1
阿柴虜吐谷渾，遼東鮮卑也。 父弈洛韓，有二子，長曰吐谷渾，少曰若洛廆。 [1]若洛廆別為慕容氏。 渾庶長，廆正嫡。 父在時，分七百戶與渾，[2]渾與廆二部俱牧馬，馬鬭相傷，廆怒，遣信謂渾曰：「先公處分，與兄異部，牧馬何不相遠，而致鬭爭相傷？」 渾曰：「馬是畜生，食草飲水，春氣發動，所以致鬭。 鬭在於馬，而怒及人邪。 乖別甚易，今當去汝萬里。」 於是擁馬西行，日移一頓，頓八十里。 經數頓，廆悔悟，深自咎責，遣舊父老及長史乙那樓追渾令還。 [3]渾曰：「我乃祖以來，樹德遼右，又卜筮之言，先公有二子，福胙並流子孫。 我是卑庶，理無並大，今以馬致別，殆天所啟。 諸君試擁馬令東，馬若還東，我當相隨去。」 樓喜拜曰：「處可寒。」 虜言「處可寒」，宋言爾官家也。 即使所從二千騎共遮馬令回，不盈三百步，欻然悲鳴突走，聲若頹山。 如是者十餘輩，一向一遠。 樓力屈，又跪曰：「可寒，此非復人事。」 渾謂其部落曰：「我兄弟子孫，並應昌盛，廆當傳子及曾孫玄孫，其間可百餘年，我乃玄孫間始當顯耳。」 於是遂西附陰山。 遭晉亂，遂得上隴。 後廆追思渾，作阿干之歌。 鮮卑呼兄為「阿干」。 廆子孫竊號，以此歌為輦後大曲。
The Tuyuhun—whom the northwestern tribes called the "A-Chai" barbarians—were Xianbei from Liaodong. Their father Yiluohan had two sons—the elder named Tuyuhun, the younger Ruoluohe. [1] Ruoluohe's descendants formed the Murong clan as a separate line. Hun was the elder son of a concubine, while Hui was the legitimate heir. While their father was still alive he allotted seven hundred households to Hun. [2] The two divisions of Hun and Hui pastured their horses together; when the herds fought and injured one another, Hui grew angry and sent a messenger to Hun, saying, "Our late father placed you and me in separate divisions—why not pasture farther apart, instead of letting the horses fight and wound each other?" Hun replied, "Horses are animals—they graze and drink; when spring stirs them, they fight. That is all. The quarrel is between the horses—why turn your anger on me? Parting is easy enough—I shall now put ten thousand li between us." With that he drove his herds westward, advancing one day's march at a time—eighty li per march. After several days' march Hui repented and reproached himself deeply; he sent the old clan elders and Chief Clerk Yi Nalou to overtake Hun and bring him back. [3] Hun said, "Since my grandfather's day our house has built its virtue east of the Liao, and divination had declared that our late father had two sons and that blessing and sacrificial fortune would flow to both lines of descendants. I am of low birth and cannot by right stand equal with the heir; that horses should now force our parting is perhaps Heaven's own prompting. Try, all of you, driving the horses east—if they turn back eastward, I shall return with you." Lou bowed gladly and said, "Chukhan!" In their tongue "chukhan" means, in the language of Song, "your lordship." He then had the two thousand horsemen who had come with him try together to turn the herd back; within less than three hundred paces the horses suddenly gave mournful cries, broke away, and bolted—the noise like a mountain falling. This happened more than ten times—each attempt sent them farther west. Lou's strength gave out; he knelt again and said, "Chukhan, this is no longer within human power." Hun told his tribesmen, "My brother's line and mine will both prosper; Hui's house will pass from son to great-grandson and beyond for perhaps a hundred years or more, while my line will not come to prominence until the generation of my great-great-grandsons." With that he went west and settled by the Yin Mountains. When the Jin realm fell into chaos, he was able to reach the upper Long region. Later, missing Hun, Hui composed the Song of Aghan. The Xianbei call an elder brother "aghan." When Hui's descendants assumed royal titles, they made this song the great processional hymn played behind the imperial carriage.
2
渾既上隴，出罕幵、西零。 西零，今之西平郡，罕幵，今枹罕縣。 自枹罕以東千餘里，暨甘松，西至河南，南界昴城、龍涸。 自洮水西南，極白蘭，數千里中，逐水草，廬帳居，以肉酪為糧。 西北諸雜種謂之為阿柴虜。
Once Hun had reached the upper Long, his people spread into Hanqian and Xiling. Xiling is the present Xiping commandery; Hanqian is the present Fuhan county. From more than a thousand li east of Fuhan as far as Gansong, west to Henan, and south to the borders of Maocheng and Longgu. From southwest of the Tao River to the limits of Bailan, over several thousand li they followed pasture and water, lived in felt tents, and lived on meat and curds. The various peoples of the northwest called them the A-Chai barbarians.
3
渾年七十二死，有子六十人，長吐延嗣。 吐延身長七尺八寸，勇力過人，性刻暴，為昴城羌酋姜聰所刺，劍猶在體，呼子葉延，語其大將絕拔渥曰：[4]「吾氣絕，棺斂訖，便遠去保白蘭。 白蘭地既嶮遠，又土俗懦弱，易為控御。 葉延小，意乃欲授與餘人，恐倉卒終不能相制。 今以葉延付汝，汝竭股肱之力以輔之，孺子得立，吾無恨矣。」 抽劍而死。 嗣位十三年，年三十五。 有子十二人。
Hun died at seventy-two, leaving sixty sons; the eldest, Tuyan, succeeded him. Tuyan stood seven feet eight inches tall, with courage and strength beyond ordinary men, but his nature was harsh and violent. The Qiang chieftain of Maocheng, Jiang Cong, stabbed him; the blade still stood in his body. He summoned his son Yeyan and told his great general Jueba Wo: [4] "When I am gone, once I am coffined, withdraw far away and secure Bailan. Bailan lies in rugged, remote country, and its peoples are weak by custom—easy to hold and govern. Yeyan is still young; I had considered passing rule to another, but I fear that in a sudden crisis he could not hold them in check. I now entrust Yeyan to you—give all your strength to support him. If the boy can be established in power, I shall die without regret." He drew out the sword and died. He reigned thirteen years and died at thirty-five. He left twelve sons.
4
葉延少而勇果，年十歲，縛草為人，號曰姜聰，每旦輒射之，射中則喜，不中則號叫泣涕。 其母曰：「讎賊諸將已屠膾之，汝年小，何煩朝朝自苦如此。」 葉延嗚咽不自勝，答母曰：「誠知無益，然葉延罔極之心，不勝其痛耳。」 性至孝，母病，三日不能食，葉延亦不食。 頗視書傳，自謂曾祖弈洛韓始封昌黎公，曰：「吾為公孫之子。 案禮，公孫之子，得氏王父字。」 命姓為吐谷渾氏。 嗣立二十三年，年三十三。 [5]有子四人。
Yeyan was brave and resolute from boyhood. At ten he bound grass into a human figure, named it Jiang Cong, and shot at it every morning—when he hit it he rejoiced; when he missed he wailed and wept. His mother said, "The enemy chieftain and his officers have already been butchered and minced for the pot—you are still young; why torment yourself morning after morning like this?" Yeyan sobbed uncontrollably and answered, "I know it does no good, but my boundless grief for my father cannot bear the pain." He was profoundly filial: when his mother fell ill and could not eat for three days, Yeyan ate nothing either. He read somewhat in books and records and held that his great-grandfather Yiluohan had first been enfeoffed as Duke of Changli, saying, "I am the grandson of a duke. By ritual precedent, a duke's grandson may take his grandfather's style-name as his clan name." He therefore took Tuyuhun as the clan name. He reigned twenty-three years and died at thirty-three. [5] He had four sons.
5
長子碎奚立。 碎奚性純謹，三弟專權，碎奚不能制，諸大將共誅之。 碎奚憂哀不復攝事，遂立子視連為世子，委之事，號曰「莫賀郎」。 「莫賀」，宋言父也。 碎奚遂以憂死。 在位二十五年，年四十二。 有子六人。 子視連以父憂卒，不遊娛，不酣宴。 在位十五年，年四十二。 有子二人，長曰視羆，次烏紇提。 [6]視羆嗣立十一年，年四十二。 子樹洛干等並小，弟烏紇提立。 紇提立八年，年三十五。 視羆子樹洛干立，自稱車騎將軍，義熙初也。
His eldest son Suixi succeeded him. Suixi was pure and cautious in character, but his three younger brothers seized power and he could not restrain them; the great generals therefore executed the three brothers together. Grief-stricken, Suixi ceased to govern; he established his son Shilian as heir apparent, entrusted him with affairs, and styled him "Mohe Lang." "Mohe" means "father" in the language of Song. Suixi soon died of grief. He had reigned twenty-five years and died at forty-two. He left six sons. His son Shilian, mourning a father who had died of grief, took no pleasure in sport and held no revels. He reigned fifteen years and died at forty-two. He had two sons—the elder Shipi, the younger Wuheti. [6] Shipi reigned eleven years and died at forty-two. His sons, including Shuluoqian, were still young, so his younger brother Wuheti succeeded. Wuheti reigned eight years and died at thirty-five. Shipi's son Shuluoqian succeeded and styled himself General of the Agile Cavalry, at the beginning of the Yixi reign.
6
樹洛干死，弟阿犲自稱驃騎將軍。 譙縱亂蜀，阿犲遣其從子西彊公吐谷渾敕來泥拓土至龍涸、平康。 少帝景平中，阿犲遣使上表獻方物。 詔曰：「吐谷渾阿犲介在遐表，慕義可嘉，宜有寵任。 今酬其來款，可督塞表諸軍事、安西將軍、沙州刺史、澆河公。」 未及拜受，太祖元嘉三年，又詔加除命。 未至而阿犲死，弟慕璝立。 [7]六年，表曰：「大宋應運，四海宅心，臣亡兄阿犲慕義天朝，款情素著。 去年七月五日，謁者董湛至，宣傳明詔，顯授榮爵，而臣私門不幸，亡兄見背。 臣以懦弱，負荷後任，然天恩所報，本在臣門，若更反覆，懼停信命。 輒拜受寵任，奉遵上旨，伏願詳處，更授章策。」 七年，詔曰：「吐谷渾慕璝兄弟慕義，至誠可嘉，宜授策爵，以甄忠款。 可督塞表諸軍事、征西將軍、沙州刺史、隴西公。」
When Shuluoqian died, his younger brother Achai styled himself General of the Valiant Cavalry. When Qiao Zong threw Shu into chaos, Achai sent his cousin, the Western Qiang Duke Tuyuhun Chi, with Nai to extend their lands to Longgu and Pingkang. During the Jingping era of Emperor Shao, Achai sent envoys with a memorial offering local tribute. An edict declared, "Achai of the Tuyuhun, though he stands far beyond our borders, has shown admirable devotion to our cause and deserves favor and office. In return for his embassy, let him be made Supervisor of Military Affairs beyond the Passes, General Who Pacifies the West, Governor of Shazhou, and Duke of Jiaohe." Before he could receive and accept these offices, in the third year of Emperor Taizu's Yuanjia reign a further edict added new appointments. The envoys had not yet arrived when Achai died; his younger brother Mugui succeeded. [7] In the sixth year he submitted a memorial: "Great Song has received Heaven's mandate and holds the hearts of all within the four seas. My late brother Achai long admired the celestial court, and his sincere devotion was well known. On the fifth day of the seventh month last year the attendant Dong Zhan arrived with your luminous edict, granting glorious ranks in full—but my house met private misfortune, and my brother was taken from us before he could receive them. I am weak and unworthy, yet I now bear the succession; the grace Heaven meant to bestow was always meant for our house. If the grant is withdrawn and renewed, I fear your trust in us will falter. I therefore bow to accept these honors and obey your command, humbly asking that you reconsider the matter and issue fresh seals and charters." In the seventh year an edict declared, "Mugui of the Tuyuhun and his brothers have shown admirable devotion and utmost sincerity; let charter and rank be granted to honor their loyalty. Let him be Supervisor of Military Affairs beyond the Passes, General Who Conquers the West, Governor of Shazhou, and Duke of Longxi."
7
先是晉末，金城東允街縣胡人乞伏乾歸擁部眾據洮河、罕幵，自號隴西公。 乾歸死，子熾磐立，遣使詣晉朝歸順，以為使持節、都督河西諸軍事、平西將軍，公如故。 高祖即位，進號安西大將軍。 熾磐死，子茂蔓立。 [8]慕璝前後屢遣軍擊，茂蔓率部落東奔隴右，慕璝據有其地。 是歲，赫連定於長安為索虜拓跋燾所攻，擁秦戶口十餘萬西次罕幵，欲向涼州，慕璝距擊，大破之，生擒定。 燾遣使求，慕璝以定與之。 九年，慕璝遣司馬趙敍奉貢獻，幷言二萬人捷。 太祖加其使持節、散騎常侍、都督西秦河沙三州諸軍事、征西大將軍、西秦河二州刺史、領護羌校尉，進爵隴西王。 弟慕延為平東將軍，慕璝兄樹洛干子拾寅為平北將軍，阿豺子煒代鎮軍將軍。 詔慕璝南國將士，昔沒在佛佛者，並悉致。 慕璝遣送朱昕之等五十五戶，一百五十四人。
Earlier, at the end of Jin, the Hu leader Qifu Gangui of Yunjie county east of Jincheng gathered his tribesmen, seized the Tao River region and Hanqian, and styled himself Duke of Longxi. When Gangui died, his son Chipan succeeded and sent envoys to the Jin court to submit; he was appointed Bearer of the Staff of Authority, Commander-in-Chief of Military Affairs in Hexi, and General Who Pacifies the West, retaining his ducal title. When Emperor Gaozu took the throne, Chipan's title was advanced to Grand General Who Pacifies the West. When Chipan died, his son Maoman succeeded. [8] Mugui repeatedly sent armies against him; Maoman led his tribes in flight east to the Long region, and Mugui seized his lands. That year Helian Ding at Chang'an was attacked by the Northern Wei ruler Tuoba Tao; Ding gathered more than a hundred thousand Qin households and moved west to encamp at Hanqian, intending to march on Liangzhou. Mugui intercepted him, inflicted a crushing defeat, and took Ding alive. Tao sent envoys to demand Ding; Mugui handed him over. In the ninth year Mugui sent Chief Clerk Zhao Xu with tribute and reported a victory over twenty thousand enemy troops. Emperor Taizu further appointed him Bearer of the Staff of Authority, Regular Attendant of the Scattered Cavalry, Commander-in-Chief of Military Affairs in Western Qin, He, and Sha, Grand General Who Conquers the West, Governor of Western Qin and He, Colonel Protecting the Qiang, and advanced him to King of Longxi. His younger brother Muyan was made General Who Pacifies the East; Shiyin, son of Mugui's elder brother Shuluoqian, was made General Who Pacifies the North; and Wei, son of Achai, was made Acting General of the Garrison Army. An edict instructed Mugui to return all officers and soldiers of the southern states who had formerly been lost among the Fofo. Mugui sent back Zhu Xinzhi and others—fifty-five households, one hundred fifty-four persons in all.
8
慕璝死，弟慕延立，[9]遣使奉表。 十五年，除慕延使持節、散騎常侍、都督西秦河沙三州諸軍事、鎮西大將軍、領護羌校尉、西秦河二州刺史、隴西王。 十六年，改封河南王。 其年，以拾虔弟拾寅為平西將軍，慕延庶長子繁暱為撫軍將軍，慕延嫡子瑍為左將軍、河南王世子。 十九年，追贈阿豺本號安西、秦沙三州諸軍事、沙州刺史、領護羌校尉、隴西王。 索虜拓跋燾遣軍擊慕延，大破之，慕延率部落西奔白蘭，攻破于闐國。 慮虜復至，二十七年，遣使上表云：「若不自固者，欲率部曲入龍涸越嶲門。」 并求牽車，獻烏丸帽、女國金酒器、胡王金釧等物。 太祖賜以牽車，若虜至不自立，聽入越嶲。 虜竟不至也。
When Mugui died, his younger brother Muyan succeeded [9] and sent envoys with a memorial. In the fifteenth year Muyan was appointed Bearer of the Staff of Authority, Regular Attendant of the Scattered Cavalry, Commander-in-Chief of Military Affairs in Western Qin, He, and Sha, Grand General Who Guards the West, Colonel Protecting the Qiang, Governor of Western Qin and He, and King of Longxi. In the sixteenth year his title was changed to King of Henan. That same year Shiyin, younger brother of Shiqian, was made General Who Pacifies the West; Muyan's eldest son by a concubine, Fan'ai, was made General Who Pacifies the Army; and Muyan's legitimate son Min was made Left General and Heir Apparent of the King of Henan. In the nineteenth year Achai was posthumously granted his former offices—Commander of Military Affairs in Qin and Sha, Governor of Shazhou, Colonel Protecting the Qiang, and King of Longxi. The Northern Wei ruler Tuoba Tao sent an army against Muyan and inflicted a crushing defeat; Muyan led his tribes west in flight to Bailan and overran the kingdom of Khotan. Fearing another attack from the barbarians, in the twenty-seventh year he sent envoys with a memorial: "If I cannot hold my ground, I wish to lead my followers through Longgu and over the Yuexi Gate into your territory." He also requested an imperial carriage and presented a Wuhuan cap, golden wine vessels from the Land of Women, a golden bracelet of the Hu kings, and other gifts. Emperor Taizu granted him a carriage and permission to enter through Yuexi if the barbarians came and he could not hold his ground. In the end the barbarians did not come.
9
慕延死，拾寅自立。 二十九年，以拾寅為使持節、督西秦河沙三州諸軍事、安西將軍、領護羌校尉、西秦河二州刺史、河南王。 拾寅東破索虜，加開府儀同三司。 世祖大明五年，拾寅遣使獻善舞馬，四角羊。 皇太子、王公以下上舞馬歌者二十七首。 太宗泰始三年，進號征西大將軍。 五年，拾寅奉表獻方物，以弟拾皮為平西將軍、金城公。 前廢帝又進號車騎大將軍。
When Muyan died, Shiyin took power on his own authority. In the twenty-ninth year Shiyin was appointed Bearer of the Staff of Authority, Supervisor of Military Affairs in Western Qin, He, and Sha, General Who Pacifies the West, Colonel Protecting the Qiang, Governor of Western Qin and He, and King of Henan. When Shiyin defeated the Northern Wei forces in the east, he was further granted the title of Director with honors equal to the Three Excellencies. In the fifth year of Emperor Shizu's Daming reign, Shiyin sent envoys presenting fine dancing horses and four-horned sheep. The crown prince, princes, dukes, and officials below them submitted twenty-seven songs in praise of the dancing horses. In the third year of Emperor Taizong's Taishi reign, Shiyin's title was advanced to Grand General Who Conquers the West. In the fifth year Shiyin sent a memorial with local tribute and appointed his younger brother Shipi General Who Pacifies the West and Duke of Jincheng. The Deposed Former Emperor further advanced his title to Grand General of the Agile Cavalry.
10
其國西有黃沙，南北一百二十里，東西七十里，不生草木，沙州因此為號。 屈真川有鹽池，甘谷嶺北有雀鼠同穴，或在山嶺，或在平地，雀色白，鼠色黃，地生黃紫花草，便有雀鼠穴。 白蘭土出黃金、銅、鐵。 其國雖隨水草，大抵治慕賀川。 [10]
West of their territory lies a tract of yellow sand one hundred twenty li from north to south and seventy li from east to west, where nothing grows; the province of Shazhou takes its name from this desert. The Quzhen River has salt ponds. North of Gangu Ridge are the famed "sparrow-and-rat shared burrows," found on ridges or on flat ground: the sparrows are white, the rats yellow, and wherever yellow and purple wildflowers grow, sparrow-and-rat burrows appear. The soil of Bailan yields gold, copper, and iron. Though their people moved with pasture and water, their government was centered broadly at Muhe River. [10] (Editorial note.)
11
史臣曰：吐谷渾逐草依泉，擅強塞表，毛衣肉食，取資佃畜，而錦組繒紈，見珍殊俗，徒以商譯往來，故禮同北面。 自昔哲王，雖存柔遠，要荒回隔，禮文弗被，大不過子，義著春秋。 晉、宋垂典，不修古則，遂爵班上等，秩擬台光。 辮髮稱賀，非尚簪冕，言語不通，寧敷袞職。 雖復苞篚歲臻，事惟賈道，金罽氈毦，非用斯急，送迓煩擾，獲不如亡。 若令肅慎年朝，越裳歲饗，固不容以異見書，取高前策。 聖人謂之荒服，此言蓋有以也。
The historiographer writes: The Tuyuhun followed pasture and spring water and held sway beyond the frontier passes, living on meat and hides and the herds they tended; yet their brocades and silks were prized in distant lands. Only because merchants and interpreters shuttled back and forth were they received with the ceremony due those who face the throne. Wise kings of old, though gentle toward distant peoples, still kept the outer and wild realms at arm's length—ritual and civilization did not reach them, and titles never rose above that of a feudal son, as the Spring and Autumn Annals make plain. Jin and Song established precedent without restoring ancient norms, granting the highest noble ranks and offices that rivaled the brilliance of the central court. They came with braided hair to offer congratulations, not to honor caps and coronets; their languages were not mutually intelligible—how could they bear the duties of court office? Though tribute arrived every year, the exchange was merely trade: gold brocade, felt rugs, and woolens were not urgently needed at court, and the trouble of sending envoys to receive them cost more than it was worth. If the Sushen came to court every year and the Yuechang offered tribute annually, one could hardly record them as foreign subjects and call that an improvement on earlier policy. The sages spoke of the "wild service" for such lands—and this judgment surely has its reasons.
12
校勘記
Collation Notes
13
父弈洛韓有二子長曰吐谷渾少曰若洛廆「弈洛韓」御覽一二一引十六國春秋前燕錄、晉書、通典作「涉歸」。 「若洛廆」前燕錄作「弈洛瓌」。
Their father Yiluohan had two sons—the elder Tuyuhun, the younger Ruoluohe. For "Yiluohan," Imperial Readings 121, citing the Former Yan Records of the Sixteen Kingdoms Spring and Autumn, the Jin Shu, and the Tongdian, all read "Shegui." For "Ruoluohe," the Former Yan Records read "Yiluogui."
14
分七百戶與渾晉書吐谷渾傳作一千七百家。
Seven hundred households were allotted to Hun; the Tuyuhun biography in the Jin Shu reads one thousand seven hundred households.
15
遣舊父老及長史乙那樓追渾令還「乙那樓」晉書作「那樓馮」。 按魏書官氏志，一那蔞氏後改為蔞氏。 乙那樓蓋一那蔞之異譯。 宋書但稱其姓，晉書則著其名曰馮。 下云「樓喜拜曰」，沈約蓋誤以乙那為姓，樓為其名。
He sent the old clan elders and Chief Clerk Yi Nalou to overtake Hun and bring him back. For "Yi Nalou," the Jin Shu reads "Nalou Feng." According to the Gazetteer of Offices and Clans in the Wei Shu, one branch of the Nalou clan was later written as the Lou clan. Yi Nalou is probably a variant transcription of the Nalou clan name. The Song Shu gives only his surname, while the Jin Shu records his personal name as Feng. The text below reads "Lou bowed with joy and said"—Shen Yue probably mistook Yi Na for the surname and Lou for the personal name.
16
語其大將絕拔渥曰「絕拔渥」魏書作「紇拔渥」，晉書作「紇拔泥」。
He spoke to his great general Jueba Wo. For "Jueba Wo," the Wei Shu reads "Heba Wo," and the Jin Shu reads "Heba Ni."
17
嗣立二十三年年三十三「年三十三」各本並作「年四十三」，據晉書改。 按上云年十歲，父死，此云嗣立二十三年，則當作年三十三。
He reigned twenty-three years and died at thirty-three. All editions read "age forty-three" for "age thirty-three"; emended according to the Jin Shu. The text above states that he was ten when his father died; since he reigned twenty-three years, the age at death should read thirty-three.
18
有子二人長曰視羆次烏紇提晉書同。 魏書吐谷渾傳以視羆為視連之弟。
He had two sons—the elder Shipi, the younger Wuheti. The Jin Shu agrees. The Tuyuhun biography in the Wei Shu treats Shipi as Shilian's younger brother.
19
未至而阿犲死弟慕璝立據魏書吐谷渾傳，慕璝為阿犲兄子，非其弟。 宋書載慕璝表云「臣亡兄阿犲慕義天朝」，則沈書稱慕璝為阿犲之弟，或有所據。
The envoys had not yet arrived when Achai died and his younger brother Mugui succeeded. According to the Tuyuhun biography in the Wei Shu, Mugui was Achai's nephew, not his younger brother. The Song Shu records Mugui's memorial stating "my late elder brother Achai admired the celestial court"—so Shen Yue's calling Mugui Achai's younger brother may rest on some authority.
20
子茂蔓立「茂蔓」御覽一二七引十六國春秋西秦錄、魏書、晉書、通鑑並作「暮末」。 通典邊防典作「茙蔓」。 本注云：「茙音戎。」
His son Maoman succeeded. For "Maoman," Imperial Readings 127, citing the Western Qin Records, the Wei Shu, the Jin Shu, and the Comprehensive Mirror, all read "Mumo." The Frontier Defense section of the Tongdian reads "Qiongmian." An original note states: "Qiong is pronounced rong."
21
弟慕延立「慕延」十六國春秋作「末利延」，魏書作「慕利延」。
His younger brother Muyan succeeded. For "Muyan," the Sixteen Kingdoms Spring and Autumn reads "Moliyan," and the Wei Shu reads "Muliyan."
22
大抵治慕賀川「慕賀川」各本並作「慕賀州」，南齊書作「慕駕川」。 魏書吐谷渾傳原卷亡，北史吐谷渾傳作「伏羅川」。 通典邊防典亦作「伏羅川」。 「伏羅川」即「慕賀川」之異譯。 「州」則為「川」字之譌，今改正。
Broadly they governed at Muhe River. All editions read "Muhe Prefecture" for "Muhe River"; the Book of Southern Qi reads "Mujia River." The original scroll of the Tuyuhun biography in the Wei Shu is lost; the Tuyuhun biography in the Northern History reads "Fuluo River." The Frontier Defense section of the Tongdian also reads "Fuluo River." "Fuluo River" is a variant transcription of "Muhe River." "Prefecture" is a corruption of the character for "river"; the text is emended accordingly.