦邊陲，既折歸雲南，失西南一藩籬矣。
In 1216, Qiongbu submitted to Yunnan under pressure. A loyal frontier clan was lost to Yunnan, weakening the southwest.
38
風琶蠻，咸平初，其王曩䓾䓾遣使烏柏等貢馬五十七匹，素地紅花娑羅毯二，來賀即位。 詔授曩䓾及進奉使等官，優賜遣之。 景德三年，又遣烏柏來貢，詔授曩䓾歸德將軍，烏柏等四十六人弟遷郎將、司階、司戈。
Among the Fengpa Man, at the beginning of Xianping, 998, their king Nangzhezhe sent envoys including Wubai to present fifty-seven horses and two white-ground red-flower saluo rugs as tribute, coming to congratulate the accession. The court granted offices and generous gifts. In 1006, Wubai returned; Nangzhe became general and forty-six followers received ranks.
39
保塞蠻，開寶間，其蠻七十餘人由大渡河來歸，時時來貨其善馬。 紹興二十七年，川、秦都大司言：「漢地民張太二姑率眾劫殺市馬蠻客崖遇等，恐啟邊釁，已加慰諭，並償其直矣。」 詔免知州唐栾及通判陳伯強官，抵首賊法。
In the Kaibao era, seventy Baosai tribesmen submitted and traded horses. In the twenty-seventh year of Shaoxing, 1157, the chief offices of Sichuan and Qin reported: "Han-region commoner Zhang Tai'ergu led men to rob and kill the Man horse-trading guests Yayou and others; fearing this might open frontier trouble, we have already comforted and instructed them and compensated their value." The prefect and vice prefect were dismissed and the ringleaders punished.
40
部落蠻，有劉、楊、郝、趙、王五姓。 淳熙七年十月，黎州五部落蠻貢馬三百匹求內附，詔許通互市，卻其所獻馬。
The Tribal Man had Liu, Yang, Hao, Zhao, and Wang clans. In 1180, five tribes offered three hundred horses seeking attachment; the court allowed trade and returned the horses.
41
彌羌部落。 乾道九年，吐蕃青羌以知黎州宇文紹直不仇其馬價，憤怨為亂。 詔帥憲撫安之，紹直罷免。 青羌首領奴兒結等市馬黎州，大肆虜掠，權州事王窭多給金帛，亟遣還。 宣撫使虞允文言窭貪功，恐他部效尤，漸啟邊釁。 詔降窭兩官。 十月，黎州吐蕃復寇邊，攻虎掌砦。 詔四川宣撫司檄成都府調兵二千人戍黎州以禦之。
The Miqang tribe. In the ninth year of Qiandao, 1173, the Qing Qiang of Tibet rebelled in anger because Yuwen Shaozhi, prefect of Lizhou, did not pay them the proper price for their horses. Officials were ordered to pacify them; Shaozhi was removed. Nuerjie traded at Lizhou but raided; Wang Ju bribed them to leave. Yu Yunwen warned that Wang Ju's greed would invite wider trouble. Ju was demoted two ranks. In the tenth month, Tibetans attacked Huzhang Stockade. Chengdu sent two thousand troops to garrison Lizhou.
42
淳熙二年，奴兒結還所虜生口三十九人。 黎州與之盟，復聽其互市，給賞歸之。 制置使范成大言：「所虜未盡歸我，豈可復與通好？」 詔謫宇文紹直，編管千里外。 成大增黎州五砦，籍強壯五千人為戰兵； 吐蕃入寇之徑凡十有八，皆築堡戍之。 奴兒結率眾二千扣安靜砦。 成大調飛山卒千人赴之，度其三日必遁，戒勿追。 已而果然。
In 1175, Nuerjie returned thirty-nine captives. Lizhou made peace, reopened trade, rewarded them, and sent them home. Fan Chengda objected: "Not all captives have been returned to us—how can we renew friendly relations?" Shaozhi was exiled a thousand li. Chengda added five stockades and five thousand militia; eighteen Tibetan invasion routes were fortified. Nuerjie besieged Anjing with two thousand men. Chengda sent a thousand troops and ordered no pursuit after three days. They fled as he predicted.
43
青羌奴兒結為邊害者十餘年，其後制置使留正以計禽殺之，盡殲其黨。 淳熙十二年，趙汝愚代為制置使，或謂殺降不祥，必啟邊患，汝愚不為動，但分守險要，嚴備以待之。 明年，奴兒結弟三開果入寇，邊備完固，三開不能攻，走歸。 汝愚縣重賞以間群蠻，三開不能孤立，遂以憂死。 時虛恨蠻族最強，破小路蠻，並其地，與黎州接壤，請通互市。 汝愚以黎州三面被邊，若更通虛恨蠻，恐重貽他日之憂，不若拒之為便。 帝以其知大體，從之。 尋汝愚以定青羌功加龍圖閣直學士。
After more than ten years, Liu Zheng captured and killed Nuerjie and destroyed his faction. In 1185, Zhao Ruoyu ignored warnings that killing surrendering tribes would bring trouble and held the passes. The next year Sankai raided but could not break the defenses and fled. Ruoyu bribed discord among the tribes; Sankai died isolated. The Xuhen tribe, strongest in the region, annexed neighbors and sought trade with Lizhou. Ruoyu refused Xuhen trade lest Lizhou face another threat. The emperor approved his judgment. Ruoyu was promoted for pacifying the Qingyi.
44
嘉定元年十二月，彌羌蓄卜由惡水渡河，寇黎州，破碉子砦。 初，蓄卜弟悶巴至三沖為人所殺，又徙白水村渡於安靜砦，羌人患之。 蓄卜遂與青羌詣邛部川，欲假道女兒城以入寇。 守臣楊子謨諜知之，數以貲遺其都王母，俾毋假道，時時饋米以濟其饑，蠻人德之。 會趙公庀代為郡，靳不與，蓄卜遂得假道渡河，攻茆坪砦，掠三松、蠶砂、橫山、三增、白羊諸村。 郡遣西兵將党壽禦之，失利，復遣統領王光世往。 羌人由茆坪以革船渡河，光世憚之，留屯三沖不敢進。 羌人焚掠既盡，渡河而歸。 二年二月，復寇黎州良溪砦，官軍敗績。 八年二月，蓄卜降。 蓄卜連年入寇，皆青羌曳失索助之，守臣袁郐冉遣安靜砦總轄杜軫招降之。
In the twelfth month of the first year of Jiading, December 1208, Mi Qiang Xubuyou crossed the river by Eshui, raided Lizhou, and broke Diaozi Stockade. Earlier, Xubu's younger brother Menba went to Sanchong and was killed there; later the Baishui Village ferry was moved to Anjing Stockade, troubling the Qiang people. Xubuyou allied with Qingyi and sought passage through Nü'er city. Prefect Yang Zimo bribed the Queen Mother with grain and gifts to deny passage. When Zhao Gongpi replaced him as prefect, he withheld the aid; Xubuyou then obtained passage to cross the river, attacked Maoping Stockade, and plundered the villages of Sansong, Cansha, Hengshan, Sanzeng, Baiyang, and others. Dang Shou failed; Wang Guangshi was sent. Guangshi feared their leather boats and halted at Sanchong. The Qiang looted and withdrew across the river. In February they raided Liangxi Stockade and defeated government troops. In February 1215, Xubuyou surrendered. Xubuyou had raided with Qingyi aid until Du Zhen pacified him.
45
他如浮浪蠻、白蠻、烏蒙蠻、阿宗蠻，則其地各有所服屬云。
Jinglang, Bai, Wumeng, and Azong each had their own lords.
46
敘州三路蠻：西北曰董蠻，正西曰石門部，東南曰南廣蠻。
Xuzhou's three routes were Dong Man northwest, Shimen west, and Nanguang southeast.
47
董蠻在馬湖江右，韈侯國也。 唐羈縻馴、騁、浪、商四州之地。 其酋董氏，宋初有董舂惜者貢馬，自稱「馬湖路三十七部落都王子」。 其地北近犍為之沭川賴因砦。 砦厄蠻險，蠻數寇抄。 熙寧、紹聖中，朝廷皆為徙賴因監押駐榮丁砦，而以縣吏控截。 政和五年，始改差監押充知砦事，蠻寇掠如故。
The Dong Man lived on the Mahu River—the Wuhou state. They held the four Tang jimi prefectures Xun, Cheng, Lang, and Shang. Their chieftain was surnamed Dong; in the early Song, Dong Chunxi offered horses and styled himself "Chief Prince of the Thirty-Seven Tribes of Mahu Road." They bordered Qianwei's Laiyin Stockade to the north. The stockade guarded a pass the Man often raided. In Xining and Shaosheng the post was moved to Rongding and county clerks controlled the tribes. In 1115, post commanders became magistrates but raiding continued.
48
南廣蠻在敘州慶符縣以西，為州十有四。 大觀三年，有夷酋羅永順、楊光榮、李世恭等各以地內屬，詔建滋、純、祥三州，後皆廢。
Nanguang Man west of Qingfu had fourteen prefectures. In the third year of Daguan, 1109, Yi chiefs Luo Yongshun, Yang Guangrong, Li Shigong, and others each submitted their territory; an edict established Zi, Chun, and Xiang prefectures, though all were later abolished.
49
石門蕃部與臨洮土羌接，唐曲、播等十二州之地。 俗椎髻、披氈、佩刀，居必欄棚，不喜耕稼，多畜牧。 其人精悍善戰鬥，自馬湖、南廣諸族皆畏之。 蓋古浪稽、魯望諸部也。
Shimen tribes bordered Lintao Qiang in twelve Tang prefectures. They wore topknots and felt, lived in palisades, and herded rather than farmed. They were fierce fighters feared by Mahu and Nanguang tribes. They were the ancient Langji and Luwang tribes.
50
威州保霸蠻者，唐保、霸二州也。 天寶中所置，後陷沒。 酋董氏，世有其地，與威州相錯，因羈縻焉。
Weizhou's Wei-Ba Man were Tang Bao and Ba prefectures. Established in Tianbao, they later fell to rebels. The Dong clan held the land jimi alongside Weizhou.
51
保州有董仲元、霸州有董永錫者，嘉祐及熙寧中皆嘗請命於朝。 政和三年，知成都龐恭孫始建言開拓，置官吏。 於是以董舜咨保州地為祺州，董彥博霸州地為亨州，授舜咨刺史，彥博團練使。 舜咨尋遷觀察使； 彥博留後，遂為節度使。 詔成都給居第、田十二頃。 二州經費歲用錢一萬二千一百緡，米麥一萬四千七百石，絹二千八百五十匹，糸由布、綾綿、茶、鹽、銀等不預焉。 後皆為砦。
Dong Zhongyuan of Bao and Dong Yongxi of Ba sought offices in Jiayou and Xining. In the third year of Zhenghe, 1113, Pang Gongsun, prefect of Chengdu, first proposed opening up the area and establishing officials there. Thereupon Dong Shunzi's Bao Prefecture territory was made Qi Prefecture, and Dong Yanbo's Ba Prefecture territory was made Heng Prefecture; Shunzi was appointed prefect, and Yanbo training commissioner. Shunzi became observation commissioner; Yanbo became military commissioner. Chengdu granted them houses and twelve qing of land. Annual costs were twelve thousand strings, fourteen thousand seven hundred shi of grain, and two thousand eight hundred fifty bolts of silk. Later both became stockades.
52
茂州諸部落，蓋、塗、靜、當、直、時、飛、宕、恭等九州蠻也。 蠻自推一人為州將，治其眾，而常詣茂州受約束。 茂州居群蠻之中，地不過數十里，宋初無城隍，惟植鹿角自固。 蠻乘夜屢入寇，民甚苦之。 熙寧八年，相率詣州請築城，知州事范百常實主是役。 蠻以為侵其地，率眾奄至，百常擊走之，乃合靜、時等蠻來寇。 百常拒守凡七十日。 詔遣王中正將陝西兵來援，入恭州、宕州，誅殺頗眾，蠻乃降。
Maozhou tribes were nine prefectural Man groups. Each tribe chose a general and submitted to Maozhou. Maozhou had no walls in early Song, only antler fences. Night raids caused great suffering. In 1075, tribes asked for walls; Fan Baichang built them. Tribes thought land was seized and attacked; others joined the raid. Baichang held out seventy days. Wang Zhongzheng relieved the siege, killed many in Gong and Dang, and the Man submitted.
53
政和五年，有直州將郅永壽、湯延俊、董承有等各以地內屬，詔以永壽地建壽寧軍，延俊、承有地置延寧軍。 時威州亦建亨、祺二州，然亨至威才九十里，壽寧距茂才五里，在大早江之外，非扼控之所，未幾皆廢。
In 1115, three generals submitted land; Shouning and Yanning armies were created. Heng and Qi were too close and poorly placed; soon all were abolished.
54
七年，塗、靜、時、飛等州蠻復反茂州，殺掠千餘人。 知成都周燾遣兵馬鈐轄張永鐸等擊之，畏懦不敢進，皆坐黜。 以孫羲叟節制綿、茂軍，於是中軍將種友直等破其都祿板舍原諸族，蠻敗散。 其酋旺烈等詣茂州請降，乃班師。 授旺烈官，月給茶綵。 自後蠻亦驕。
In 1117, Tu, Jing, Shi, and Fei tribes rebelled at Maozhou, killing over a thousand. Zhang Yongduo was sent but dared not advance and was dismissed. Sun Yisou took command; Zhong Youzhi routed the Dulubansheyuan tribes. Chieftain Wanglie surrendered and the army withdrew. Wanglie received office and monthly tea and silks. The tribes grew arrogant again.
55
宣和五年，宕、恭、直諸部落入寇。 六年，塗、靜蠻復犯茂州云。
In 1123, Dang, Gong, and Zhi tribes raided. In 1124, Tu and Jing attacked Maozhou again.
56
渝州蠻者，古板蚒七姓蠻，唐南平獠也。 其地西南接烏蠻、昆明、哥蠻、大小播州，部族數十居之。
Yuzhou Man were the ancient seven-surname Banpan Man, Tang Nanping Liao. They bordered Wuman, Kunming, and Bozhou; dozens of tribes lived there.
57
治平中，熟夷李光吉、梁秀等三族據其地，各有眾數千家。 間以威勢脅誘漢戶，有不從者屠之，沒入土田。 往往投充客戶，謂之納身，稅賦皆裏胥代償。 藏匿亡命，數以其徒偽為生獠動邊民，官軍追捕，輒遁去，習以為常，密賂黠民覘守令動靜，稍築城堡，繕器甲。 遠近患之。
In Zhiping, Li Guangji and Liang Xiu held the land with thousands of households each. They coerced Han settlers, killing resisters and seizing fields. Many became dependent clients; village clerks paid their taxes. They harbored fugitives, spied on officials, and built forts and arms. The region suffered greatly.
58
熙寧三年，轉運使孫固、判官張詵使兵馬使馮儀、弁簡、杜安行圖之，以禍福開諭，因進兵，復賓化砦，平蕩三族。 以其地賦民，凡得租三萬五千石，絲綿一萬六千兩。 以賓化砦為隆化縣，隸涪州； 建榮懿、扶歡兩砦。
In 1070, Sun Gu and Zhang Shen recovered Binhua and pacified three clans. The land yielded thirty-five thousand shi rent and sixteen thousand liang silk. Binhua became Longhua County under Fu Prefecture; Rongyi and Fuhuan stockades were built.
59
其外銅佛壩者，隸渝州南川縣，地皆膏腴。 自光吉等平，他部族據有之。 朝廷因補其土人王才進充巡檢，委之控扼。 才進死，部族無所統，數出盜邊。 朝廷命熊本討平之，建為南平軍，以渝州南川、涪州隆化隸焉。
Tongfo Dam in Nanchuan was fertile. Other tribes occupied the land after Guangji's defeat. Wang Caijin was made inspector to control the region. After Caijin died, tribes raided without a leader. Xiong Ben pacified them and created Nanping Army.
60
元豐四年，有楊光震者，助官軍破乞弟，殺其党阿訛。 大觀二年，木攀首領趙泰、播州夷族楊光榮各以地內屬，詔建溱、播二州，後皆廢。
In 1081, Yang Guangzhen helped defeat Qidi and killed A'e. In 1108, Zhao Tai and Yang Guangrong submitted land; Qin and Bo were created then abolished.
61
黔州、涪州徼外有西南夷部，漢牂牁郡，唐南寧州、牂牁、昆明、東謝、南謝、西趙、充州諸蠻也。 其地東北直黔、涪，西北接嘉、敘，東連荊楚，南出宜、桂。 俗椎髻、左衽，或編發； 隨畜牧遷徙亡常，喜險阻，善戰鬥。 部族共一姓，雖各有君長，而風俗略同。 宋初以來，有龍蕃、方蕃、張蕃、石蕃、羅蕃者，號「五姓蕃」，皆常奉職貢，受爵命。
Beyond the frontiers of Qian and Fu prefectures were southwestern tribes: the Zangge Commandery of the Han, and the Man of Tang Nanning Prefecture, Zangge, Kunming, Dongxie, Nanxie, Xizhao, and Chong Prefecture. Their lands stretched from Qian-Fu to Jia-Xu, Jing-Chu, and Yi-Gui. They wore topknots, left-lapelled dress, or braids; they migrated with herds, loved mountains, and fought well. Tribes shared a surname and similar customs despite separate chiefs. Since the early Song, the Long Fan, Fang Fan, Zhang Fan, Shi Fan, and Luo Fan were called the "Five-Surname Fan"; all regularly performed duties and tribute and received ranks and appointments.
62
治平四年十二月，知靜蠻軍、蕃落使、守天聖大王龍異閣等入見，詔以異閣為武甯將軍，其屬二百四十一人各授將軍及郎將。 熙寧元年，有方異𱮸，有張漢興各以方物來獻，授異𱮸靜蠻軍，漢興捍蠻軍，並節度使。 六年，龍蕃、羅蕃、方蕃、石蕃八百九十人入覲，貢丹砂、氈、馬，賜袍帶、錢帛有差。 其後，比歲繼來。 龍蕃眾至四百人，往返萬里，神宗憫其勤，詔五姓蕃五歲聽一貢，人有定數，無輒增加，及別立首領，以息公私之擾。 命宋敏求編次諸國貢奉錄，客省、四方館撰儀，皆著為式。
In the twelfth month of the fourth year of Zhiping, Long Yige, administrator of Jingman Army, Fanluo envoy, and acting Heavenly Sage Great King, and others entered audience; an edict made Yige General of Martial Pacification, and each of his 241 subordinates was granted the rank of general or gentleman-general. In the first year of Xining, Fang Yidui and Zhang Hanxing each came to present local products; Yidui was granted Jingman Army and Hanxing Hanman Army, both as military governors. In the sixth year, 890 men of the Long, Luo, Fang, and Shi Fan entered audience and presented cinnabar, felt, and horses; robes, belts, cash, and silk were bestowed by grade. After this, they came in successive years. The Long Fan delegation reached four hundred people and traveled ten thousand li going and returning; Shenzong pitied their exertion and ordered that the Five-Surname Fan be allowed one tribute mission every five years, with a fixed number of people, and that they not arbitrarily increase it or separately establish leaders, so as to stop burdens on both public and private sides. Song Minqiu was ordered to compile and arrange the records of tribute offerings from the various states, and the Guest Reception Office and the Four Directions Hostel drafted ceremonial procedures; all were made into fixed regulations.
63
元豐五年，張蕃乞添貢奉人至三百，詔故事以七十人為額，不許。 七年，西南程蕃乞貢方物，願依五姓蕃例注籍。 從之。
In 1082, Zhang Fan's request for three hundred tribute envoys was denied; seventy was the quota. In 1084, Cheng Fan asked to register like the Five-Surname Fan. The court agreed.
64
元祐二年，西南石蕃石以定等齎表，自稱「西平州武聖軍」。 禮部言元豐著令以五年一貢為限，今年限未及。 詔特令入貢。 五年，八年，紹聖四年，龍蕃皆貢方物。 龍氏于諸姓為最大，其貢奉尤頻數，使者便衣布袍，至假伶人之衣入見，蓋實貧陋，所冀者恩賞而已。 故事，蠻夷入貢，雖交詾、於闐之屬皆御前殿見之，獨此諸蕃見於後殿，蓋卑之也。
In 1087, Shi Yiding and others of the southwestern Shi Fan carried a memorial and styled themselves the "Wusheng Army of Xiping Prefecture." The Ministry of Rites noted the five-year tribute interval had not elapsed. The court allowed special tribute. Long Fan tribute came in 1090, 1093, and 1097. The Long were largest and poorest, borrowing clothes for audience and seeking only favor. Other tributaries met in the main hall; these Fan met in the rear hall as a slight.
65
元符二年，又有牟韋蕃入貢，詔以進奉人韋公憂、公市、公利等為郎將。
In 1099, Mouwei Fan envoys became commandants.
66
諸蕃部族數十，獨五姓最著，程氏、韋氏皆比附五姓，故號「西南七蕃」云。
Among the several dozen Fan tribes, only the Five Surnames were most prominent. The Cheng and Wei clans were attached to the Five Surnames, and so they were called the "Southwestern Seven Fan."
67
施州蠻者，夔路徼外熟夷，南接牂牁諸蠻，又與順、富、高、溪四州蠻相錯，蓋唐彭水蠻也。
Shi Prefecture Man were Kuizhou acculturated Yi linked to Zangge and four prefectures.
68
咸平中，施蠻嘗入寇，詔以鹽與之，且許其以粟轉易，蠻大悅，自是不為邊患。 後因饑，又以金銀倍實直質于官易粟，官不能禁。 熙甯六年，詔施州蠻以金銀質米者，估實直； 如七年不贖，則變易之。 著為令。
Salt and grain trade pacified Shi Man raids in Xianping. In famine they pawned gold and silver to officials for grain. In 1073, pawned gold and silver for grain had to be fairly valued; unredeemed pawns were sold after seven years. The rule was codified.
69
熊本經制淯井事，蠻酋田現等內附，夔路轉運判官董鉞、副使孫珪、知施州寇平，皆以招納功被賞。
When Xiong Ben managed the Yu Well affair, Man chieftain Tian Xian and others submitted. Dong Yue, transport assessor of Kui Circuit; Sun Gui, vice commissioner; and Kou Ping, prefect of Shi Prefecture, were all rewarded for their achievement in recruiting and accepting them.
70
施、黔比近蠻，子弟精悍，用木弩藥箭，戰闘趫捷，朝廷嘗團結為忠義勝軍。 其後，瀘州、淯井、石泉蠻叛，皆獲其用。
Their hardy youths fought swiftly with wooden crossbows and poisoned arrows; the court once organized them as the Loyal and Righteous Victory Army. They helped suppress Luzhou, Qijing, and Shiquan rebellions.
71
高州蠻，故夜郎也，在涪州西南。 宋初、其酋田景遷以地內附，賜名珍州，拜為刺史。 景遷以郡多火災，請易今名。 大觀二年，有駱解下、上族納土，復以珍州名云。
Gao Prefecture Man were ancient Yelang southwest of Fu. Tian Jingqian submitted and received Zhen Prefecture. Jingqian renamed the prefecture after frequent fires. In 1108, the Luo clans restored the name Zhen.
72
瀘州西南徼外，古羌夷之地，漢以來王侯國以百數，獨夜郎、滇、邛都、溋、昆明、徙、都、冉垆ζ、白馬氐為最大。 夜郎，在漢屬牂牁郡，今涪州之西，溱、播、珍等州封域是也； 滇，在漢為益州郡，今姚州善闡之地是也； 邛都，嶲州會同川與吐蕃接，今邛部川蠻所居也； 嶲，今嶲州； 昆明，在黔、瀘徼外，今西南蕃部所居也； 徙，今雅州嚴道地； 都，在黎州南，今兩林及野川蠻所居地是也； 冉垆ζ，今茂州蠻、汶山夷地是也； 白馬氐，在漢為武都郡，今階州、汶州，蓋羌類也：此皆巴蜀西南徼外蠻夷也。
Southwest of Luzhou lay ancient kingdoms; Yelang, Dian, Qiongdou, and others were greatest. Yelang was Han Zangge—today west of Fu, Qin, Bo, and Zhen; Dian was Han Yizhou—today Yao Prefecture Shanchan; Qiongdou was Xi Prefecture's Huitong River—today's Qiongbu Man; Xi is today's Xi Prefecture; Kunming lay beyond Qian and Lu—today's southwestern Fan; Xi is Yazhou Yandao; Zuodu was south of Lizhou—today's Lianglin and Yechuan; Ranmang is Maozhou and Wenshan; White Horse Di was Han Wudou—today Jie and Wen; all were Ba-Shu frontier tribes.
73
自黔、恭以西，至涪、瀘、嘉、敘，自階又折而東，南至威、茂、黎、雅，被邊十餘郡，綿亙數千里，剛夷惡獠，殆千萬計。 自治平之末訖于靖康，大抵皆通互市，奉職貢，雖時有剽掠，如鼠竊狗偷，不能為深患。 參考古今，辨其封域，以見琛贐之自至，梯航之所及者爾。 若夫邊荊楚、交廣，則系之溪峒云。
Ten border prefectures held millions of fierce tribes. Until Jingkang they mostly traded; raids were petty. This account maps where tribute and trade reached. Tribes bordering Jing-Chu and Guang are treated under stream gorges.
74
淯水夷者，羈縻十州五囤蠻也，雜種夷獠散居溪穀中。 慶曆初，瀘州言：「管下溪峒十州，有唐及本朝所賜州額，今烏蠻王子得蓋居其地。 部族最盛，旁有舊姚州，廢已久，得蓋願得州名以長夷落。」 詔復建姚州，以得蓋為刺史，鑄印賜之。 得蓋死，其子竊號「羅氏鬼主」。 鬼主死，子僕射襲其號，浸弱不能令諸族。
Yu River Yi were ten jimi prefectures and five stockades in the valleys. At the beginning of Qingli, Luzhou reported: "The ten stream-cave prefectures under our jurisdiction have prefectural titles bestowed by Tang and by this dynasty; now the Wuman prince Degai occupies that territory. His tribe is the strongest; nearby is old Yao Prefecture, long since abolished, and Degai wishes to receive the prefectural name so as to lead the Yi settlements." Yao was restored; Degai became prefect with a seal. After Degai died, his son usurped the title "Ghost Master of the Luo Clan." Pushe succeeded but could not command the tribes.
75
烏蠻有二酋領：曰晏子，曰斧望個恕，常入漢地鬻馬。 晏子所居，直長寧、寧遠以南，斧望個恕所居，直納溪、江安以東，皆僕夜諸部也。 晏子距漢地絕近，猶有淯井之阻。 斧望個恕近納溪，以舟下瀘不過半日。 二酋浸強大，擅劫晏州山外六姓及納溪二十四姓生夷。 夷弱小，皆相與供其寶。
Two Wuman chiefs, Yanzi and Fuwang Geshu, traded horses in Han lands. Yanzi held Changning south; Geshu held Naxi east—all Buye tribes. Yanzi was very close, though Qijing lay between. Geshu was near Naxi—a half day's sail to Lu. Both grew strong and preyed on Yanzhou and Naxi tribes. Weaker Yi paid them tribute.
76
熙寧七年，六姓夷自淯井謀入寇，命熊本經制之。 景思忠戰沒，本將蜀兵，募土丁及夷界黔州弩手，以毒矢射賊，賊驚潰。 於是山前後、長寧等十郡八姓及武都夷皆內附。 提點刑獄范百祿作文以誓之曰：
In 1074, six tribes plotted invasion; Xiong Ben was sent. Jing Sizhong fell; Ben used poisoned arrows and routed the rebels. Ten prefectures, eight surnames, and Wudu Yi submitted. Fan Bailu wrote an oath text:
77
蠢茲夷醜，淯溪之滸。 為虺為豺，憑負固圉。 殺人於貨，頭顱草莽。 莫慘燔炙，莫悲奴虜。 狃虓熟慝，胡可悉數。 疆吏苟玩，噤不敢語。
Foolish Yi villains on the Yu Stream's bank, serpents and wolves in stout defenses, killing for loot, heads in the wild. None crueler than burning alive; none sadder than slavery. Their plunder—who can count it all? Frontier officials played careless and stayed silent.
78
奮若之歲，曾是彊禦。 躑躅嘯聚，三壕、羅募。 僨我將佐，戕我士伍。 西南繹騷，帝赫斯怒。 帝怒伊何？ 神聖文武。 民所安樂，惟曰慈撫。 民所疾苦，惟曰砭去。 乃用其良，應變是許。 粥熊裔孫，爰馭貔虎。 殲其渠酋，判其黨與。 既奪之心，復斷右股。
In their proud years they were fierce foes. They gathered at Sanhao and Luomu, stamping and howling. They ruined our generals and slew our soldiers. The southwest seethed; the emperor blazed with anger. Why was he angry? Sacred and martial. He soothes what brings the people peace. He removes what brings the people pain. He used able men to meet the crisis. A Mi-Xiong descendant came to drive the army like tigers. He destroyed chiefs and broke their factions. He broke their will and crippled their strength.
79
攝提孟陬，徂征有敘。 背孤擊虛，深入厥阻。 兵從天下，鐵首其舉。 紛紜騰遝，莫敢嬰牾。 火其巢穴，及其囷貯。 暨其貲畜，墟其林橆。 殺傷系縲，以百千數。 涇灘望風，悉力比附。 丁為帝民，地曰王土。 投其器械，籍入官府。 百死一贖，莫保銅鼓。
In Sheti's first month the campaign marched in order. He struck their weak points and pierced their barriers. Armies gathered; iron heads led the assault. None dared resist the rushing host. He burned nests and stores. He seized livestock and laid waste groves. Hundreds and thousands were wounded and bound. At Jingtan they submitted to the wind. Men became imperial subjects; land became royal soil. Weapons were registered in government stores. Few ransomed life; bronze drums were seized.
80
歃盟神天，視此狗鼠。 敢忘誅絕，以干罪罟。 乃稱上恩，俾復故處。 殘醜厥角，泣血訴語：「天子之德，雨暘覆護。 三五噍類，請比涇仵。」
They swore to heaven, treating rebels as vermin. Yet daring to forget extermination and court punishment. Then they praised grace and returned home. The broken wept blood: "The Son of Heaven's grace covers us like rain and sunshine. All living things beg mercy like Jingtan's cattle."
81
大邦有令，其戒警汝：天既汝貸，汝勿予侮。 惟十九姓，往安汝堵。 吏治汝責，汝力汝布。 吏時汝耕，汝稻汝黍。 懲創於今，無忲往古。 小有堡障，大有城戍。 汝或不聽，汝擊汝捕。 尚有虓將，突騎強旅。 傅此黔軍，毒矢勁弩。 天不汝容，暴汝居所。 不汝遺育，悔于何取！
The court warned: heaven spared you—do not insult us. Nineteen surnames—settle your walls. Officials govern you; you labor and weave. Officials help your plowing; you grow rice and millet. Punish today—do not slacken as before. Small stockades, large garrisons. Disobey and you will be struck and captured. Raiding generals and swift cavalry remain. Qian troops carry poisoned arrows and strong crossbows. Heaven will ravage your dwellings. No offspring will remain—what regret then!
82
立石于武寧砦。
A stone was set up at Wuning Stockade.
83
熊本言二酋桀黠，不羈縻之則諸蠻未易服，遂遣人說誘招納。 於是晏子、斧望個恕及僕夜皆願入貢，受王命。 晏子未及命而死，乃以個恕知歸來州，僕夜知姚州，以個恕之子乞弟、晏子之子沙取祿路並為把截將、西南夷部巡檢。
Ben said Yanzi and Geshu must be jimi or tribes would not submit. Yanzi, Geshu, and Buye offered tribute and accepted commands. Yanzi died; Geshu got Guilai, Buye Yao; Qidi and Shaqululu became inspectors.
84
八年，俞州獠寇南州，獠酋阿訛率其黨奔個恕。 熊本重賞檄斬訛。 訛桀黠，習知邊境虛實，個恕匿不殺，詭降於納溪。 訛得不死，甚德個恕，為伺邊隙。 會個恕老厭兵，以事屬乞弟，遂與訛侵諸部。
In 1075, A'e fled to Geshu after raiding Nan. Ben offered a reward for A'e's head. Crafty A'e was hidden by Geshu, who feigned surrender at Naxi. A'e survived and spied for Geshu. Old Geshu handed power to Qidi, who joined A'e raiding tribes.
85
十年，羅苟夷犯納溪砦。 初，砦民與羅苟夷競魚笱，誤毆殺之，吏為按驗。 夷已忿，謂：「漢殺吾人，官不嘗我骨價，反暴露之。」 遂叛。 提點刑獄穆曁向言：「納溪去瀘一舍，羅苟去納溪數里，今托事起端，若不加誅，則烏蠻觀望，為害不細。」 乃詔涇原副總管韓存寶擊之。 存寶召乞弟等犄角，討蕩五十六村，十三囤蠻乞降，願納土承賦租。 乃詔罷兵。
In 1077, Luogou Yi attacked Naxi Stockade. A fish-weir quarrel led to a killing investigated by officials. The Yi were already angry, saying: "The Han killed our man, and the officials did not pay us his bone-price but instead exposed the body." They rebelled. Judicial intendant Mu Ji reported earlier: "Naxi is one day's march from Lu, and Luogou is several li from Naxi. Now they have used this affair to start trouble; if they are not punished, the Wuman will watch and wait, and the harm will not be small." Han Cunbao was ordered to attack. Cunbao swept fifty-six villages; thirteen tribes surrendered land and rent. The army was halted.
86
元豐元年，乞弟率晏州夷合步騎六千至江安城下，責平羅苟之賞。 城中守兵才數百，震恐不能授甲，蠻數日乃引去。 知瀘州喬敘要欲與盟，遣梓夔都監王宣以兵二千守江安，仍奏以乞弟襲歸來州刺史。 韓運遣小校楊舜之召乞弟拜敕，乞弟不出； 遣就賜之，亦不見； 而令小蠻從舜之取敕以去。 喬敘因沙取祿路以賄招乞弟，乃肯來。
In 1078, Qidi besieged Jiang'an demanding Luogou rewards. Only hundreds defended; the Man withdrew after days. Qiao Xuyao, prefect of Luzhou, wished to make an alliance with them, sent Wang Xuan, military inspector of Zi and Kui, with two thousand troops to guard Jiang'an, and memorialized asking that Qidi inherit the post of prefect of Guilai Prefecture. Yang Shunzhi summoned Qidi for the edict; he refused; sent to his camp, he still refused; a small Man took the edict and left. Bribes through Shaqululu brought Qidi in.
87
三年，盟於納溪。 蠻以為畏己，益悖慢。 盟五日，遂以眾圍羅個牟族。 羅個牟，熊本所團結熟夷也。 王宣往救之，蠻解圍，合力拒官軍。 宣與一軍皆沒，事遂張，ㄞ召存寶授方略，統三將兵萬八千趨東川。 存寶怯懦不敢進，乞弟送款紿降，存寶信之，遂休兵於綿、梓、遂、資間。
In 1080 they allied at Naxi. The Man grew insolent, thinking themselves feared. Five days later they besieged Luogemou. Luogemou was Yi organized by Xiong Ben. Wang Xuan rescued them; the Man turned on government troops. Xuan's army was destroyed; Cunbao was summoned with eighteen thousand men. Cowardly Cunbao believed Qidi's false surrender and halted.
88
四年，詔以環慶副總管林廣代存寶，按寶逗撓，誅之。 熟夷楊光震殺阿訛，詔林廣與光震同力討賊。 乞弟恐，復送款。 帝以其前後反覆，無真降意，督廣進師。 廣遂破樂共城，至鬥蒲村，斬首二千五百級。 次落婆，乞弟乃納降。 廣盛陳兵以受之，對語良久，乞弟疑有變，引眾遁。 廣帥兵深入，會大雨雪，浹旬始次老人山，山形劍立。 度黑崖，至鴉飛不到山。 五年正月，次歸來州，天大寒，然桂為薪，軍士皆凍墮指。 留四日，求乞弟不可得。 內侍麥文暼丙問廣軍事，廣曰：「賊未授首，當待罪。」 文暼丙乃出所受密詔曰：「大兵深入討賊，期在梟獲元惡。 如已破其巢穴，雖未得乞弟，亦聽班師。」 軍中皆呼萬歲，曰：「天子居九重，明見萬里外。」 乃以眾還。 自納溪之役，師行凡四十日。 築樂共城、江門砦、梅嶺席帽溪堡，西達淯井，東道納溪，皆控制要害。 捷書聞，赦梓州路，以歸來州地賜羅氏鬼主。 乞弟既失土，窮甚，往來諸蠻間，無所依。 帝猶欲招來之，命知瀘州王光祖開諭，許以自新。 會其死，於是羅始黨、鬥然、鬥更等諸酋請依十九姓團結，新收生界八姓、兩江夷族請依七姓團結，皆為義軍。 從之。 自是瀘夷震懾，不復為邊患。 沙取祿路死，子鱉弊承襲。
Lin Guang replaced and executed delaying Cunbao. Yang Guangzhen killed A'e; Lin Guang was ordered to join him. Qidi again offered surrender. The emperor doubted Qidi and urged Guang forward. Guang took Le Gong and beheaded twenty-five hundred at Doupu. At Luopo Qidi submitted. Guang received him; Qidi suspected treachery and fled. Guang led his troops deep in, but they encountered heavy rain and snow; only after ten days did they reach Old Man Mountain, whose shape rose like a sword. He crossed Black Cliff to Crow-Can't-Fly Mountain. In January at Guilai, soldiers froze; cassia fueled fires. After four days Qidi could not be found. Palace attendant Mai Wenpiebing asked Guang about military affairs. Guang said: "The rebel has not yet yielded his head, so I await punishment." Wenpiebing then brought out the secret edict he had received, which said: "The great army has gone deep to punish the rebels, with the aim of capturing and displaying the chief villain. If his lair has already been broken, even if Qidi has not yet been captured, the army is permitted to return." Everyone in the army shouted long life, saying: "The Son of Heaven dwells behind nine gates, yet clearly sees ten thousand li away." They marched home. The Naxi campaign lasted forty days. Le Gong, Jiangmen, and Meiling forts controlled Qijing and Naxi. Zizhou was pardoned; Guilai went to the Luo Ghost Master. Landless Qidi wandered among tribes. The emperor still sought Qidi through Wang Guangzu. After his death, chiefs joined nineteen and seven surname righteous armies. The court agreed. Lu Yi were awed and ceased major border trouble. Shaqululu's son Biebi succeeded.
89
政和五年，晏州夷卜漏叛，砦將高公老遁，招討使趙遹討平之，授鱉弊西南夷界都大巡檢。 事見《趙遹傳》。
In the fifth year of Zhenghe, 1115, Bulou of the Yanzhou Yi rebelled and stockade commander Gao Gonglao fled. Pacification Commissioner Zhao Yu attacked and suppressed him, and Biebi was appointed chief patrol inspector of the southwestern Yi frontier. See the biography of Zhao Yu.