Volume 9 Treatises 4: Rites 4

禮儀四

Rites, Part Four

周大定元年，靜帝遣兼太傅、上柱國、杞國公椿，大宗伯、大將軍、金城公煚，奉皇帝璽紱策書，禪位於隋。司錄虞慶則白，請設壇於東第。博士何妥議，以為受禪登壇，以告天也，故魏受漢禪，設壇於繁昌，為在行旅，郊壇乃闕。至如漢高在汜，光武在鄗，盡非京邑所築壇。自晉、宋揖讓，皆在都下，莫不並就南郊，更無別築之義。又後魏即位，登硃雀觀，周帝初立，受朝于路門，雖自我作古，皆非禮也。今即府為壇，恐招後誚。議者從之。二月甲子，椿等乘象輅，備鹵簿，持節，率百官至門下，奉策入次。百官文武，朝服立于門南，北面。高祖冠遠遊冠，府僚陪列。記室入白，禮曹導高祖，府僚從，出大門東廂西向。椿奉策書，煚奉璽紱，出次，節導而進。高祖揖之，入門而左，椿等入門而右。百官隨入庭中。椿南向，讀冊書畢，進授高祖。高祖北面再拜，辭不奉詔。上柱國李穆進喻朝旨，又與百官勸進，高祖不納。椿等又奉策書進而敦勸，高祖再拜，俯受策，以授高熲；受璽，以授虞慶則。退就東階位。使者與百官皆北面再拜，搢笏，三稱萬歲。有司請備法駕，高祖不許，改服紗帽、黃袍，入幸臨光殿。就閣內服袞冕，乘小輿，出自西序，如元會儀。禮部尚書以案承符命及祥瑞牒，進東階下。納言跪御前以聞。內史令奉宣詔大赦，改元曰開皇。是日，命有司奉冊祀於南郊。

In Zhou Dadading 1, Emperor Jing sent the concurrent Grand Tutor and Pillar of State, Duke Chun of Qi, together with the Grand Herald and Grand General, Duke Jiong of Jincheng, bearing the imperial seal, cord, and investiture scroll to abdicate in favor of Sui. Director of Records Yu Qingze submitted a memorial requesting that an altar be erected at the Eastern Residence. Erudite He Tuo argued that mounting the altar to receive the abdication was an announcement to Heaven. When Wei accepted the Han abdication, an altar was erected at Fanchang; because the court was on campaign, the suburban altar was omitted. When Gaozu of Han was at Si and Guangwu at Hao, neither built the altar in the capital city. From Jin and Song onward, every peaceful transfer of power took place in the capital, always at the Southern Suburb, with no precedent for erecting a separate altar. Later Wei had the new emperor ascend the Vermilion Sparrow Tower; when the Zhou emperor was first enthroned, he received court at the Road Gate. Though each dynasty invented its own practice, none was proper ritual. To use the residence itself as the altar would, I fear, invite reproach from later ages. The assembly accepted his view. On jiazi of the second month, Chun and his party rode the elephant carriage with full guard of honor and staff of authority, led the hundred officials to the gate, and placed the investiture scroll in the side chamber. Civil and military officials in court dress stood south of the gate, facing north. Gaozu wore the far-wandering cap, with the staff of the residence arrayed in attendance. The recorder entered to announce; the ritual officer led Gaozu out through the great gate to the eastern wing, facing west, with the staff following. Chun carried the investiture scroll and Jiong the seal and cord; they emerged from the side chamber and advanced under the staff of authority. Gaozu bowed to them, entered the gate and turned left; Chun and the others entered and turned right. The hundred officials followed them into the courtyard. Facing south, Chun finished reading the bound scroll and stepped forward to present it to Gaozu. Gaozu faced north, bowed twice, and declined the mandate. Pillar of State Li Mu stepped forward to explain the court's intent and, with the hundred officials, pressed him to accept; Gaozu refused. Chun and the others again presented the investiture scroll and pressed him earnestly. Gaozu bowed twice, bowed his head to receive the scroll, and handed it to Gao Jiong. Receiving the seal, he handed it to Yu Qingze. He withdrew and took his place on the eastern steps. The envoys and the hundred officials all faced north, bowed twice, tucked their tablets, and thrice shouted "Ten thousand years!" The relevant office requested the imperial carriage; Gaozu refused, changed into a gauze cap and yellow robe, and entered the Lincang Hall. Within the pavilion he donned the dragon robe and crown, rode the small palanquin out from the western gallery, and proceeded according to the New Year's audience rite. The Minister of Rites, bearing a tray with the mandate tokens and memorials of auspicious omens, advanced below the eastern steps. Chief Counselor knelt before the throne to report. The Palace Secretary then proclaimed a general amnesty and changed the era name to Kaihuang. That same day he ordered the relevant office to offer the bound scroll in sacrifice at the Southern Suburb.

後齊將崇皇太后，則太尉以玉帛告圓丘方澤，以幣告廟。皇帝乃臨軒，命太保持節，太尉副之。設九儐，命使者受璽綬冊及節，詣西上閤。其日，昭陽殿文物具陳，臨軒訖，使者就位，持節及璽綬稱詔。二侍中拜進，受節及冊璽綬，以付小黃門。黃門以詣閤。皇太后服褘衣，處昭陽殿，公主及命婦陪列於殿，皆拜。小黃門以節綬入，女侍中受，以進皇太后。皇太后興，受，以授左右。複坐，反節于使者。使者受節出。冊皇后，如太后之禮。

Before Later Qi could honor the Empress Dowager, the Grand Commandant reported with jade and silk at the Round Mound and Square Pond, and with silks at the ancestral temple. The emperor then came to the front hall and ordered the Grand Mentor to bear the staff of authority, with the Grand Commandant as deputy. Nine ushers were appointed; the envoys received the seal, cord, bound scroll, and staff of authority and proceeded to the Western Upper Pavilion. That day the regalia was fully displayed in Zhaoyang Hall. When the emperor had come to the front hall and the envoys were in place, they bore the staff of authority and seal-cord and proclaimed the edict. Both attendants-in-ordinary bowed and advanced, received the staff of authority and bound scroll with seal-cord, and handed them to the junior yellow gate attendants. The yellow gate attendants carried them to the pavilion. The Empress Dowager wore the hui robe and seated herself in Zhaoyang Hall; princesses and titled ladies lined the hall and all bowed. Junior yellow gate attendants entered with the staff and cord; the female attendant-in-ordinary received them and presented them to the Empress Dowager. Rising, the Empress Dowager, received them, and handed them to attendants at her side. Seating herself again, she returned the staff of authority to the envoys. The envoys took the staff of authority and withdrew. Investiture of the empress followed the same rites as for the empress dowager.

後齊冊皇太子，則皇帝臨軒，司待為使，司空副之。太子服遠遊冠，入至位。使者入，奉冊讀訖，皇太子跪受冊於使，以授中庶子。又受璽綬于尚書，以授庶子。稽首以出。就冊，則使者持節至東宮，宮臣內外官定列。皇太子階東，西面。若幼，則太師抱之，主衣二人奉空頂幘服從，以受冊。明日，拜章表於東宮殿庭，中庶子、中舍人乘軺車，奉章詣朝堂謝。擇日齋於崇正殿，服冕，乘石山安車謁廟。擇日群臣上禮，又擇日會。明日，三品以上箋賀。

For Later Qi's investiture of the crown prince, the emperor came to the front hall; the Director of Attendants served as envoy, with the Minister of Works as deputy. Wearing the far-wandering cap, the crown prince the far-wandering cap and entered to his place. Entering, the envoy presented the bound scroll and finished reading; the crown prince knelt to receive the scroll from the envoy and handed it to the junior tutor. He likewise received the seal and cord from the Minister of Works and handed them to the tutor. He kowtowed and withdrew. When investiture took place at the residence, the envoy bore the staff of authority to the Eastern Palace; inner and outer palace officials took their fixed places. Standing east of the steps, the crown prince east of the steps, facing west. If he was still a child, the Grand Tutor held him while two masters of robes followed bearing the empty-topped cap and robe for him to receive the investiture scroll. On the following day he presented a memorial of thanks in the courtyard of the Eastern Palace; the junior tutor and junior attendant rode the light carriage, bearing the memorial to the court hall to give thanks. On a chosen day he fasted at the Chongzheng Hall, donned the crown robe, and rode the stone-mount carriage to visit the ancestral temple. On a selected day the ministers presented congratulatory gifts; on another chosen day there was a banquet. The day after, officials of third rank and above submitted congratulatory memorials.

冊諸王，以臨軒日上水一刻，吏部令史乘馬，齎召版，詣王第。王乘高車，鹵簿至東掖門止，乘軺車。既入，至席。尚書讀冊訖，以授王，又授章綬。事畢，乘軺車，入鹵簿，乘高車，詣閶闔門，伏闕表謝。報訖，拜廟還第。就第，則鴻臚卿持節，吏部尚書授冊，侍御史授節。使者受而出，乘軺車，持節，詣王第。入就西階，東面。王入，立於東階，西面。使者讀冊，博士讀版，王俯伏。興，進受冊章綬茅土，俯伏三稽首，還本位，謝如上儀。在州鎮，則使者受節冊，乘軺車至州，如王第。

To invest princes, on the day of the front-hall audience, one quarter after the fifth watch the clerks of the Ministry of Personnel rode forth bearing the summons tablet to the prince's residence. Riding the high carriage, the prince the high carriage; the guard of honor halted at the Eastern Side Gate, and he transferred to the light carriage. Once inside, he came to his seat. After the Minister of Works finished reading the bound scroll and presented it to the prince, then presented the seal and cord. With the rite complete, he rode the light carriage, rejoined the guard of honor, rode the high carriage to the Changhe Gate, and prostrated himself before the gate to submit a memorial of thanks. Once the reply was received, he visited the temple and returned to his residence. At the prince's residence, the Director of Banquets bore the staff of authority; the Minister of Personnel presented the bound scroll; the attendant censor presented the staff of authority. Envoy received them and withdrew, rode the light carriage, bore the staff of authority, and proceeded to the prince's residence. Entering, he took his place on the western steps, facing east. The prince entered and took his stand on the eastern steps, facing west. The envoy then read the bound scroll; the erudite read the tablet; the prince bowed prostrate. He rose, stepped forward to receive the bound scroll, seal, cord, and fief soil, kowtowed three times, returned to his place, and gave thanks according to the rite above. At a provincial post, the envoy received the staff of authority and bound scroll, rode the light carriage to the province, and proceeded as at the prince's residence, as prescribed.

諸王、三公、儀同、尚書令、五等開國、太妃、妃、公主恭拜冊，軸一枚，長二尺，以白練衣之。用竹簡十二枚，六枚與軸等，六枚長尺二寸。文出集書，書皆篆字。哀冊、贈冊亦同。諸王、五等開國及鄉男恭拜，以其封國所在方，取社壇方面土，包以白茅，內青箱中。函方五寸，以青塗飾，封授之，以為社。

For princes, the Three Dukes, commissioners with equal status, ministers of works, fifth-rank founding marquises, grand consorts, consorts, and princesses, the investiture scroll had one roller two feet long, wrapped in white silk. Twelve bamboo slips were used: six matched the roller in length, six were one foot two inches long. All text came from the Secretariat; all writing was in seal script. Lament scrolls and posthumous investiture scrolls followed the same format. For princes, fifth-rank founding marquises, and district barons, earth was taken from the corresponding side of the altar of the soil in the direction of their fief, wrapped in white thatch, and placed in a blue chest. The case was five inches square, decorated with blue lacquer, sealed and presented — this represented the altar of the soil.

隋臨軒冊命三師、諸王、三公，並陳車輅。餘則否。百司定列，內史令讀冊訖，受冊者拜受出。又引次受冊者，如上儀。若冊開國，郊社令奉茅土，立于仗南，西面。每受冊訖，授茅土焉。

Under Sui, when investing the Three Preceptors, princes, and Three Dukes at the front-hall audience, chariots and carriages were all displayed. For other investitures, this was not done. All hundred offices took their fixed places; the Palace Secretary finished reading the bound scroll; the recipient bowed, received it, and withdrew. The next recipient was then led in according to the rite above. In investing a founding marquis, the Director of Suburban Sacrifices presented the fief soil and stood south of the guard of honor, facing west. Upon each investiture was complete, the fief soil was presented.

後齊皇帝加元服，以玉帛告圓丘方澤，以幣告廟，擇日臨軒。中嚴，群官位定，皇帝著空頂介幘以出。太尉盥訖，升，脫空頂幘，以黑介幘奉加訖，太尉進太保之右，北面讀祝訖，太保加冕，侍中系玄紱，脫絳紗袍，加袞服，事畢，太保上壽，群官三稱萬歲。皇帝入溫室，移禦坐，會而不上壽。後日，文武群官朝服，上禮酒十二鐘，米十二囊，牛十二頭。又擇日親拜圓丘方澤，謁廟。

When the Later Qi emperor performed the capping rite, jade and silk were reported at the Round Mound and Square Pond and silks at the temple; on a chosen day he came to the front hall. At the second watch, officials took their places; the emperor came out wearing the empty-topped cap with black headband. When the Grand Commandant had finished washing, he ascended, removed the empty-topped cap, placed the black headband cap, and finished reading the invocation. The Grand Mentor placed the crown; the attendant-in-ordinary tied the black cord, removed the crimson gauze robe, and added the dragon robe. When complete, the Grand Mentor offered the longevity toast and the officials thrice shouted "Ten thousand years!" Entering the warming chamber, moved the imperial seat, and held a banquet without the longevity toast. Later, civil and military officials in court dress presented twelve jars of ceremonial wine, twelve sacks of rice, and twelve oxen. On another chosen day he personally worshipped at the Round Mound and Square Pond and visited the ancestral temple.

皇太子冠，則太尉以制幣告七廟，擇日臨軒。有司供帳於崇正殿。中嚴，皇太子空頂幘公服出，立東階之南，西面，使者入，立西階之南，東面。皇太子受詔訖，入室盥櫛，出，南面。使者進揖，詣冠席，西面坐。光祿卿盥訖，詣太子前疏櫛。使者又盥，奉進賢三梁冠，至太子前，東面祝，脫空頂幘，加冠。太子興，入室更衣，出，又南面就席。光祿卿盥櫛。使者又盥祝，脫三梁冠，加遠遊冠。太子又入室更衣。設席中楹之西，使者揖就席，南面。光祿卿洗爵酌醴，使者詣席前，北面祝。太子拜受醴，即席坐，祭之，啐之，奠爵，降階，複本位，西面。三師、三少及在位群官拜事訖。又擇日會宮臣，又擇日謁廟。

For the crown prince's capping, the Grand Commandant reported to the seven temples with prescribed silks; on a chosen day the emperor came to the front hall, as prescribed. The relevant office prepared the pavilion at the Chongzheng Hall. At the second watch, the crown prince came out in empty-topped cap and official dress, standing south of the eastern steps facing west; the envoy entered and stood south of the western steps facing east. After receiving the edict, the crown prince entered the chamber to wash and comb, came out, and faced south. The envoy bowed and stepped forward with a bow, proceeded to the capping seat, and sat facing west. Having washed, the Director of Ceremonial Affairs and came before the crown prince to comb his hair. Washing again, the envoy presented the three-ridge cap of advancing worthies, came before the crown prince, faced east to invoke, removed the empty-topped cap, and placed the crown. Rising, the crown prince entered the chamber to change clothes, came out, and again faced south to take his seat. The Director of Ceremonial Affairs washed and combed again. After washing again and invoking, removed the three-ridge cap, and placed the far-wandering cap. Once more the crown prince entered the chamber to change clothes. They set a mat west of the central pillar; the envoy bowed and took his seat facing south. The Director of Ceremonial Affairs washed the cup and and poured the ceremonial wine; the envoy came before the mat and faced north to invoke. Bowing, the crown prince received the wine, sat on the mat, offered a libation, sipped it, placed the cup, descended the steps, returned to his place, and faced west. Then the Three Preceptors, Three Junior Preceptors, and assembled officials bowed; the rite was complete. On another chosen day he convened the palace officials; on another chosen day he visited the ancestral temple.

隋皇太子將冠，前一日，皇帝齋于大興殿。皇太子與賓贊及預從官齋於正寢。其日質明，有司告廟，各設筵於阼階。皇帝袞冕入拜，即御座。賓揖皇太子進，升筵，西向坐。贊冠者坐櫛，設纚。賓盥訖，進加緇布冠。贊冠進設頍纓。賓揖皇太子適東序，衣玄衣素裳以出。贊冠者又坐櫛，賓進加遠遊冠。改服訖，賓又受冕。太子適東序，改服以出。賓揖皇太子南面立，賓進受醴，進筵前，北面立祝。皇太子拜受觶。賓復位，東面答拜。贊冠者奉饌於筵前，皇太子祭奠。禮畢，降筵，進當禦東面拜。納言承詔，詣太子戒訖，太子拜。贊冠者引太子降自西階。賓少進，字之。贊冠者引皇太子進，立於庭，東面。諸親拜訖，贊冠者拜，太子皆答拜。與賓贊俱復位。納言承詔降，令有司致禮。賓贊又拜。皇帝降複阼階，拜，皇太子已下皆拜。皇帝出，更衣還宮。皇太子從至闕，因入見皇后，拜而還。

When the Sui crown prince was to be capped, the day before the emperor fasted in the Daxing Hall. The crown prince, the guest and assistant of the rite, and attendant officials all fasted in the principal chamber. At daybreak the relevant office reported to the temple, and a mat was set on the eastern steps for each. The emperor, in dragon robe and crown, entered to bow and then took the imperial seat. Bowing, the guest and led the crown prince forward; he ascended the mat and sat facing west. The assistant of the cap sat to comb his hair and set the hairnet. After washing, the guest stepped forward and placed the black cloth cap. The cap assistant stepped forward to set the forehead band and tassel. The guest bowed and led the crown prince to the eastern gallery; he emerged in dark upper garment and plain lower skirt. The cap assistant again sat to comb; the guest stepped forward and placed the far-wandering cap. Once the change of dress was complete, the guest again received the crown. The crown prince then went to the eastern gallery, changed clothes, and came out. Bowing, the guest and led the crown prince to stand facing south; the guest stepped forward to receive the ceremonial wine, came before the mat, and stood facing north to invoke. Bowing, the crown prince to receive the cup. The guest returned to his place and returned the bow facing east. The assistant of the cap presented the food before the mat, and the crown prince offered the libation. With the rite complete, he descended from the mat, advanced, and bowed east of the throne. Receiving the edict, the Chief Counselor the edict, proceeded to admonish the crown prince, and when finished the crown prince bowed. The cap assistant led the crown prince down the western steps. Stepping forward slightly, the guest and bestowed the style name. The cap assistant led the crown prince forward to stand in the courtyard facing east. When the relatives had finished bowing, the assistant of the cap bowed, and the crown prince returned each bow. He, the guest and assistant all returned to their places. Receiving the edict, the Chief Counselor the edict and descended, ordering the relevant office to present gifts. The guest and assistant bowed again, as prescribed. The emperor descended to the eastern steps and bowed; the crown prince and those below all bowed. Withdrawing, the emperor, changed clothes, and returned to the palace. Following to the gate, the crown prince to the gate, then entered to see the empress, bowed, and returned.

後齊皇帝納後之禮，納采、問名、納征訖，告圓丘方澤及廟，如加元服，是日，皇帝臨軒，命太尉為使，司徒副之。持節詣皇后行宮，東向，奉璽綬冊，以授中常侍。皇后受冊于行殿。使者出，與公卿以下皆拜。有司備迎禮。太保太尉，受詔而行。主人公服，迎拜於門。使者入，升自賓階，東面。主人升自阼階，西面。禮物陳於庭。設席於兩楹間，童子以璽書版升，主人跪受。送使者，拜于大門之外。有司先于昭陽殿兩楹間供帳，為同牢之具。皇后服大嚴繡衣，帶綬珮，加幜。女長禦引出，升畫輪四望車。女侍中負璽陪乘。鹵簿如大駕。皇帝服袞冕出，升禦坐。皇后入門，大鹵簿住門外，小鹵簿入。到東上閤，施步鄣，降車，席道以入昭陽殿。前至席位，姆去幜，皇后先拜後起，皇帝後拜先起。帝升自西階，詣同牢坐，與皇后俱坐。各三飯訖，又各酳二爵一巹。奏禮畢，皇后興，南面立。皇帝禦太極殿，王公已下拜，皇帝興，入。明日，後展衣，于昭陽殿拜表謝。又明日，以榛栗棗修，見皇太后于昭陽殿。擇日，群官上禮。又擇日謁廟。皇帝使太尉先乙太牢告，而後遍見群廟。皇太子納妃禮，皇帝遣使納采，有司備禮物。會畢，使者受詔而行。主人迎于大門外。禮畢，會於聽事。其次問名、納吉，並如納采。納征，則使司徒及尚書令為使，備禮物而行。請期，則乙太常宗正卿為使，如納采。親迎，則太尉為使。三日，妃朝皇帝于昭陽殿，又朝皇后于宣光殿。擇日，群官上禮。他日，妃還。又他日，皇太子拜閤。

In the Later Qi rite for the emperor taking an empress, after the initial gift, name inquiry, and betrothal gifts were complete, the Round Mound, Square Pond, and temple were notified as at the capping rite. That day the emperor came to the front hall and ordered the Grand Commandant as envoy, with the Minister of Education as deputy. Staff in hand, he of authority he proceeded to the empress's traveling palace, faced east, presented the seal, cord, and bound scroll, and handed them to the palace attendant. In the traveling hall, the empress received the bound scroll in the traveling hall. The envoy withdrew, and he and the dukes and officials below all bowed. Officials prepared the welcoming rite. Grand Mentor and Grand Commandant and Grand Commandant received the edict and set out. In mourning dress, the host dress welcomed and bowed at the gate. Entering, the envoy and ascended by the guest steps, facing east. The host then ascended by the host steps, facing west. Gifts were displayed in the courtyard. A mat was set between the two pillars; a youth ascended with the seal and written tablet, and the host knelt to receive. To see off the envoy, he bowed outside the great gate. The relevant office had already supplied the pavilion between the two pillars of Zhaoyang Hall with the implements for the shared-mat rite, as prescribed. The empress wore the great formal embroidered robe with belt, cord, and pendants, and added the veil. A senior lady attendant led her out and helped her ascend the painted four-view carriage. A female attendant-in-ordinary bore the seal and accompanied her in the carriage. The guard of honor matched that of the great imperial procession. In dragon robe and crown, the emperor robe and crown came out and ascended the imperial seat. When the empress entered the gate, the great guard of honor halted outside; the lesser guard of honor entered. Arriving at the Eastern Upper Pavilion, a screen was set; she descended from the carriage, and a mat path was laid for her to enter Zhaoyang Hall. On advancing to the seat, the matron removed the veil; the empress bowed first then rose, the emperor bowed after then rose first. Ascending the western steps, the emperor the western steps, proceeded to the shared-mat seat, and sat together with the empress. They each finished three servings of rice; each also rinsed with two cups and one gourd. At the music for the completed rite was played, the empress rose and stood facing south. Proceeding to the Taichi Hall, the emperor to the Taichi Hall; the princes and dukes below bowed; the emperor rose and entered. On the following day the empress in court dress bowed and submitted a memorial of thanks in Zhaoyang Hall. Another day she presented hazelnuts, chestnuts, dates, and dried meat to the Empress Dowager in Zhaoyang Hall. On a selected day the assembled officials presented congratulatory gifts. On another chosen day she visited the ancestral temple. The emperor sent the Grand Commandant first to report with a single ox at the temple, and afterward to visit all the temples in turn. When the crown prince took a consort, the emperor dispatched an envoy for the initial gift; the relevant office prepared the gifts. After the banquet was complete, the envoy received the edict and set out. The host welcomed the envoy outside the great gate. When the rite was complete, they met in the reception hall, as prescribed. Next came name inquiry and acceptance of auspicious omens, both following the initial-gift rite. For betrothal gifts, the Minister of Education and Minister of Works served as envoys, bearing full gifts, and set out. Setting the date, the Director of the Grand Temple and Director of the Imperial Clan served as envoys, as at the initial gift. The personal welcome, the Grand Commandant served as envoy. On the third day the consort attended upon the emperor in Zhaoyang Hall and upon the empress in Xuangguang Hall. On a selected day the assembled officials presented congratulatory gifts. Another day the consort returned. Still another day the crown prince paid court at the gate.

隋皇太子納妃禮，皇帝臨軒，使者受詔而行。主人俟于廟。使者執雁，主人迎拜于大門之東。使者入，升自西階，立於楹間，南面。納采訖，乃行問名儀。事畢，主人請致禮於從者。禮有幣馬。其次擇日納吉，如納采。又擇日，以玉帛乘馬納征。又擇日告期。又擇日，命有司以特牲告廟，冊妃。皇太子將親迎，皇帝臨軒，醮而誡曰：「往迎爾相，承我宗事，勖帥以敬。」對曰：「謹奉詔。」既受命，羽儀而行。主人几筵于廟，妃服褕翟，立于東房。主人迎于門外，西面拜。皇太子答拜。主人揖皇太子先入，主人升，立於阼階，西面。皇太子升進，當房戶前，北面，跪奠雁，俯伏，興拜，降出。妃父少進，西面戒之。母于西階上，施衿結帨，及門內，施鞶申之。出門，妃升輅，乘以幾。姆加幜。皇太子乃禦，輪三周，禦者代之。皇太子出大門，乘輅，羽儀還宮。妃三日，雞鳴夙興以朝。奠檲于皇帝，皇帝撫之。又奠檲于皇后，皇后撫之。席於戶牖間，妃立于席西，祭奠而出。

In the Sui crown prince taking a consort, the emperor came to the front hall; the envoy received the edict and set out. The host waited at the temple at the temple. Holding the geese, the envoy the geese; the host welcomed and bowed east of the great gate. Entering, the envoy, ascended the western steps, and stood between the pillars facing south. Once the initial gift was complete, the name inquiry rite was then performed. When the rite was complete, the host requested to present gifts to the attendants, as prescribed. Gifts included silks and horses. On a chosen day next, auspicious omens were accepted, as at the initial gift. Another chosen day brought jade silks and horses were sent as betrothal gifts. On another chosen day the wedding date was announced. Another chosen day the relevant office was ordered to report to the temple with a special sacrifice and invest the consort. As the crown prince was about to welcome her in person, the emperor came to the front hall, offered the parting cup, and admonished him: "Go to meet your partner, uphold our ancestral rites, and lead with reverence. The crown prince replied: "I respectfully accept the edict." With the mandate received the mandate, he set out with guard of honor. At the temple the host set the offering table at the temple; the consort wore the yu-di robe and stood in the eastern chamber. Outside the great gate, the host welcomed outside the gate and bowed facing west. The crown prince returned the bow, as prescribed. The host bowed and led the crown prince to enter first; the host ascended and stood on the host steps facing west, as prescribed. The crown prince ascended and advanced; before the chamber door he faced north, knelt to set down the geese, bowed prostrate, rose, bowed, and descended to withdraw, as prescribed. The consort's father stepped forward slightly and admonished her facing west, as prescribed. On the western steps the mother the western steps placed the collar cord and sash; at the inner gate she placed the purse and applied the sash. At the gate going out the gate, the consort ascended the carriage, supported by the armrest. The matron then added the veil. Then the crown prince took the reins; the carriage wheel turned three times, and the driver took over. The crown prince then went out the great gate, rode the carriage, and with guard of honor returned to the palace. At cockcrow on the third day she rose early to attend court. She presented dried meat to the emperor, and the emperor touched it. She also presented dried meat to the empress, and the empress touched it. They set a mat between the door and window; the consort stood west of the mat, offered the libation, and withdrew.

後齊娉禮，一曰納采，二曰問名，三曰納吉，四曰納征，五曰請期，六曰親迎。皆用羔羊一口，雁一雙，酒黍稷稻米面各一斛。自皇子王已下至於九品皆同，流外及庶人則減其半。納征，皇子王用玄三匹，纁二匹，束帛十匹，大璋一第一品已下至從三品，用璧玉，四品已下皆無。獸皮二第一品已下至從五品，用豹皮二，六品已下至從九品，用鹿皮。錦彩六十匹一品錦彩四十匹，二品三十匹，三品二十匹，四品雜彩十六匹，五品十匹，六品、七品五匹。絹二百匹，一品一百四十匹，二品一百二十匹，三品一百匹，四品八十匹，五品六十匹，六品、七品五十匹，八品、九品三十匹。羔羊一口，羊四口，犢二頭，酒黍稷稻米面各十斛。一品至三品，減羊二口，酒黍稷稻米面各減六斛，四品、五品減一犢，酒黍稷稻米面又減二斛，六品以下無犢，酒黍稷稻米面各一斛。諸王之子，已封未封，禮皆同第一品。新婚從車，皇子百乘，一品五十乘，第二、第三品三十乘，第四、第五品二十乘，第六、第七品十乘，八品達于庶人五乘。各依其秩之飾。

The Later Qi betrothal rite had six stages: initial gift, name inquiry, acceptance of auspicious omens, betrothal gifts, setting the date, and personal welcome. All ranks used one lamb, one pair of geese, and one hu each of wine, millet, panicled millet, rice, and flour. From imperial princes down to ninth rank the gifts were identical; those outside the regular ranks and commoners received half. For betrothal gifts, imperial princes sent three bolts of black silk, two of crimson, ten of bundled silk, and one great jade tablet. From first rank through junior third rank used jade bi; fourth rank and below had none. Two pieces of animal hide were required: first rank through junior fifth rank used two leopard hides; sixth rank through junior ninth rank used deer hide. Brocade: sixty bolts for first rank, forty for second, thirty for third, twenty for third rank, sixteen bolts of mixed colors for fourth, ten for fifth, five for sixth and seventh. Silk totaled two hundred bolts at most: first rank one hundred forty, second one hundred twenty, third one hundred, fourth eighty, fifth sixty, sixth and seventh fifty, eighth and ninth thirty. Also one lamb, four sheep, two calves, and ten hu each of wine, millet, panicled millet, rice, and flour. First through third rank reduced two sheep and six hu of each grain and wine; fourth and fifth rank reduced one calf and two hu of each; sixth rank and below had no calf and only one hu of each. Sons of princes, whether enfeoffed or not, all followed first-rank rites, as prescribed. Wedding escort carriages numbered one hundred for imperial princes, fifty for first rank, thirty for second and third, twenty for fourth and fifth, ten for sixth and seventh, and five from eighth rank down to commoners. Each followed the ornamentation appropriate to his rank.

梁大同五年，臨城公婚，公夫人于皇太子妃為姑侄，進見之制，議者互有不同。令曰：「纁雁之儀，既稱合於二姓，酒食之會，亦有姻不失親。若使榛栗潆段修，贄饋必舉，副笄編珈，盛飾斯備，不應婦見之禮，獨以親闕。頃者敬進酏醴，已傳婦事之則，而奉盤沃盥，不行侯服之家。是知繁省不同，質文異世，臨城公夫人于妃既是姑侄，宜停省。」

In Liang Datong 5, when the Duke of Lincheng married, his wife was aunt to the crown prince's consort; debaters disagreed on the protocol for the first audience. An edict said: "The crimson-goose rite already marks the union of two surnames; the feast of wine and food also keeps marriage within kinship without losing closeness, as prescribed. If hazelnuts, chestnuts, dates, and dried meat are all presented, with secondary hairpins and braided ornaments fully prepared, the bride's audience rite alone should not omit kinship on account of relationship. Recently the respectful presentation of fermented milk and ceremonial wine has already transmitted the rule of wifely duty, yet offering the tray and pouring the hand-washing water is not practiced in marquisate households, as prescribed. Thus elaboration and simplification differ, and substance and ornament vary by age. Since the Duke of Lincheng's wife and the consort are aunt and niece, the simplification should cease."

後齊將講于天子，先定經于孔父廟，置執經一人，侍講二人，執讀一人，擿句二人，錄義六人，奉經二人。講之旦，皇帝服通天冠、玄紗袍，乘象輅，至學，坐廟堂上。講訖，還便殿，改服絳紗袍，乘象輅，還宮。講畢，以一太牢釋奠孔父，配以顏回，列軒懸樂，六佾舞。行三獻禮畢，皇帝服通天冠、絳紗袍，升阼，即坐。宴畢，還宮。皇太子每通一經，亦釋奠，乘石山安車，三師乘車在前，三少從後而至學焉。

When Later Qi was about to lecture before the Son of Heaven, the classic was first fixed at the temple of Confucius. One holder of the classic, two lecture attendants, one reader, two phrase-pointers, six recorders of meaning, and two bearers of the classic were appointed. On the morning of the lecture, the emperor wore the tongtian cap and dark gauze robe, rode the elephant carriage to the academy, and sat in the temple hall, as prescribed. Once the lecture was finished, he returned to the side hall, changed to crimson gauze robe, rode the elephant carriage, and returned to the palace, as prescribed. When the lecture was complete, a single great sacrifice was offered to Confucius with Yan Hui as associate; suspended bells were arrayed and the six-row dance performed. Once the three offerings were complete, the emperor in tongtian cap and crimson gauze robe ascended the host steps and took his seat, as prescribed. Once the banquet was complete, he returned to the palace, as prescribed. Each time the crown prince mastered a classic he also offered the sacrifice, riding the stone-mount carriage with the Three Preceptors in carriages ahead and the Three Junior Preceptors following behind to the academy.

梁天監八年，皇太子釋奠。周舍議，以為：「釋奠仍會，既惟大禮，請依東宮元會，太子著絳紗襮，樂用軒懸。預升殿坐者，皆服硃衣。」帝從之。又有司以為：「《禮》雲：'凡為人子者，升降不由阼階。 '案今學堂凡有三階，愚謂客若降等，則從主人之階。今先師在堂，義所尊敬，太子宜登阼階，以明從師之義。若釋奠事訖，宴會之時，無複先師之敬，太子升堂，則宜從西階，以明不由阼義。」吏部郎徐勉議：「鄭玄雲：'由命士以上，父子異宮。 '宮室既異，無不由阼階之禮。請釋奠及宴會，太子升堂，並宜由東階。若輿駕幸學，自然中陛。又檢《東宮元會儀注》，太子升崇正殿，不欲東西階。責東宮典儀，列雲：'太子元會，升自西階'，此則相承為謬。請自今東宮大公事，太子升崇正殿，並由阼階。其預會賓客，依舊西階。」

In Liang Tianjian 8 the crown prince offered the sacrifice. Zhou She argued: "The sacrifice is still followed by a banquet. Since this is a great rite, please follow the Eastern Palace New Year audience: the crown prince wears the crimson gauze collar-robe, and suspended bells are used. Every rank who ascend the hall to sit wear vermilion robes, as prescribed." The emperor agreed, as prescribed. Relevant office also argued: "The Rites say: 'As a son, one does not ascend or descend by the host steps. According to the present academy, which has three flights of steps, I think that if the guest is of lower rank he follows the host's steps. Now the former master is in the hall — one whom it is right to honor — so the crown prince should ascend the host steps to make clear the meaning of following the teacher, as prescribed. If the sacrifice is finished and it is time for the banquet, when there is no longer reverence for the former master, the crown prince ascending the hall should use the western steps to make clear the meaning of not using the host steps, as prescribed. Director of the Ministry of Personnel Xu Mian argued: "Zheng Xuan says that from ranked knights upward, father and son dwell in separate quarters. Since the quarters differ, there is no rule against using the host steps. I request that for both the sacrifice and the banquet, when the crown prince ascends the hall, he should use the eastern steps, as prescribed. If the imperial carriage visits the academy, naturally the central flight is used, as prescribed. I also checked the Eastern Palace New Year Audience Protocol: when the crown prince ascends the Chongzheng Hall he does not wish to use the eastern or western steps, as prescribed. Examining the Eastern Palace master of ceremonies, the list says "At the crown prince's New Year audience he ascends by the western steps" — this transmitted custom is mistaken. I request that from now on, for great affairs of the Eastern Palace, when the crown prince ascends the Chongzheng Hall, he always use the host steps, as prescribed. Banquet guests should still use the western steps."

大同七年，皇太子表其子甯國、臨城公入學，時議者以與太子有齒胄之義，疑之。侍中、尚書令臣敬容、尚書僕射臣纘、尚書臣僧旻、臣之遴、臣筠等，以為：「參、點並事宣尼，回、路同諮泗水，鄒魯稱盛，洙汶無譏。師道既光，得一資敬，無虧亞貳，況於兩公，而雲不可？」制曰：「可。」

In Datong 7 the crown prince memorialized that his sons the Dukes of Ningguo and Lincheng enter the academy; debaters doubted this because of the rule of equal age with the teacher. Attendant-in-ordinary and Minister of Works Xiao Jingrong, Vice Minister Liu Zuan, Ministers Xiao Tong, Liu Zilin, and Liu Yun and others argued: "Can and Dian both served Confucius; Hui and Lu both consulted at the Si River — in Zou and Lu this was praised as flourishing, and at Zhu and Wen none scoffed. Since the way of the teacher shines, gaining one measure of reverence does not diminish the heir apparent — how much less could one forbid two dukes?" The emperor replied: "Permitted."

後齊制，新立學，必釋奠禮先聖先師，每歲春秋二仲，常行其禮。每月旦，祭酒領博士已下及國子諸學生已上，太學、四門博士升堂，助教已下、太學諸生階下，拜孔揖顏。日出行事而不至者，記之為一負。雨沾服則止。學生每十日給假，皆以丙日放之。郡學則於坊內立孔、顏廟，博士已下，亦每月朝雲。

Under Later Qi, when a new academy was established, the sacrifice to the former sage and former master was required; each year in the second and eighth months the rite was regularly performed, as prescribed. On the first of each month the libationer led the erudites and below and students of the Directorate of Education and above. Erudites of the Grand Academy and Four Gates ascended the hall; assistants and below and Grand Academy students stood below the steps, bowing to Confucius and bowing to Yan. Those who did not come on the day of the rite were recorded as one demerit, as prescribed. If rain soaked their clothes the rite was stopped, as prescribed. Students received leave every ten days, always released on bing days, as prescribed. At the commandery academy temples to Confucius and Yan were set up within the ward; erudites and below also paid court monthly, as prescribed.

隋制，國子寺，每歲以四仲月上丁，釋奠於先聖先師。年別一行鄉飲酒禮。州郡學則以春秋仲月釋奠。州郡縣亦每年于學一行鄉飲酒禮。學生皆乙日試書，丙日給假焉。

Under Sui, the Directorate of the Sons of the State each year on the first ding day of the four middle months offered the sacrifice to the former sage and former master, as prescribed. All year the district drinking rite was performed once, as prescribed. Provincial and commandery academies offered the sacrifice in the middle months of spring and autumn, as prescribed. Provinces, commanderies, and counties also each year performed the district drinking rite at the academy, as prescribed. Students were examined in writing on yi days and given leave on bing days, as prescribed.

梁元會之禮，未明，庭燎設，文物充庭。台門辟，禁衛皆嚴，有司各從其事。太階東置白獸樽。群臣及諸蕃客並集，各從其班而拜。侍中奏中嚴，王公卿尹各執珪璧入拜。侍中乃奏外辦，皇帝服袞冕，乘輿以出。侍中扶左，常侍扶右，黃門侍郎一人執曲直華蓋從。至階，降輿，納舄升坐。有司御前施奉珪藉。王公以下，至阼階，脫舄劍，升殿，席南奉贄珪璧畢，下殿，納舄佩劍，詣本位。主客即徙珪璧於東廂。帝興，入，徙禦坐於西壁下，東向。設皇太子王公已下位。又奏中嚴，皇帝服通天冠，升禦坐。王公上壽禮畢，食。食畢，樂伎奏。太宮進禦酒，主書賦黃甘，逮二品已上。尚書騶騎引計吏，郡國各一人，皆跪受詔。侍中讀五條詔，計吏每應諾訖，令陳便宜者，聽詣白獸樽，以次還坐。宴樂罷，皇帝乘輿以入。皇太子朝，則遠遊冠服，乘金輅，鹵簿以行。預會則劍履升坐。會訖，先興。天監六年詔曰：「頃代以來，元日朝畢，次會群臣，則移就西壁下，東向坐。求之古義，王者宴萬國，唯應南面，何更居東面？」於是禦坐南向，以西方為上。皇太子以下，在北壁坐者，悉西邊東向。尚書令以下在南方坐者，悉東邊西向。舊元日禦坐東向，酒壺在東壁下。禦坐既南向，乃詔壺于南蘭下。又詔：「元日受五等贄，珪璧並量付所司。」周舍案：「《周禮》塚宰，大朝覲，贊玉幣。尚書，古之塚宰。頃王者不親撫玉，則不復須塚宰贊助。尋尚書主客曹郎，既塚宰隸職，今元日五等奠玉既竟，請以主客郎受。鄭玄注《覲禮》雲：'既受之後，出付玉人於外。 '漢時少府，職掌珪璧，請主客受玉，付少府掌。」帝從之。又尚書僕射沈約議：「《正會儀注》，禦出，乘輿至太極殿前，納舄升階。尋路寢之設，本是人君居處，不容自敬宮室。案漢氏則乘小車升殿。請自今元正及大公事，禦宜乘小輿至太極階，仍乘版輿升殿。」制：「可。」

Liang New Year audience rite: before dawn, courtyard torches were set and regalia filled the courtyard, as prescribed. Palace gate opened; the guard was strict; each office attended to its duties, as prescribed. East of the great steps the White Beast Vat was placed, as prescribed. Ministers and foreign envoys all assembled, each bowing according to his rank, as prescribed. Attendant-in-ordinary reported the second watch; princes, dukes, ministers, and governors each holding jade tablets entered to bow, as prescribed. Attendant-in-ordinary then reported that the outer preparations were complete; the emperor in dragon robe and crown rode the palanquin out, as prescribed. Attendant-in-ordinary supported him on the left, the regular attendant on the right; one vice director of the yellow gate bore the curved and straight canopy and followed, as prescribed. Arriving at the steps, he descended from the palanquin, put on his shoes, and ascended to sit, as prescribed. Relevant office placed the jade mat before the throne, as prescribed. Princes and dukes and below, arriving at the host steps, removed shoes and sword, ascended the hall, south of the mat presented tribute jade and tablets, descended, put on shoes and sword, and went to their places, as prescribed. Master of guests then moved the jade tablets to the eastern wing, as prescribed. Emperor rose, entered, and moved the imperial seat to below the western wall, facing east, as prescribed. Places were set for the crown prince, princes, and dukes and below, as prescribed. Second watch was again reported; the emperor in tongtian cap ascended the imperial seat, as prescribed. Once the princes and dukes had finished the longevity toast, they ate, as prescribed. Once the meal was finished, musicians performed, as prescribed. Grand Provisioner presented imperial wine; the chief secretary distributed yellow citrus, reaching second rank and above, as prescribed. Minister of Works's outriders led the accounting clerks — one from each commandery and kingdom — all kneeling to receive the edict, as prescribed. Attendant-in-ordinary read the Five Articles Edict; after each accounting clerk answered, those wishing to state useful proposals were permitted to go to the White Beast Vat and then return to their seats in order, as prescribed. Once the banquet music ended, the emperor rode the palanquin in, as prescribed. Once the crown prince attended court, he wore the far-wandering cap and robe, rode the golden carriage, and proceeded with guard of honor, as prescribed. If attending the banquet he ascended with sword and shoes, as prescribed. Once the banquet ended, he rose first, as prescribed. An edict of Tianjian 6 said: "In recent generations, after the New Year audience was finished and the ministers were convened, the seat was moved to below the western wall, facing east. By ancient meaning, when the king feasts the myriad states he should face only south — why sit facing east?" Thereupon the imperial seat faced south, with the west taken as the place of honor, as prescribed. Crown prince and those seated on the north wall all sat on the west side facing east, as prescribed. Minister of Works and those seated on the south all sat on the east side facing west, as prescribed. Formerly at the New Year the imperial seat faced east, and the wine jar was below the eastern wall, as prescribed. Since the imperial seat now faced south, an edict moved the jar below the southern gallery, as prescribed. Another edict said: "At the New Year, when receiving tribute of the five ranks, jade tablets and bi disks are all measured and handed to the relevant office, as prescribed." Zhou She noted: "In the Zhou Rites the chief steward assists with jade and silks at the great audience, as prescribed. Minister of Works is the ancient chief steward, as prescribed. In recent times the king does not personally handle the jade, so the chief steward's assistance is no longer needed, as prescribed. Since the director of the host-guest bureau of the Minister of Works is a subordinate office of the chief steward, now that the New Year presentation of jade of the five ranks is finished, I request that the host-guest director receive them, as prescribed. Zheng Xuan annotates the Audience Rite: "After receiving them, they are taken out and handed to the jade keeper outside. In Han times the privy treasurer managed jade tablets and bi disks; I request that the host-guest director receive the jade and hand it to the privy treasurer for keeping." The emperor agreed, as prescribed. Vice Minister of Works Shen Yue also argued: "In the Regular Audience Protocol, when the emperor goes out he rides the palanquin to before the Taichi Hall, puts on shoes, and ascends the steps, as prescribed. Setting of the inner chamber is originally the ruler's dwelling — it is not fitting to show reverence to one's own palace, as prescribed. According to Han practice, one rode the small carriage to ascend the hall, as prescribed. I request that from now on at the New Year and great public affairs the emperor should ride the small palanquin to the Taichi steps, then ride the platform palanquin to ascend the hall, as prescribed." The emperor assented: "Permitted."

陳制，先元會十日，百官並習儀注，令僕已下，悉公服監之。設庭燎，街闕、城上、殿前皆嚴兵，百官各設部位而朝。宮人皆於東堂，隔綺疏而觀。宮門既無籍，外人但絳衣者，亦得入觀。是日，上事人發白獸樽。自余亦多依梁禮雲。

Under Chen, ten days before the New Year audience all officials rehearsed the protocol; from masters of writing downward all supervised in official dress, as prescribed. Courtyard torches were set; street gates, city walls, and before the hall were strictly guarded; officials each took their positions for court, as prescribed. Palace women were all in the Eastern Hall, viewing through patterned screens, as prescribed. Because there was no registry at the palace gate, outsiders wearing only crimson dress could also enter to watch. That day the officer on duty opened the White Beast Vat, as prescribed. rest largely followed Liang rites, as prescribed.

後齊正日，侍中宣詔慰勞州郡國使。詔牘長一尺三寸，廣一尺，雌黃塗飾，上寫詔書三。計會日，侍中依儀勞郡國計吏，問刺史太守安不，及穀價麥苗善惡，人間疾苦。又班五條詔書于諸州郡國使人，寫以詔牘一枚，長二尺五寸，廣一尺三寸，亦以雌黃塗飾，上寫詔書。正會日，依儀宣示使人，歸以告刺史二千石。一曰，政在正身，在愛人，去殘賊，擇良吏，正決獄，平徭賦。二曰，人生在勤，勤則不匱，其勸率田桑，無或煩擾。三曰，六極之人，務加寬養，必使生有以自救，沒有以自給。四曰，長吏華浮，奉客以求小譽，逐末舍本，政之所疾，宜謹察之。五曰，人事意氣，幹亂奉公，外內溷淆，綱紀不設，所宜糾劾。正會日，侍中黃門宣詔勞諸郡上計。勞訖付紙，遣陳土宜。字有脫誤者，呼起席後立。書跡濫劣者，飲墨水一升。文理孟浪無可取者，奪容刀及席。即而本曹郎中考其文跡才辭可聚者，錄牒吏部，簡同流外三品敘。元正大饗，百官一品已下，流外九品已上預會。一品已下、正三品已上、開國公侯伯、散品公侯及特命之官、下代刺史，並升殿。從三品已下、從九品以上及奉正使人比流官者，在階下。勳品已下端門外。

On the Later Qi New Year, the attendant-in-ordinary proclaimed the edict comforting envoys from provinces, commanderies, and kingdoms. edict document was one foot three inches long and one foot wide, coated with orpiment, with three copies of the edict written on it, as prescribed. On accounting day the attendant-in-ordinary, according to rite, comforted accounting clerks from commanderies and kingdoms, asking whether governors and prefects were well and about grain prices, crops, and the people's hardships. Five Articles Edict was also distributed to envoys of all provinces, commanderies, and kingdoms, written on one document one foot five inches long and one foot three inches wide, also coated with orpiment, as prescribed. On the day of the regular audience it was proclaimed to the envoys according to rite; they returned to report to governors and two-thousand-bushel officials. First: governance lies in correcting oneself, loving the people, removing cruelty, selecting good officials, deciding cases rightly, and leveling corvée and taxes. Second: human life depends on diligence; if diligent one is not in want. Encourage field and mulberry work and do not harass the people. Third: for those in the six extremes of misfortune, ensure generous care so that in life they can save themselves and in death have means for burial. Fourth: long-serving officials who are flashy, entertaining guests for small praise and pursuing the branch while abandoning the root — this government should punish; examine it carefully. Fifth: personal feelings and arrogance that disrupt public service, confusion inside and out, and failure to set standards — this should be impeached. On the day of the regular audience the attendant-in-ordinary and yellow gate proclaimed the edict comforting accounting clerks of all commanderies. Once the comfort was finished they were given paper and ordered to describe local conditions, as prescribed. Where characters were missing or wrong they were called to stand behind their seats, as prescribed. If handwriting was sloppy and poor they were made to drink one sheng of ink. Where the writing was careless and worthless, their ceremonial knife and seat were taken, as prescribed. Then clerks of the relevant bureau examined those whose writing and talent were acceptable, recorded them for the Ministry of Personnel, and selected them for appointment outside the regular ranks at third grade. At the New Year great feast, officials from first rank down and from outside the nine ranks up attended. From first rank down through regular third rank up, founding dukes, marquises, and earls, honorary dukes and marquises, specially appointed officials, and former-generation governors all ascended the hall. Junior third rank down through junior ninth rank up, and envoys of tribute states comparable to outside-rank officials, stood below the steps. Meritorious ranks of the lowest grade stood outside the Duan Gate.

隋制，正旦及冬至，文物充庭，皇帝出西房，即御座。皇太子鹵簿至顯陽門外，入賀。複詣皇后禦殿，拜賀訖，還宮。皇太子朝訖，群官客使入就位，再拜。上公一人，詣西階，解劍，升賀；降階，帶劍，復位而拜。有司奏諸州表。群官在位者又拜而出。皇帝入東房，有司奏行事訖，乃出西房。坐定，群官入就位，上壽訖，上下俱拜。皇帝舉酒，上下舞蹈，三稱萬歲。皇太子預會，則設坐于禦東南，西向。群臣上壽畢，入，解劍以升。會訖，先興。

Under Sui, at the New Year and winter solstice regalia filled the courtyard; the emperor came out from the western chamber and took the imperial seat, as prescribed. crown prince's guard of honor reached outside the Xianyang Gate; he entered to offer congratulations, as prescribed. The emperor again proceeded to the empress's hall, bowed in congratulation, and returned to the palace, as prescribed. Once the crown prince's audience was finished, assembled officials and envoys took their places and bowed twice, as prescribed. One senior duke proceeded to the western steps, removed his sword, and ascended to offer congratulations. The emperor descended the steps, girded his sword, returned to his place, and bowed, as prescribed. relevant office reported memorials from all provinces, as prescribed. Assembled officials in their places bowed again and withdrew, as prescribed. emperor entered the eastern chamber; the relevant office reported the rite finished; he then came out from the western chamber, as prescribed. Once seated, assembled officials entered to their places; when the longevity toast was finished, upper and lower all bowed, as prescribed. emperor raised his cup; upper and lower danced and thrice shouted "Ten thousand years!" Where the crown prince attended, a seat was set southeast of the throne, facing west, as prescribed. Once the ministers had finished the longevity toast, he entered, removed his sword, and ascended, as prescribed. Once the banquet ended, he rose first, as prescribed.

後齊元日，中宮朝會，陳樂，皇后褘衣乘輿，以出於昭陽殿。坐定，內外命婦拜，皇后興，妃主皆跪。皇后坐，妃主皆起，長公主一人，前跪拜賀。禮畢，皇后入室，乃移幄坐於西廂。皇后改服褕狄以出。坐定，公主一人上壽訖，就坐。禦酒食，賜爵，並如外朝會。

On the Later Qi New Year the inner palace held court; music was performed; the empress in hui robe rode the palanquin out from Zhaoyang Hall. Once seated, inner and outer titled ladies bowed; the empress rose and consorts and princesses all knelt, as prescribed. Once the empress seated herself, consorts and princesses all rose; one senior princess advanced and knelt in congratulation, as prescribed. Once the rite was complete the empress entered her chamber and moved the canopy seat to the western wing, as prescribed. empress changed to the yu-di robe and came out, as prescribed. Once one princess had finished the longevity toast she took her seat, as prescribed. Imperial wine and food were served and cups bestowed — all as at the outer court audience.

隋儀如後齊制，而又有皇后受群臣賀禮。則皇后禦坐，而內侍受群臣拜以入，承令而出，群臣拜而罷。

The Sui rite followed the Later Qi system, but also included the empress receiving congratulations from ministers. Then the empress took the imperial seat; inner attendants received the ministers' bows and entered; bearing the command they came out; the ministers bowed and withdrew, as prescribed.

後齊皇太子月五朝。未明二刻，乘小輿出，為三師降。至承華門，升石山安車，三師軺車在前，三少在後，自雲龍門入。皇帝禦殿前，設拜席位，至柏閣，齋帥引，洗馬、中庶子從。至殿前席南，北面再拜。

Under Later Qi the crown prince attended court five times a month, as prescribed. Two quarters before dawn he rode the small palanquin out, descending for the Three Preceptors, as prescribed. During Chenghua Gate he mounted the stone-mount carriage; the Three Preceptors' light carriages went ahead, the Three Junior Preceptors behind; he entered by the Cloud Dragon Gate, as prescribed. emperor was before the hall; bowing mats were set; at the Cypress Pavilion the director of fasts led, the groom of the heir and junior tutor following, as prescribed. Arriving south of the hall mat he faced north and bowed twice, as prescribed.

天保元年，皇太子監國，在西林園冬會。群議皆東面。二年，於北城第內冬會，又議東面。吏部郎陸卬疑非禮，魏收改為西面。邢子才議欲依前，曰：

In Tianbao 1 the crown prince supervised the state and held a winter assembly in the Western Grove Garden. assembled debaters all faced east, as prescribed. In the second year at a winter assembly in the northern city residence, they again debated facing east, as prescribed. Director of the Ministry of Personnel Lu Ang doubted this was not ritual; Wei Shou changed it to facing west, as prescribed. Xing Zicai spoke in favor of the previous practice, saying:

凡禮有同者，不可令異。《詩》說，天子至於大夫，皆乘四馬，況以方面之少，何可皆不同乎？若太子定西面者，王公卿大夫士，複何面邪？南面人君正位，今一官之長，無不南面，太子聽政，亦南面坐。議者言皆晉舊事，太子在東宮西面，為避尊位，非為向台殿也。子才以為東晉博議，依漢、魏之舊，太子普臣四海，不以為嫌，又何疑於東面？《禮》「世子絕旁親」，「世子冠於阼」，「塚子生，接乙太牢」。漢元著令，太子絕馳道。此皆禮同於君。又晉王公世子，攝命臨國，乘七旒安車，駕用三馬，禮同三公。近宋太子乘象輅，皆有同處，不以為嫌。況東面者，君臣通禮，獨何為避？明為向台，所以然也。近皇太子在西林園，在於殿猶且東面，於北城非宮殿之處，更不得邪？諸人以東面為尊，宴會須避。案《燕禮》、《燕義》，君位在東，賓位則在西，君位在阼階，故有《武王踐阼篇》，不在西也。《禮》「乘君之車，不敢曠左」。君在，惡空其位，左亦在東，不在西也。「君在阼，夫人在房」。鄭注「人君尊東也」。前代及今，皇帝宴會接客，亦東堂西面。若以東面為貴，皇太子以儲後之禮，監國之重，別第宴臣賓，自得申其正位。禮者皆東宮臣屬，公卿接宴，觀禮而已。若以西面為卑，實是君之正位。太公不肯北面說《丹書》，西面則道之，西面乃尊也。君位南面，有東有西，何可皆避？且事雖少異，有可相比者。周公，臣也，太子，子也。周公為塚宰，太子為儲貳。明堂尊於別第，朝諸侯重于宴臣賓，南面貴於東面。臣疏於子，塚宰輕于儲貳。周公攝政，得在明堂南面朝諸侯。今太子監國，不得於別第異宮東面宴客，情所未安。且君行以太子監國，君宴不以公卿為賓，明父子無嫌，君臣有嫌。案《儀注》，親王受詔冠婚，皇子皇女皆東面。今不約王公南面，而獨約太子，何所取邪？議者南尊改就西面，轉君位，更非合禮。方面既少，難為節文。東西二面，君臣通用，太子宜然，於禮為允。

Where rites are the same, they cannot be made different, as prescribed. Odes say that from the Son of Heaven down to the grandee all ride four horses — how much less can all differ because the area is small? Where the crown prince is fixed facing west, what direction should princes, dukes, ministers, grandees, and knights face? Facing south is the ruler's proper place; today no head of an office fails to face south, and the crown prince hearing cases also sits facing south, as prescribed. Debaters say all this follows Jin custom — the crown prince in the Eastern Palace faced west to avoid the honored place, not to face the hall, as prescribed. Zicai held that the Eastern Jin broad debate followed Han and Wei custom; the crown prince is minister to all within the seas and does not take this as objectionable — why doubt facing east? The Rites say: "The heir apparent cuts off collateral kin," "the heir apparent is capped at the host steps," "when the eldest son is born, a single ox is offered." Emperor Yuan of Han established the rule that the crown prince cut off the imperial roadway, as prescribed. Every these make ritual the same as for the ruler, as prescribed. Further, Jin princes and dukes' heirs, acting on command to govern the state, rode the seven-tassel secure carriage with three horses — ritual the same as the Three Dukes, as prescribed. Recently the Song crown prince rode the elephant carriage — there are shared points and none took this as objectionable, as prescribed. Further, facing east is the rite common to minister and ruler — why alone avoid it? Clearly it is to face the hall — that is the reason, as prescribed. Recently in the Western Grove Garden, though still in a hall, the crown prince yet faced east; in the northern city, not a palace place, could it be otherwise? Debaters say facing east is honored and at banquets one must yield, as prescribed. By to the Banquet Rite and Meaning of the Banquet, the host's place is east and the guest's west; the host's place is on the host steps — hence the chapter "King Wu Ascends the Steps," not on the west, as prescribed. The Rites say: "Riding the ruler's carriage, one dare not leave the left side empty." Once the ruler is present one dislikes leaving his place empty; the left is also east, not west, as prescribed. The text says: "The ruler is on the host steps, the lady is in the inner chamber." Zheng annotates: "The ruler honors the east." In former ages and now, when the emperor feasts and receives guests he also sits in the eastern hall facing west, as prescribed. Where facing east is honored, the crown prince by the rite of the heir and the weight of supervising the state, feasting ministers and guests at a separate residence, may properly assert his correct place, as prescribed. In ritual all are Eastern Palace subordinates; when dukes and ministers join the feast they only observe the rite, as prescribed. Where facing west is lowly, in truth it is the ruler's proper place, as prescribed. Taigong would not speak the Red Book facing north — facing west then he expounded the Way; facing west is thus honored, as prescribed. ruler's place faces south; there is east and there is west — how can all yield? Further, though affairs differ slightly, there are points that can be compared, as prescribed. Duke of Zhou was a minister; the crown prince is a son, as prescribed. Duke of Zhou was chief steward; the crown prince is heir apparent, as prescribed. Bright Hall is more honored than a separate residence; receiving the feudal lords is weightier than feasting ministers and guests; facing south is more honored than facing east, as prescribed. minister is more distant than the son; the chief steward is lighter than the heir apparent, as prescribed. Duke of Zhou as regent could stand in the Bright Hall facing south to receive the feudal lords, as prescribed. Now the crown prince supervising the state cannot at a separate residence in a different palace feast guests facing east — the feeling is not at ease, as prescribed. Further, when the ruler travels the crown prince supervises the state; when the ruler feasts he does not take dukes and ministers as guests — clearly father and son have no suspicion, but minister and ruler do, as prescribed. By to the Protocol, when imperial princes receive the edict for capping or marriage, imperial sons and daughters all face east, as prescribed. Now without restricting princes and dukes to facing south, yet restricting only the crown prince — what principle is taken from this? Debaters changed from honoring the south to facing west, turning the ruler's place — this is even less in accord with ritual, as prescribed. Since directions are few, it is hard to regulate the text, as prescribed. East and west are both used by minister and ruler; the crown prince should be so — in ritual this is acceptable, as prescribed.

魏收議雲：

Wei Shou countered:

去天保初，皇太子監國。冬會群官於西園都亭，坐從東面，義取于向中宮台殿故也。二年于宮冬會，坐乃東面，收竊以為疑。前者遂有別議，議者同之。邢尚書以前定東面之議，複申本懷，此乃國之大禮，無容不盡所見。收以為太子東宮，位在於震，長子之義也。案《易》八卦，正位向中。皇太子今居北城，于宮殿為東北，南面而坐，於義為背也。前者立議，據東宮為本。又案《東宮舊事》，太子宴會，多以西面為禮，此又成證，非徒言也。不言太子常無東南二面之坐，但用之有所。至如西園東面，所不疑也。未知君臣車服有同異之議，何為而發？就如所雲，但知禮有同者，不可令異。不知禮有異者，不可令同。苟別君臣同異之禮，恐重紙累劄，書不盡也。

During the beginning of Tianbao the crown prince supervised the state, as prescribed. During the winter assembly of officials in the Western Garden Pavilion he sat facing east, taking the meaning of facing the inner palace and hall, as prescribed. In the second year at the winter assembly in the palace he sat facing east; Shou privately found this doubtful, as prescribed. Earlier there was a separate debate; the debaters agreed, as prescribed. Minister Xing, based on the earlier fixed east-facing decision, again stated his original view — this is a great state rite and one cannot withhold one's full opinion. Shou thought the crown prince's Eastern Palace is placed in the Zhen trigram — the meaning of the eldest son, as prescribed. By to the eight trigrams of the Changes, the proper position faces the center, as prescribed. crown prince now dwells in the northern city; relative to the palace he is northeast — sitting facing south is in meaning turning one's back, as prescribed. earlier decision was based on the Eastern Palace as foundation, as prescribed. Shou also checked the Old Affairs of the Eastern Palace: at crown prince banquets facing west was mostly the rite — this is further proof, not mere words, as prescribed. Shou do not say the crown prince never sits southeast or southwest — only that each is used where appropriate, as prescribed. As for the Western Garden facing east, there is no doubt, as prescribed. Shou do not know what debate about sameness or difference in carriage and dress of minister and ruler prompted this — why was it raised? Even as they say, one only knows that where ritual is the same it cannot be made different, as prescribed. One does not know that where ritual differs it cannot be made the same, as prescribed. Where one distinguished the rites of sameness and difference between minister and ruler, I fear the paper would pile up and writing would not exhaust it, as prescribed.

子才竟執東面，收執西面，授引經據，大相往復。其後竟從西面為定。時議又疑宮吏之姓與太子名同。子才又謂曰：「案《曲禮》'大夫士之子，不與世子同名。 '《鄭注》雲：'若先之生，亦不改。 '漢法，天子登位，布名于天下，四海之內，無不鹹避。案《春秋經》'衛石惡出奔晉'，在衛侯衎卒之前。衎卒，其子惡始立。明石惡于長子同名。諸侯長子，在一國之內，與皇太子于天子，禮亦不異。鄭言先生不改，蓋以此義。衛石惡、宋向戌皆與君同名，《春秋》不譏。皇太子雖有儲貳之重，未為海內所避，何容便改人姓。然事有消息，不得皆同于古。宮吏至微，而有所犯，朝夕從事，亦是難安，宜聽出宮，尚書更補他職。」制曰：「可。」

Zicai finally held to east; Shou held to west — citing classics back and forth at great length, as prescribed. In the end facing west was fixed, as prescribed. During the time debaters also doubted whether a palace officer's surname was the same as the crown prince's name, as prescribed. Zicai also said: "According to the Court Rites, sons of grandees and knights do not share the heir apparent's name. Zheng's annotation says: "If born first, it is also not changed." Han law: when the Son of Heaven acceded he published his name throughout the realm — within the four seas none failed to avoid it, as prescribed. By to the Spring and Autumn Annals, "Wei's Shi E fled to Jin" — before Duke Xian of Wei died, as prescribed. Once Xian died his son E was first installed, as prescribed. This shows Shi E shared the eldest son's name, as prescribed. The feudal lords' eldest sons within one state, and the crown prince relative to the Son of Heaven — ritual is not different. Zheng's saying that those born first are not changed probably takes this meaning, as prescribed. Wei's Shi E and Song's Xiang Xu both shared their ruler's name — the Spring and Autumn does not censure them, as prescribed. Though the crown prince bears the weight of heir apparent, he is not yet taboo throughout the realm — how can one lightly change people's surnames? Yet affairs have their fluctuations and cannot all match antiquity, as prescribed. Palace officers are most lowly, yet if they violate this and attend morning and evening it is also hard to be at ease — they should be permitted to leave the palace; the Ministry of Works should replace them with others, as prescribed." The emperor assented: "Permitted."

後周制，正之二日，皇太子南面，列軒懸，宮官朝賀。及開皇初，皇太子勇准故事，張樂受朝，宮臣及京官北面稱慶。高祖誚之。是後定儀注，西面而坐，唯宮臣稱慶，台官不復總集。煬帝之為太子，奏降章服，宮官請不稱臣。詔許之。後齊立春日，皇帝服通天冠、青介幘、青紗袍，佩蒼玉，青帶、青袴、青襪舄，而受朝於太極殿。尚書令等坐定，三公郎中詣席，跪讀時令訖，典禦酌酒卮，置郎中前，郎中耑，還席伏飲，禮成而出。立夏、季夏、立秋讀令，則施御座於中楹，南向。立冬如立春，於西廂東向。各以其時之色服，儀並如春禮。

Under Later Zhou, on the second day of the first month the crown prince faced south, suspended bells were arrayed, and palace officers offered New Year congratulations, as prescribed. During the beginning of Kaihuang, Crown Prince Yong followed precedent, spread music, and received court; palace officers and capital officials faced north and shouted congratulations, as prescribed. Gaozu reproved this, as prescribed. Afterward the protocol was fixed: sitting facing west, only palace officers shouted congratulations; capital officials no longer all assembled, as prescribed. Once Yang Guang was crown prince he memorialized to reduce his robe rank; palace officers requested not to address him as "subject." The emperor permitted it, as prescribed. During the Beginning of Spring of Later Qi, the emperor wore the tongtian cap, green headband cap, green gauze robe, dark jade pendant, green belt, green trousers, green socks and shoes, and received court in the Taichi Hall, as prescribed. When the Minister of Works and others were seated, a director of the Three Dukes bureau came to the mat, knelt, and read the seasonal command. The imperial caterer poured wine into a cup, placed it before the director, who drank alone, returned to his seat, bowed prostrate, drank, and when the rite was complete withdrew. For Beginning of Summer, Midsummer, and Beginning of Autumn command-reading, the imperial seat was set at the central pillar facing south, as prescribed. Beginning of Winter was as Beginning of Spring, in the western wing facing east, as prescribed. Each used robes of the color of the season; the rite was all as at the spring rite, as prescribed.

後齊每策秀孝，中書策秀才，集書策考貢士，考功郎中策廉良，皇帝常服，乘輿出，坐於朝堂中楹。秀孝各以班草對。其有脫誤、書濫、孟浪者，起立席後，飲墨水，脫容刀。

Under Later Qi, whenever licentiates and filial exemplars were examined, the Secretariat examined licentiates, the Directorate examined tribute scholars, the Director of Merit examined the incorrupt and able; the emperor in regular dress rode the palanquin out and sat at the central pillar of the court hall, as prescribed. Licentiates and filial exemplars each answered in turn with draft essays, as prescribed. Men with omissions, sloppy writing, or carelessness stood behind their seats, drank ink, and lost their ceremonial knife, as prescribed.

後齊宴宗室禮，皇帝常服，別殿西廂東向。七廟子孫皆公服，無官者，單衣介幘，集神武門。宗室尊卑，次於殿庭。七十者二人扶拜，八十者扶而不拜。升殿就位，皇帝興，宗室伏。皇帝坐，乃興拜而坐。尊者南面，卑者北面，皆以西為上。八十者一坐。再至，進絲竹之樂。三爵畢，宗室避席，待詔而後復位。乃行無算爵。

Later Qi rite for feasting the imperial clan: the emperor in regular dress sat in a separate hall in the western wing facing east, as prescribed. Descendants of the seven temples all wore official dress; those without office wore single garments with headband caps and assembled at the Shenwu Gate, as prescribed. Imperial clansmen by seniority lined up in the hall courtyard, as prescribed. Men seventy were supported by two in bowing; those eighty were supported but did not bow, as prescribed. Ascending the hall to their places, when the emperor rose the clansmen bowed prostrate, as prescribed. Once the emperor seated himself they rose, bowed, and seated themselves, as prescribed. honored faced south, the lowly north; all took west as the place of honor, as prescribed. Men eighty were granted one seat, as prescribed. During the second round, string and bamboo music was brought in, as prescribed. Once three cups were finished the clansmen left their mats and waited for the summons before returning to their places, as prescribed. Then the uncounted cup round proceeded, as prescribed.

正晦泛舟，則皇帝乘輿，鼓吹至行殿。升禦坐，乘版輿，以與王公登舟，置酒。非預泛者，坐於便幕。

During the full moon of the first month for boating, the emperor rode the palanquin with musicians to the traveling hall, as prescribed. The emperor ascended the imperial seat, rode the platform palanquin, boarded the boat with princes and dukes, and wine was set out, as prescribed. Men not attending the boating sat in the side pavilion, as prescribed.

仲春令辰，陳養老禮。先一日，三老五更齋于國學。皇帝進賢冠、玄紗袍，至璧雍，入總章堂。列宮懸。王公已下及國老庶老各定位。司徒以羽儀武賁安車，迎三老五更于國學。並進賢冠、玄服、黑舄、素帶。國子生黑介幘、青衿、單衣，乘馬從以至。皇帝釋劍，執珽，迎於門內。三老至門，五更去門十步，則降車以入。皇帝拜，三老五更攝齊答拜。皇帝揖進，三老在前，五更在後，升自右階，就筵。三老坐，五更立。皇帝升堂，北面。公卿升自左階，北面。三公授幾杖，卿正履，國老庶老各就位。皇帝拜三老，群臣皆拜。不拜五更。乃坐，皇帝西向，肅拜五更。進珍羞酒食，親袒割，執醬以饋，執爵以酳。以次進五更。又設酒酏于國老庶老。皇帝升禦坐，三老乃論五孝六順，典訓大綱。皇帝虛躬請受，禮畢而還。又都下及外州人年七十已上，賜鳩杖黃帽。有敕即給，不為常也。

In the second month on the appointed day the elder-care rite was performed, as prescribed. One day before, the Three Elders and Five Worthies fasted at the Directorate of Education, as prescribed. emperor wore the cap of advancing worthies and dark gauze robe, came to the Bi Yong, and entered the Zongzhang Hall, as prescribed. Palace bells were arrayed, as prescribed. Princes and dukes and below, state elders and common elders each took their places, as prescribed. Minister of Education with guard of honor and armed escort in the secure carriage welcomed the Three Elders and Five Worthies from the Directorate of Education, as prescribed. Every wore the cap of advancing worthies, dark robes, black shoes, and plain belts, as prescribed. Directorate students in black headband caps, blue collars, and single garments rode horses following to the hall, as prescribed. emperor removed his sword, took the scepter, and welcomed them inside the gate, as prescribed. Once the Three Elders reached the gate, the Five Worthies at ten paces from the gate descended from the carriage to enter, as prescribed. emperor bowed; the Three Elders and Five Worthies adjusted their robes and returned the bow, as prescribed. emperor bowed and advanced; the Three Elders in front, the Five Worthies behind, ascended by the right steps and took their mats, as prescribed. Three Elders sat; the Five Worthies stood, as prescribed. emperor ascended the hall facing north, as prescribed. Princes and dukes ascended by the left steps facing north, as prescribed. Three Dukes presented tables and staffs; ministers corrected their shoes; state elders and common elders each took their places, as prescribed. emperor bowed to the Three Elders; all ministers bowed, as prescribed. The emperor did not bow to the Five Worthies, as prescribed. Then he seated himself; the emperor faced west and bowed respectfully to the Five Worthies, as prescribed. Delicacies and wine were brought in; he bared his shoulder to cut, held the sauce to feed them, held the cup to rinse their mouths, as prescribed. In order he advanced to the Five Worthies, as prescribed. Wine and fermented milk were also set out for state elders and common elders, as prescribed. emperor ascended the imperial seat; the Three Elders then expounded the five filialities and six harmonies — the great outline of canonical instruction, as prescribed. emperor bowed empty-bodied to request instruction; when the rite was complete he returned, as prescribed. Further, in the capital and outer provinces, those seventy and above were given dove staffs and yellow caps, as prescribed. Once there was an edict it was given; this was not regular, as prescribed.

後周保定三年，陳養老之禮。乙太傅、燕國公於謹為三老。有司具禮擇日，高祖幸太學以食之。事見謹傳。

In Later Zhou Baoding 3 the elder-care rite was performed. Grand Tutor Duke Yuwen Jin of Yan was appointed Three Elder, as prescribed. relevant office prepared the rite and chose the day; Gaozu attended the Grand Academy to feast him, as prescribed. affair is recorded in Jin's biography, as prescribed.

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