2
孔靖
Kong Jing
3
孔靖字季恭，會稽山陰人也。 名與高祖祖諱同，故稱字。 祖愉，晉車騎將軍。 父誾，散騎常侍。
Kong Jing, whose style name was Jigong, came from Shanyin in Kuaiji commandery. Because his given name matched the taboo on Gaozu's grandfather's name, he was addressed by his style name instead. His grandfather Yu had served Jin as Cavalry General-in-Chief. His father Yin had been Attendant-in-Ordinary of the Scattered Cavalry.
4
季恭始察郡孝廉，功曹史，著作佐郎，太子舍人，鎮軍司馬，司徒左西掾。 未拜，遭母憂。 隆安五年，於喪中被起建威將軍、山陰令，不就。 高祖東征孫恩，屢至會稽，季恭曲意禮接，贍給甚厚。 高祖後討孫恩，時桓玄篡形已著，欲於山陰建義討之。 季恭以為山陰去京邑路遠，且玄未居極位，不如待其篡逆事彰，釁成惡稔，徐於京口圖之，不憂不剋。 高祖亦謂為然。 虞嘯父為征東將軍、會稽內史，季恭初求為府司馬，不得。 及帝定桓玄，以季恭為內史，使齎封板拜授，正與季恭相值，季恭便回舟夜還。 至即叩扉告嘯父，并令掃拂別齋，即便入郡。 嘯父本為桓玄所授，聞玄敗，震懼，開門請罪。 季恭慰勉，使且安所住，明旦乃移。 季恭到任，務存治實，敕止浮華，翦罰遊惰，由是寇盜衰止，境內肅清。
At the outset Jigong was nominated as a commandery Filial and Incorrupt candidate and held posts as chief clerk, aide in the Bureau of Composition, gentleman attendant of the heir apparent, army aide on the Pacification Army staff, and western clerk on the left of the Minister of Education. Before he could take up his appointment, he went into mourning for his mother. In the fifth year of Long'an he was recalled from mourning to serve as General Who Establishes Might and Magistrate of Shanyin, but he declined. When Gaozu campaigned east against Sun En and repeatedly passed through Kuaiji, Jigong treated him with elaborate courtesy and supported him very generously. On a later campaign against Sun En, Huan Xuan's usurpation was already obvious, and Gaozu planned to raise a righteous force at Shanyin to overthrow him. Jigong argued that Shanyin was too far from the capital, and that since Xuan had not yet seized the throne outright, they should wait until his usurpation was fully exposed and his crimes fully ripened, then move deliberately from Jingkou—success would be assured. Gaozu agreed. Yu Xiaofu held the posts of General Who Conquers the East and Interior Governor of Kuaiji. Jigong had earlier sought a post as major on his staff but was turned down. After the court had suppressed Huan Xuan, Jigong was appointed Interior Governor and an envoy was dispatched with sealed boards of appointment. He met Jigong on the route; Jigong at once turned his boat and returned by night. As soon as he arrived he knocked at Xiaofu's gate to announce himself, had a separate lodging cleaned, and entered the commandery administration at once. Xiaofu had originally been appointed by Huan Xuan. When he heard of Xuan's defeat he was terrified and opened his gate to plead guilty. Jigong comforted him and told him to stay where he was for the night and move only the next morning. In office Jigong pursued practical administration, forbade ostentation, and punished idleness and vagrancy. Banditry declined and ceased, and the region was pacified.
5
徵為右衞將軍，加給事中，不拜。 尋除侍中，領本國中正，徙琅邪王大司馬司馬。 尋出為吳興太守，加冠軍。 先是，吳興頻喪太守，云項羽神為卞山王，居郡聽事，二千石至，常避之，季恭居聽事，竟無害也。 遷尚書右僕射，固讓。 義熙八年，復督五郡諸軍、征虜、會稽內史。 修飾學校，督課誦習。 十年，復為尚書右僕射，加散騎常侍，又讓不拜。 頃之，除領軍將軍，加散騎常侍，本州大中正。 十二年，致仕，拜金紫光錄大夫，常侍如故。 是歲，高祖北伐，季恭求從，以為太尉軍諮祭酒、後將軍。 從平關、洛。 高祖為相國，又隨府遷。 宋臺初建，令書以為尚書令，加散騎常侍，又讓不受，乃拜侍中、特進、左光祿大夫。 辭事東歸，高祖餞之戲馬臺，百僚咸賦詩以述其美。 及受命，加開府儀同三司，辭讓累年，終以不受。 永初三年，薨，時年七十六。 追贈侍中、左光祿大夫、開府儀同三司。
He was summoned as General of the Right Guard with added status as Supernumerary Palace Attendant, but declined. Soon he was made Palace Attendant and head of his native state's chief rectifier, then transferred as major on the Grand Marshal's staff of the Prince of Langye. He was soon posted as Administrator of Wuxing with the additional title Champion. Previously Wuxing had lost one administrator after another. People said the spirit of Xiang Yu, as King of Bianshan, dwelt in the commandery hall and that incoming two-thousand-bushel officials always avoided it. Jigong took up residence in the hall and came to no harm. He was promoted to Vice Minister of the Left of the Masters of Writing but firmly declined. In the eighth year of Yixi he again supervised military affairs in five commanderies and served as General Who Punishes the Barbarians and Interior Governor of Kuaiji. He refurbished the schools and supervised study and recitation. In the tenth year he was again appointed Vice Minister of the Left of the Masters of Writing with added Attendant-in-Ordinary of the Scattered Cavalry, and again declined. Shortly afterward he was appointed General Who Leads the Army with added Attendant-in-Ordinary of the Scattered Cavalry and chief rectifier of his home province. In the twelfth year he retired and was granted Grand Master of the Gold Seal and Purple Ribbon with recording duties, retaining his attendant status. That year, when Gaozu marched north, Jigong asked to join the campaign and was appointed consultation army aide on the Grand Commandant's staff and Rear General. He took part in pacifying Guanzhong and Luoyang. When Gaozu became Chancellor, Jigong transferred with the office. When the Song regime was first established, an imperial order named him Minister of the Masters of Writing with added Attendant-in-Ordinary of the Scattered Cavalry. He declined again and was instead appointed Palace Attendant, Special Grand Master, and Grand Master of Splendid Happiness on the Left. He resigned and returned east. Gaozu gave him a farewell feast at the Terrace of the Sportive Horse, and the hundred officials all composed poems in praise of him. When Gaozu received the Mandate, he was offered the Three Excellencies of opening an office with ritual equal to the Three Dukes. He declined for years and never accepted. In the third year of Yongchu he died, aged seventy-six. Posthumously he was granted Palace Attendant, Grand Master of Splendid Happiness on the Left, and the Three Excellencies of opening an office with ritual equal to the Three Dukes.
7
子山士
(Son Shanshi)
8
=子山士，歷顯位，侍中，會稽太守，坐小弟駕部郎道穰逼略良家子女，白衣領郡。 元嘉二十七年，卒官。
His son Shanshi rose through eminent posts to Palace Attendant and Administrator of Kuaiji. Because his younger brother, Master of Coaches Dao Rang, had coerced and seized children of good families, Shanshi was reduced to administering the commandery in plain clothes. In the twenty-seventh year of Yuanjia he died in office.
10
子靈符
(Younger brother Lingfu)
11
=弟靈符，元嘉末，為南譙王義宣司空長史、南郡太守，尚書吏部郎。 世祖大明初，自侍中為輔國將軍、郢州刺史。 入為丹陽尹。 山陰縣土境褊狹，民多田少，靈符表徙無貲之家於餘姚、鄞、鄮三縣界，墾起湖田。 上使公卿博議，太宰江夏王義恭議曰：「夫訓農修本，有國所同，土著之民，習翫日久，如京師無田，不聞徙居他縣。 尋山陰豪族富室，頃畝不少，貧者肆力，非為無處，耕起空荒，無救災歉。 又緣湖居民，魚鴨為業，及有居肆，理無樂徙。」 尚書令柳元景、右僕射劉秀之、尚書王瓚之、顧凱之、顏師伯、嗣湘東王彧議曰：「富戶溫房，無假遷業； 窮身寒室，必應徙居。 葺宇疏臯，產粒無待，資公則公未易充，課私則私卒難具。 生計既完，畬功自息，宜募亡叛通卹及與樂田者，其往經創，須粗修立，然後徙居。」 侍中沈懷文、王景文、黃門侍郎劉敳、郄顒議曰：「百姓雖不親農，不無資生之路，若驅以就田，則坐相違奪。 且鄞等三縣，去治並遠，既安之民，忽徙他邑，新垣未立，舊居已毀，去留兩困，無以自資。 謂宜適任民情，從其所樂，開宥逋亡，且令就業，若審成腴壤，然後議遷。」 太常王玄謨議曰：「小民貧匱，遠就荒疇，去舊即新，糧種俱闕，習之既難，勸之未易。 謂宜微加資給，使得肆勤，明力田之賞，申怠惰之罰。」 光祿勳王昇之議曰：「遠廢之疇，方翦荊棘，率課窮乏，其事彌難，資徙粗立，徐行無晚。」 上違議，從其徙民，並成良業。
His younger brother Lingfu, at the end of Yuanjia, served as chief administrator on the Minister of Works staff of the Prince of Nanqiao, Yixuan, and as Administrator of Nan commandery and Director of the Ministry of Personnel. At the beginning of the Daming era under Shizu, he left the post of Palace Attendant to become General Who Assists the State and Inspector of Yingzhou. He entered the capital as Governor of Danyang. Shanyin county was cramped, with many people and little land. Lingfu memorialized to move impoverished households to the borders of Yuyao, Yin, and Mao counties and to open lake fields for cultivation. The emperor had the high ministers debate the proposal at length. Grand Preceptor, the Prince of Jiangxia, Yigong, argued: "Teaching agriculture and strengthening the foundations are the same for every state. Long-settled natives grow attached to their ways over time; in the capital, when people lack fields, one never hears of relocating them to other counties. Moreover, in Shanyin the great clans and wealthy houses hold considerable land; the poor can still work—they are not truly without a place. Opening empty waste land will not relieve famine and shortage. Again, lakeside residents live by fish and ducks, and some keep shops; by rights they cannot welcome relocation. Minister of the Masters of Writing Liu Yuanjing, Vice Minister of the Right Liu Xiuzhi, and Ministers Wang Zanzhi, Gu Kaizhi, Yan Shibo, and the heir-designate Prince of Xiangdong, Yu, argued: "Wealthy households in warm rooms need not change their livelihood; those in poor bodies and cold rooms must be moved. They would build houses on sparse marshland and could not wait for grain. If the state must supply them, the state cannot easily meet the need; if private households must provide, private households can hardly furnish it. Once livelihoods are secure, the work of clearing fields will cease of itself. One should recruit fugitives and rebels under amnesty and those who delight in farming; where the land has suffered harm, it must first be roughly repaired, and only then should people be moved. Palace Attendants Shen Huaiwen and Wang Jingwen and Gentlemen of the Yellow Gate Liu Yi and Qie Yan argued: "Though common people do not personally farm, they are not without ways to make a living; if they are driven onto the fields, their livelihoods will simply be seized from them. Moreover, Yin and the other three counties are far from the seat of government. People already settled, if suddenly moved to another district, will find new walls not yet built and old dwellings already destroyed—troubled whether to go or stay, with no means to support themselves. They held that one should suit the people's feelings, let them follow what they enjoy, pardon fugitives, and for the time being let them take up their trades; if the land is truly shown to be fertile, then one may discuss relocation. Minister of Ceremonies Wang Xuanmo argued: "Small people are poor and destitute; sent far to waste land, leaving the old for the new, grain and seed alike lacking—hard to accustom them, and hard to encourage them. They held that one should add a little support so that they could exert themselves, make clear rewards for diligent farming, and enforce penalties for idleness. Grand Master of Splendid Happiness Wang Sheng argued: "On distant abandoned fields one is only now cutting brambles; to drive the poor to labor there is all the harder. Let support for relocation be roughly established first; there is no harm in proceeding slowly. The emperor rejected the debates and followed the plan to move the people; all became good cultivators.
12
靈符自丹陽出為會稽太守，尋加豫章王子尚撫軍長史。 靈符家本豐，產業甚廣，又於永興立墅，周回三十三里，水陸地二百六十五頃，含帶二山，又有果園九處。 為有司所糾，詔原之，而靈符答對不實，坐以免官。 後復舊官，又為尋陽王子房右軍長史，太守如故。 慤實有材幹，不存華飾，每所蒞官，政績修理。 前廢帝景和中，犯忤近臣，為所讒搆，遣鞭殺之。 二子湛之、淵之，於都賜死。 太宗即位，追贈靈符金紫光祿大夫。
Lingfu left Danyang to become Administrator of Kuaiji, and soon was added as chief administrator on the Pacification Army staff of the Prince of Yuzhang, Zishang. Lingfu's family was originally wealthy and his estates very broad. He also established a manor at Yongxing, thirty-three li in circuit, with two hundred sixty-five qing of land by water and land embracing two hills, and nine orchards besides. He was impeached by the responsible officials. An edict pardoned him, but because Lingfu's replies were untrue he was dismissed from office on that account. Later he was restored to his former post and also served as chief administrator on the Right Army staff of the Prince of Xunyang, Zifang, while retaining his post as Administrator. Steadfast and capable, he kept no empty display; in every office he held, administration was well ordered. Under the Deposed Emperor, in the Jinghe era, he offended a close minister and was slandered by him; he was sent to be beaten to death. His two sons, Zhanzhi and Yuanzhi, were granted death in the capital. When Taizong took the throne, Lingfu was posthumously granted Grand Master of the Gold Seal and Purple Ribbon.
13
淵之大明中為尚書比部郎。 時安陸應城縣民張江陵與妻吳共罵母黃令死，黃忿恨自經死，值赦。 律文，子賊殺傷毆父母，梟首，罵詈，棄市，謀殺夫之父母，亦棄市。 值赦，免刑補冶。 江陵罵母，母以之自裁，重於傷毆。 若同殺科，則疑重，用毆傷及罵科，則疑輕。 制唯有打母，遇赦猶梟首，無罵母致死值赦之科。 淵之議曰：「夫題里逆心，而仁者不入，名且惡之，況乃人事。 故毆傷呪詛，法所不原，詈之致盡，則理無可宥。 罰有從輕，蓋疑失善，求之文旨，非此之謂。 江陵雖值赦恩，故合梟首。 婦本以義，愛非天屬，黃之所恨，情不在吳，原死補冶，有允正法。」 詔如淵之議，吳免棄市。
Yuanzhi, in the Daming era, served as Director of the Review Bureau in the Masters of Writing. At the time, Zhang Jiangling of Yingcheng county in Anlu and his wife Wu together reviled his mother Huang until she died; Huang, in resentment, hanged herself. An amnesty was in force. The statutes provide: for a son who is a villain, killing, wounding, or beating parents—decapitation and display; reviling and cursing—execution in the marketplace; plotting to kill a husband's parents—also execution in the marketplace. When an amnesty is in force, capital punishment is remitted and the offender is conscripted to the ironworks. Jiangling reviled his mother, and his mother took her own life because of it—this is heavier than wounding or beating. If treated under the statute for killing, it seems too heavy; if the statutes for wounding or reviling are applied, it seems too light. The code has only the case of beating one's mother, where even under amnesty decapitation and display still apply; there is no statute for reviling one's mother to death under amnesty. Yuanzhi argued: "One whose neighborhood bears the mark of a villain's heart—even the humane will not enter; the name itself is detested, how much more the deed itself. Therefore wounding, beating, and cursing are what the law does not pardon; when reviling leads to death, there is by principle no forgiveness. That penalties may be reduced when doubt favors mercy is because one fears losing what is good; sought in the text of the law, this case is not of that kind. Although Jiangling encountered an amnesty, he should therefore be decapitated and displayed. A wife is bound by righteousness, not by natural kinship; what Huang resented was not directed at Wu. To remit death and conscript to the ironworks accords with the proper law. An edict followed Yuanzhi's opinion; Wu was spared execution in the marketplace.
14
羊玄保
Yang Xuanbao
15
羊玄保，太山南城人也。 祖楷，尚書都官郎。 父綏，中書侍郎。
Yang Xuanbao was a native of Nancheng in Taishan commandery. His grandfather Kai had been Director of the Department of Justice in the Masters of Writing. His father Sui had been Gentleman of the Secretariat.
16
玄保起家楚臺太常博士，遭母憂，服闕，右將軍何無忌、前將軍諸葛長民俱板為參軍，並不就。 除臨安令。 劉穆之舉為高祖鎮軍參軍，庫部郎，永世令。 復為高祖太尉參軍，轉主簿，丹陽丞。 少帝景平二年，入為尚書右丞，轉左丞，司徒右長史。 府公王弘甚知重之，謂左長史庾登之、吏部尚書王准之曰：「卿二賢明美朗識，會悟多通，然弘懿之望，故當共推羊也。」 頃之，入為黃門侍郎。
Xuanbao began his career as erudite of the Grand Ceremonial on the Chu court. After mourning for his mother ended, General of the Right He Wuji and General of the Front Zhuge Changmin both summoned him as military aide, but he accepted neither. He was appointed Magistrate of Lin'an. Liu Muzhi recommended him as military aide on Gaozu's Pacification Army staff, as Director of the Storehouses, and as Magistrate of Yongshi. He again served as military aide on Gaozu's Grand Commandant staff, then became chief clerk and Assistant in Danyang. In the second year of Jingping under Shaodi, he entered the Masters of Writing as Right Assistant, then Left Assistant, and Chief Clerk on the Right of the Minister of Education. The Duke of the Domain, Wang Hong, valued him highly and said to Chief Clerk on the Left Yu Dengzhi and Minister of Personnel Wang Zhunzhi: "You two are brilliant, clear-sighted, and broadly capable, yet in the expectation of great virtue, it is Yang whom we should jointly advance. Shortly afterward he entered the palace as Gentleman of the Yellow Gate.
17
善弈棊，棊品第三，太祖與賭郡戲，勝，以補宣城太守。 先是，劉式之為宣城，立吏民亡叛制，一人不禽，符伍里吏送州作部，若獲者賞位二階。 玄保以為非宜，陳之曰：「臣伏尋亡叛之由，皆出於窮逼，未有足以推存而樂為此者也。 今立殊制，於事為苦。 臣聞苦節不可貞，懼致流弊。 昔龔遂譬民於亂繩，緩之然後可理，黃覇以寬和為用，不以嚴刻為先。 臣愚以謂單身逃役，便為盡戶。 今一人不測，坐者甚多，既憚重負，各為身計，牽挽逃竄，必致繁滋。 又能禽獲叛身，類非謹惜，既無堪能，坐陵勞吏，名器虛假，所妨實多，將階級不足供賞，服勤無以自勸。 又尋此制，施一邦而已，若其是邪，則應與天下為一，若其非邪，亦不宜獨行一郡。 民離憂患，其弊將甚。 臣忝守所職，懼難遵用，致率管穴，冒以陳聞。」 由此此制得停。
He was skilled at chess; his chess rank was third. Taizu wagered commanderies in a game with him; Xuanbao won and was appointed to fill the post of Administrator of Xuancheng. Earlier, when Liu Shizhi was Administrator of Xuancheng, he had established a system for officials, clerks, and commoners who fled: if one person was not captured, the writ would bind the five-household unit and the district clerk would send him to the provincial convict labor corps; if captured, the captor was rewarded with two ranks of nobility. Xuanbao held this unsuitable and submitted a memorial saying: "Your servant has examined the causes of flight: all arise from desperate poverty; there has never been anyone with enough to live on who delighted in doing this. To establish a special system now would make the matter bitter in practice. Your servant has heard that harsh ordinances cannot be maintained; I fear this will lead to abuses. In former times Gong Sui likened the people to tangled rope: only when it is loosened can it be governed; Huang Ba took leniency and harmony as his method and did not put severity first. Your servant foolishly holds that when a single person flees corvée, the whole household is treated as having fled. If a single person flees without warning, many are implicated. Fearing heavy burdens, each plans for himself, dragging others into flight—this will surely multiply the harm. Those who capture fugitives are mostly not scrupulous men. Lacking real ability, they bully the laboring clerks. Titles and offices are falsely claimed, and the harm is great: soon the ranks of reward will not suffice, and diligent service will have no way to encourage itself. Again, this system was applied in one commandery only. If it is right, it should apply throughout the realm; if it is wrong, it should not be carried out alone in one commandery. When the people are torn from their cares and troubles, the harm will be very great. Your servant, holding the office entrusted to him, fears difficulty in carrying it out, and therefore ventures from his narrow learning to offer this report. Thereby this system was halted.
18
玄保在郡一年，為廷尉。 數月，遷尚書吏部郎，御史中丞，衡陽王義季右軍長史、南東海太守，加輔國將軍。 入為都官尚書、左衞將軍，加給事中，丹陽尹，會稽太守。 又徙吳郡太守，加秩中二千石。 太祖以玄保廉素寡欲，故頻授名郡。 為政雖無幹績，而去後常見思。 不營財利，處家儉薄。 太祖嘗曰：「人仕宦非唯須才，然亦須運命，每有好官缺，我未嘗不先憶羊玄保。」
Xuanbao had been in the commandery one year when he was made Minister of Justice. Several months later he was promoted to Director of the Ministry of Personnel in the Masters of Writing, Censor-in-Chief, chief administrator on the Right Army staff of the Prince of Hengyang, Yiji, and Administrator of Eastern Donghai, with the additional title General Who Assists the State. He entered the capital as Minister of Punishments, General of the Left Guard with added Supernumerary Palace Attendant, Governor of Danyang, and Administrator of Kuaiji. He was again transferred as Administrator of Wu commandery with salary at two thousand bushels, middle grade. Taizu, because Xuanbao was frugal, plain, and of few desires, repeatedly gave him famous commanderies. Though his administration showed no striking achievement, after he left he was often remembered with affection. He did not pursue profit and kept his household spare. Taizu once said: "In entering office, one needs not only talent but also fate. Whenever a good post falls vacant, I never fail to think first of Yang Xuanbao."
19
元凶弒立，為吏部尚書，領國子祭酒，尋加光祿大夫。 及世祖入討，朝野多南奔，劭集羣僚，橫刀怒曰：「卿等便可去矣！」 眾戰懼莫敢言，玄保容色不異，徐曰：「臣以死奉朝。」 劭乃解。 世祖即位，以為散騎常侍，領崇憲衞尉。 尋遷金紫光祿大夫。 又以謹敬見知，賜賚甚厚。 大明初，進位光祿大夫。 五年，遷散騎常侍，特進。 玄保自少至老，謹於祭奠，四時珍新，未得祠薦者，口不妄嘗。 八年，卒，時年九十四。 諡曰定子。
When the malefactor usurped the throne by regicide, Xuanbao became Minister of Personnel and Chancellor of the National University, and soon was given the additional title Grand Master of Splendid Happiness. When Shizu marched in to punish him, court and countryside mostly fled south. Shao assembled the officials, drew his sword, and said in anger: "You may all leave now!" The crowd trembled in fear and none dared speak. Xuanbao's expression did not change, and he said slowly: "Your servant will serve the court with his death." Shao then relented. When Shizu took the throne, Xuanbao was made Attendant-in-Ordinary of the Scattered Cavalry and put in charge of the Chongxian Guard. Soon he was promoted to Grand Master of the Gold Seal and Purple Ribbon. Again, because of his reverence and respect he was recognized and richly rewarded. At the beginning of the Daming era he was advanced to Grand Master of Splendid Happiness. In the fifth year he was promoted to Attendant-in-Ordinary of the Scattered Cavalry and Special Grand Master. From youth to old age Xuanbao was scrupulous in sacrifice. Seasonal delicacies that had not yet been offered in the rites he would not taste at random. In the eighth year he died, aged ninety-four. His posthumous title was Ding.
20
子戎，有才氣，而輕薄少行檢，玄保嘗云：「此兒必亡我家。」 官至通直郎。 與王僧達謗議時政，賜死。 死後世祖引見玄保，玄保謝曰：「臣無日磾之明，以此上負。」 上美其言。 戎二弟，太祖並賜名，曰咸，曰粲。 謂玄保曰：「欲令卿二子有林下正始餘風。」
His son Rong had talent but was frivolous and short on conduct. Xuanbao once said: "This boy will ruin my house. He reached the post of Director of Direct Communication. With Wang Sengda he slandered and discussed current affairs and was granted death. Afterward Shizu summoned Xuanbao and Xuanbao apologized, saying: "Your servant lacks the discernment of Ri Di and has failed his superiors on this account. The emperor praised his words. Rong's two younger brothers were both given names by Taizu: Xian and Can. He said to Xuanbao: "I wish your two sons to have the remaining flavor of the pure style of the Zhengshi era in the forests and hills."
21
玄保既善棊，而何尚之亦雅好棊。 吳郡褚胤，年七歲，入高品。 及長，冠絕當時。 胤父榮期與臧質同逆，胤應從誅，何尚之請曰：「胤弈棊之妙，超古冠今。 魏犨犯令，以才獲免。 父戮子宥，其例甚多。 特乞與其微命，使異術不絕。」 不許。 時人痛惜之。
Xuanbao was skilled at chess, and He Shangzhi also loved chess deeply. Chu Yin of Wu commandery, at seven years of age, entered the high rank. When grown, he stood above all in his time. Yin's father Rongqi joined Zang Zhi in rebellion; Yin should have been executed with him. He Shangzhi petitioned, saying: "Yin's skill at chess surpasses the ancients and crowns the present. Wei Chu violated the command but was spared because of his talent. When the father is executed the son may be spared—such cases are many. I beg especially to spare his slight life so that this singular art may not perish. Permission was not granted. People of the time grieved deeply.
23
兄子希
Nephew Xi
24
=玄保兄子希字泰聞，少有才氣。 大明初，為尚書左丞。 時揚州刺史西陽王子尚上言：「山湖之禁，雖有舊科，民俗相因，替而不奉，熂山封水，保為家利。 自頃以來，頹弛日甚，富強者兼嶺而占，貧弱者薪蘇無託，至漁採之地，亦又如茲。 斯實害治之深弊，為政所宜去絕，損益舊條，更申恒制。」 有司撿壬辰詔書：「占山護澤，強盜律論，贓一丈以上，皆棄市。」 希以「壬辰之制，其禁嚴刻，事既難遵，理與時㢮。 而占山封水，漸染復滋，更相因仍，便成先業，一朝頓去，易致嗟怨。 今更刊革，立制五條。 凡是山澤，先常熂爈種養竹木雜果為林㼐，及陂湖江海魚梁鰌鮆場，常加功修作者，聽不追奪。 官品第一、第二，聽占山三頃； 第三、第四品，二頃五十畝； 第五、第六品，二頃； 第七、第八品，一頃五十畝； 第九品及百姓，一頃。 皆依定格，條上貲簿。 若先已占山，不得更占； 先占闕少，依限占足。 若非前條舊業，一不得禁。 有犯者，水土一尺以上，並計贓，依常盜律論。 停除咸康二年壬辰之科。」 從之。
Xuanbao's elder brother's son Xi, whose style name was Taimen, had talent from youth. At the beginning of the Daming era he was Left Assistant in the Masters of Writing. At the time the Inspector of Yangzhou, the Prince of Xiyang, Zishang, submitted a memorial saying: "The prohibition on mountains and lakes, though there is an old statute, has through custom been handed down and replaced without being observed; burning hills and sealing waters are kept as private profit for households. In recent times the collapse grows worse by the day: the strong and rich occupy ranges and hold them, while the poor and weak have no fuel or kindling to rely on—even lands for fishing and gathering are likewise. This is truly a deep defect harmful to good order, and what government should abolish; the old articles should be revised and the constant regulations reasserted. The responsible officials cited the renchen edict of the second year of Xiankang: "Occupying mountains and guarding lakes—under the statute on violent robbery, one zhang of booty or more is execution in the marketplace. Xi held that "the renchen regulation is stern and severe; the matter is hard to follow and reason has parted from the times. Yet occupying mountains and sealing waters grows worse through contagion; one generation follows another until it becomes prior possession. To remove it all at once would easily breed resentment. Now let it be revised anew and five articles established. In general, for mountains and lakes where one has formerly burned and planted, raising bamboo, trees, and mixed fruit as groves, and for embankments, lakes, rivers, and seas—fish weirs, eel traps, and fishing grounds where constant labor has been applied—let these not be pursued and seized back. Officials of ranks one and two may occupy three qing of mountain; ranks three and four, two qing fifty mu; ranks five and six, two qing; ranks seven and eight, one qing fifty mu; rank nine and commoners, one qing. All according to the fixed scale, with entries on the property register. If one has already occupied mountain, one may not occupy more; if prior occupation falls short, one may occupy up to the limit. If it is not prior possession under the foregoing articles, none may be prohibited. Whoever violates this: for land or water of one chi or more, booty is calculated together and punished under the ordinary statute on theft. The renchen article of the second year of Xiankang is suspended. The proposal was adopted.
25
益州刺史劉瑀，先為右衞將軍，與府司馬何季穆共事不平。 季穆為尚書令建平王宏所親待，屢毀瑀於宏。 會瑀出為益州，奪士人妻為妾，宏使羊希彈之，瑀坐免官，瑀恨希切齒。 有門生謝元伯往來希間，瑀令訪訊被免之由。 希曰：「此奏非我意。」 瑀即日到宏門奉牋陳謝，云聞之羊希。 希坐漏泄免官。
Inspector of Yizhou Liu Yu had earlier been General of the Right Guard and, with staff major He Jimu on the domain office, did not get along. Jimu was favored by the Minister of the Masters of Writing, the Prince of Pingping, Hong, and repeatedly slandered Yu to Hong. When Yu went out as Inspector of Yizhou, he seized a scholar's wife as concubine; Hong had Yang Xi impeach him, and Yu was dismissed from office; Yu hated Xi to the teeth. A student, Xie Yuanbo, came and went with Xi; Yu had him inquire into the reason for dismissal. Xi said: "That memorial was not my intent." Yu at once went to Hong's gate with a petition of apology, saying he had heard it from Yang Xi. Xi was dismissed from office for leaking.
26
大明末，為始安王子真征虜司馬，黃門郎，御史中丞。 泰始三年，出為寧朔將軍、廣州刺史。 希初請女夫鎮北中兵參軍蕭惠徽為長史，帶南海太守，太宗不許。 又請為東莞太守。 希既到鎮，長史、南海太守陸法真喪官，希又請惠徽補任。 詔曰：「希卑門寒士，累世無聞，輕薄多釁，備彰歷職。 徒以清刻一介，擢授嶺南，干上逞欲，求訴不已，可降號橫野將軍。」
At the end of the Daming era he was consultation army aide on the staff of the Prince of Shi'an, Zizhen, Gentleman of the Yellow Gate, and Censor-in-Chief. In the third year of Taishi he went out as General Who Pacifies the North and Inspector of Guangzhou. Xi first requested his son-in-law, Army Aide of the Pacify-the-North Army Xiao Huizhen, as chief administrator with concurrent Administrator of Nanhai; Taizong did not permit it. He again requested to be Administrator of Dongguan. After Xi reached his post, Chief Administrator and Administrator of Nanhai Lu Fazhen died in office; Xi again requested Huizhen to fill the post. An edict said: "Xi is of a humble gate and cold stock, unknown for generations, frivolous and full of faults, all plainly shown in his successive offices. Only because of one scrupulous severity was he promoted to Lingnan; he indulges his desires before his superiors and petitions without end—his rank may be reduced to General Who Pacifies the Wilderness."
27
初，李萬周、劉嗣祖籍略廣州，事在鄧琬傳。 太宗以萬周為步兵校尉，加寧朔將軍，權行廣州事。 希既至，而萬周等並有異圖，希誅之。 希以沛郡劉思道行晉康太守，領軍伐俚。 思道違節度，失利，希遣收之。 思道不受命，率所領攻州，希遣平越長史鄒琰於朝亭拒戰，軍敗見殺。 思道進攻州城，司馬鄒嗣之拒之西門，戰敗又死。 希踰城走，思道獲而殺之。 府參軍鄒曼率數十人襲思道，已得入城，力不敵，又敗。 東莞太守蕭惠徽率郡文武千餘人攻思道，戰敗，又見殺。 時龍驤將軍陳伯紹率軍伐俚，還擊思道，定之。 贈希輔國將軍，惠徽中書郎，嗣之越騎校尉。
Earlier, Li Wanzhou and Liu Sizu had seized Guangzhou by force—the matter is in the Biography of Deng Wan. Taizong made Wanzhou Infantry Commandant with added General Who Pacifies the North, acting Inspector of Guangzhou. After Xi arrived, Wanzhou and the others all harbored divergent designs; Xi executed them. Xi sent Liu Sidao of Pei commandery to act as Administrator of Jinkang and lead the army to campaign against the Li. Sidao violated orders and failed; Xi sent men to arrest him. Sidao would not accept the command and led his followers to attack the province; Xi sent Zou Yan, chief administrator of Pacify-Yue, to resist at Chaoting; the army was defeated and Yan was killed. Sidao pressed the attack on the provincial city; staff major Zou Sizhi resisted him at the west gate, was defeated, and also died. Xi fled over the wall; Sidao captured and killed him. Staff aide Zou Man led several dozen men to strike at Sidao; he had already entered the city but lacked strength and was again defeated. Administrator of Dongguan Xiao Huizhen led more than a thousand men of the commandery civil and military to attack Sidao, was defeated, and was also killed. At the time General of the Flying Dragon Army Chen Bozhao was campaigning against the Li and, on his return, struck Sidao and settled the matter. Posthumously Xi was granted General Who Assists the State, Huizhen Director of the Secretariat, and Sizhi Commandant of the Rapid Horse.
28
希子崇字伯遠，尚書主客郎。 丁母憂，哀毀過禮。 及聞廣州亂，即日便徒跣出新亭，不能步涉，頓伏江渚。 門義以小船致之，於是進路。 父葬畢，不勝哀，卒。
Xi's son Chong, style name Boyuan, was Director of Guests in the Masters of Writing. He entered mourning for his mother; his grief and ruin exceeded the rites. When he heard of the turmoil in Guangzhou, that very day he went out barefoot to Xinting and could not walk; he collapsed on the river bank. A household retainer brought him in a small boat, and only then did he go forward. After his father's burial was complete, he could not bear his grief and died.
29
沈曇慶
Shen Tanqing
30
沈曇慶，吳興武康人，侍中懷文從父兄也。 父發，員外散騎侍郎，早卒，吳興太守王韶之為之誄焉。
Shen Tanqing was a man of Wukang in Wuxing and a cousin of Palace Attendant Huaiwen. His father Fa had been Supernumerary Attendant-in-Ordinary of the Scattered Cavalry and died young; Wang Shaozhi, Administrator of Wuxing, composed a dirge for him.
31
曇慶初辟主簿，州從事，西曹主簿，長沙王義欣後軍鎮軍主簿。 遭母憂，哀毀致稱，本縣令諸葛闡之公解言上。 服釋，復為主簿。 義欣又請為鎮軍記室參軍。 出為餘杭令，遷司徒主簿，江夏王義恭太尉錄事參軍，尚書右丞。 時歲有水旱，曇慶議立常平倉以救民急，太祖納其言，而事不行。 領本邑中正，少府，揚州治中從事史，始興王濬衞軍長史。 元凶弒立，世祖入討，劭遣曇慶還東募人，安東將軍隨王誕收付永興縣獄，久之，被原。
Tanqing was first summoned as chief clerk, provincial aide, western bureau chief clerk, and chief clerk on the Rear Army and Pacification Army staffs of the Prince of Changsha, Yixin. When he mourned his mother, his grief and ruin won praise, and the magistrate of his home county, Zhuge Chanzhi, reported it upward in a public memorial. When mourning ended, he again became chief clerk. Yixin again requested him as consultation army aide on the Pacification Army staff. He went out as Magistrate of Yuhang, was promoted to chief clerk of the Minister of Education, recording army aide on the Grand Commandant staff of the Prince of Jiangxia, Yigong, and Right Assistant in the Masters of Writing. In years of flood and drought, Tanqing proposed establishing ever-normal granaries to relieve the people's urgency. Taizu accepted his advice, but the matter was not carried out. He headed the chief rectifier of his home district, Director of the Palace Parks, Senior Clerk attached to the chief administrator of Yangzhou, and chief administrator on the Guard Army staff of the Prince of Shixing, Jun. When the malefactor usurped by regicide and Shizu marched in to punish him, Shao sent Tanqing back east to recruit men. General Who Pacifies the East, the Prince of Sui, Dan, had him taken and held in the prison of Yongxing county. After a long time he was pardoned.
32
世祖踐阼，除東海王褘撫軍長史，入為尚書吏部郎，江夏王義恭大司馬長史，南東海太守，左衞將軍。 大明元年，督徐兗二州及梁郡諸軍事、輔國將軍、徐州刺史。 時殿中員外將軍裴景仁助戍彭城，本傖人，多悉戎荒事。 曇慶使撰秦記十卷，敍苻氏僭偽本末，其書傳於世。 明年，復徵為左衞將軍，加給事中，領本州大中正。 三年，遷祠部尚書。 其年，卒。 時年五十七。 追贈本官。 曇慶謹實清正，所莅有稱績。 常謂子弟曰：「吾處世無才能，政圖作大老子耳。」 世以長者稱之。
When Shizu ascended the throne, Tanqing was appointed chief administrator on the Pacification Army staff of the Prince of Donghai, Hui. He entered the Masters of Writing as Director of the Ministry of Personnel, became chief administrator on the Grand Marshal's staff of the Prince of Jiangxia, Yigong, and Administrator of Southern Donghai and General of the Left Guard. In the first year of Daming he supervised military affairs in Xu and Yan provinces and Liang commandery, as General Who Assists the State and Inspector of Xuzhou. At the time Supernumerary General of the Palace Army Pei Jingren was assisting in the defense of Pengcheng. He was originally of tribal origin and knew much of frontier and wilderness affairs. Tanqing had him compile ten juan of Records of Qin, narrating the rise and fall of the Fu clan's usurpation. The book circulated in the world. The next year he was again summoned as General of the Left Guard with added Supernumerary Palace Attendant and chief rectifier of his home province. In the third year he was promoted to Minister of Sacrifices. That year he died. He was fifty-seven. Posthumously he was granted his former office. Tanqing was scrupulous, solid, and upright; in every post he held he won praised achievement. He often told his sons and younger brothers: "I have no talent in dealing with the world; I only aim to be a great old man. The age called him an elder.
33
史評
Historian's Appraisal
34
史臣曰：江南之為國盛矣，雖南包象浦，西括邛山，至於外奉貢賦，內充府實，止於荊、揚二州。 自漢氏以來，民戶彫秏，荊楚四戰之地，五達之郊，井邑殘亡，萬不餘一也。 自義熙十一年司馬休之外奔，至于元嘉末，三十有九載，兵車勿用，民不外勞，役寬務簡，氓庶繁息，至餘糧栖畝，戶不夜扃，蓋東西之極盛也。 既揚部分析，境極江南，考之漢域，惟丹陽會稽而已。 自晉氏遷流，迄於太元之世，百許年中，無風塵之警，區域之內，晏如也。 及孫恩寇亂，殲亡事極，自此以至大明之季，年踰六紀，民戶繁育，將曩時一矣。 地廣野豐，民勤本業，一歲或稔，則數郡忘飢。 會土帶海傍湖，良疇亦數十萬頃，膏腴上地，畝直一金，鄠、杜之間，不能比也。 荊城跨南楚之富，揚部有全吳之沃，魚鹽𣏌梓之利，充仞八方，絲綿布帛之饒，覆衣天下。 而田家作苦，役難利薄，亘歲從務，無或一日非農，而經稅橫賦之資，養生送死之具，莫不咸出於此。 穰歲糶賤，糶賤則稼苦； 饑年糴貴，糴貴則商倍。 常平之議，行於漢世。 元嘉十三年，東土潦浸，民命棘矣。 太祖省費減用，開倉廩以振之，病而不凶，蓋此力也。 大明之末，積旱成災，雖敝同往困，而救非昔主，所以病未半古，死已倍之，并命比室，口減過半。 若常平之計，興於中年，遂切扶患，或不至是。 若籠以平價，則官苦民優，議屈當時，蓋由於此。
The historian says: As a state the southland was prosperous indeed. Though it embraced Xiangpu in the south and Qiongshan in the west, outward tribute and inward revenue extended only to Jing and Yang provinces. Since the Han house, households were worn away. Jing and Chu were a land of four battles and a crossroads of five roads—market towns were ruined and not one in ten thousand remained. From the eleventh year of Yixi, when Sima Xiuzhi fled abroad, to the end of Yuanjia—thirty-nine years—chariots and weapons were not used and the people were not worn by external labor. Corvée was light and affairs simple, and the common folk multiplied. Grain lay surplus in the fields and households did not bar their doors at night—this was the utmost flourishing of east and west. Once the Yang region was divided and analyzed, the border reached the utmost southland. Measured against Han domains, only Danyang and Kuaiji remained. From the Jin relocation of the court until the Taixuan era, for some hundred years there was no alarm of war. Within the region, all was tranquil. When Sun En's raids brought ruin to the extreme, from then until the Daming era more than six decades passed, and households multiplied until they nearly equaled former times. The land was broad and the fields rich; the people were diligent in their basic occupations. When one year brought a good harvest, several commanderies forgot hunger. The Kuaiji region borders the sea and adjoins lakes; good fields also number several hundred thousand qing. On rich upper soil a mu is worth a gold piece—the lands between E and Du cannot compare. Jing city spans the wealth of southern Chu; the Yang region holds the fertility of all Wu. The profit of fish, salt, and timber fills the eight directions; the abundance of silk, cotton, and cloth covers the realm in dress. Yet farming families labor bitterly; corvée is hard and profit thin. Through the year they follow their tasks, not a day without farming—and the funds for regular taxes and levies, and the means to sustain life and send off the dead, all come from this alone. In a bumper year grain is sold cheap; when grain is cheap, farming is bitter. In a famine year grain is bought dear; when grain is dear, merchants double their gains. The proposal for ever-normal granaries was carried out in the Han era. In the thirteenth year of Yuanjia the eastern lands were inundated; the people's lives were desperate. Taizu reduced expenses and opened the granaries to relieve them. There was sickness but not disaster—this was largely his doing. At the end of Daming, drought piled up into disaster. Though the distress matched past hardship, the relief was not like rulers of old. Sickness did not reach half the ancients' level, yet deaths already doubled—deaths in the same household, mouths reduced by more than half. If the ever-normal plan had been raised in mid-era and applied directly to support the afflicted, it might not have come to this. If grain were controlled at a fair price, the state would suffer and the people benefit. The proposal was defeated in its time—largely for this reason.