1
}}太宰，一人。 周武王時，周公旦始居之，掌邦治，為六卿之首。 秦、漢、魏不常置。 晉初依周禮，備置三公。 三公之職，太師居首，景帝名師，故置太宰以代之。 太宰，蓋古之太師也。 殷紂之時，箕子為太師。 周武王時，太公為太師。 周成王時，周公為太師。 周公薨，畢公代之。 漢西京初不置，平帝始復置太師官，而孔光居焉。 漢東京又廢。 獻帝初，董卓為太師，卓誅又廢。 魏世不置。 晉既因太師而置太宰，以安平王孚居焉。
Grand Preceptor: one office. During the reign of King Wu of Zhou, the Duke of Zhou, Dan, was the first to hold the post; he governed the realm and stood at the head of the Six Ministers. Under the Qin, Han, and Wei dynasties the office was not kept in regular use. At the founding of Jin, the court followed the Rites of Zhou and restored the full complement of the Three Dukes. Of the Three Dukes, the Grand Preceptor (Taishi) had ranked first; because Emperor Jing's personal name contained shi, the court established the Grand Preceptor (Taizai) in its place. The Grand Preceptor (Taizai) was in effect the ancient office of Grand Preceptor (Taishi). Under King Zhou of Yin, Jizi held the post of Grand Preceptor. In the age of King Wu of Zhou, the Grand Duke (Jiang Ziya) served as Grand Preceptor. Under King Cheng of Zhou, the Duke of Zhou served as Grand Preceptor. After the Duke of Zhou's death, the Duke of Bi took his place. Early Western Han did not maintain the office; Emperor Ping was the first to restore the post of Grand Preceptor, which Kong Guang then held. Eastern Han abolished the office once more. Early in Emperor Xian's reign Dong Zhuo held the post of Grand Preceptor; after Zhuo was killed the office was abolished again. Under Wei the office was not established. Jin then created the Grand Preceptor (Taizai) to replace the Grand Preceptor (Taishi), and the Prince of Ping'an, Sima Fu, held the office.
2
太傅，一人。 周成王時，畢公為太傅。 漢高后元年，初用王陵。
Grand Tutor: one office. Under King Cheng of Zhou, the Duke of Bi served as Grand Tutor. In the first year of Empress Gao's regency, Wang Ling became the first appointee.
3
太保，一人。 殷太甲時，伊尹為太保。 周武王時，召公為太保。 漢平帝元始元年，始用王舜。 後漢至魏不置，晉初復置焉。 自太師至太保，是為三公。 論道經邦，燮理陰陽，無其人則闕，所以訓護人主，導以德義者。
Grand Guardian: one office. Under Emperor Taijia of Yin, Yi Yin served as Grand Guardian. In the age of King Wu of Zhou, the Duke of Shao served as Grand Guardian. In the first year of Yuanshi under Emperor Ping of Han, Wang Shun was the first appointee. From Later Han through Wei the office was not kept; it was restored at the founding of Jin. From the Grand Preceptor through the Grand Guardian—these are the Three Dukes. They discourse on the Way and steward the realm, harmonizing yin and yang; when no worthy man is at hand the posts are left unfilled. Their purpose is to instruct and safeguard the sovereign, guiding him by virtue and righteousness.
4
相國，一人。 漢高帝十一年始置，以蕭何居之，罷丞相； 何薨，曹參代之； 參薨，罷。 魏齊王以晉景帝為相國。 晉惠帝時趙王倫，愍帝時南陽王保，安帝時宋高祖，順帝時齊王，並為相國。 自魏、晉以來，非復人臣之位矣。
Chancellor of State: one office. It was first established in the eleventh year of Emperor Gaozu of Han, with Xiao He in the post; the Chancellor's office was abolished. When Xiao He died, Cao Shen succeeded him. When Cao Shen died, the office was abolished. Under the Qi ruler of Wei, the future Emperor Jing of Jin was appointed Chancellor of State. Under Emperor Hui of Jin, Prince Lun of Zhao; under Emperor Min, Prince Bao of Nanyang; under Emperor An, the founder of Song; under Emperor Shun, the Prince of Qi—all held the title of Chancellor of State. From Wei and Jin onward it was no longer a post fit for an ordinary subject.
5
丞相，一人。 殷湯以伊尹為右相，仲虺為左相。 秦悼武王二年，始置丞相官。 丞，奉。 相，助也。 悼武王子昭襄王始以樗里疾為丞相，後又置左右丞相。 漢高帝初，置一丞相，十一年，更名相國。 孝惠、高后置左右丞相，文帝二年，復置一丞相。 哀帝元壽二年，更名大司徒。 漢東京不復置。 至獻帝建安十三年，復置丞相，魏世及晉初又廢。 惠帝世，趙王倫篡位，以梁王肜為丞相。 永興元年，以成都王穎為丞相。 愍帝建興元年，以琅邪王睿為左丞相，南陽王保為右丞相； 三年，以保為相國，睿為丞相。 元帝永昌元年，以王敦為丞相，轉司徒荀組為太尉，以司徒官屬并丞相為留府，敦不受。 成帝世，以王導為丞相，罷司徒府以為丞相府，導薨，罷丞相，復為司徒府。 宋世祖初，以南郡王義宣為丞相，而司徒府如故。
Chancellor: one office. King Tang of Yin made Yi Yin Right Chancellor and Zhong Hui Left Chancellor. In the second year of King Daowu of Qin the office of Chancellor was first created. Cheng means "to receive" or "to uphold." Xiang means "to assist." King Zhaoxiang, son of King Daowu, first appointed Chuli Ji as Chancellor; later he also created the offices of Left and Right Chancellor. Early under Emperor Gaozu of Han a single Chancellor was appointed; in the eleventh year the title was changed to Chancellor of State. Under Emperor Xiaohui and Empress Gao, Left and Right Chancellors were appointed; in the second year of Emperor Wen a single Chancellor was restored. In the second year of Yuanshou under Emperor Ai the office was renamed Grand Minister over the Masses. Eastern Han did not restore the office. In the thirteenth year of Jian'an under Emperor Xian the Chancellor was restored; under Wei and early Jin it was abolished once more. In the reign of Emperor Hui, when Prince Lun of Zhao seized the throne, Prince Yin of Liang was appointed Chancellor. In the first year of Yongxing, Prince Ying of Chengdu was made Chancellor. In the first year of Jianxing under Emperor Min, Prince Rui of Langye was Left Chancellor and Prince Bao of Nanyang was Right Chancellor. In the third year, Bao was made Chancellor of State and Rui was made Chancellor. In the first year of Yongchang under Emperor Yuan, Wang Dun was made Chancellor; Xun Zu was moved from Minister over the Masses to Grand Commandant, and the Minister over the Masses staff was merged into the Chancellor's office left at the capital—but Dun refused. Under Emperor Cheng, Wang Dao was Chancellor; the Minister over the Masses office was dissolved to serve as the Chancellor's office. When Dao died, the Chancellorship was abolished and the Minister over the Masses office was restored. At the beginning of Emperor Shizu's reign in Song, Prince Xuan of Nanjun was Chancellor, while the Minister over the Masses office remained unchanged.
6
太尉，一人。 自上安下曰尉。 掌兵事，郊祀掌亞獻，大喪則告諡南郊。 堯時舜為太尉官，漢因之。 武帝建元二年省。 光武建武二十七年，罷大司馬，置太尉以代之。 靈帝末，以劉虞為大司馬，而太尉如故。
Grand Commandant: one office. Wei denotes one who brings security from above down to the people below. He oversaw military affairs; at suburban sacrifices he performed the secondary offering; at a state funeral he announced the posthumous title at the southern suburb. In the age of Yao, Shun held the office of Grand Commandant; Han adopted the precedent. It was abolished in the second year of Jianyuan under Emperor Wu. In the twenty-seventh year of Jianwu, Emperor Guangwu abolished the Grand Commander-in-Chief and established the Grand Commandant in its place. Late in Emperor Ling's reign Liu Yu was made Grand Commander-in-Chief, while the Grand Commandant continued as before.
7
司徒，一人。 掌民事，郊祀掌省牲視濯，大喪安梓宮。 少昊氏以鳥名官，而祝鳩氏為司徒。 堯時舜為司徒。 舜攝帝位，命契為司徒。 契玄孫之孫曰微，亦為夏司徒。 周時司徒為地官，掌邦教。 漢西京初不置。 哀帝元壽二年，罷丞相，罷大司徒。 光武建武二十七年，去大。
Minister over the Masses: one office. He oversaw civil affairs; at suburban sacrifices he inspected the victims and supervised their washing; at a state funeral he settled the spirit coffin in place. Shaohao named offices after birds, and the Zhujiushou clan held the post of Minister over the Masses. In the age of Yao, Shun served as Minister over the Masses. When Shun took charge of the imperial duties, he appointed Qi Minister over the Masses. Qi's great-grandson's grandson, named Wei, also served as Minister over the Masses under the Xia. Under Zhou the Minister over the Masses was the Minister of Earth, charged with the state's instruction. Early Western Han did not maintain the office. In the second year of Yuanshou under Emperor Ai the Chancellor was abolished and the Grand Minister over the Masses was discontinued. In the twenty-seventh year of Jianwu, Emperor Guangwu dropped the word "Grand" from the title.
8
司空，一人。 掌水土事，郊祀掌掃除陳樂器，大喪掌將校復土。 舜攝帝位，以禹為司空。 契玄孫之子曰冥，亦為夏司空。 殷湯以咎單為司空。 周時司空為冬官，掌邦事。 漢西京初不置。 成帝綏和元年，更名御史大夫為大司空； 哀帝建平二年，復為御史大夫； 元壽二年，復為大司空； 光武建武二十七年去大字。 獻帝建安十三年，又罷司空，置御史大夫。 御史大夫郗慮免，不復補。 魏初又置司空。
Minister of Works (Sikong): one office. He oversaw water and earthworks; at suburban sacrifices he swept the ground and set out the musical instruments; at a state funeral he directed officers in the burial rites of returning earth. When Shun took charge of the imperial duties, he made Yu Minister of Works. Qi's great-grandson's son, named Ming, also served as Minister of Works under the Xia. King Tang of Yin appointed Gao Dan Minister of Works. Under Zhou the Minister of Works was the Minister of Winter, charged with the state's affairs. Early Western Han did not maintain the office. In the first year of Weihe under Emperor Cheng the Censor-in-Chief was renamed Grand Minister of Works. In the second year of Jianping under Emperor Ai it was changed back to Censor-in-Chief. In the second year of Yuanshou it was again Grand Minister of Works. In the twenty-seventh year of Jianwu, Emperor Guangwu dropped the word "Grand." In the thirteenth year of Jian'an under Emperor Xian the Minister of Works was abolished again and the Censor-in-Chief was established. The Censor-in-Chief Xi Lü was dismissed and the post was never filled again. At the founding of Wei the Minister of Works was restored.
9
大司馬，一人。 掌武事。 司，主也。 馬，武也。 堯時棄為后稷，兼掌司馬。 周時司馬為夏官，掌邦政。 項籍以曹無咎、周殷並為大司馬。 漢初不置。 武帝元狩四年，初置大司馬。 始直云司馬，議者以漢有軍候千人司馬官，故加大。 及置司空，又以縣道官有獄司空，又加大。 王莽居攝，以漢無小司徒，而定司馬、司徒、司空之號並加大。 光武建武二十七年，省大司馬，以太尉代之。 魏文帝黃初二年，復置大司馬，以曹仁居之，而太尉如故。
Grand Commander-in-Chief: one office. He oversaw military affairs. Si means "to direct" or "to preside over." Ma denotes the military. In the age of Yao, Qi served as Director of Agriculture and also held charge of military affairs as Sima. Under Zhou the Sima was the Minister of Summer, charged with the state's administration. Xiang Yu appointed Cao Wujiu and Zhou Yin both Grand Commander-in-Chief. Early Han did not maintain the office. In the fourth year of Yuanshou under Emperor Wu the Grand Commander-in-Chief was first created. At first the title was simply Sima; critics noted that Han already had a Sima post among the thousand-household military attendants, so the prefix "Grand" was added. When the Sikong office was established, because county and circuit offices already had a prison officer called Sikong, "Grand" was added again. While Wang Mang held the regency, noting that Han lacked a lesser Situ, he fixed the titles Sima, Situ, and Sikong and prefixed each with "Grand." In the twenty-seventh year of Jianwu, Emperor Guangwu abolished the Grand Commander-in-Chief and replaced it with the Grand Commandant. In the second year of Huangchu under Emperor Wen of Wei the Grand Commander-in-Chief was restored, with Cao Ren in the post, while the Grand Commandant continued as before.
10
大將軍，一人。 凡將軍皆掌征伐。 周制，王立六軍。 晉獻公作二軍，公將上軍。 將軍之名，起於此也。 楚懷王遣三將入關，宋義為上將。 漢高帝以韓信為大將軍。 漢西京以大司馬冠之。 漢東京大將軍自為官，位在三司上。 魏明帝青龍三年，晉宣帝自大將軍為太尉，然則大將軍在三司下矣。 其後又在三司上。 晉景帝為大將軍，而景帝叔父孚為太尉，奏改大將軍在太尉下，後還復舊。
Grand General: one office. All generals were charged with campaigns and conquest. Under Zhou institutions the king maintained six armies. Duke Xian of Jin organized two armies; the duke himself led the upper army. The title of general originated in this practice. King Huai of Chu dispatched three generals to enter the Pass, with Song Yi as supreme commander. Emperor Gaozu of Han appointed Han Xin Grand General. In Western Han, the title Grand Marshal was placed above it. In Eastern Han the Grand General became an independent office, ranking above the Three Excellencies. In the third year of Qinglong under Emperor Ming of Wei, when the Duke of Jin rose from Grand General to Grand Commandant, the Grand General's rank fell below the Three Excellencies. Afterward it rose again above the Three Excellencies. When Emperor Jing of Jin served as Grand General while his uncle Sima Fu held the post of Grand Commandant, a memorial was submitted placing the Grand General below the Grand Commandant; later the old order was restored.
11
晉武帝踐阼，安平王孚為太宰，鄭沖為太傅，王祥為太保，義陽王望為太尉，何曾為司徒，荀顗為司空，石苞為大司馬，陳騫為大將軍，凡八公同時並置，唯無丞相焉。
When Emperor Wu of Jin took the throne, eight great offices were filled at once: Prince Fu of Anping as Grand Preceptor, Zheng Chong as Grand Tutor, Wang Xiang as Grand Protector, Prince Wang of Yiyang as Grand Commandant, He Zeng as Minister over the Masses, Xun Yi as Minister of Works, Shi Bao as Grand Marshal, and Chen Qian as Grand General—with no Chancellor among them.
12
有蒼頭字宜祿。 至漢，丞相府每有所關白，到閤輒傳呼「宜祿」，以此為常。
There was a household servant named Yilu. In Han times, whenever the Chancellor's office had a matter to report, the messenger would call out "Yilu" at the office gate, and this became standard practice.
13
丞相置三長史。 丞相有疾，御史大夫率百僚三旦問起居，及瘳，詔遣尚書令若光祿大夫賜養牛，上尊酒。 漢景帝三公病，遣中黃門問病。 魏、晉則黃門郎，尤重者或侍中也。 魏武為丞相以來，置左右二長史而已。 漢東京太傅府置掾、屬十人，御屬一人，令史十二人，不知皆何曹也。 自太尉至大將軍、驃騎、車騎、衞將軍，皆有長史一人，將軍又各置司馬一人，太傅不置長史也。
The Chancellor's office had three Chief Clerks. When the Chancellor fell ill, the Grand Herald led all officials to inquire after him at dawn for three days running; upon his recovery, the throne would dispatch the Director of the Masters of Writing or the Household Master of Splendor with an ox for nourishment and fine wine. Under Emperor Jing of Han, when one of the Three Excellencies fell ill, a Court Yellow Gate was sent to ask after him. Under Wei and Jin it was a Gentleman of the Yellow Gate who was sent, and in the weightiest cases sometimes the Attendant Within himself. From Cao Cao's tenure as Chancellor onward, only left and right Chief Clerks were appointed. Eastern Han's Grand Tutor's office had ten aides and subordinates, one imperial subordinate, and twelve clerks, though which bureaus they served is no longer known. From the Grand Commandant through the Grand General, Fast Cavalry General, Chariots and Cavalry General, and Guard General, each office had one Chief Clerk, and each general also had a separate Marshal; the Grand Tutor's office had no Chief Clerk.
14
太尉府置掾、屬二十四人，西曹主府吏署用事，東曹主二千石長吏遷除事，戶曹主民戶祠祀農桑事，奏曹主奏議事，辭曹主辭訟事，法曹主郵驛科程事，尉曹主卒徒轉運事，賊曹主盜賊事，決曹主罪法事，兵曹主兵事，金曹主貨幣鹽鐵事，倉曹主倉穀事，黃閤主簿省錄眾事。 御屬一人，令史二十二人。 御屬主為公御，令史則有閤下、記室、門下令史，其餘史闕。 案掾、屬二十四人，自東西曹凡十二曹，然則曹各置掾、屬一人，合二十四人也。
The Grand Commandant's office had twenty-four aides and subordinates. The Western Bureau handled office personnel and administrative business; the Eastern Bureau handled appointments and dismissals of two-thousand-bushel officials; the Household Bureau handled population registers, sacrifices, and agriculture; the Memorial Bureau handled memorials and policy deliberations; the Petition Bureau handled petitions and litigation; the Law Bureau handled postal relays and regulatory procedures; the Commandant Bureau handled convicts, corvée transport, and labor relays; the Bandit Bureau handled theft and bandit cases; the Judgment Bureau handled crimes and penalties; the Military Bureau handled military affairs; the Revenue Bureau handled currency, salt, and iron; the Granary Bureau handled stores and grain; and the Yellow Chamber Chief Clerk supervised and recorded all office business. There was one imperial subordinate and twenty-two clerks. The imperial subordinate oversaw the lord's personal attendants; among the clerks were those of the office chamber, record chamber, and gate, though the remaining clerk posts are no longer recorded. On examination, the twenty-four aides and subordinates correspond to twelve bureaus from the Eastern and Western Bureaus onward, with one aide and one subordinate in each bureau—twenty-four in all.
15
司徒置掾、屬三十一人，御屬一人，令史三十五人。 司空置掾二十九人，御屬一人，令史三十一人。 司空別有道橋掾。 其餘張減之號，史闕不可得知也。
The Minister over the Masses had thirty-one aides and subordinates, one imperial subordinate, and thirty-five clerks. The Minister of Works had twenty-nine aides, one imperial subordinate, and thirty-one clerks. The Minister of Works also had a separate aide for roads and bridges. The rest, with titles added or removed over time, cannot be recovered from the incomplete records.
16
漢東京大將軍、驃騎將軍從事中郎二人，掾、屬二十九人，御屬一人，令史三十人。 騎、衞將軍從事中郎二人，掾、屬二十人，御屬一人，令史二十四人。 兵曹掾史主兵事，稟假掾史主稟假，又置外刺姦主罪法。 其領兵外討，則營有五部，部有校尉一人，軍司馬一人； 部下有曲，曲有軍候一人； 曲下有屯，屯有屯長一人。 若不置校尉，則部但有軍司馬一人。 又有軍假司馬、軍假候，其別營者則為別部司馬。 其餘將軍置以征伐者，府無員職，亦有部曲司馬、軍候以領兵焉。 案大將軍以下掾屬與三府張減，史闕不可得知。 置令史、御屬者，則是同三府也。 其云掾史者，則是有掾而無屬，又無令史、御屬，不同三府也。
In Eastern Han, the Grand General and Fast Cavalry General each had two Attendant Gentlemen, twenty-nine aides and subordinates, one imperial subordinate, and thirty clerks. The Chariots and Cavalry General and Guard General each had two Attendant Gentlemen, twenty aides and subordinates, one imperial subordinate, and twenty-four clerks. Military Bureau aide-clerks handled military affairs; Rations and Leave aide-clerks handled provisions and furloughs; and an External Investigator of Wrongdoing was also appointed to handle criminal law. When commanding troops in the field, the encampment was divided into five sections, each with one Commandant and one Army Marshal. Each section contained companies, each headed by an Army Warder. Each company was subdivided into platoons, each commanded by a Platoon Chief. When no Commandant was appointed, a section had only an Army Marshal. There were also Acting Army Marshals and Acting Army Warders, and separate encampments had Separate Section Marshals. Other generals raised for campaigns had no permanent office staff, but still had section marshals and army warders to lead their troops. Below the Grand General, aide and subordinate posts expanded and contracted with those of the three great offices, but the incomplete records leave the details unknown. Offices that included clerks and imperial subordinates matched the three great offices in structure. Posts styled aide-clerks had aides but no subordinates, and lacked clerks and imperial subordinates—unlike the three great offices.
17
魏初公府職僚，史不備書。 及晉景帝為大將軍，置掾十人，西曹、東曹、戶曹、倉曹、賊曹、金曹、水曹、兵曹、騎兵各一人，則無屬矣。 魏元帝咸熙中，晉文帝為相國，相國府置中衞將軍、驍騎將軍、左右長史、司馬、從事中郎四人，主簿四人，舍人十九人，參軍二十二人，參戰十一人，掾、屬三十三人。 東曹掾、屬各一人，西曹屬一人，戶曹掾一人，屬二人，賊曹掾一人，屬二人，金曹掾、屬各一人，兵曹掾、屬各一人，騎兵掾二人，屬一人，車曹掾、屬各一人，鎧曹掾、屬各一人，水曹掾、屬各一人，集曹掾、屬各一人，法曹掾、屬各一人，奏曹掾、屬各一人，倉曹屬二人，戎曹屬一人，馬曹屬一人，媒曹屬一人，合為三十三人。 散屬九人，凡四十二人。
In early Wei, the staff establishments of ducal offices were not fully documented. When Emperor Jing served as Grand General, he appointed ten aides—one each for the Western, Eastern, Household, Granary, Bandit, Revenue, Water, Military, and Cavalry Bureaus—with no subordinates. During the Xianxi era under Emperor Yuan of Wei, when the Duke of Jin served as Chancellor, his office included a Guard General, Brave Cavalry General, left and right Chief Clerks and Marshals, four Attendant Gentlemen, four Chief Clerks, nineteen Masters of Reception, twenty-two Staff Officers, eleven Battle Staff Officers, and thirty-three aides and subordinates. The Eastern Bureau had one aide and one subordinate; the Western Bureau one subordinate; the Household Bureau one aide and two subordinates; the Bandit Bureau one aide and two subordinates; the Revenue, Military, Chariot, Armor, Water, Assembly, Law, and Memorial Bureaus each one aide and one subordinate; the Cavalry Bureau two aides and one subordinate; the Granary Bureau two subordinates; and the Military Affairs, Horse, and Matchmaking Bureaus one subordinate each—thirty-three in all. There were also nine unattached subordinates, for forty-two persons in all.
18
晉初凡位從公以上，置長史、西閤、東閤祭酒、西曹、東曹掾、戶曹、倉曹、賊曹屬各一人； 加兵者又置司馬、從事中郎、主簿、記室督各一人，舍人四人； 為持節都督者，置參軍六人。 安平獻王孚為太宰，增掾、屬為十人，兵、鎧、士、營軍、刺姦五曹皆置屬，并前為十人也。 楊駿為太傅，增祭酒為四人，掾、屬為二十人，兵曹分為左、右、法、金、田、集、水、戎、車、馬十曹，皆置屬，則為二十人。 趙王倫為相國，置左右長史、司馬、從事中郎四人，參軍二十人，主簿、記室督、祭酒各四人，掾、屬四十人。 東西曹又置屬，其餘十八曹皆置掾，則四十人矣。 凡諸曹皆置御屬、令史、學幹，御屬職錄事也。
At the founding of Jin, every office from Secondary Duke upward had one Chief Clerk, Western and Eastern Chamber Libationers, and one subordinate each for the Western, Eastern, Household, Granary, and Bandit Bureaus. Offices with military authority also had a Marshal, Attendant Gentleman, Chief Clerk, and Record Chamber Supervisor, plus four Masters of Reception. Area commanders bearing the imperial staff had six Staff Officers. When Prince Xian of Anping served as Grand Preceptor, aides and subordinates were raised to ten, with subordinates added to the Military, Armor, Soldier, Camp Army, and Wrongdoing Investigation bureaus—for ten in all counting earlier posts. When Yang Jun served as Grand Tutor, libationers were increased to four and aides and subordinates to twenty; the Military Bureau was split into ten bureaus—Left, Right, Law, Revenue, Field, Assembly, Water, Military Campaign, Chariot, and Horse—each with a subordinate, twenty in all. When Prince Lun of Zhao became Chancellor, the office had left and right Chief Clerks and Marshals, four Attendant Gentlemen, twenty Staff Officers, four Chief Clerks, four Record Chamber Supervisors, four Libationers, and forty aides and subordinates. The Eastern and Western Bureaus also gained subordinates, and the other eighteen bureaus each had an aide—for forty in all. Every bureau had imperial subordinates, clerks, and student clerks; the imperial subordinate's role was to keep records.
19
江左以來，諸公置長史、倉曹掾、戶曹屬、東西閤祭酒各一人，主簿、舍人二人，御屬二人，令史無定員。 領兵者置司馬一人，從事中郎二人，參軍無定員； 加崇者置左右長史、司馬、從事中郎四人，掾、屬四人，則倉曹增置屬，戶曹置掾，江左加崇，極於此也。
Since the court moved south of the Yangzi, each duke's office had one Chief Clerk, a Granary Bureau aide, a Household Bureau subordinate, one Eastern and one Western Chamber Libationer, two posts of Chief Clerk and Master of Reception, two imperial subordinates, and an unfixed number of clerks. Commanders with troops had one Marshal, two Attendant Gentlemen, and an unfixed number of Staff Officers. The most highly honored also had left and right Chief Clerks and Marshals, four Attendant Gentlemen, and four aides and subordinates, with an extra Granary Bureau subordinate and a Household Bureau aide—the summit of added honor under the Southern Court.
20
長史、司馬、舍人，秦官。 從事中郎、掾、屬、主簿、令史，前漢官，陳湯為大將軍王鳳從事中郎是也。 御屬、參軍，後漢官，孫堅為車騎參軍事是也。 本於府主無敬，晉世太原孫楚為大司馬石苞參軍，輕慢苞，始制施敬。 祭酒，晉官也，漢吳王濞為劉氏祭酒。 夫祭祀以酒為本，長者主之，故以祭酒為稱。 漢之侍中、魏之散騎常侍高功者，並為祭酒焉。 公府祭酒，蓋因其名也。 長史、從事中郎主吏，司馬主將，主簿、祭酒、舍人主閤內事，參軍、掾、屬、令史主諸曹事。 司徒若無公，唯省舍人，其府常置，其職僚異於餘府。 有左右長史、左西曹掾、屬各一人，餘則同矣。 餘府有公則置，無則省。 晉元帝為鎮東大將軍及丞相，置從事中郎，無定員，分掌諸曹，有錄事中郎、度支中郎、三兵中郎。 其參軍則有諮議參軍二人，主諷議事，晉江左初置，因軍諮祭酒也，宋高祖為相，止置諮議參軍，無定員。 今諸曹則有錄事、記室、戶曹、倉曹、中直兵、外兵、騎兵、長流賊曹、刑獄賊曹、城局賊曹、法曹、田曹、水曹、鎧曹、車曹、士曹、集、右戶、墨曹，凡十八曹參軍。 參軍不署曹者，無定員。 江左初，晉元帝鎮東丞相府有錄事、記室、東曹、西曹、度支、戶曹、法曹、金曹、倉曹、理曹、中兵、外兵、騎兵、典兵、兵曹、賊曹、運曹、禁防、典賓、鎧曹、田曹、士曹、騎士、車曹參軍。 其東曹、西曹、度支、金曹、理曹、典兵、兵曹、賊曹、運曹、禁防、典賓、騎士、車曹凡十三曹，今闕所餘十二曹也。 其後又有直兵、長流、刑獄、城局、水曹、右戶、墨曹七曹。 高祖為相，合中兵、直兵置一參軍，曹則猶二也。 今小府不置長流參軍者，置禁防參軍。 蜀丞相諸葛亮府有行參軍，晉太傅司馬越府又有行參軍、兼行參軍，後漸加長兼字，除拜則為參軍事，府板則為行參軍。 晉末以來，參軍事、行參軍又各有除板。 板行參軍下則長兼行參軍。 參軍督護，江左置，本皆領營，有部曲，今則無矣。 公府長史、司馬，秩千石； 從事中郎，六百石； 東西曹掾，四百石； 他掾三百石； 屬二百石。
The Chief Clerk, Marshal, and Master of Reception were Qin-dynasty offices. The Attendant Gentleman, aide, subordinate, Chief Clerk, and clerk dated from Former Han, as when Chen Tang served as Attendant Gentleman to Grand General Wang Feng. The imperial subordinate and Staff Officer were Later Han offices, as when Sun Jian served as Staff Officer to the Chariots and Cavalry General. Staff officers originally owed no ceremonial deference to their lord; in Jin, when Sun Chu of Taiyuan, staff officer to Grand Marshal Shi Bao, treated his lord with disrespect, regulations requiring deference were first imposed. The Libationer was a Jin office, though in Han Prince Liu Bi of Wu had served as clan Libationer. Since sacrifice is rooted in wine and presided over by an elder, the title Libationer derives from this. In Han the Attendant Within, and in Wei the senior Regular Attendant of the Cavalry-at-Large, could both hold the title of Libationer. The ducal Libationer likely took its name from this tradition. The Chief Clerk and Attendant Gentleman managed personnel; the Marshal handled military affairs; the Chief Clerk, Libationer, and Master of Reception managed inner-chamber business; and Staff Officers, aides, subordinates, and clerks handled the work of the bureaus. When no duke held the post of Minister over the Masses, only the Master of Reception was dropped; the office itself remained permanent, with a staff structure unlike the other great offices. It had left and right Chief Clerks and a Left Western Bureau aide and subordinate; otherwise it matched the others. Other offices filled their staffs when a duke held the post and reduced them when none did. When Emperor Yuan served as Grand General Guarding the East and as Chancellor, he appointed Attendant Gentlemen without fixed numbers to oversee the bureaus, including Attendant Gentlemen for record-keeping, revenue disbursement, and the three armies. His Staff Officers included two Advisory Staff Officers who handled policy deliberation and remonstrance—first introduced when the Jin court moved south, evolving from the Army Counsel Libationer. When Emperor Gaozu of Song served as Chancellor, he retained only Advisory Staff Officers, with no fixed number. Today the bureaus include Staff Officers for record-keeping, the record chamber, household affairs, granaries, central and external military affairs, cavalry, long-term pursuit of bandits, criminal prisons, city defenses, law, fields, waterworks, armor, chariots, soldiers, assembly affairs, right household, and ink—eighteen bureau Staff Officers in all. Staff Officers without a bureau assignment had no fixed number. When the court first moved south, Grand Chancellor Yuan Di's eastern commandery office included Staff Officers for record-keeping, the record chamber, eastern and western bureaus, revenue disbursement, household affairs, law, revenue, granaries, judicial matters, central and external military affairs, cavalry, military protocol, the military bureau, bandit suppression, transport, guard and defense, ceremonial reception, armor, fields, soldiers, cavalrymen, and chariots. Thirteen of these bureaus—the Eastern and Western Bureaus, Revenue Disbursement, Revenue, Judicial Affairs, Military Protocol, Military Bureau, Bandit Suppression, Transport, Guard and Defense, Ceremonial Reception, Cavalrymen, and Chariots—have since been dropped, leaving twelve. Seven more were added later: Direct Military, Long-Term Pursuit, Criminal Prison, City Bureau, Water, Right Household, and Ink. When Emperor Gaozu served as Chancellor, he merged the Central and Direct Military bureaus under one Staff Officer, though the two bureaus themselves remained separate. Smaller offices that lack a Long-Term Pursuit Staff Officer appoint a Guard and Defense Staff Officer in its place. Chancellor Zhuge Liang of Shu employed Acting Staff Officers; Grand Tutor Sima Yue's office added Acting and Concurrent Acting Staff Officers; over time the titles acquired "long" and "concurrent" qualifiers—imperial appointment conferred full Staff Officer status, while an office commission conferred Acting Staff Officer status. From late Jin onward, full Staff Officers and Acting Staff Officers each had distinct paths of imperial appointment and office commission. Below an office-commissioned Acting Staff Officer ranked the Long Concurrent Acting Staff Officer. The Staff Officer Commandant-Protector was a Jiangzuo appointment; such officers once commanded camps with personal retinues, but no longer do. Chief Clerks and Marshals of ducal offices ranked at one thousand bushels. Attendant Gentlemen ranked at six hundred bushels. Eastern and Western Bureau aides ranked at four hundred bushels. All other aides ranked at three hundred bushels. Subordinates ranked at two hundred bushels.
21
特進，前漢世所置，前後二漢及魏、晉以為加官，從本官車服，無吏卒。 晉惠帝元康中定位令在諸公下，驃騎將軍上。
Special Advancement was an office of Former Han; in both Han dynasties and under Wei and Jin it served as an honorary add-on, conferring no staff of its own while preserving the carriage and insignia of one's substantive post. In Emperor Hui's Yuankang era, its rank was fixed below the dukes and above the Fast Cavalry General.
22
驃騎將軍，一人。 漢武帝元狩二年，始用霍去病為驃騎將軍。 漢西京制，大將軍、驃騎將軍位次丞相。
Fast Cavalry General: one post. In the second year of Yuanshou under Emperor Wu of Han, Huo Qubing became the first Fast Cavalry General. Under Western Han practice, the Grand General and Fast Cavalry General ranked immediately below the Chancellor.
23
車騎將軍，一人。 漢文帝元年，始用薄昭為車騎將軍。 魚豢曰：「魏世車騎為都督，儀與四征同。 若不為都督，雖持節屬四征者，與前後左右雜號將軍同。 其或散還從文官之例，則位次三司。」 晉、宋車騎、衞不復為四征所督也。
Chariots and Cavalry General: one post. In the first year of Emperor Wen's reign, Bo Zhao became the first Chariots and Cavalry General. Yu Huan writes: "In Wei, a Chariots and Cavalry General serving as area commander enjoyed ceremonial parity with the Four Expanding Generals. When not serving as area commander, even one bearing the staff under a Four Expanding General ranked with the Front, Rear, Left, Right, and miscellaneous-title generals. If discharged and restored to civil rank, he took his place below the Three Excellencies." Under Jin and Song, the Chariots and Cavalry and Guard generals were no longer placed under the Four Expanding Generals.
24
衞將軍，一人。 漢文帝元年，始用宋昌為衞將軍。 三號位亞三司。 漢章帝建初三年，始使車騎將軍馬防班同三司。 班同三司自此始也。 漢末奮威將軍，晉江右伏波、輔國將軍，並加大而儀同三司。 江左以來，將軍則中、鎮、撫、四鎮以上或加大，餘官則左右光祿大夫以上並得儀同三司，自此以下不得也。
Guard General: one post. In the first year of Emperor Wen's reign, Song Chang became the first Guard General. The three great generals ranked just below the Three Excellencies. In the third year of Jianchu under Emperor Zhang of Han, Chariots and Cavalry General Ma Fang was the first granted ceremonial parity with the Three Excellencies. Ceremonial parity with the Three Excellencies dates from this grant. At the end of Han came the Inspiring Awe General; under Jin west of the Yangzi the Wave-Quelling and State-Supporting generals—all received the prefix "Grand" and ceremonial parity with the Three Excellencies. Since the Jiangzuo period, generals from the Central Army, Army Garrisoning, Army Pacifying, and Four Regional Pacification ranks upward sometimes received the prefix "Grand"; other offices from Left and Right Grandees of Splendid Happiness upward could all receive ceremonial parity with the Three Excellencies, but ranks below could not.
25
持節都督，無定員。 前漢遣使，始有持節。 光武建武初，征伐四方，始權時置督軍御史，事竟罷。 建安中，魏武帝為相，始遣大將軍督軍。 二十一年，征孫權還，夏侯惇督二十六軍是也。 魏文帝黃初二年，始置都督諸州軍事，或領刺史。 三年，上軍大將軍曹真都督中外諸軍事，假黃鉞，則總統外內諸軍矣。 明帝太和四年，晉宣帝征蜀，加號大都督。 高貴公正元二年，晉文帝都督中外諸軍，尋加大都督。 晉世則都督諸軍為上，監諸軍次之，督諸軍為下。 使持節為上，持節次之，假節為下。 使持節得殺二千石以下； 持節殺無官位人，若軍事得與使持節同； 假節唯軍事得殺犯軍令者。 晉江左以來，都督中外尤重，唯王導居之。 宋氏人臣則無也。 江夏王義恭假黃鉞。 假黃鉞，則專戮節將，非人臣常器矣。
Area Commanders with Staff of Authority had no fixed quota. Former Han first introduced the staff of authority when dispatching envoys. At the opening of the Jianwu era, as Emperor Guangwu campaigned in all directions, Army-Supervising Censors were first established on a temporary basis and disbanded once the campaigns ended. During the Jian'an era, after Duke Cao of Wei became Chancellor, Grand Generals were first sent out to supervise armies. In the twenty-first year, on returning from the campaign against Sun Quan, Xiahou Dun supervised twenty-six armies; this was one such appointment. In the second year of Huangchu under Emperor Wen of Wei, provincial area commanders of military affairs were first established, some concurrently serving as Inspector. In the third year, Upper Army Grand General Cao Zhen became area commander of all military affairs inside and outside the capital; once granted the conferred Yellow Axe, he commanded all armies at home and abroad. In the fourth year of Taihe under Emperor Ming, when the Duke of Jin campaigned against Shu, he received the added title Great Area Commander. In the second year of Zhengyuan under the Deposed Emperor of Wei, the Duke of Jin took command of all armies inside and outside the capital and was soon promoted to Great Area Commander. Under Jin, Commanding All Armies ranked highest, Supervising All Armies came next, and Directing All Armies ranked lowest. Commissioner Bearing the Staff ranked highest, Bearer of the Staff came next, and Acting Bearer of the Staff ranked lowest. A Commissioner Bearing the Staff could execute officials of two-thousand-dan rank and below; a Bearer of the Staff could kill men without official rank, and in military affairs held the same authority as a Commissioner Bearer of the Staff; an Acting Bearer of the Staff could execute only those who violated military orders. Since Jin east of the Yangzi, command of all armies inside and outside the capital was especially exalted; only Wang Dao held that post. Under the Liu Song no minister held it. Prince Yigong of Jiangxia was granted the conferred Yellow Axe. The conferred Yellow Axe conferred exclusive power to execute staff-bearing generals; it was not an instrument ordinarily held by ministers.
26
征東將軍，一人。 漢獻帝初平三年，馬騰居之。 征南將軍，一人。 漢光武建武中，岑彭居之。 征西將軍，一人。 漢光武建武中，馮異居之。 征北將軍，一人。 魚豢曰：「四征，魏武帝置，秩二千石。 黃初中，位次三公。 漢舊諸征與偏裨雜號同。」
Eastern Expeditionary General: one post. In the third year of Chuping under Emperor Xian of Han, Ma Teng held the post. Southern Expeditionary General: one post. During the Jianwu era under Emperor Guangwu of Han, Cen Peng held the post. Western Expeditionary General: one post. During the Jianwu era under Emperor Guangwu of Han, Feng Yi held the post. Northern Expeditionary General: one post. Yu Huan writes: "The Four Expeditionary Generals were established by Duke Cao of Wei at two-thousand-dan salary. In the Huangchu and Taichu eras they ranked immediately below the Three Excellencies. Under Han the various expeditionary ranks ranked with adjutant and miscellaneous-title generals."
27
鎮東將軍，一人。 後漢末，魏武帝居之。 鎮南將軍，一人。 後漢末，劉表居之。 鎮西將軍，一人。 後漢初平三年，韓遂居之。 鎮北將軍，一人。
Eastern Regional Pacification General: one post. At the end of Later Han, Duke Cao of Wei held the post. Southern Regional Pacification General: one post. At the end of Later Han, Liu Biao held the post. Western Regional Pacification General: one post. In the third year of Chuping under Later Han, Han Sui held the post. Northern Regional Pacification General: one post.
28
中軍將軍，一人。 漢武帝以公孫敖為之，時為雜號。 鎮軍將軍，一人。 魏以陳羣為之。 撫軍將軍，一人。 魏以司馬宣王為之。 中、鎮、撫三號比四鎮。
Central Army General: one post. Emperor Wu of Han appointed Gongsun Ao to the post when it was still a miscellaneous title. Army Garrisoning General: one post. Under Wei Chen Qun held the post. Army Pacifying General: one post. Under Wei the Duke of Xuan held the post. The Central Army, Army Garrisoning, and Army Pacifying generals ranked equal to the Four Regional Pacification Generals.
29
安東將軍，一人。 後漢末，陶謙為之。 安南將軍，一人。 安西將軍，一人。 後漢末，段煨為之。 安北將軍，一人。 魚豢曰：「鎮北、四安，魏黃初、太和中置。」
Eastern Pacification General: one post. At the end of Later Han, Tao Qian held the post. Southern Pacification General: one post. Western Pacification General: one post. At the end of Later Han, Duan Wei held the post. Northern Pacification General: one post. Yu Huan writes: "Northern Regional Pacification General and the Four Pacification Generals were established in Wei's Huangchu and Tahe periods."
30
平東將軍，一人。 平南將軍，一人。 平西將軍，一人。 平北將軍，一人。 四平，魏世置。 左將軍。 右將軍。 前將軍。 後將軍。 左將軍以下，周末官，秦、漢並因之，光武建武七年省，魏以來復置。
Eastern Tranquilizing General: one post. Southern Tranquilizing General: one post. Western Tranquilizing General: one post. Northern Tranquilizing General: one post. The Four Tranquilizing Generals were established under Wei. Left General. Right General. Front General. Rear General. The Left General and ranks below were offices of the Zhou at dynasty's end; Qin and Han both retained them; Emperor Guangwu abolished them in the seventh year of Jianwu; since Wei they were restored.
31
征虜將軍，漢光武建武中，始以祭遵居之。 冠軍將軍，楚懷王以宋義為卿子冠軍。 冠軍之名，自此始也。 魏正始中，以文欽為冠軍將軍、揚州刺史。 輔國將軍，漢獻帝以伏完居之。 宋太宗泰始四年，改為輔師，後廢帝元徽二年復故。 龍驤將軍，晉武帝始以王濬居之。
Campaigning against Barbarians General was first held by Ji Zun during the Jianwu era under Emperor Guangwu of Han. Champion General: King Huai of Chu made Song Yi Lord Champion. The title Champion dates from this appointment. In the Zhengshi era under Wei, Wen Qin was appointed Champion General and Inspector of Yang. State-Supporting General: Emperor Xian of Han appointed Fu Wan to the post. In the fourth year of Taishi under Emperor Taizong of Song the title was changed to State Mentor; in the second year of Yuanhui under Emperor Fei it was restored. Dragon-Prancing General: Emperor Wu of Jin first appointed Wang Jun to the post.
32
東中郎將，漢靈帝以董卓居之。 南中郎將，漢獻帝建安中，以臨淄侯曹植居之。 西中郎將。 北中郎將，漢建安中，以𨻳陵侯曹彰居之。 凡四中郎將，何承天云，並後漢置。
Eastern Palace Guard General: Emperor Ling of Han appointed Dong Zhuo to the post. Southern Palace Guard General: during the Jian'an era under Emperor Xian of Han, Marquis of Linzi Cao Zhi held the post. Western Palace Guard General. Northern Palace Guard General: during the Jian'an era under Han, Marquis of Yanling Cao Zhang held the post. There were four Palace Guard Generals in all; He Chengtian states that all were established in Later Han.
33
建威將軍，漢光武建武中，以耿弇為建威大將軍。 振威將軍，後漢初，宋登為之。 奮威將軍，前漢世，任千秋為之。 揚威將軍，魏置。 廣威將軍，魏置。 建武將軍，魏置。 振武將軍，前漢末，王況為之。 奮武將軍，後漢末，呂布為之。 揚武將軍，光武建武中，以馬成為之。 廣武將軍，晉江左置。
Establishing Martial Might General: during the Jianwu era under Emperor Guangwu of Han, Geng Yan was made Establishing Martial Might Grand General. Shaking Martial Might General: at the opening of Later Han, Song Deng held the post. Inspiring Martial Might General: in Former Han times, Ren Qianqiu held the post. Raising Martial Might General: established under Wei. Expanding Martial Might General: established under Wei. Establishing Martial Prowess General: established under Wei. Shaking Martial Prowess General: at the end of Former Han, Wang Kuang held the post. Inspiring Martial Prowess General: at the end of Later Han, Lü Bu held the post. Raising Martial Prowess General: during the Jianwu era under Emperor Guangwu, Ma Cheng held the post. Expanding Martial Prowess General: established east of the Yangzi under Jin.
34
鷹揚將軍，漢建安中，魏武以曹洪居之。 折衝將軍，漢建安中，魏武以樂進居之。 輕車將軍，漢武帝以公孫賀為之。 揚烈將軍，建安中，以假公孫淵。 寧遠將軍，晉江左置。 材官將軍，漢武帝以李息為之。 伏波將軍，漢武帝征南越，始置此號，以路博德為之。
Hawk-Raising General: during the Jian'an era under Han, Duke Cao of Wei appointed Cao Hong to the post. Charging Foe General: during the Jian'an era under Han, Duke Cao of Wei appointed Yue Jin to the post. Light Chariot General: Emperor Wu of Han appointed Gongsun He to the post. Raising Fierce General: during the Jian'an era it was granted in provisional appointment to Gongsun Yuan. Pacifying the Far General: established east of the Yangzi under Jin. Materials Officer General: Emperor Wu of Han appointed Li Xi to the post. Wave-Quelling General: when Emperor Wu of Han campaigned against Southern Yue, this title was first established and Lu Bode was appointed to it.
35
凌江將軍，魏置。 自凌江以下，則有宣威、明威、驤威、厲威、威厲、威寇、威虜、威戎、威武、武烈、武毅、武奮、綏遠、綏邊、綏戎、討寇、討虜、討難、討夷、蕩寇、蕩虜、蕩難、蕩逆、殄寇、殄虜、殄難、掃夷、掃寇、掃虜、掃難、掃逆、厲武、厲鋒、虎威、虎牙、廣野、橫野、偏將軍、裨將軍，凡四十號。 其威虜，漢光武以馮俊居之。 虎牙，以蓋延居之，為虎牙大將軍。 橫野，以耿純居之。 蕩寇，漢建安中，滿寵居之。 虎威，于禁居之。 其餘或是後漢及魏所置，今則或置或不。 自左右前後將軍以下至此四十號，唯四中郎將各一人，餘皆無定員。 自車騎以下為刺史又都督及儀同三司者，置官如領兵，但云都督不儀同三司者，不置從事中郎，置功曹一人，主吏，在主簿上，漢末官也。 漢東京司隸有功曹從事史，如諸州治中，因其名也。 功曹參軍一人，主佐□□記室下，戶曹上。 監以下不置諮議、記室，餘則同矣。 宋太宗已來，皇子、皇弟雖非都督，亦置記室參軍。 小號將軍為大郡邊守置佐吏者，又置長史，餘則同也。
River-Crossing General: established under Wei. Below River-Crossing General came Proclaiming Awe, Clear Awe, Prancing Awe, Stern Awe, Awe Stern, Awe over Bandits, Awe over Barbarians, Awe over Barbarian Foes, Martial Awe, Martial Fierce, Martial Resolute, Martial Inspiring, Pacifying the Far, Pacifying the Border, Pacifying Barbarians, Subduing Bandits, Subduing Barbarians, Subduing Rebels, Subduing Yí, Sweeping Bandits, Sweeping Barbarians, Sweeping Rebels, Sweeping Traitors, Annihilating Bandits, Annihilating Barbarians, Annihilating Rebels, Sweeping Yí, Sweeping Bandits, Sweeping Barbarians, Sweeping Rebels, Sweeping Traitors, Stern Martial, Stern Edge, Tiger Awe, Tiger Fang, Broad Wilds, Traversing Wilds, Lieutenant General, and Adjutant General—forty titles in all. Of these, Awe over Barbarians was held by Feng Jun under Emperor Guangwu of Han. Tiger Fang was held by Gai Yan as Tiger Fang Grand General. Traversing Wilds was held by Geng Chun. Sweeping Bandits was held by Man Chong during the Jian'an era under Han. Tiger Awe was held by Yu Jin. The rest were perhaps established in Later Han and Wei; under the present dynasty some are appointed and some are not. From the Left, Right, Front, and Rear Generals down through these forty titles, only the four Palace Guard Generals had one post each; all the rest had no fixed quota. From Chariots and Cavalry downward, those who served concurrently as Inspector and area commander and held ceremonial parity with the Three Excellencies staffed their offices as commanders of troops did; where one served only as area commander without ceremonial parity with the Three Excellencies, no Attendant Gentleman was appointed, but a single Merit Officer was appointed to head the clerks, ranking above the Chief Recorder—a late Han office. Eastern Han's Metropolitan Intendant had a Merit Officer Attendant Clerk, comparable to a provincial Chief Controller; the title derives from that office. There was one Merit Officer Military Advisor, who assisted the chief clerks and ranked below the Record Chamber Staff Officer but above the Household Bureau Staff Officer. Below the rank of Supervising All Armies, no Advisory or Record Chamber Staff Officers were appointed; otherwise the staffing was the same. Since Emperor Taizong of Song, imperial princes and younger imperial brothers were also given Record Chamber Staff Officers even when they did not serve as area commanders. Minor-title generals who served as frontier administrators of major commanderies and were granted a staff also received Chief Clerks; in other respects the arrangement was the same.
36
太常
Grand Minister of Ceremonies
37
太常，一人。 舜攝帝位，命伯夷作秩宗，掌三禮，即其任也。 周時曰宗伯，是為春官，掌邦禮。 秦改曰奉常，漢因之。 景帝中六年，更名曰太常。 應劭曰：「欲令國家盛大常存，故稱太常。」 前漢常以列侯忠孝敬慎者居之，後漢不必列侯也。
Grand Minister of Ceremonies: one post. When Shun served as regent he appointed Boyi Minister of Rank to oversee the three rites; that was the origin of this office. Under Zhou it was called Minister of Ancestral Ritual, the Spring Minister charged with the rites of the realm. Qin renamed the office Director of Ceremonial Observance, and Han retained the title. In the sixth year of the middle reign of Emperor Jing the office was renamed Grand Minister of Ceremonies. Ying Shao writes: "They wished the state to flourish grandly and endure forever, hence the title Grand Minister of Ceremonies." In Former Han the post was usually held by marquises noted for loyalty, respect, and prudence; in Later Han a marquis title was no longer required.
38
博士，班固云，秦官。 史臣案，六國時往往有博士，掌通古今。 漢武建元五年，初置五經博士。 宣、成之世，五經家法稍增，經置博士一人。 至東京凡十四人。 易，施、孟、梁丘、京氏； 尚書，歐陽、大小夏侯； 詩，齊、魯、韓； 禮，大小戴； 春秋，嚴、顏：各一博士。 而聰明有威重者一人為祭酒。 魏及晉西朝置十九人，江左初減為九人，皆不知掌何經。 元帝末，增儀禮、春秋公羊博士各一人，合為十一人。 後又增為十六人，不復分掌五經，而謂之太學博士也。 秩六百石。
Erudite: Ban Gu states that this was a Qin office. The recorder notes that erudites were already common in the Warring States period, charged with mastery of past and present learning. In the fifth year of Jianyuan under Emperor Wu of Han the first erudites of the Five Classics were appointed. Under Emperors Xuan and Cheng the schools of the Five Classics gradually multiplied until each classic had its own erudite. By the Later Han capital there were fourteen in all. Changes: the Shi, Meng, Liangqiu, and Jing schools; Documents: the Ouyang and Greater and Lesser Xiahou schools; Odes: the Qi, Lu, and Han schools; Rites: the Greater and Lesser Dai schools; Spring and Autumn: the Yan and Yan schools, one erudite for each. One erudite who was intelligent and commanding in bearing served as Libationer. Under Wei and the Western Jin court there were nineteen posts; when the court first moved south the number fell to nine, and none were assigned to a specific classic. At the end of Emperor Yuan's reign one erudite each for Ceremonial Rites and the Gongyang Commentary on Spring and Autumn was added, bringing the total to eleven. Later the corps was expanded again to sixteen and no longer divided by classic; these officers were called Imperial Academy Erudites. Their rank was six hundred shi.
39
國子祭酒一人，國子博士二人，國子助教十人。 周易、尚書、毛詩、禮記、周官、儀禮、春秋左氏傳、公羊、穀梁各為一經，論語、孝經為一經，合十經。 助教分掌。 國子，周舊名，周有師氏之職，即今國子祭酒也。 晉初復置國子學，以教生徒，而隸屬太學焉。 晉初助教十五人，江左以來，損其員。 自宋世若不置學，則助教唯置一人，而祭酒、博士常置也。
There were one Libationer of the Imperial Academy, two Imperial Academy Erudites, and ten Imperial Academy Assistants. Zhou Changes, Documents, Mao Odes, Record of Rites, Rites of Zhou, Ceremonial Rites, Zuo Commentary on Spring and Autumn, Gongyang, and Guliang each formed one classic, while Analects and Classic of Filial Piety together formed another, making ten classics in all. The assistants divided the classics among themselves. Imperial Academy is an old Zhou name; the Zhou office of Master corresponds to today's Libationer of the Imperial Academy. At the founding of Jin the Imperial Academy school was restored to instruct students and was placed under the Imperial Academy. At the founding of Jin there were fifteen assistants; since the court moved south their number was reduced. From Song times, when the school itself was not established only one assistant was appointed, but the Libationer and erudites were always retained.
40
太廟令，一人。 丞一人。 並前漢置。 西京曰長，東京曰令。 領齋郎二十四人。
Director of the Imperial Ancestral Temple: one post. One assistant director. Both posts dated from Former Han. In the Western Capital the title was Chief; in the Eastern Capital it was Director. The office oversaw twenty-four Purification Gentlemen.
41
明堂令，一人。 丞一人。 丞，漢東京初置，令，宋世祖大明中置。
Director of the Bright Hall: one post. One assistant director. The assistant director was first established under Later Han; the director was added in the Daming era under Emperor Shizu of Song.
42
太祝令，一人。 丞一人。 掌祭祀讀祝迎送神。 太祝，周舊官也。 漢西京置太祝令、丞，武帝太初元年，更名曰廟祀。 漢東京改曰太祝。
Director of the Grand Invocator: one post. One assistant director. The office oversaw sacrifices, the reading of invocations, and the receiving and sending off of the spirits. Grand Invocator was an ancient Zhou office. Former Han's Western Capital established the Director and Assistant Director of the Grand Invocator; in the first year of Taichu under Emperor Wu the office was renamed Temple Sacrifice. Later Han's Eastern Capital restored the title Grand Invocator.
43
太史令，一人。 丞一人。 掌三辰時日祥瑞妖災，歲終則奏新曆。 太史，三代舊官，周世掌建邦之六典，正歲年，以序事頒朔于邦國。 又有馮相氏，掌天文次序； 保章氏，掌天文。 今之太史，則并周之太史、馮相、保章三職也。 漢西京曰太史令。 漢東京有二丞，其一在靈臺。
Director of the Grand Astrologer: one post. One assistant director. The office oversaw the three luminaries, days and seasons, auspicious omens, and calamities and portents, and at year's end presented the new calendar. Grand Astrologer was an ancient office of the Three Dynasties; under Zhou he kept the six canons for governing the state, rectified the year, ordered affairs, and distributed the calendar throughout the realm. There was also the Director of Celestial Patterns, who oversaw the order of the heavens; and the Director of Celestial Archivists, who oversaw astronomy. Today's Grand Astrologer combined the three Zhou offices of Grand Astrologer, Director of Celestial Patterns, and Director of Celestial Archivists. Former Han's Western Capital called the office Director of the Grand Astrologer. Later Han's Eastern Capital had two assistant directors, one stationed at the Spirit Terrace.
44
太樂令，一人。 丞一人。 掌凡諸樂事。 周時為大司樂。 漢西京曰太樂令。 漢東京曰大予樂令。 魏復為太樂令。
Director of Grand Music: one post. One assistant director. The office oversaw all musical affairs. Under Zhou it was Grand Minister of Music. Former Han's Western Capital called the office Director of Grand Music. Later Han's Eastern Capital called it Director of Grand Nurture Music. Under Wei the title reverted to Director of Grand Music.
45
陵令，每陵各一人。 漢舊官也。
Tomb Director: one for each imperial tomb. This was an old Han office.
46
乘黃令，一人。 掌乘輿車及安車諸馬。 魏世置。 自博士至乘黃令，並屬太常。
Director of the Yellow Harness: one post. The office oversaw the imperial carriage and the horses of the comfort carriages. The office was established under Wei. From the Erudites down to the Director of the Yellow Harness, all were subordinate to the Grand Minister of Ceremonies.
47
====光祿勳，一人。 丞一人。 光，明也。 祿，爵也。 勳，功也。 秦曰郎中令，漢因之。 漢武太初元年，更名光祿勳。 掌三署郎，郎執戟衞宮殿門戶。 光祿勳居禁中如御史，有獄在殿門外，謂之光祿外部。 光祿勳郊祀掌三獻。 魏、晉以來，光祿勳不復居禁中，又無復三署郎，唯外宮朝會，則以名到焉。 二臺奏劾，則符光祿加禁止，解禁止亦如之。 禁止，身不得入殿省，光祿主殿門故也。 宮殿門戶，至今猶屬。 晉哀帝興寧二年，省光祿勳，并司徒。 孝武寧康元年，復置。 漢東京三署郎有行應四科者，歲舉茂才二人，四行二人，及三署郎罷省，光祿勳猶依舊舉四行，衣冠子弟充之。 三署者，五官署、左署、右署也，各置中郎將以司之。 郡舉孝廉以補三署郎，年五十以上，屬五官，其次分在左右署。 凡有中郎、議郎、侍郎、郎中四等，無員，多至萬人。
Director of Attendants: one post. One assistant director. Guang means brightness. Lu means stipend. Xun means merit. Qin called the office Director of Palace Gentlemen, and Han retained the title. In the first year of Taichu under Emperor Wu of Han the office was renamed Director of Attendants. The office oversaw the gentlemen of the Three Bureaus, who bore halberds and guarded the palace gates. The Director of Attendants dwelt within the Forbidden precinct like the Censor and maintained a prison outside the palace gate called the Outer Office of the Director of Attendants. At suburban sacrifices the Director of Attendants performed the three libations. Since Wei and Jin the Director of Attendants no longer dwelt within the Forbidden precinct, and the Three Bureaus of gentlemen were abolished; he attended outer-palace assemblies in name only. When the Two Bureaus submitted impeachments, a warrant was sent to the Director of Attendants to impose barred entry; lifting the bar followed the same procedure. Barred entry meant the person could not enter the palace offices, because the Director of Attendants controlled the palace gates. Control of the palace gates still belonged to the office even in the present day. In the second year of Xingning under Emperor Ai of Jin the Director of Attendants was abolished and merged with the Minister over the Masses. In the first year of Ningkang under Emperor Xiaowu the office was restored. In Later Han's Eastern Capital, gentlemen of the Three Bureaus whose conduct qualified for the Four Categories each year recommended two Outstanding Talents and two men of the Four Virtues; after the Three Bureaus were abolished the Director of Attendants still followed the old practice of recommending men of the Four Virtues, drawn from well-born sons of officials. The Three Bureaus were the Five Officials Bureau, the Left Bureau, and the Right Bureau, each supervised by a Palace Guard General. Commanderies recommended Filial and Incorrupt men to fill posts in the Three Bureaus; those fifty or older were assigned to the Five Officials Bureau, and the rest were divided between the Left and Right Bureaus. There were four ranks in all—Palace Gentleman, Discussion Gentleman, Attendant Gentleman, and Court Gentleman—with no fixed quota and numbers reaching as high as ten thousand.
48
左光祿大夫，右光祿大夫。 二大夫，晉初置。 光祿大夫，秦時為中大夫，漢武太初元年，更名光祿大夫。 晉初又置左右光祿大夫，而光祿大夫如故。 光祿大夫銀章青綬，其重者加金章紫綬，則謂之金紫光祿大夫。 舊秩比二千石。
Left Director of Attendants Grand Master and Right Director of Attendants Grand Master. The two grand master posts were established at the founding of Jin. Director of Attendants Grand Master: under Qin it was Palace Grand Master; in the first year of Taichu under Emperor Wu of Han it was renamed Director of Attendants Grand Master. At the founding of Jin the Left and Right Director of Attendants Grandees were added, while the Director of Attendants Grand Master itself remained unchanged. The Director of Attendants Grand Master bore a silver seal and blue ribbon; when honored with a gold seal and purple ribbon he was styled Grand Master Director of Attendants with the Golden Seal and Purple Ribbon. The old rank carried a stipend equivalent to two thousand shi.
49
中散大夫，王莽所置，後漢因之，前漢大夫皆無員，掌論議。 後漢光祿大夫三人，中大夫二十人，中散大夫三十人。 魏以來復無員。 自左光祿大夫以下，養老疾，無職事。 中散，六百石。
Palace Attendant Grand Master was established by Wang Mang and retained by Later Han; in Former Han all grand master posts had no fixed quota and handled policy deliberation. Later Han had three Directors of Attendants Grand Master, twenty Palace Grandees, and thirty Palace Attendant Grandees. Since Wei there was again no fixed quota. From the Left Director of Attendants Grand Master downward, these posts supported the aged and infirm and carried no official duties. The Palace Attendant rank carried a stipend of six hundred shi.
50
衞尉，一人。 丞二人。 掌宮門屯兵，秦官也。 漢景初，改為中大夫令。 後元年，復為衞尉。 晉江右掌冶鑄，領冶令三十九，戶五千三百五十，冶皆在江北，而江南唯有梅根及冶塘二冶，皆屬揚州，不屬衞尉。 衞尉，江左不置，宋世祖孝建元年復置。 舊一丞，世祖增置一丞。
Director of the Guard: one post. Two assistant directors. The office oversaw garrison troops at the palace gates; it was a Qin institution. At the beginning of Emperor Jing's reign the title was changed to Director of Palace Grandees. In the Houyuan reign year it reverted to Director of the Guard. Under Jin on the right bank of the Yangtze the office oversaw smelting and casting, directing thirty-nine smeltery chiefs and 5,350 households; all smelteries lay north of the river, while south of the river only Meigang and Yetang remained, both under Yang Province rather than the Director of the Guard. The Director of the Guard was not retained east of the Yangtze; it was restored in the first year of Xiaojian under Emperor Shizu of Song. There had formerly been one assistant director; Emperor Shizu added a second.
51
廷尉，一人。 丞一人。 掌刑辟。 凡獄必質之朝廷，與眾共之之義。 兵獄同制，故曰廷尉。 舜攝帝位，咎繇作士，即其任也。 周時大司寇為秋官，掌邦刑。 秦為廷尉。 漢景帝中六年，更名大理。 武帝建元四年，復為廷尉。 哀帝元壽二年，復為大理。 漢東京初，復為廷尉。
Commandant of Justice: one post. One assistant director. The office oversaw punishments and penal law. All imprisonment cases had to be submitted to the court for verification—the principle of sharing judgment with the multitude. Military and judicial matters shared the same procedures, hence the title Commandant of Justice. When Shun served as regent he appointed Gao Yao Minister of Justice; that was the origin of this office. Under Zhou the Grand Minister of Justice was the Autumn Minister charged with the penal law of the realm. Qin renamed the office Commandant of Justice. In the sixth year of the middle reign of Emperor Jing the office was renamed Grand Minister of Justice. In the fourth year of Jianyuan under Emperor Wu the title reverted to Commandant of Justice. In the second year of Yuanshou under Emperor Ai the office was again renamed Grand Minister of Justice. At the beginning of Later Han's Eastern Capital the title reverted to Commandant of Justice.
52
廷尉正，一人。 廷尉監，一人。 正、監並秦官。 本有左右監，漢光武省右，猶云左監； 魏、晉以來，直云監。 廷尉評，一人。 漢宣帝地節三年，初置左右評。 漢光武省右，猶云左評。 魏、晉以來，直云評。 正、監、評並以下官禮敬廷尉卿。 正、監秩千石，評六百石。 廷尉律博士，一人。 魏武初建魏國置。
Commandant of Justice Rectifier: one post. Commandant of Justice Supervisor: one post. The Rectifier and Supervisor were both Qin institutions. There had originally been Left and Right Supervisors; Emperor Guangwu of Han abolished the Right post but still referred to the Left Supervisor; Since Wei and Jin the office was simply called Supervisor. Commandant of Justice Assessor: one post. In the third year of Dijie under Emperor Xuan of Han the Left and Right Assessors were first established. Emperor Guangwu of Han abolished the Right Assessor but still referred to the Left Assessor. Since Wei and Jin the office was simply called Assessor. The Rectifier, Supervisor, and Assessor, as subordinate officials, paid ritual respect to the Commandant of Justice. The Rectifier and Supervisor carried ranks of one thousand shi, the Assessor six hundred shi. Commandant of Justice Legal Erudite: one post. The post was established when Cao Cao first founded the state of Wei.
53
大司農，一人。 丞一人。 掌九穀六畜之供膳羞者。 舜攝帝位，命棄為后稷，即其任也。 周則為太府，秦治粟內史，漢景帝後元年，更名大農令，武帝太初元年，更名曰大司農。 晉哀帝末，省并都水，孝武世復置。 漢世丞二人，魏以來一人。
Grand Minister of Revenue: one post. One assistant director. The office oversaw supplies of the nine grains and six domestic animals for imperial meals. When Shun served as regent he appointed Qi Minister of Agriculture; that was the origin of this office. Under Zhou it was the Grand Treasury; Qin called it Director of Grain Revenue; in the Houyuan year of Emperor Jing of Han it became Director of Grand Agriculture; in the first year of Taichu under Emperor Wu it was renamed Grand Minister of Revenue. At the end of Emperor Ai of Jin's reign the office was abolished and merged with the Director of Waterways; it was restored under Emperor Xiaowu. Han had two assistant directors; since Wei there has been only one.
54
太倉令，一人。 丞一人。 秦官也。 晉江左以來，又有東倉、石頭倉丞各一人。
Director of the Grand Granary: one post. One assistant director. This was a Qin institution. Since Jin east of the Yangtze there have also been an assistant director each for the Eastern Granary and the Shitou Granary.
55
䆃官令，一人。 丞一人。 掌舂御米。 漢東京置。 䆃，擇也。 擇米令精也。 司馬相如封禪書云，䆃一莖六穗於庖。
Director of the Winnowing Office: one post. One assistant director. The office oversaw pounding rice for the imperial table. The office was established in Later Han's Eastern Capital. Chao means to select. It means selecting rice to refine it. Sima Xiangru's Account of the Feng and Shan Sacrifices says, "He winnowed a stalk bearing six ears in the kitchen."
56
籍田令，一人。 丞一人。 掌耕宗廟社稷之田，於周為甸師。 漢文帝初立籍田，置令、丞各一人。 漢東京及魏並不置。 晉武泰始十年復置。 江左省。 宋太祖元嘉中又置。 自太倉至籍田令，並屬司農。
Director of the Ceremonial Field: one post. One assistant director. The office oversaw cultivation of the fields for the ancestral temple and the altars of soil and grain; under Zhou it was the Field Master. At the beginning of Emperor Wen of Han the ceremonial field was established, with one director and one assistant director appointed. Neither Later Han's Eastern Capital nor Wei maintained the office. It was restored in the tenth year of Taishi under Emperor Wu of Jin. East of the Yangtze the office was abolished. Under Emperor Taizu of Song it was restored again during the Yuanjia era. From the Director of the Grand Granary down to the Director of the Ceremonial Field, all were subordinate to the Minister of Revenue.
57
少府，一人。 丞一人。 掌中服御之物。 秦官也，漢因之。 掌禁錢以給私養，故曰少府。 晉哀帝末，省并丹陽尹。 孝武世復置。
Minister of the Palace Treasury: one post. One assistant director. The office oversaw items for the imperial wardrobe and personal use. This was a Qin institution, retained by Han. The office controlled restricted treasury funds for the ruler's private expenses, hence the title Minister of the Palace Treasury. At the end of Emperor Ai of Jin's reign the office was abolished and merged with the Governor of Danyang. It was restored under Emperor Xiaowu.
58
左尚方令、丞各一人。 右尚方令、丞各一人。 並掌造軍器。 秦官也，漢因之。 於周則為玉府。 晉江右有中尚方、左尚方、右尚方，江左以來，唯一尚方。 宋高祖踐阼，以相府作部配臺，謂之左尚方，而本署謂之右尚方焉。 又以相府細作配臺，即其名置令一人，丞二人，隸門下。 世祖大明中，改曰御府，置令一人，丞一人。 御府，二漢世典官婢作褻衣服補浣之事，魏、晉猶置其職，江左乃省焉。 後廢帝初，省御府，置中署，隸右尚方。 漢東京太僕屬官有考工令，主兵器弓弩刀鎧之屬，成則傳執金吾入武庫，及主織綬諸雜工。 尚方令唯主作御刀綬劍諸玩好器物而已。 然則考工令如今尚方，尚方令如今中署矣。
Left Imperial Workshop: one director and one assistant director. Right Imperial Workshop: one director and one assistant director. Both oversaw the manufacture of military weapons. This was a Qin institution, retained by Han. Under Zhou it was the Jade Treasury. Under Jin on the right bank there were Central, Left, and Right Imperial Workshops; east of the Yangtze only a single Imperial Workshop has been kept. When Emperor Gaozu of Song took the throne, the workshop department of the chancellor's office was attached to the central administration as the Left Imperial Workshop, while the original office became the Right Imperial Workshop. The chancellor's fine-crafts department was also attached to the central administration; a director and two assistant directors were appointed under that name, subordinate to the Palace Secretariat. During the Daming era under Emperor Shizu it was renamed Imperial Wardrobe, with one director and one assistant director appointed. The Imperial Wardrobe: in the two Han dynasties it managed palace maid-servants who made undergarments and handled mending and washing; Wei and Jin retained the office, but east of the Yangtze it was abolished. At the beginning of the Deposed Emperor's reign the Imperial Wardrobe was abolished and a Central Atelier was established under the Right Imperial Workshop. In Later Han's Eastern Capital the Grand Coachman's staff included a Director of Works Examination who oversaw weapons, crossbows, blades, armor, and the like; finished items were transferred through the Bearer of the Gilded Mace into the armory, and the office also managed weaving of ribbons and various crafts. The Imperial Workshop Director oversaw only the making of imperial swords, ribbon seals, blades, and various ornamental objects. Thus the Director of Works Examination corresponds to today's Imperial Workshop, and the Imperial Workshop Director to today's Central Atelier.
59
東冶令，一人。 丞一人。 南冶令，一人。 丞一人。 漢有鐵官，晉置令，掌工徒鼓鑄，隸衞尉。 江左以來，省衞尉，度隸少府。 宋世雖置衞尉，冶隸少府如故。 江南諸郡縣有鐵者或置冶令，或置丞，多是吳所置。
Director of the Eastern Smeltery: one post. One assistant director. Director of the Southern Smeltery: one post. One assistant director. Han maintained an Iron Office; Jin appointed directors to oversee craftsmen and laborers in smelting and casting, subordinate to the Director of the Guard. After the Director of the Guard was abolished east of the Yangtze, smelteries were transferred to the Minister of the Palace Treasury. Although Song restored the Director of the Guard, smelteries remained under the Minister of the Palace Treasury as before. In commanderies and counties south of the Yangtze where iron was found, some established smeltery directors or assistant directors, mostly set up by Wu.
60
平准令，一人。 丞一人。 掌染。 秦官也，漢因之。 漢隸司農，不知何世隸少府。 宋順帝即位，避帝諱，改曰染署。
Director of Equalization: one post. One assistant director. The office oversaw dyeing. This was a Qin institution, retained by Han. Under Han it was subordinate to the Minister of Revenue; at some unknown date it was transferred to the Minister of the Palace Treasury. When Emperor Shun of Song took the throne the office was renamed Dyeing Atelier to avoid the imperial taboo.
61
將作大匠，一人。 丞一人。 掌土木之役。 秦世置將作少府，漢因之。 景帝中六年，更名將作大匠。 光武建武中元二年省，以謁者領之。 章帝建初元年復置。 晉氏以來，有事則置，無則省。
Master of Works: one post. One assistant director. The office oversaw construction in earth and wood. Qin established the Minister of Palace Construction Works, and Han retained the institution. In the sixth year of the Zhong reign era under Emperor Jing, the office was renamed Master of Works. In the second year of Jianwu Zhongyuan under Emperor Guangwu the office was abolished, and an Usher took charge of its duties. In the first year of Jianchu under Emperor Zhang the office was restored. Since Jin, the office was instituted when needed and abolished when not.
62
大鴻臚，掌贊導拜授諸王。 秦世為典客，漢景帝中六年，更名大行令，武帝太初元年，更名大鴻臚。 鴻，大也。 臚，陳也。 晉江左初省。 有事則權置，事畢即省。
The Grand Herald oversaw ceremonies of acclaim and the investiture of imperial princes. Under Qin the office was Director of Guests; in the sixth year of the Zhong reign era under Emperor Jing of Han it became Grand Master of the Exchanges; in the first year of Taichu under Emperor Wu it was renamed Grand Herald. Hong means "great." Lu means "to set forth" or "to proclaim." Early in Jin east of the Yangtze the office was abolished. When need arose it was temporarily instituted and abolished once the business was done.
63
太僕，掌輿馬。 周穆王所置，秦因之。 周官則校人掌馬，巾車掌車，及置太僕，兼其任也。 晉江左或置或省，宋以來不置。 郊祀則權置太僕執轡，事畢即省。
The Minister of Transport oversaw chariots and horses. King Mu of Zhou established the office, and Qin retained it. Under the Rites of Zhou the Stable Master handled horses and the Chariot Master handled chariots; establishing the Minister of Transport combined both roles. Under Jin east of the Yangtze the office was sometimes kept and sometimes dropped; since Song it has not been maintained. For suburban sacrifices a Minister of Transport was temporarily appointed to hold the reins and abolished when the rites were done.
64
太后三卿，各一人。 應氏漢官曰：「衞尉、少府，秦官； 太僕，漢成帝置，皆隨太后宮為號，在正卿上，無太后乃闕。」 魏改漢制，在九卿下。 晉復舊，在同號卿上。
The Three Ministers of the Empress Dowager: one post each. Master Ying's Han Offices says: "The Director of the Guard and the Minister of the Palace Treasury were Qin offices; the Minister of Transport was established by Emperor Cheng of Han; all three took their titles from the Empress Dowager's palace, ranked above the regular ministers, and were left unfilled when there was no empress dowager. Wei changed the Han system and placed them below the Nine Ministers. Jin restored the old arrangement, ranking them above ministers bearing the same title.
65
大長秋，皇后卿也。 有后則置，無則省。 秦時為將行，漢景帝中六年，更名大長秋。 韋曜曰：「長秋者，以皇后陰官，秋者陰之始，取其終而長，欲其久也。」 自太常至長秋，皆置功曹、主簿、五官。 漢東京諸郡有五官掾，因其名也。 漢制卿尹秩皆中二千石，丞一千石。
The Grand Steward of Long Autumn was the empress's ministerial office. The office was kept when there was an empress and dropped when there was not. Under Qin it was Director of Procession; in the sixth year of the Zhong reign era under Emperor Jing of Han it became Grand Steward of Long Autumn. Wei Yao says: "Long Autumn—because the empress belongs to the yin principle; autumn is where yin begins; the title takes autumn's end and makes it long, wishing her tenure to endure. From the Grand Minister of Ceremonies through Long Autumn, each office had Merit Officers, Chief Clerks, and Five Officials. Later Han's Eastern Capital had Five-Official Attendants in the commanderies, from which the title derives. Under Han all ministers and their chiefs ranked at middle two thousand bushels and their assistants at one thousand bushels.
66
尚書，古官也。 舜攝帝位，命龍作納言，即其任也。 周官司會，鄭玄云，若今尚書矣。 秦世少府遣吏四人在殿中主發書，故謂之尚書。 尚猶主也。 漢初有尚冠、尚衣、尚食、尚浴、尚席、尚書，謂之六尚。 戰國時已有尚冠、尚衣之屬矣。 秦時有尚書令、尚書僕射、尚書丞。 至漢初並隸少府，漢東京猶文屬焉。 古者重武官，以善射者掌事，故曰僕射。 僕射者，僕役於射事也。 秦世有左右曹諸吏，官無職事，將軍大夫以下皆得加此官。 漢武帝世，使左右曹諸吏分平尚書奏事。 昭帝即位，霍光領尚書事； 成帝初，王鳳錄尚書事。 漢東京每帝即位，輒置太傅，錄尚書事，薨輒省。 晉康帝世，何充讓錄表曰：「咸康中，分置三錄，王導錄其一，荀崧、陸曄各錄六條事。」 然則似有二十四條，若止有十二條，則荀、陸各錄六條，導又何所司乎？ 若導總錄，荀、陸分掌，則不得復云導錄其一也。 其後每置二錄，輒云各掌六條事，又是止有十二條也。 十二條者，不知悉何條。 晉江右有四錄，則四人參錄也。 江右張華、江左庾亮並經關尚書七條，則亦不知皆何事也。 後何充解錄，又參關尚書。 錄尚書職無不總，王肅注尚書「納于大麓」曰：「堯納舜於尊顯之官，使大錄萬機之政也。」 凡重號將軍刺史，皆得命曹授用，唯不得施除及加節。 宋世祖孝建中，不欲威權外假，省錄。 大明末復置。 此後或置或省。 漢獻帝建安四年，以執金吾榮郃為尚書左僕射，衞臻為右僕射。 二僕射分置，自此始也。 漢成帝建始四年，初置尚書，員四人，增丞亦為四人。 曹尚書其一曰常侍曹，主公卿事； 其二曰二千石曹，主郡國二千石事； 其三曰民曹，主吏民上書事； 其四曰客曹，主外國夷狄事。 光武分二千石曹為二，又分客曹為南主客曹、北主客曹，改常侍曹為吏曹，凡六尚書。 減二丞，唯置左右二丞而已。 應劭漢官云：「尚書令、左丞，總領綱紀，無所不統。 僕射、右丞，掌稟假錢穀。 三公尚書二人，掌天下歲盡集課； 吏曹掌選舉、齋祠； 二千石曹掌水、火、盜賊、詞訟、罪法； 客曹掌羌、胡朝會，法駕出，護駕； 民曹掌繕治、功作、鹽池、苑囿。 吏曹任要，多得超遷。」 則漢末曹名及職司又與光武時異也。 魏世有吏部、左民、客曹、五兵、度支五曹尚書。 晉初有吏部、三公、客曹、駕部、屯田、度支六曹尚書。 武帝咸寧二年，省駕部尚書，四年又置。 太康中，有吏部、殿中、五兵、田曹、度支、左民六尚書。 惠帝世，又有右民尚書。 尚書止於六曹，不知此時省何曹也。 江左則有祠部、吏部、左民、度支、五兵，合為五曹尚書。 宋高祖初，又增都官尚書。 若有右僕射，則不置祠部尚書。 世祖大明二年，置二吏部尚書，而省五兵尚書，後還置一吏部尚書。 順帝昇明元年，又置五兵尚書。
The Secretariat was an ancient office. When Shun served as regent he appointed Dragon Receiver of Words, which was the origin of this office. The Rites of Zhou's Director of Accounts was, as Zheng Xuan says, comparable to today's Secretariat. Under Qin the Minister of the Palace Treasury posted four clerks in the hall to dispatch documents, hence the name Secretariat. Shang means "to preside over." Early Han had Directors of Caps, Garments, Food, Baths, and Mats plus the Secretariat, called the Six Directors. During the Warring States period Directors of Caps, Garments, and the like already existed. Under Qin there were a Director of the Secretariat, a Vice Director of the Secretariat, and an assistant director. Down to early Han all were subordinate to the Minister of the Palace Treasury; in Later Han's Eastern Capital they remained nominally under that ministry on paper. In antiquity military offices were prized; skilled archers handled affairs, hence the title Vice Director. Vice Director means one who served in archery affairs. Under Qin there were clerks of the Left and Right Bureaus, offices without fixed duties; anyone from general or grand master rank downward could be given the title. Under Emperor Wu of Han, clerks of the Left and Right Bureaus were assigned to divide and adjudicate Secretariat memorials. When Emperor Zhao ascended the throne, Huo Guang oversaw Secretariat affairs; at the beginning of Emperor Cheng's reign, Wang Feng served as Recording Director of the Secretariat. In Later Han's Eastern Capital each new emperor appointed a Grand Tutor as Recording Director of the Secretariat, and the post was abolished when he died. In the reign of Emperor Kang of Jin, He Chong's memorial declining the Recording Directorship said: "In the Xiankang era three Recording Directors were established; Wang Dao recorded one portion, and Xun Song and Lu Ye each recorded six items. That would suggest twenty-four items in all; yet if there were only twelve, and Xun and Lu each recorded six, what would Dao have overseen? If Dao recorded in chief while Xun and Lu divided the duties, one could no longer say that Dao recorded one portion. Afterward, whenever two Recording Directors were appointed, it was always said that each managed six items—again implying only twelve items in all. As for those twelve items, one no longer knows exactly what they were. Under Jin on the right bank there were four Recording Directors, so four men jointly held the recording role. Zhang Hua west of the Yangtze and Yu Liang east of it both once supervised seven Secretariat items, and those too are now unknown. Later, after He Chong resigned the Recording Directorship, he again shared oversight of the Secretariat. The Recording Director's duties embraced everything; Wang Su's commentary on the Book of Documents passage "received him on Mount Lu" says: "Yao received Shun in an exalted office and made him broadly record the myriad affairs of state. All generals of weighty rank and inspectors could have their staff appointed and employed through the bureaus, but could not grant appointments and dismissals or confer seals of authority. During the Xiaojian era under Emperor Shizu of Song the court, unwilling to delegate supreme authority outward, abolished the Recording Directorship. Near the end of the Daming era it was restored. Thereafter the office was sometimes kept and sometimes dropped. In the fourth year of Jian'an under Emperor Xian of Han, Commandant of the Capital Rong He became Left Vice Director of the Secretariat and Wei Zhen Right Vice Director. The separate appointment of two Vice Directors began at this point. In the fourth year of Jianshi under Emperor Cheng of Han four Secretariat ministers were first established, with assistant directors also increased to four. Of the Secretariat bureaus, the first was the Attendant Service Bureau, which handled affairs of grandees and ministers; the second was the Two-Thousand-Bushel Bureau, which handled commandery and state officials of two thousand bushels; the third was the People Bureau, which handled memorials from officials and commoners; the fourth was the Guest Bureau, which handled foreign states and frontier peoples. Emperor Guangwu split the Two-Thousand-Bushel Bureau in two, divided the Guest Bureau into Southern and Northern Guest Bureaus, and renamed Attendant Service the Personnel Bureau, for six Secretariat ministers in all. Two assistant director posts were cut, leaving only left and right assistant directors. Ying Shao's Han Offices says: "The Director of the Secretariat and the Left Assistant Director commanded the regulations overall and oversaw all affairs. The Vice Director and Right Assistant Director handled grants and loans of money and grain. Two Three-Dukes Secretaries handled annual nationwide performance assessments; the Personnel Bureau handled selection and appointment and fasting sacrifices; the Two-Thousand-Bushel Bureau handled flood, fire, theft, litigation, and criminal law; the Guest Bureau handled Qiang and Hu audiences, imperial processions, and escort of the imperial carriage; the People Bureau handled repairs, public works, salt ponds, and imperial parks. The Personnel Bureau held crucial duties, and many of its incumbents received exceptional promotion. Thus the bureau names and duties at the end of Han again differed from Emperor Guangwu's time. Under Wei there were five Bureau Secretaries: Personnel, Left People, Guest Affairs, Five Armies, and Revenue Disbursement. Early Jin had six Bureau Secretaries: Personnel, Three Dukes, Guest Affairs, Chariot, Colony Fields, and Revenue Disbursement. In the second year of Xianning under Emperor Wu the Chariot Secretary was abolished and restored in the fourth year. In the Taikang era there were six Secretariat ministers: Personnel, Palace, Five Armies, Field, Revenue Disbursement, and Left People. Under Emperor Hui a Right People Secretary was also added. The Secretariat was limited to six bureaus, but which bureau was dropped at this point is unknown. East of the Yangtze there were Sacrificial, Personnel, Left People, Revenue Disbursement, and Five Armies Bureaus, five Secretariat ministers in all. At the founding of Song, Emperor Gaozu added a Capital Crimes Secretary. When a Right Vice Director was in place, no Sacrificial Secretary was appointed. In the second year of Daming under Emperor Shizu two Personnel Secretaries were appointed and the Five Armies Secretary dropped; later a single Personnel Secretary was restored. In the first year of Shengming under Emperor Shun the Five Armies Secretary was restored.
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尚書令，任總機衡； 僕射、尚書，分領諸曹。 左僕射領殿中、主客二曹； 吏部尚書領吏部、刪定、三公、比部四曹； 祠部尚書領祠部、儀曹二曹； 度支尚書領度支、金部、倉部、起部四曹； 左民尚書領左民、駕部二曹； 都官尚書領都官、水部、庫部、功論四曹； 五兵尚書領中兵、外兵二曹。 昔有騎兵、別兵、都兵，故謂之五兵也。 五尚書、二僕射、一令，謂之八坐。 若營宗廟宮室，則置起部尚書，事畢省。
The Director of the Secretariat held overall charge of the pivot of state; Vice Directors and bureau Secretaries divided oversight of the bureaus. The Left Vice Director oversaw the Palace and Guest bureaus; the Personnel Secretary oversaw the Personnel, Revisions, Three Dukes, and Comparison bureaus; the Sacrificial Secretary oversaw the Sacrificial and Ritual bureaus; the Revenue Disbursement Secretary oversaw the Revenue Disbursement, Mint, Granary, and Construction bureaus; the Left People Secretary oversaw the Left People and Chariot bureaus; the Capital Crimes Secretary oversaw the Capital Crimes, Waterways, Storehouse, and Works Review bureaus; the Five Armies Secretary oversaw the Central and External Military bureaus. There had once been Cavalry, Separate, and Capital Armies bureaus, which is why the office was called Five Armies. Five bureau Secretaries, two Vice Directors, and one Director made up the Eight Dignitaries. When ancestral temples or palaces were under construction, a Construction Secretary was appointed and abolished once the work was done.
68
漢成帝之置四尚書也，無置郎之文。 漢儀，尚書郎四人，一人主匈奴單于營部，一人主羌夷吏民，一人主戶口墾田，一人主財帛委輸。 匈奴單于，宣帝之世，保塞內附，成帝世，單于還北庭矣。 一郎主匈奴單于營部，則置郎疑是光武時，所主匈奴，是南單于也。 漢官云，置郎三十六人，不知是何帝增員。 然則一尚書則領六郎也。 主作文書，起立事草。 初為郎中，滿歲則為侍郎。 尚書寺居建禮門內。 尚書郎入直，官供青縑白綾被，或以綿緤為之。 給帷帳、氈褥、通中枕，太官供食物，湯官供餅餌及五孰果實之屬，給尚書伯使一人，女侍二人，皆選端正妖麗，執香爐，護衣服，奏事明光殿。 殿以胡粉塗壁，畫古賢烈士。 以丹朱色地，謂之丹墀。 尚書郎口含雞舌香，以其奏事答對，欲使氣息芬芳也。 奏事則與黃門侍郎對揖。 黃門侍郎稱已聞，乃出。 天子所服五時衣以賜尚書令僕，而丞、郎月賜赤管大筆一雙，隃麋墨一丸。 魏世有殿中、吏部、駕部、金部、虞曹、比部、南主客、祠部、度支、庫部、農部、水部、儀曹、三公、倉部、民曹、二千石、中兵、外兵、別兵、都兵、考功、定科，凡二十三郎。 青龍二年有軍事，尚書令陳矯奏置都官、騎兵二曹郎，合為二十五曹。 晉西朝則直事、殿中、祠部、儀曹、吏部、三公、比部、金部、倉部、度支、都官、二千石、左民、右民、虞曹、屯田、起部、水部、左主客、右主客、駕部、車部、庫部、左中兵、右中兵、左外兵、右外兵、別兵、都兵、騎兵、左士、右士、北主客、南主客為三十四曹郎； 後又置運曹，凡三十五曹。 晉江左初，無直事、右民、屯田、車部、別兵、都兵、騎兵、左士、右士、運曹十曹郎，而主客、中外兵各置一郎而已，所餘十七曹也。 康、穆以來，又無虞曹、二千石二郎，猶有殿中、祠部、吏部、儀曹、三公、比部、金部、倉部、度支、都官、左民、起部、水部、主客、駕部、庫部、中兵、外兵十八曹郎。 後又省主客、起部、水部，餘十五曹。 宋高祖初，加置騎兵、主客、起部、水部四曹郎，合為十九曹。 太祖元嘉十年，又省儀曹、主客、比部、騎部四曹郎。 十一年，又並置。 十八年，增刪定曹郎，次在左民曹上，蓋魏世之定科郎也。 三十年，又置功論郎，次都官之下，在刪定之上。 太宗世，省騎兵。 今凡二十曹郎。 以三公、比部主法制。 度支主算。 支，派也。 度，景也。 都官主軍事刑獄。 其餘曹所掌，各如其名。
When Emperor Cheng of Han established four Secretariat ministers, no source also establishes Attendants. Han Protocol records four Secretariat Attendants: one for the Xiongnu chanyu's encampment district, one for Qiang and other frontier peoples, one for population registers and reclaimed land, and one for treasury goods and transport. As for the Xiongnu chanyu, under Emperor Xuan he submitted and settled within the frontier; under Emperor Cheng the chanyu returned to the Northern Court. One Attendant was charged with the Xiongnu chanyu's encampment district; the post probably dates to Guangwu's reign, when the Xiongnu in question was the Southern Chanyu. Han Official Records records thirty-six Attendants on the roster, but it is unclear which emperor added to their number. Thus each Secretariat minister oversaw six Attendants. They drafted documents and prepared memorial drafts for court business. One began as a Court Gentleman and, after a full year, was promoted to Attendant. The Secretariat office stood inside the Jianli Gate. When Secretariat Attendants went on duty, the office furnished green silk and white damask quilts, sometimes padded with cotton cloth instead. They received curtains, felt bedding, and hollow-center pillows; the Grand Provisioner supplied meals, the Hot-Water Office supplied cakes and five kinds of cooked fruit, and one Secretariat usher plus two female attendants were assigned—all chosen for striking beauty—to carry incense burners, tend clothing, and present memorials in the Bright Hall. The hall walls were whitewashed and painted with ancient worthies and martyrs. The floor was cinnabar red and was called the cinnabar courtyard. Secretariat Attendants kept cloves in their mouths when presenting memorials and answering questions, so their breath would stay fragrant. When presenting memorials they exchanged bows with the Yellow Gate Attendant. Once the Yellow Gate Attendant said he had heard, they withdrew. The Son of Heaven's five seasonal garments were granted to the Secretariat Director and Vice Directors, while Assistant Directors and Attendants each month received one pair of red-shafted large brushes and one cake of Youmi ink. Under Wei there were twenty-three bureau Attendants: Palace Affairs, Personnel, Chariot, Mint, Parks, Comparisons, Southern Foreign Affairs, Sacrificial, Revenue Disbursement, Storehouse, Agriculture, Waterways, Ritual, Three Ducal Offices, Granary, People, Two-Thousand-shi, Central Military, External Military, Separate Military, Capital Armies, Merit Assessment, and Statutory Codes. In the second year of Qinglong, amid military operations, Secretariat Director Chen Qiao memorialized to add Capital Crimes and Cavalry bureau Attendants, bringing the total to twenty-five bureaus. Under the Western Jin court there were thirty-four bureau Attendants: Direct Affairs, Palace Affairs, Sacrificial, Ritual, Personnel, Three Ducal Offices, Comparisons, Mint, Granary, Revenue Disbursement, Capital Crimes, Two-Thousand-shi, Left People, Right People, Parks, Garrison Agriculture, Construction, Waterways, Left Foreign Affairs, Right Foreign Affairs, Chariot, Cart, Storehouse, Left Central Military, Right Central Military, Left External Military, Right External Military, Separate Military, Capital Armies, Cavalry, Left Scholar, Right Scholar, Northern Foreign Affairs, and Southern Foreign Affairs; Transport bureau was added later, for thirty-five bureaus in all. At the start of Eastern Jin south of the Yangtze, ten bureaus were absent: Direct Affairs, Right People, Garrison Agriculture, Cart, Separate Military, Capital Armies, Cavalry, Left Scholar, Right Scholar, and Transport; Foreign Affairs and Central and External Military each had only one Attendant, leaving seventeen bureaus. From the Kang and Mu reigns onward, Parks and Two-Thousand-shi bureaus were also dropped, but eighteen bureaus remained: Palace Affairs, Sacrificial, Personnel, Ritual, Three Ducal Offices, Comparisons, Mint, Granary, Revenue Disbursement, Capital Crimes, Left People, Construction, Waterways, Foreign Affairs, Chariot, Storehouse, Central Military, and External Military. Foreign Affairs, Construction, and Waterways bureaus were later abolished as well, leaving fifteen bureaus. At the start of Emperor Gaozu of Song's reign, Cavalry, Foreign Affairs, Construction, and Waterways bureau Attendants were restored, for nineteen bureaus in all. In the tenth year of Yuanjia under Emperor Taizu, Ritual, Foreign Affairs, Comparisons, and Cavalry bureau Attendants were abolished again. In the eleventh year all four were restored together. In the eighteenth year an Editorial Revision bureau Attendant was added, ranking above Left People bureau—likely the successor to Wei's Statutory Codes Attendant. In the thirtieth year a Works Review Attendant was also added, ranking below Capital Crimes and above Editorial Revision. Under Emperor Taizong, the Cavalry bureau was abolished. At present there are twenty bureau Attendants in all. The Three Ducal Offices and Comparisons bureaus oversaw legal institutions. Revenue Disbursement oversaw accounting. Zhi means branch or faction. Du means measure or extent. Capital Crimes oversaw military affairs and prisons. The remaining bureaus handled duties that matched their names.
69
漢制，公卿御史中丞以下，遇尚書令、僕、丞、郎，皆辟車豫相回避，臺官過，乃得去。 今尚書官上朝及下，禁斷行人，猶其制也。 漢又制，丞、郎見尚書，呼曰明時。 郎見二丞。 呼曰左君、右君。
Under Han regulation, from the Three Ducal Ministers and Imperial Secretary downward, anyone meeting the Secretariat Director, Vice Directors, Assistant Directors, or Attendants had to stop the carriage and pull aside to yield; only after the Secretariat officials had passed could they move on. Today, when Secretariat officials go to or leave court, pedestrian traffic is still blocked—the same regulation. Han custom also required that when Assistant Directors and Attendants encountered a Secretary, they called out Ming shi. When Attendants encountered the two Assistant Directors, they called out Lord Left and Lord Right.
70
郎以下則有都令史、令史、書令史、書吏幹。 漢東京尚書令史十八人，晉初正令史百二十人，書令史百三十人。 自晉至今，或減或益，難以定言。 漢儀有丞相令史。 令史蓋前漢官也。 晉西朝有尚書都令史朱誕，則都令史其來久矣。 分曹所掌如尚書也。
Below the Attendants were Chief Clerks, Clerks, Document Clerks, and Document Assistants. Eastern Capital Han had eighteen Secretariat Clerks; early Jin had 120 regular Clerks and 130 Document Clerks. From Jin to the present the numbers have fluctuated, so no fixed figure can be given. Han Protocol records Chancellor Clerks. Clerks were probably an institution of Former Han. The Western Jin court had a Secretariat Chief Clerk named Zhu Yan, so Chief Clerks must date back much earlier. Each bureau's duties matched those of the corresponding Secretariat ministers.
71
晉西朝八坐丞郎，朝晡詣都坐朝，江左唯旦朝而已。 八坐丞郎初拜，並集都坐，交禮。 遷，又解交。 漢舊制也。 今唯八坐解交，丞郎不復解交也。 尚書令千石，僕射尚書六百石，丞郎四百石。
Under the Western Jin court the Eight Dignitaries, Assistant Directors, and Attendants attended morning and evening sessions at the collective seating hall; east of the Yangtze only the morning session remained. When the Eight Dignitaries, Assistant Directors, and Attendants were first appointed, all gathered at the collective seating hall to exchange courtesies. On transfer they exchanged farewell courtesies. This was Former Han custom. Now only the Eight Dignitaries exchange farewell courtesies; Assistant Directors and Attendants no longer do. The Secretariat Director ranked at one thousand shi, the Vice Director at six hundred shi, and Assistant Directors and Attendants at four hundred shi.
72
武庫令，一人。 掌軍器。 秦官。 至二漢，屬執金吾。 晉初罷執金吾，至今隸尚書庫部。
Arsenal Director: one post. The office oversaw military equipment. It was a Qin institution. Through both Han dynasties it was subordinate to the Commandant of the Capital. Early Jin abolished the Commandant of the Capital, and since then the office has been subordinate to the Secretariat Storehouse bureau.
73
車府令，一人。 丞一人。 秦官也。 二漢、魏、晉並隸太僕。 太僕既省，隸尚書駕部。
Chariot Office Director: one post. One assistant director. It was a Qin institution. Under both Han, Wei, and Jin it was subordinate to the Grand Master of the Household for Chariots. After the Grand Master of the Household for Chariots was abolished, the office was placed under the Secretariat Chariot bureau.
74
上林令，一人。 丞一人。 漢西京上林中有八丞、十二尉、十池監。 丞、尉屬水衡都尉。 池監隸少府。 漢東京曰上林苑令及丞各一人，隸少府。 晉江左闕。 宋世祖大明三年復置，隸尚書殿中曹及少府。
Shanglin Park Director: one post. One assistant director. Western Capital Han's Shanglin Park had eight assistant directors, twelve commandants, and ten pond supervisors. The assistant directors and commandants were subordinate to the Director of Waterways and Forestry. The pond supervisors were subordinate to the Privy Treasurer. Eastern Capital Han had one Shanglin Park Director and one assistant director, both subordinate to the Privy Treasurer. It was not retained in Eastern Jin south of the Yangtze. It was restored in the third year of Daming under Emperor Shizu of Song and placed under both the Secretariat Palace Affairs bureau and the Privy Treasurer.
75
材官將軍，一人。 司馬一人。 主工匠土木之事。 漢左右校令，其任也。 魏右校又置材官校尉，主天下材木事。 晉江左改材官校尉曰材官將軍，又罷左校令。 今材官隸尚書起部及領軍。
Material-Works General: one post. One Major. The office oversaw craftsmen and civil construction. This had been the responsibility of the Han Left and Right Workshop Directors. Under Wei the Right Workshop also added a Material-Works Commandant to oversee timber affairs empire-wide. Eastern Jin south of the Yangtze renamed the Material-Works Commandant Material-Works General and abolished the Left Workshop Director. At present Material-Works is subordinate to the Secretariat Construction bureau and the Director of the Guard.
76
侍中，四人。 掌奏事，直侍左右，應對獻替。 法駕出，則正直一人負璽陪乘。 殿內門下眾事皆掌之。 周公戒成王立政之篇所云「常伯」，即其任也。 侍中本秦丞相史也，使五人往來殿內東廂奏事，故謂之侍中。 漢西京無員，多至數十人，入侍禁中，分掌乘輿服物，下至褻器虎子之屬。 武帝世，孔安國為侍中，以其儒者，特聽掌御唾壺，朝廷榮之。 久次者為僕射。 漢東京又屬少府，猶無員。 掌侍左右，贊導眾事，顧問應答。 法駕出，則多識者一人負傳國璽，操斬白蛇劍，參乘； 餘皆騎，在乘輿車後。 光武世，改僕射為祭酒焉。 漢世，與中官俱止禁中。 武帝時，侍中莽何羅挾刃謀逆，由是侍中出禁外，有事乃入，事畢即出。 王莽秉政，侍中復入，與中官共止。 章帝元和中，侍中郭舉與後宮通，拔佩刀驚御，舉伏誅，侍中由是復出外。 魏、晉以來，置四人，別加官不主數。 秩比二千石。
Palace Attendants: four posts. They presented memorials, attended the sovereign on duty, answered questions, and offered counsel for improvement. When the imperial carriages departed, one Attendant on straight duty carried the seal and rode as escort. All affairs within the palace and under the Inner Gate fell under their charge. The Changbo mentioned in the Duke of Zhou's admonition to King Cheng on establishing governance was this office. Palace Attendants were originally Qin Chancellor clerks; five men were sent back and forth to the hall's eastern wing to present memorials, hence the name Attendant Within. Western Capital Han set no fixed quota, and the number often reached several dozen; they served inside the forbidden precinct and divided oversight of imperial carriage gear and garments down to chamber pots and tiger-shaped urinals. Under Emperor Wu, Kong Anguo served as Palace Attendant; because he was a Confucian scholar, he was specially allowed to hold the imperial spittoon—a mark of honor at court. The senior by tenure became Vice Director. Eastern Capital Han again placed them under the Privy Treasurer, still with no fixed quota. They attended the sovereign's side, guided and presented affairs, and answered consultations. When the imperial carriages departed, the most knowledgeable Attendant carried the dynastic seal, wielded the Sword that Slew the White Serpent, and rode as escort; the rest all rode on horseback behind the imperial carriage. Under Guangwu the Vice Director was renamed Libationer. In Han times they lodged inside the forbidden precinct together with eunuch officials. Under Emperor Wu the Attendant Mang Heluo drew a blade in an attempted rebellion; thereafter Attendants were kept outside the forbidden precinct, entering only when needed and leaving once business was done. When Wang Mang held power, Attendants re-entered the forbidden precinct and again lodged with eunuch officials. In Yuanhe under Emperor Zhang, Attendant Guo Ju had relations with the harem, drew his sword, and alarmed the sovereign; Guo was executed, and Attendants were again moved outside the forbidden precinct. Since Wei and Jin four posts were established, and additional appointments did not count toward the quota. The rank was equivalent to two thousand shi.