1
禮儀五
Rites, Part Five
2
輿輦之別，蓋先王之所以列等威也。 然隨時而變，代有不同。 梁初尚遵齊制，其後武帝既議定禮儀，乃漸有變革。 始永明中，步兵校尉伏曼容奏，宋大明中，尚書左丞荀萬秋議，金玉二輅，並建碧旂，象革木輅，並建赤旂，非時運所上，又非五方之色。 今五輅五牛及五色幡旗，並請准齊所尚青色。 時議所駁，不行。 及天監三年，乃改五輅旗同用赤而旒不異，以從行運所尚也。 七年，帝曰：「據《禮》'玉輅以祀，金輅以賓'，而今大祀，並乘金輅。」 詔下詳議。 周舍以為：「金輅以之齋車，本不關於祭祀。」 於是改陵廟皆乘玉輅，大駕則太僕卿禦，法駕則奉車郎馭。 其餘四輅，則使人執轡，以硃絲為之。 執者武冠、硃衣。 又齊永明制，玉輅上施重屋，棲寶鳳皇，綴金鈴，鑷珠璫、玉蚌佩。 四角金龍，銜五彩。 又畫麒麟頭加于馬首者。 十二年，帝皆省之。 初，齊武帝造大小輦，並如軺車，但無輪轂，下橫轅軛。 梁初，漆畫代之。 後帝令上可加笨輦，形如犢車，自茲始也。 中方八尺，左右開四望。 金為龍首。 飾其五末，謂轅轂頭及衡端也。 金鸞棲軛。 其下施重層，以空青雕鏤為龍鳳象。 漆木橫前，名為望板。 其下交施三十六橫。 小輿形似軺車，金裝漆畫，但施八橫。 元正大會，乘出上殿。 西堂舉哀亦乘之。 行則從後。 一名輿車。
The distinction between palanquins and sedan chairs was how the ancient kings established ranks and displayed authority. Yet these arrangements changed with the times, and each dynasty had its own practices. Early in the Liang dynasty the court still followed Qi regulations, but after Emperor Wu deliberated and established ritual protocol, gradual reforms began. At the start of Yongming, Infantry Commandant Fu Manrong submitted a memorial noting that in Song Daming, Left Assistant Director of the Masters of Writing Xun Wanqiu had proposed that the jade and gold chariots both carry green banners while the ivory, leather, and wood chariots both carry red banners—colors that neither matched the hue favored by the current dynastic fortune nor the colors of the five directions. He now requested that the five chariots, five oxen, and five-colored pennant flags all follow Qi practice in honoring the color green. The deliberation of the time rejected the proposal, and it was not adopted. By Tianjian 3, the banners of the five chariots were changed to red uniformly while the tassels remained distinct, in accord with the color favored by the current dynastic fortune. In the seventh year, the emperor said: "According to the Rites, 'the jade chariot is for sacrifice; the gold chariot is for receiving guests'—yet at the great sacrifices today, the emperor rides only the gold chariot. An edict was issued ordering detailed deliberation. Zhou She argued: "The gold chariot serves as the fasting chariot and is not originally connected with sacrifice." Thereupon visits to imperial tombs and temples were changed to use the jade chariot; for the grand procession the Director of the Imperial Stud drove, and for the standard procession the Chariot Attendant drove. For the remaining four chariots, attendants held the reins, which were made of cinnabar silk. Those who held the reins wore military caps and cinnabar robes. Under the Qi Yongming regulations as well, the jade chariot bore a double roof with a jeweled phoenix perched upon it, gold bells suspended, and pearl ear ornaments and jade clam-shell pendants attached. At the four corners were gold dragons holding five-colored streamers. Painted qilin heads were also added to the horses' foreheads. In the twelfth year, the emperor abolished all of these embellishments. Initially, Qi Emperor Wu created large and small palanquins, both resembling light chariots but without wheel hubs, with cross shafts and yokes beneath. At the beginning of Liang, lacquer painting replaced these designs. Later the emperor ordered that a heavy palanquin could be added on top, shaped like a calf cart—a practice that began at that time. The center was eight feet square, with four open views on the left and right. The dragon head was made of gold. The five ends were decorated—that is, the shaft ends, hub ends, and crossbar ends. A gold luan bird perched on the yoke. Below it were layered tiers with dragons, phoenixes, and elephants carved and inlaid in azurite. A lacquered wooden crossbeam ran across the front, called the viewing board. Below it thirty-six crossbars were interlaced. The small palanquin resembled a light chariot with gold fittings and lacquer painting, but had only eight crossbars. At the New Year's grand assembly, the emperor rode it out to ascend the hall. At mourning rites in the Western Hall the emperor also rode it. When traveling, it followed behind. It was also called the palanquin carriage.
3
羊車一名輦，其上如軺，小兒衣青布袴褶，五辮髻，數人引之。 時名羊車小史。 漢氏或以人牽，或駕果下馬。 梁貴賤通得乘之，名曰牽子。
The sheep cart, also called a palanquin, had an upper structure like a light chariot; small boys in blue cloth trousers and jackets with five braided topknots pulled it. At the time it was called the sheep-cart attendant. Under the Han dynasty, it was sometimes pulled by men and sometimes drawn by short horses. In Liang both nobles and commoners could ride it; it was called the hand-drawn cart.
4
畫輪車，一乘，駕牛。 乘用如齊制，舊史言之詳矣。
The painted-wheel cart: one carriage, drawn by oxen. Its use followed Qi regulations; the old histories describe it in detail.
5
衣書車，十二乘，駕牛。 漢皁蓋硃裏，過江加綠油幢。 硃絲絡，青交路，黃金塗五末。 一曰副車。 梁朝謂之衣書車。
The robe-and-scroll cart: twelve carriages, drawn by oxen. Under the Han it had a black canopy and cinnabar lining; after the court crossed the Yangtze a green-oil banner was added. It had cinnabar silk netting, green cross-pattern trim, and gold plating on the five ends. It was also called the secondary carriage. The Liang dynasty called it the robe-and-scroll cart.
6
皇太子鸞輅，駕三馬，左右騑。 硃斑輪，倚獸較，伏鹿軾，九旒，畫降龍，青蓋畫幡，文輈，黃金塗五末。 近代亦謂之鸞輅，即象蓋也。 梁東宮初建及太子釋奠、元正朝會則乘之。 以畫輪為副。 若常乘畫輪，以軺衣書車為副。 畫輪車，上開四望，綠油幢，硃繩絡，兩箱裏飾以錦，黃金塗五末。
The crown prince's luan chariot was drawn by three horses with outriders on the left and right. It had cinnabar-spotted wheels, beast-shaped side rails, a recumbent deer on the front rail, nine tassels, painted descending dragons, a green canopy with painted banners, patterned shafts, and gold plating on the five ends. In recent times it was also called the luan chariot—that is, the ivory-canopied chariot. In Liang, when the Eastern Palace was first established and at the crown prince's libation ceremony and New Year's court assembly, he rode it. The painted-wheel cart served as the secondary carriage. If he regularly rode the painted-wheel cart, the light chariot and robe-and-scroll cart served as secondary carriages. The painted-wheel cart had four open views above, a green-oil banner, cinnabar rope netting, both compartments lined with brocade, and gold plating on the five ends.
7
二千石四品已上及列侯，皆給軺車，駕牛。 伏兔箱，青油幢，硃絲絡，轂輞皆黑漆。 天監二年令，三公、開府、尚書令，則給鹿幡軺，施耳，後戶，皁輞。 尚書僕射、左右光祿大夫、侍中、中書監令、秘書監，則給鳳轄軺，後戶，皁輞。 領、護、國子祭酒、太子詹事、尚書、侍中、列卿、散騎常侍，給聊泥軺，無後戶，漆輪。 車騎、驃騎及諸王除刺史、帶將軍，給龍雀軺，以金銀飾。 禦史中丞給方蓋軺，形如小傘。
Officials of two thousand bushels, fourth rank and above, and enfeoffed marquises all received light chariots drawn by oxen. They had a recumbent rabbit on the box, green-oil banner, cinnabar silk netting, and hub rims all lacquered black. The Tianjian 2 decree stipulated that the Three Excellencies, those who opened a government office, and the Director of the Masters of Writing received deer-banner light chariots with ear fittings, rear doors, and black hub rims. For the Vice Director of the Masters of Writing, the Left and Right Masters of Brilliant Happiness, the Attendant-in-Ordinary, the Director and Vice Director of the Secretariat, and the Director of the Palace Library, phoenix-shaft light chariots with rear doors and black hub rims were provided. For Directors, Guardians, the Director of the Imperial Academy, the Grand Steward of the Heir Apparent, Masters of Writing, Attendants-in-Ordinary, chief ministers, and Regular Attendants of the Cavalry, lacquered-mud light chariots without rear doors and with lacquered wheels were provided. Masters of Cavalry, Masters of Fast Cavalry, and all princes except when serving as regional inspectors or bearing general's titles received dragon-sparrow light chariots decorated with gold and silver. The Inspector of the Masters of Writing received a square-canopy light chariot shaped like a small umbrella.
8
諸王三公有勳德者，皆特加皁輪車，駕牛，形如犢車。 但烏漆輪轂，黃金雕裝，上加青油幢，硃絲絡，通幰或四望。 上臺，三夫人亦乘之，以拓幢涅幰為副。 王公加禮者，給油幢絡車，駕牛。 硃輪華轂。 天監二年令，上臺，六宮、長公主、公主、諸王太妃、妃，皆乘青油輿幢車通幰車，拓幢涅幰為副。 采女、皇女、諸王嗣子、侯夫人，皆乘赤油拓幢車，以涅幰為副。 侍女、直乘涅幰之乘。 諸王三公並乘通幰平乘車，竹箕子壁、仰，郐資榆為輞。 如今犢車，但舉幰通覆上。 方州刺史，並乘通幰平肩輿，從橫施八橫，亦得金渡裝較。 天子至於下賤，通乘步輿，方四尺，上施隱膝以及襻，舉之。 無禁限。 載輿亦如之，但不施腳，以其就席便也。 優禮者，人輿以升殿。 司徒謝朏，以腳疾優之。
Princes and members of the Three Excellencies who had merit and virtue all additionally received black-wheeled carts drawn by oxen, shaped like calf carts. They had black-lacquered wheel hubs, gold carved fittings, a green-oil banner above, cinnabar silk netting, and either a full canopy or four open views. When ascending the upper platform, the three consorts also rode them, with banner-and-dark-canopy carts as secondary carriages. Princes and dukes who received additional honors were given oil-banner netted carts drawn by oxen. They had cinnabar wheels and ornate hubs. The Tianjian 2 decree stipulated that when ascending the upper platform, the six palaces, grand princesses, princesses, and grand consorts and consorts of princes all rode green-oil banner-and-canopy carts or full-canopy carts, with banner-and-dark-canopy carts as secondary carriages. Selected palace women, imperial daughters, heirs of princes, and consorts of marquises all rode red-oil banner carts, with dark-canopy carts as secondary carriages. Attendant women and those on regular duty rode dark-canopy carriages. All princes and the Three Excellencies rode full-canopy flat carriages with bamboo basket walls and upward-curving sides and elm hub rims. They resembled today's calf carts, but with the canopy raised to cover the top entirely. Regional inspectors all rode full-canopy flat-shouldered palanquins with eight crossbars arranged horizontally and could also have gold-plated side rails. From the Son of Heaven down to the lowest ranks, all could ride hand-carried palanquins four feet square, fitted with hidden knee-rests and carrying straps above, and be lifted by bearers. There were no prohibitions or limits on their use. Transport palanquins were the same, but without legs, for convenience when taking one's seat. Those granted special honors were carried in palanquins to ascend the hall. Grand Minister Xie Tiao was granted this honor because of a foot ailment.
9
五牛旗，左青赤，右白黑，黃居其中，蓋古之五時副車也。 舊有五色立車，五色安車，合十乘，名為五時車。 建旗十二，各如車色。 立車則正豎其旗，安車則斜注。 馬亦隨五時之色，白馬則硃其鬣尾。 左右騑驂，金鍰鏤錫，黃屋左纛，如金根之制。 行則從後。 名五時副車。 晉過江，不恆有事，則權以馬車代之，建旗其上。 後但以五色木牛象車，豎旗于牛背，使人輿之。 旗常纏不舒，唯天子親戎，乃舒其旆。 周遷以為晉武帝平吳後造五牛之旗，非過江始為也。
The Five Ox Banners: on the left green and red, on the right white and black, with yellow in the center—this was the ancient five-season secondary carriage. Formerly there were five-colored standing carriages and five-colored secure carriages, ten in all, called the five-season carriages. Twelve banners were erected, each matching the color of its carriage. On standing carriages the banners stood upright; on secure carriages they slanted. The horses also followed the colors of the five seasons; white horses had their manes and tails dyed cinnabar. Outriders served as escorts left and right, with gold ringed and engraved bits, yellow canopy and left banner streamer, following the regulations of the gold-root carriage. When traveling, they followed behind. They were called the five-season secondary carriages. After Jin crossed the Yangtze, when there were not always occasions requiring them, horse carriages were temporarily substituted with banners erected upon them. Later they used only five-colored wooden ox effigy carts with banners erected on the oxen's backs, carried by men in palanquins. The banners were usually furled and not unfurled; only when the Son of Heaven personally took the field were the pennants spread. Zhou Qian held that the Five Ox Banners were made after Jin Emperor Wu pacified Wu and were not first created after crossing the Yangtze.
10
指南車，大駕出，為先啟之乘。 漢初，置俞兒騎，並為先驅。 左太沖曰：「俞騎騁路，指南司方。」 後廢其騎而存其車。
The south-pointing chariot: when the grand procession set out, it was the leading carriage. At the beginning of Han, the Yu'er Cavalry was established, and both served as vanguard. Left Tai Chong wrote: "The Yu riders gallop the road; the south-pointer governs direction." Later the cavalry was abolished but the chariot was retained.
11
記裏車，駕牛。 其中有木人執槌，車行一裏，則打一槌。
The distance-recording chariot, drawn by oxen. Inside it a wooden figure held a mallet; when the chariot traveled one li, it struck one blow.
12
鼓吹車，上施層樓，四角金龍，銜旒蘇羽葆。 凡鼓吹，陸則樓車，水則樓船，在殿庭則畫筍虡為樓。 樓上有翔鷺棲烏，或為鵠形。
The drum-and-pipe chariot had layered towers above, with gold dragons at the four corners holding tasseled feather canopies. For all drum-and-pipe music: on land there was the tower chariot, on water the tower ship, and in the palace courtyard painted bamboo frames served as towers. On the tower were soaring herons and perched crows, or sometimes swan shapes.
13
陳承梁末，王琳縱火，延燒車府。 至天嘉元年，敕守都官尚書、寶安侯到仲舉，議造玉金象革木等五輅及五色副車。 皆金薄交龍，為輿倚較，文貔伏軾，虯首銜軛，左右吉陽筒，鸞雀立衡，郐虡文畫轓，綠油蓋，黃絞裏，相思郐愰，金華末。 斜注旂旗于車之左，各依方色。 加棨戟于車之右，韜以黻繡之衣。 獸頭幡，長丈四尺，懸於戟杪。 玉輅，正副同駕六馬，餘輅皆駕四馬。 馬並黃金為文髦，插以翟尾，玉為鏤錫。 又以彩畫赤油，長三尺，廣八寸，系兩軸頭，古曰飛軨，改以彩畫蛙蟆幡，綴兩軸頭，即古飛軨遺象也。 五輅兩箱後，皆用玳瑁為鶤翅，加以金銀雕飾，故俗人謂之金鶤車。 兩箱之裏，衣以紅錦，金花帖釘，上用紅紫錦為後簷，青絞純帶，夏用簟，冬用綺繡褥。 此後漸修，具依梁制。
Chen inherited the end of Liang; Wang Lin set fire and burned the carriage depot. By Tiancheng 1, an edict ordered the Guardian Director of the Masters of Writing, Marquis Dao Zhongju of Bao'an, to deliberate on constructing the five chariots of jade, gold, ivory, leather, and wood and the five-colored secondary carriages. All had gold-leaf interlaced dragons as carriage side rails, patterned leopard figures recumbent on the front rail, horned dragon heads holding the yoke, auspicious tubes left and right, luan sparrows standing on the crossbar, patterned elm side boards, green-oil canopy, yellow silk lining, paired acacia bells, and gold flower ends. Slanting pennant flags were placed on the left of each chariot, each according to its directional color. Halberds were added on the right of each chariot, sheathed in robes embroidered with fu patterns. The beast-head banner, one zhang and four chi in length, was suspended at the tip of the halberd. For the jade chariot, the principal and secondary carriages both drew six horses; the remaining chariots all drew four horses. The horses all had patterned manes of gold, with pheasant tails inserted and jade engraved bits. Also painted cinnabar oil, three chi long and eight cun wide, was attached to both axle ends—the ancients called this the flying fender; it was changed to painted toad banners attached to both axle ends, preserving the ancient flying-fender form. Behind both compartments of the five chariots, tortoiseshell was used for kun wings with gold and silver carved ornament, so common people called them gold-kun chariots. The interiors of both compartments were lined with red brocade with gold-flower nail studs; red and purple brocade served as the rear eaves; green cross-pattern sashes were used; bamboo mats in summer and brocade quilts in winter. After this they were gradually refined, all following Liang regulations.
14
後魏天興初，詔儀曹郎董謐撰朝饗儀，始制軒冕，未知古式，多違舊章。 孝文帝時，儀曹令李韶更奏詳定，討論經籍，議改正之。 唯備五輅，各依方色，其餘車輦，猶未能具。 至熙平九年，明帝又詔侍中崔光與安豐王延明、博士崔瓚采其議，大造車服。 定制，五輅並駕五馬。 皇太子乘金輅，硃蓋赤質，四馬。 三公及王，硃屋青表，制同於輅，名曰高車，駕三馬。 庶姓王、侯及尚書令、僕已下，列卿已上，並給軺車，駕用一馬。 或乘四望通幰車，駕一牛。 自斯以後，條章粗備，北齊鹹取用焉。 其後因而著令，並無增損。
At the beginning of Tianxing in Later Wei, an edict ordered Director of Ritual Affairs Dong Mi to compile court feast rites and first establish carriage caps and robes; not knowing the ancient forms, many provisions violated old regulations. During Emperor Xiaowen's reign, Director of Ritual Affairs Li Shao memorialized again for detailed determination, examining the classics and deliberating on corrections. Only the five chariots were prepared, each according to its directional color; the remaining carriages and palanquins could not yet be fully supplied. By Xiping 9, Emperor Ming again ordered Attendant-in-Ordinary Cui Guang, together with Prince Yanming of Anfeng and Erudite Cui Zan, to adopt their deliberations and greatly manufacture carriages and robes. Regulations were fixed: the five chariots all drew five horses. The crown prince rode the gold chariot with a cinnabar canopy and red body, drawn by four horses. The Three Excellencies and princes had cinnabar roof and green exterior, regulations the same as the chariots, called high carriages, drawn by three horses. Princes of non-imperial surname, marquises, and from the Director of the Masters of Writing and Vice Director downward to chief ministers and above all received light chariots drawn by one horse. Or they rode four-view full-canopy carriages drawn by one ox. From then on the regulations were roughly complete, and Northern Qi adopted them in full. Later they were incorporated into statutes accordingly, with no additions or reductions.
15
王、庶姓王、儀同三司已上、親公主，雉尾扇，紫傘。 皇宗及三品已上官，青傘硃裏。 其青傘碧裏，達于士人，不禁。
Princes, princes of non-imperial surname, those of Equal to the Three Excellencies and above, and imperial princesses received pheasant-tail fans and purple umbrellas. Imperial clansmen and officials of third rank and above received green umbrellas with cinnabar lining. Green umbrellas with green lining extended to commoners; there was no prohibition.
16
正從第一品執事官、散官及儀同三司、諸公主，得乘油色硃絡網車，車牛飾得用金塗及純銀。 二品、三品得乘卷通幰車，車牛飾用金塗。 四品已下，七品已上，得乘偏幰車，車牛飾用銅。
Regular and concurrent first-rank active officials, honorary officials, those Equal to the Three Excellencies, and all princesses could ride oil-colored cinnabar netted carriages; carriage and ox fittings could use gold plating and pure silver. Second and third ranks could ride rolled full-canopy carriages; carriage and ox fittings used gold plating. Fourth rank and below, seventh rank and above, could ride partial-canopy carriages; carriage and ox fittings used copper.
17
尚書令給哄士十五人，左右僕射、禦史中丞，各十二人。 周氏設六官，置司輅之職，以掌公車之政，辨其名品，與其物色。
The Director of the Masters of Writing was given fifteen attendants; the Left and Right Vice Directors and the Inspector of the Masters of Writing each received twelve. The Zhou dynasty established six offices and created the office of Director of Chariots to manage public carriage affairs, distinguishing their names, ranks, and fittings.
18
皇帝之輅，十有二等：一曰蒼輅，以祀昊天上帝。 二曰青輅，以祀東方上帝。 三曰硃輅，以祀南方上帝及朝日。 四曰黃輅，以祭地祇中央上帝。 五曰白輅，以祀西方上帝及夕月。 六曰玄輅，以祀北方上帝及感帝，祭神州。 此六輅，通漆之而已，不用他物為飾。 皆疏面，旒就以方色，俱十有二。 疏面，刻皮當顱。 七曰玉輅，以享先皇，加元服，納後。 八曰碧輅，以祭社稷，享諸先帝，大貞於龜，食三老五更，享食諸侯及耕籍。 九曰金輅，以祀星辰，祭四望，視朔，大射，賓射，饗群臣，巡犧牲，養國老。 十曰象輅，以望秩群祀，視朝，燕諸侯及群臣，燕射，養庶老，適諸侯家，巡省，臨太學，幸道法門。 十一曰革輅，以巡兵即戎。 十二曰木輅，以田獵，行鄉畿。 此六輅，又以六色漆而畫之，用玉碧金象革物以飾諸末。 皆錫面、金鉤，就以五采，俱十有二。 錫面，鏤金當顱。 鉤以屬勒鞶纓。
The emperor's chariots numbered twelve grades: first, the dark chariot, for sacrificing to the Supreme God of Heaven. Second, the green chariot, for sacrificing to the God of the East. Third, the cinnabar chariot, for sacrificing to the God of the South and the morning sun. Fourth, the yellow chariot, for sacrificing to the Earth and the Central God. Fifth, the white chariot, for sacrificing to the God of the West and the evening moon. Sixth, the black chariot, for sacrificing to the God of the North and the Lord of Felt, and for sacrificing to the Nine Regions. These six chariots were simply lacquered throughout, without using other materials for ornament. All had open faces; the tassel ornaments followed the directional colors, twelve in all. Open face: leather carved at the forehead. Seventh, the jade chariot, for feasting the former emperors, conferring the capping ceremony, and receiving the empress. Eighth, the jade-green chariot, for sacrificing to the altars of soil and grain, feasting the former emperors, great divination with tortoise, feeding the three elders and five worthies, feasting enfeoffed lords, and plowing the sacred field. Ninth, the gold chariot, for sacrificing to the stars, sacrificing to the four mountain-waters, viewing the new moon, great archery, guest archery, feasting the ministers, inspecting sacrificial animals, and nurturing the state elders. Tenth, the ivory chariot, for ranking all sacrifices, holding court, banqueting lords and ministers, banquet archery, nurturing common elders, visiting lords' households, touring and inspecting, visiting the Imperial Academy, and visiting the Gate of the Way and Law. Eleventh, the leather chariot, for touring the army and going to war. Twelfth, the wood chariot, for hunting and traveling the suburban districts. These six chariots were also lacquered and painted in six colors, using jade, jade-green, gold, ivory, and leather materials to ornament the ends. All had tin faces and gold hooks, with five colors for the ornaments, twelve in all. Tin face: gold carved at the forehead. The hooks attached the bridle and breast ornaments.
19
皇后之車，亦十二等：一曰重翟，以從皇帝，重翟羽為車蕃祀郊禖，享先皇，朝皇太后。 二曰厭翟，以祭陰社。 次其羽也三曰翟輅，以采桑。 翟羽飾之四曰翠輅，以從皇帝，見賓客。 翠羽飾之五曰雕輅，以歸寧。 刻諸末也六曰篆輅，以臨諸道法門。 篆諸飾也六輅皆錫面，硃總總以硃絲為之，置馬勒，直兩耳與兩鑣也。 金鉤。 七曰蒼輅，以適命婦家。 八曰青輅，九曰硃輅，十曰黃輅，十一曰白輅，十二曰玄輅。 五時常出入則供之。 六輅皆疏面，繢總。 以畫繒為之
The empress's carriages also numbered twelve grades: first, the heavy pheasant, for following the emperor; heavy pheasant feathers as carriage ornament for suburban sacrifice to the Gate of Childbirth, feasting the former emperors, and attending the empress dowager. Second, the pressed pheasant, for sacrificing to the Yin altar. Its feathers ranked below. Third, the pheasant chariot, for mulberry gathering. Ornamented with pheasant feathers. Fourth, the kingfisher chariot, for following the emperor and receiving guests. Ornamented with kingfisher feathers. Fifth, the carved chariot, for returning to visit one's parents. Carved ornament on the ends. Sixth, the seal-script chariot, for visiting the various Gates of the Way and Law. Seal-script ornament. These six chariots all had tin faces; the cinnabar tassel was made of cinnabar silk, placed on the bridle, running straight to both ears and both bits. Gold hooks. Seventh, the dark chariot, for visiting the households of titled ladies. Eighth, the green chariot; ninth, the cinnabar chariot; tenth, the yellow chariot; eleventh, the white chariot; twelfth, the black chariot. For the five seasons' regular comings and goings, these were provided. The six chariots all had open faces and painted tassels. Made of painted silk.
20
諸公之輅九：方輅各象方之色碧輅、金輅，皆錫面，鞶纓九就，金鉤。 象輅、犀輅、貝輅、革輅、篆輅、木輅，皆疏面，鞶纓九就。 凡就，皆以硃白蒼三采。 諸侯自方輅而下八，又無碧輅。 諸伯自方輅而下七，又無金輅。 諸子自方輅而下六，又無象輅。 諸男自方輅而下五，又無犀輅。 凡就，各如其命。
The dukes' chariots numbered nine: the directional chariots each represented their directional colors; the jade-green and gold chariots all had tin faces, breast ornaments of nine knots, and gold hooks. The ivory, rhinoceros, shell, leather, seal-script, and wood chariots all had open faces and breast ornaments of nine knots. All knots used the three colors of cinnabar, white, and dark. Marquises from the directional chariot downward had eight, and also lacked the jade-green chariot. Earls from the directional chariot downward had seven, and also lacked the gold chariot. Viscounts from the directional chariot downward had six, and also lacked the ivory chariot. Barons from the directional chariot downward had five, and also lacked the rhinoceros chariot. All knots corresponded to their rank.
21
諸公夫人之輅車九：厭翟、翟輅、翠輅，皆錫面，硃總，金鉤。 雕輅、篆輅，皆勒面，刻白黑韋為當顱繢總。 硃輅、黃輅、白輅、玄輅，皆雕面，刻漆韋為當顱鷖總。 總青黑色繒，其著如硃總。 諸侯夫人自翟輅而下八，諸伯夫人自翠輅而下七，諸子夫人自雕輅而下六，諸男夫人自篆輅而下五。 鞶纓就數，各視其君。
The ducal consorts' chariots numbered nine: the pressed pheasant, pheasant chariot, and kingfisher chariot all had tin faces, cinnabar tassels, and gold hooks. The carved and seal-script chariots all had bridle faces, with white and black leather carved at the forehead and painted tassels. The cinnabar, yellow, white, and black chariots all had carved faces, with lacquered leather carved at the forehead and duck tassels. The tassel was dark green silk, attached like the cinnabar tassel. Marquises' consorts from the pheasant chariot downward had eight; earls' consorts from the kingfisher chariot downward had seven; viscounts' consorts from the carved chariot downward had six; barons' consorts from the seal-script chariot downward had five. The number of breast-ornament knots each followed their lord.
22
公孤卿大夫，皆以中之色乘祀輅。 士乘祀車。
The dukes, orphans, ministers, and grand masters all rode the sacrificial chariot in the color of the center. Knights rode the sacrificial carriage.
23
三公之輅車九：祀輅、犀輅、貝輅、篆輅、木輅、夏篆、夏縵、墨車、晳戔車。 自篆已上，金塗諸末，疏錫，鞶纓，金鉤。 木輅已下，銅飾諸末，疏，鞶纓皆九就。 三孤自祀輅而下八，無犀輅。 六卿自祀輅而下七，又無貝輅。 上大夫自祀輅而下六，又無篆輅。 中大夫自祀輅而下五，又無木輅。 下大夫自祀輅而下四，又無夏篆。 士車三：祀車、墨車、晳戔車。 凡就，各如其命之數。 自孤下，就以硃綠二采。
The Three Excellencies' chariots numbered nine: sacrificial chariot, rhinoceros chariot, shell chariot, seal-script chariot, wood chariot, summer seal-script, summer plain, black chariot, and dawn-mist chariot. From the seal-script chariot upward, gold plated the ends, open tin, breast ornaments, and gold hooks. From the wood chariot downward, copper ornamented the ends, open faces, and breast ornaments all had nine knots. The three orphans from the sacrificial chariot downward had eight, without the rhinoceros chariot. The six ministers from the sacrificial chariot downward had seven, and also lacked the shell chariot. Senior grand masters from the sacrificial chariot downward had six, and also lacked the seal-script chariot. Middle grand masters from the sacrificial chariot downward had five, and also lacked the wood chariot. Junior grand masters from the sacrificial chariot downward had four, and also lacked the summer seal-script. Knights' carriages numbered three: sacrificial carriage, black carriage, and dawn-mist carriage. All knots corresponded to the number of their rank. From the orphans downward, the knots used the two colors of cinnabar and green.
24
三妃、三公夫人之輅九：篆輅、硃輅、黃輅、白輅、玄輅，皆勒面，繢總。 夏篆、夏縵、墨車、晳戔車，皆雕面，鷖總。 三昿弋、三孤內子，自硃輅已下八。 六嬪、六卿內子，自黃輅而下七。 上媛婦、中大夫孺人，自玄輅而下五。 下媛婦、大夫孺人，自夏篆而下四。 禦婉、士婦人，自夏縵而下三。 其鞶纓就，各以其等。 皆簟每笰，漆之。 君以赤，卿大夫士以玄。
The three consorts and Three Excellencies' consorts' chariots numbered nine: seal-script, cinnabar, yellow, white, and black chariots all had bridle faces and painted tassels. The summer seal-script, summer plain, black carriage, and dawn-mist carriage all had carved faces and duck tassels. The three secondary consorts and three orphans' inner consorts, from the cinnabar chariot downward had eight. The six concubines and six ministers' inner consorts, from the yellow chariot downward had seven. Senior ladies and middle grand masters' wives, from the black chariot downward had five. Junior ladies and grand masters' wives, from the summer seal-script downward had four. Palace attendants and knights' wives, from the summer plain downward had three. Their breast-ornament knots each followed their rank. All had bamboo mats for each seat, lacquered. The lord used red; ministers, grand masters, and knights used black.
25
君駕四，三輈六轡。 卿大夫駕三，二輈五轡。 士駕二，一輈四轡。
The lord drove four, with three shafts and six reins. Ministers and grand masters drove three, with two shafts and five reins. Knights drove two, with one shaft and four reins.
26
輅之制，重輪重較而加耳焉。 皇帝、皇后之輅，輿廣六尺有六寸，輪高七尺。 畫輪轂、輈衡以雲牙，箱軾以虡文，虡內畫以雜獸。 獸伏軾，倚較。 諸侯及夫人、命夫、命婦之輅車，廣六尺有二寸，輪崇六尺有六寸。 畫轂以雲牙，軾以虡文，虡內畫以雲華。 倚較。 士不畫。 後、夫人、內子已下，同去獸與鹿。
The chariot's form had double wheels and double side rails, with ear fittings added. The emperor's and empress's chariots: the carriage body was six chi and six cun wide, the wheels seven chi high. The painted wheel hubs and shaft crossbars had cloud patterns; the box rails had tiger patterns, and inside the tiger patterns various beasts were painted. Beasts recumbent on the front rail and leaning side rails. The chariots of lords and their consorts, titled husbands, and titled wives were six chi and two cun wide, with wheels six chi and six cun high. The hubs were painted with cloud patterns; the rails with tiger patterns; inside the tiger patterns cloud flowers were painted. They had leaning side rails. Knights' carriages had no painting. From the empress, consorts, and inner consorts downward, beasts and deer were alike removed.
27
凡旗，太常畫三辰，日、月、五星。 旃畫青龍皇帝升龍，諸侯交龍。 旟畫硃雀，旌畫黃麟，旗畫白獸，旐畫玄武，皆加雲。 其旃物在軍，亦書其事號，加之以雲氣。 徽幟亦如之。 通帛為旃，雜帛為物。 在軍亦書其人官與姓名之事號。 徽幟亦書之，但畫其所書之例。 旌節又畫白獸，而析羽於其上。
For all banners: the Grand Standard was painted with the three luminaries—sun, moon, and five planets. The zhan banner was painted with the azure dragon—the emperor's ascending dragon and the lords' interlaced dragons. The yu banner was painted with the vermilion bird; the jing banner with the yellow qilin; the qi banner with the white beast; the zhao banner with the dark warrior—all with clouds added. Their banner emblems in the army also recorded their affair designations, with cloud vapor added. Insignia banners were the same. Plain silk made the zhan; mixed silk made the emblems. In the army they also recorded the person's office, name, and affair designation. Insignia banners also recorded these, but painted according to what was written. Command batons also painted the white beast, with split feathers on top.
28
司常，掌旗物之藏。 通帛之旗六，以供郊丘之祀。 一曰蒼旗，二曰青旗，三曰硃旗，四曰黃旗，五曰白旗，六曰玄旗。 畫繢之旗六，以充玉輅之等。 一曰三辰之常，二曰青龍之旗，三曰硃鳥之旟，四曰黃麟之旌，五曰白獸之旗，六曰玄武之旐。 皆左建旗而右建闟戟。 又有繼旗四，以施軍旅。 一曰麾，以供軍將。 二曰Ｋ，以供師帥。 三曰枿，以供旅帥。 四曰旆，以供倅長。 諸公方輅、碧輅建旂，金輅建旟，象輅建物，木輅建旐。 諸侯自金輅而下，如諸公之旗。 諸伯自象輅而下，如諸侯之旗。 諸子自犀輅而下，如諸伯之旗。 諸男自象輅而下，如諸子之旗。 三公犀輅、貝輅、篆輅建旃，木輅建旐，夏篆、夏縵及晳戔車建物。 孤卿已下，各以其等建其旗。
The Director of Standards managed the storage of banner emblems. Plain-silk banners numbered six, for supplying suburban and mound sacrifices. First, the dark banner; second, the green banner; third, the cinnabar banner; fourth, the yellow banner; fifth, the white banner; sixth, the black banner. Painted banners numbered six, to supply the jade chariot grades. First, the three-luminaries standard; second, the azure dragon banner; third, the vermilion bird yu; fourth, the yellow qilin jing; fifth, the white beast qi; sixth, the dark warrior zhao. All had banners erected on the left and halberd-shields on the right. There were also four relay banners for use in military campaigns. First, the command banner, for army generals. Second, the signal banner, for division commanders. Third, the regimental banner, for brigade commanders. Fourth, the pennant, for company leaders. The dukes' directional and jade-green chariots flew qi banners; the gold chariot flew yu; the ivory chariot flew emblems; the wood chariot flew zhao. Marquises from the gold chariot downward followed the dukes' banners. Earls from the ivory chariot downward followed the marquises' banners. Viscounts from the rhinoceros chariot downward followed the earls' banners. Barons from the ivory chariot downward followed the viscounts' banners. The Three Excellencies' rhinoceros, shell, and seal-script chariots flew zhan; the wood chariot flew zhao; the summer seal-script, summer plain, and dawn-mist carriages flew emblems. Orphans and ministers downward each flew banners according to their rank.
29
旌杠，皇帝六刃，諸侯五刃，大夫四刃，士三刃。
Banner poles: the emperor six blades; lords five blades; grand masters four blades; knights three blades.
30
旒，皇帝曳地，諸侯及軹，大夫及轂，士及軫。 凡注毛於杠首曰綏，析羽曰旌，全羽曰Ｋ。 其幓，皇帝諸侯加以弧韣。 闟戟，方六尺而被之以黻，唯皇帝諸侯輅建焉。 闟戟、杠綢與旗同。
Tassels: the emperor's trailed on the ground; lords' reached the wheel hubs; grand masters' reached the wheel spokes; knights' reached the wheel rims. All feathers attached to the pole top were called tassels; split feathers made jing; whole feathers made signal banners. Their streamers: the emperor and lords added bow cases. Halberd-shields were six chi square and covered with fu-pattern cloth; only the emperor's and lords' chariots bore them. Halberd-shields, pole silk, and banners were the same.
31
車之蓋圓以象天，輿方以象地。 輪輻三十，以象日月。 蓋郐愰二十有八，以象列宿。 設和鑾以節趨行，被旗旒以表貴賤。 其取象也大，其彰德也明，是以王者尚之。
The carriage canopy was round to represent heaven; the carriage body square to represent earth. Thirty spokes and rim sections represented the sun and moon. Twenty-eight canopy bells represented the constellations. Harmony bells were set to regulate pace; banners and tassels were displayed to show noble and base. Their symbolism was great and their manifestation of virtue was clear—therefore kings honored them.
32
皇帝、皇后在喪之車五：一曰木車，初喪乘之。 二曰素車，卒哭乘之。 三曰藻車，既練乘之。 四曰駹車，祥而乘之。 五曰漆車，禫而乘之。 及平齊，得其輿輅，藏於中府，盡不施用。 至大象初，遣鄭譯閱視武庫，得魏舊物，取尤異者，並加雕飾，分給六宮。 有乾象輦，羽葆圓蓋，畫日月五星、二十八宿、天街雲罕、山林奇怪及遊麟飛鳳、硃雀玄武、騶虞青龍，駕二十四馬，以給天中皇后，助祭則乘。 又有大樓輦車，龍輈十二，加以玉飾，四轂六衡，方輿圓蓋，金雞樹羽，寶鐸旒蘇，鸞雀立衡，六螭龍銜軛，建太常，畫升龍日月，駕二十牛。 又有象輦，左右金鳳，白鹿仙人，羽葆旒蘇，金鈴玉佩，初駕二象，後以六駝代之。 並有游觀小樓等輦，駕十五馬車等，合十餘乘，皆魏天興中之所制也。 宣帝至是，鹹複禦之。 複令天下車，皆以渾成木為輪。
The emperor's and empress's mourning carriages numbered five: first, the wood carriage, ridden at the beginning of mourning. Second, the plain carriage, ridden at the end of weeping. Third, the rush carriage, ridden after the one-year mourning garments. Fourth, the mixed-color carriage, ridden at the auspicious sacrifice. Fifth, the lacquer carriage, ridden at the end of mourning. When Qi was pacified, their carriages and palanquins were obtained and stored in the central treasury, never used. At the beginning of Daxiang, Zheng Yi was dispatched to inspect the armory; old Wei objects were obtained, the most unusual selected and given additional carved ornament, and distributed to the six palaces. There was the Dry-Heaven palanquin, with feather canopy and round cover painted with sun, moon, five planets, twenty-eight constellations, Heavenly Street, cloud canopy, mountains and forests with strange creatures, roaming qilin, flying phoenix, vermilion bird, dark warrior, zouyu, and azure dragon, drawn by twenty-four horses, provided to the empress in the palace, who rode it when assisting at sacrifice. There was also the great tower palanquin carriage, with twelve dragon shafts and jade ornament, four hubs and six crossbars, square body and round cover, gold rooster and tree feathers, jeweled bells and tasseled feather canopies, luan sparrows standing on the crossbar, six hornless dragons holding the yoke, bearing the Grand Standard painted with ascending dragon and sun and moon, drawn by twenty oxen. There was also the ivory palanquin, with gold phoenixes left and right, white deer and immortals, feather canopy and tasseled streamers, gold bells and jade pendants; initially drawn by two elephants, later replaced by six camels. There were also touring and viewing small tower palanquins and fifteen-horse carriages and the like, more than ten in all—all made in Wei Tianxing. By Emperor Xuan's time, all were again used by the emperor. Again an order was issued that all carriages throughout the realm should use solid-formed wood for wheels.
33
玉輅，青質，以玉飾諸末。 重箱盤輿，左青龍，右白虎，金鳳翅，畫虡文鳥獸。 黃屋左纛，金鳳在軾前，八鸞在衡，二鈴在軾。 龍輈，前設鄣塵。 青蓋黃裏，繡飾。 博山鏡子，樹羽。 輪皆硃斑重牙。 左建旗，十有二旒，幓旒皆畫升龍，其長曳地。 右載闟戟，長四尺，廣三尺，黻文。 旂首金龍頭，銜結綬及鈴緌。 駕蒼龍，金[QBDT]方，插翟尾五隼，鏤錫，鞶纓十有二就。 錫馬當顱，鏤金為之。 鞶馬大帶，纓馬鞅，皆以五彩飾之。 就成也，一幣為一就。 祭祀、納後則供之。
The jade chariot had a green body, with jade ornamenting the ends. It had a double box and tray body; azure dragon on the left, white tiger on the right, gold phoenix wings, and tiger-pattern bird and beast painting. It had a yellow canopy and left banner streamer; gold phoenix before the front rail; eight luan on the crossbar; and two bells on the front rail. It had dragon shafts and a dust screen set before. It had a green canopy with yellow lining and embroidered ornament. It had a mounting-mirror and tree feathers. The wheels all had cinnabar-spotted double teeth. On the left a qi banner with twelve tassels; the streamers and tassels all painted with ascending dragons, their length trailing on the ground. On the right halberd-shields, four chi long and three chi wide, with fu patterns. The banner head was a gold dragon head, holding knotted cords and bell tassels. It was drawn by azure dragon horses with gold halberd square plaques, five falcon pheasant tails inserted, engraved bits, and breast ornaments of twelve knots. Tinned horses at the forehead were carved in gold. Breast horses' great sashes and bridle horses' cruppers were all ornamented with five colors. When complete, one tassel made one knot. It was provided for sacrifice and receiving the empress.
34
金輅，赤質，以金飾諸末。 左建旟，右建闟戟。 旟畫鳥隼餘與玉輅同。 駕赤鳷。 朝覲會同，饗射飲至則供之。
The gold chariot had a red body, with gold ornamenting the ends. On the left a yu banner; on the right halberd-shields. The yu was painted with birds and falcons; the rest was the same as the jade chariot. It was drawn by red pheasants. It was provided for court audience, joint assembly, feast, archery, and drinking to the end.
35
象輅，黃質，以象飾諸末。 左建旌，右建闟戟。 旌畫黃麟駕黃鳷。 行道則供之。
The ivory chariot had a yellow body, with ivory ornamenting the ends. On the left a jing banner; on the right halberd-shields. The jing was painted with yellow qilin; it was drawn by yellow pheasants. It was provided for traveling on the road.
36
革輅，白質，挽之以革。 左建旗，右建闟戟。 旗畫白獸駕白駱。 巡守臨兵事則供之。
The leather chariot had a white body, wrapped with leather. On the left a qi banner; on the right halberd-shields. The qi was painted with white beast; it was drawn by white camels. It was provided for touring, guarding, and military affairs.
37
木輅，漆之。 左建旐，右建闟戟。 旐畫龜蛇駕黑鳷。 田獵則供之。
The wood chariot was lacquered. On the left a zhao banner; on the right halberd-shields. The zhao was painted with tortoise and serpent; it was drawn by black pheasants. It was provided for hunting.
38
五輅之蓋，旌旗之質，及鞶纓，皆從輅之色。 蓋之裏俱用黃。 其鏤錫五輅同。
The canopies of the five chariots, the substance of banners and flags, and the breast ornaments all followed the chariot's color. The canopy linings all used yellow. The engraved bits of the five chariots were the same.
39
安車，飾重輿，曲壁，紫油纁硃裏，通幰，硃絲絡網，硃鞶贐纓，硃覆發，具絡。 駕赤鳷。 臨幸則供之。
The secure carriage had an ornamented double body, curved walls, purple oil and cinnabar lining, full canopy, cinnabar silk net, cinnabar breast and farewell ornaments, cinnabar hair covering, and complete netting. It was drawn by red pheasants. It was provided for imperial visits.
40
四望車，制同犢車金飾，青油纁硃裏，通幰。 拜陵臨吊則供之。
The four-view carriage followed the same regulations as the calf cart with gold ornament, green oil and cinnabar lining, and full canopy. It was provided for visiting tombs and condolence calls.
41
皇后、皇太后重翟，青質，金飾諸末。 硃輪，金根硃牙。 其箱飾以重翟羽，青油纁硃裏，通幰，繡紫帷，硃絲絡網，繡紫絡帶。 八鑾在衡，錫，鞶纓十二就，金棨方釳，插翟尾，硃總。 總以硃為之，如馬纓而小，著馬勒，在兩耳兩鑣也。 駕蒼龍。 受冊、從郊禖、享廟則供之。
The empress's and empress dowager's heavy pheasant had a green body, with gold ornamenting the ends. It had cinnabar wheels and gold-root cinnabar teeth. The box was ornamented with heavy pheasant feathers, green oil and cinnabar lining, full canopy, embroidered purple curtains, cinnabar silk net, and embroidered purple net sashes. It had eight luan on the crossbar, tin, breast ornaments of twelve knots, gold halberd square plaques, pheasant tails inserted, and a cinnabar tassel. The tassel was made of cinnabar, like the horse bridle but smaller, placed on the bridle at both ears and both bits. It was drawn by azure dragon horses. It was provided for receiving the investiture scroll, following the suburban Gate of Childbirth sacrifice, and feasting at the temple.
42
厭翟，赤質，金飾諸末。 輪畫硃牙。 其箱飾以次翟羽，紫油纁硃裏，通幰，紅錦帷，硃絲絡網，紅錦絡帶。 其餘如重翟。 駕黃騮。 親桑則供之。
The pressed pheasant had a red body, with gold ornamenting the ends. The wheels were painted with cinnabar teeth. The box was ornamented with secondary pheasant feathers, purple oil and cinnabar lining, full canopy, red brocade curtains, cinnabar silk net, and red brocade net sashes. The rest was the same as the heavy pheasant. It was drawn by yellow bay horses. It was provided for mulberry gathering in person.
43
翟車，黃質，金飾諸末。 輪畫硃牙。 其車側飾以翟羽，黃油纁黃裏，通幰，白紅錦帷，硃絲絡網，白紅錦絡帶。 其餘如重翟。 駕黃騮。 歸寧則供之。 諸鞶纓之色，皆從車質。
The pheasant carriage had a yellow body, with gold ornamenting the ends. The wheels were painted with cinnabar teeth. The sides of the carriage were ornamented with pheasant feathers, yellow oil and yellow lining, full canopy, white and red brocade curtains, cinnabar silk net, and white and red brocade net sashes. The rest was the same as the heavy pheasant. It was drawn by yellow bay horses. It was provided for returning to visit one's parents. The colors of all breast ornaments followed the carriage's substance.
44
安車，赤質，金飾。 紫通幰硃裏。 駕四馬。 臨幸及吊則供之。
The secure carriage had a red body with gold ornament. It had a purple full canopy with cinnabar lining. It was drawn by four horses. It was provided for imperial visits and condolence calls.
45
皇太子金輅，赤質，金飾諸末。 重較，箱畫虡文鳥獸，黃屋，伏鹿軾，龍輈。 金鳳一，在軾前。 設鄣塵。 硃蓋黃裏。 輪畫硃牙。 左建旂，九旒，右載闟戟。 旂首金龍頭。 銜結綬及鈴緌。 駕赤鳷四。 八鑾在衡，二鈴在軾。 金棨方釳，插翟尾五隼、鏤錫，鞶纓九就。 從祀享、正冬大朝、納妃則乘之。
The crown prince's gold chariot had a red body, with gold ornamenting the ends. It had double side rails; a box painted with tiger-pattern birds and beasts; yellow canopy; recumbent deer on the front rail; and dragon shafts. One gold phoenix stood before the front rail. A dust screen was set. It had a cinnabar canopy with yellow lining. The wheels were painted with cinnabar teeth. On the left a qi banner with nine tassels; on the right halberd-shields. The banner head was a gold dragon head. It held knotted cords and bell tassels. It was drawn by four red pheasants. It had eight luan on the crossbar and two bells on the front rail. It had gold halberd square plaques, five falcon pheasant tails inserted, engraved bits, and breast ornaments of nine knots. It was ridden for following at sacrifice, the regular winter grand assembly, and receiving a consort.
46
軺車，金飾諸末。 紫通幰硃裏。 駕一馬。 五日常朝及朝饗宮臣，出入行道乘之。
The light chariot had gold ornamenting the ends. It had a purple full canopy with cinnabar lining. It was drawn by one horse. It was ridden for daily court on the five days and court feasts with palace ministers, and for traveling on the road.
47
四望車，金飾諸末。 紫油纁通幰硃裏，硃絲絡網。 駕一馬。 吊臨則乘之。
The four-view carriage had gold ornamenting the ends. It had purple oil full canopy with cinnabar lining and cinnabar silk net. It was drawn by one horse. It was ridden for condolence calls.
48
公及一品象輅，黃質，以象飾諸末。 建旟，畫以鳥隼。 受冊告廟，升壇上任，親迎及葬則乘之。
Dukes and first rank rode the ivory chariot, with a yellow body and ivory ornamenting the ends. It flew a yu painted with birds and falcons. It was ridden for receiving the investiture scroll and reporting to the temple, ascending the altar to take office, personally welcoming a bride, and funerals.
49
侯伯及二品三品革輅，白質，以革飾諸末。 建旟，畫熊獸。 受冊告廟，親迎及葬則乘之。
Marquises, earls, and second and third ranks rode the leather chariot, with a white body and leather ornamenting the ends. It flew a yu painted with bears and beasts. It was ridden for receiving the investiture scroll and reporting to the temple, personally welcoming a bride, and funerals.
50
子男及四品木輅，黑質，以漆飾之。 建旟，畫以龜蛇。 受冊告廟，親迎及葬則乘之。
Viscounts, barons, and fourth rank rode the wood chariot, with a black body lacquered for ornament. It flew a yu painted with tortoise and serpent. It was ridden for receiving the investiture scroll and reporting to the temple, personally welcoming a bride, and funerals.
51
象輅已下，旒及就數，各依爵品，雖依禮制名，未及創造。 開皇三年閏十二月，並詔停造，而盡用舊物。 至九年平陳，又得輿輦。 舊著令者，以付有司，所不載者，並皆毀棄。 雖從儉省，而于禮多闕。 十四年，詔又以見所乘車輅，因循近代，事非經典，令更議定。 於是命有司詳考故實，改造五輅及副。 玉輅青質，祭祀乘之。 金輅赤質，朝會禮還乘之。 象略黃質，臨幸乘之。 革輅白質，戎事乘之。 木輅玄質，耕藉乘之。 五輅皆硃斑輪、龍輈、重輿，建十二旒，並畫升龍。 左建闟戟。 旂旒與輅同色。 樊纓十有二就。 王、五等開國、第一第二品及刺史輅，硃質，硃蓋，斑輪。 左建旂，旂畫龍，一升一降。 左建闟戟。 第三第四品輅，硃質，硃蓋，左建旃，通帛為之，旂旃皆赤。 其旒及樊纓就數，各依其品。 大業元年，更制車輦，五輅之外，設副車。 詔尚書令楚公楊素、吏部尚書奇章公牛弘、工部尚書安平公宇文愷、內史侍郎虞世基、禮部侍郎許善心、太府少卿何稠、朝請郎閻毗等，詳議奏決。 於是審擇前朝故事，定其取捨雲。
From the ivory chariot downward, tassels and knot numbers each followed noble rank; though named according to ritual regulations, they had not yet been created. In the intercalary twelfth month of Kaihuang 3, an edict ordered construction halted, and old objects were used entirely. By the ninth year Chen was pacified, and carriages and palanquins were again obtained. Those recorded in old statutes were handed to the relevant offices; those not recorded were all destroyed. Though following frugality and reduction, many ritual matters were lacking. In the fourteenth year, an edict again noted that the carriages and chariots currently ridden followed recent times—matters not from the classics—and ordered further deliberation and determination. Thereupon the relevant offices were ordered to examine the old facts in detail and reconstruct the five chariots and secondary carriages. The jade chariot had a green body and was ridden for sacrifice. The gold chariot had a red body and was ridden when returning from court assembly rites. The ivory chariot had a yellow body and was ridden for imperial visits. The leather chariot had a white body and was ridden for military affairs. The wood chariot had a black body and was ridden for plowing the sacred field. The five chariots all had cinnabar-spotted wheels, dragon shafts, and double bodies, bearing twelve tassels all painted with ascending dragons. Halberd-shields were erected on the left. Banner tassels were the same color as the chariot. They had breast ornaments of twelve knots. Princes, fifth-rank enfeoffed lords, first and second ranks, and regional inspectors' chariots had cinnabar body, cinnabar canopy, and spotted wheels. On the left a qi banner painted with dragons, one ascending and one descending. Halberd-shields were on the left. Third and fourth rank chariots had cinnabar body and cinnabar canopy; on the left a zhan banner of plain silk; banners and zhan all red. Their tassels and breast-ornament knot numbers each followed their rank. In Daye 1, carriages and palanquins were newly regulated; beyond the five chariots, secondary carriages were established. An edict ordered Director of the Masters of Writing Duke Yang Su of Chu, Director of the Masters of Writing Duke Niu Hong of Qizhang, Director of Works Duke Yuwen Kai of Anping, Palace Secretariat Vice Director Yu Shiji, Ritual Affairs Vice Director Xu Shansin, Vice Director of the Imperial Treasury He Chou, and Gentlemen-Consultant Yan Pi and others to deliberate in detail and submit decisions. Thereupon they examined and selected precedents from former dynasties, determining what to adopt and discard.
52
玉輅，禋祀所用，飾以玉。 《白虎通》雲：「玉輅，大輅也。」 《周禮》巾車氏所掌，「鏤錫，樊纓十有再就，建太常，十有二旒」。 虞氏謂之鸞車，夏後氏謂之鉤車，殷謂之大輅，周謂之乘輅。 《大戴禮》著其形式，上蓋如規象天，二十八郐愰象列星，下方輿象地，三十輻象一月。 前視則睹鑾和之聲，側觀則睹四時之運。 昔成湯用而郊祀，因有山車之瑞，亦謂桑根車。 蔡邕《獨斷》論漢制度，凡乘輿車，皆有六馬，羽蓋金爪，黃屋左纛，鏤棨方釳，重轂繁纓，黃繒為蓋裏也。 左纛，以旄牛尾建於竿上，其大如鬥，立于左騑也。 鏤棨高闊各五寸，上如傘形，施於發上，而插翟尾也。 方釳當顱，蓋馬冠也。 繁纓，膺前索也。 重轂，重施轂也。 應劭《漢官》，大輅龍旂，畫龍於旂上也。 董巴《志》謂為瑞山車，秦謂金根，即殷輅矣。 司馬彪《志》亦雲：「漢備五輅，或謂德車，其所駕馬，皆如方色。」 唯晉太常卿摯虞獨疑大輅，謂非玉輅。 摯虞之說，理實可疑，而歷代通儒，混為玉輅，詳其施用，義亦不殊。 左建太常。 案《釋名》：「日月為常，畫日月於旗端，言常明也。」 又雲：「自夏始也。」 奚仲為夏車正，加以旂常，於是旒就有差，用明尊卑之別也。 董巴所述，全明漢制。 天子建太常，十二斿，曳地，日月升龍，象天明也。 今之玉輅，參用舊典，消息取捨，裁其折中。 以青為質，玉飾其末。 重箱盤輿，左龍右獸，金鳳翅，畫虡文，軛左立纛。 金鳳一，在軾前。 八鸞在衡，二鈴在軾。 龍輈之上，前設鄣塵。 青蓋黃裏，繡遊帶。 金博山，綴以鏡子，下垂八佩。 樹四十葆羽。 輪皆硃斑重牙，複轄。 左建太常，十有二旒，皆畫升龍日月，其長曳地。 右載闟戟，長四尺，闊三尺，黻文。 旗首金龍頭，銜鈴及緌，垂以結綬。 駕蒼龍，金棨方釳，插翟尾五隼，鏤錫，鞶纓十有二就，皆五繒罽，以為文飾。 天子祭祀、納後則乘之。 馭士二十八人，餘輅准此。
The jade chariot was used for solemn sacrifice and ornamented with jade. The Comprehensive Discussions on the White Tiger says: "The jade chariot is the great chariot." The Carriage Master of the Rites of Zhou managed it: "Engraved bits, breast ornaments of twelve times nine knots, bearing the Grand Standard with twelve tassels." The Yu dynasty called it the luan carriage; the Xia called it the hook carriage; the Yin called it the great chariot; the Zhou called it the riding chariot. The Great Dai Record of Rites records its form: the upper cover like a compass represented heaven; twenty-eight canopy bells represented the constellations; the lower body represented earth; thirty spokes represented one month. Looking forward one heard the sound of bells and harmony; looking sidewise one saw the movement of the four seasons. Formerly King Cheng Tang used it for suburban sacrifice; because of the auspicious omen of the mountain carriage, it was also called the mulberry-root carriage. Cai Yong's Solitary Decisions discuss Han regulations: all imperial carriages had six horses, feather canopy and gold claws, yellow canopy and left banner streamer, engraved halberd square plaques, double hubs and multiple tassels, and yellow silk as canopy lining. The left banner streamer used yak-tail hair erected on a pole, as large as a dou, standing at the left outrider. The engraved halberd was high and wide each five cun, umbrella-shaped above, placed on the forelock, with pheasant tail inserted. The square plaque at the forehead covered the horse's crown. Multiple tassels were the breast front strap. Double hubs meant hubs applied in double layers. Ying Shao's Han Offices records the great chariot's dragon qi, with dragons painted on the qi. Dong Ba's Record calls it the auspicious mountain carriage; Qin called it the gold root—that is, the Yin chariot. Sima Biao's Record also says: "Han prepared five chariots, or called them virtue carriages; the horses they drew all matched the directional colors." Only Jin Director of Ritual Affairs Zhi Yu alone doubted the great chariot, holding it was not the jade chariot. Zhi Yu's argument was in fact doubtful, but successive generations of canonical scholars mixed it with the jade chariot; examining its use, the meaning was not different. On the left the Grand Standard was erected. According to the Explanation of Terms: "Sun and moon make the standard; sun and moon painted at the banner end mean always bright." It also says: "This began from the Xia." Xi Zhong was Xia's Carriage Master; adding qi and standard, tassels and knots then had gradations to show the distinction of noble and base. What Dong Ba described fully clarified Han regulations. The Son of Heaven erected the Grand Standard with twelve streamers trailing on the ground, sun, moon, and ascending dragon, representing heaven's brightness. Today's jade chariot draws on the old canon, adjusting what to adopt and reject to strike the mean. It uses green as the substance, with jade ornamenting the ends. It has a double box and tray body; dragon on the left, beast on the right, gold phoenix wings, and tiger-pattern painting; a banner streamer is erected on the left of the yoke. One gold phoenix stands before the front rail. It has eight luan on the crossbar and two bells on the front rail. Above the dragon shafts, a dust screen is set before. It has a green canopy with yellow lining and embroidered traveling sashes. It has a gold Mounting-mountain hung with mirrors and eight pendants hanging below. Forty feather canopies are erected. The wheels all had cinnabar-spotted double teeth and double axle caps. On the left the Grand Standard with twelve tassels, all painted with ascending dragon, sun, and moon, their length trailing on the ground. On the right halberd-shields, four chi long and three chi wide, with fu patterns. The banner head was a gold dragon head, holding bells and tassels, with knotted cords hanging. It is drawn by azure dragon horses with gold halberd square plaques, five falcon pheasant tails inserted, engraved bits, and breast ornaments of twelve knots, all five-colored felt rugs as patterned ornament. The Son of Heaven rides it for sacrifice and receiving the empress. Twenty-eight charioteers drive it; the remaining chariots follow this standard.
53
副車，案蔡邕《獨斷》，五輅之外，乃複設五色安車、立車各一乘，皆駕四馬，是為五時副車。 俗人名曰五帝車者，蓋副車也。 故張良狙擊秦皇帝，誤中副車。 漢家制度，亦備副車。 司馬彪雲：「德車駕六，後駕四，是為副車。」 《魏志》亦雲：「天子命太祖駕金根六馬，設五時副車。」 江左乃闕，至梁始備。 開皇中，不置副車，平陳得之，毀而弗用。 至是複並設之。 副玉輅，色及旗章，一同正輅，唯降二等。 駕用四馬，馭士二十四人。 餘四副准此。
Secondary carriages: according to Cai Yong's Solitary Decisions, beyond the five chariots, five-colored secure carriages and standing carriages were additionally set, one each, all drawn by four horses—these were the five-season secondary carriages. What common people call the Five Emperors' carriages are in fact secondary carriages. Therefore when Zhang Liang ambushed the First Emperor of Qin, he mistakenly hit the secondary carriage. Han dynasty regulations also provided secondary carriages. Sima Biao says: "The virtue carriage drew six; the rear drew four—these were the secondary carriages." The Record of Wei also says: "The Son of Heaven ordered the Grand Ancestor to drive the gold root with six horses, setting five-season secondary carriages." East of the Yangtze they were lacking; by Liang they were first fully provided. In Kaihuang, secondary carriages were not set; when Chen was pacified they were obtained but destroyed and not used. By this time they were again all established. The secondary jade chariot had color and banner insignia the same as the principal chariot, only reduced two grades. It was drawn by four horses with twenty-four charioteers. The remaining four secondary carriages follow this standard.
54
金輅，案《尚書》，即綴輅也。 《周官》：「金輅，鏤錫，繁纓九就，建大旂，以賓，同姓以封。」 夫禮窮則通，下得通於上也，故天子乘之，接賓宴，同姓諸侯，受而出封。 是以漢太子、諸王皆乘金輅及安車，並硃斑輪，倚獸較，伏鹿軾，黑郐虡文，畫籓，青蓋，金華施郐愰，硃畫轅，金塗飾。 非皇子為王，不錫此乘，皆左右騑，駕三馬。 旂九旒，畫降龍。 皇孫乘綠車，亦駕之。 魏、晉制，太子及諸王皆駕四馬。 依摯虞議，天子金輅，次在第二。 又雲，金輅以朝，象輅以賓。 則是晉用輅與周異矣。 《宋起居注》，泰始四年，尚書令建安王休仁議：「天子之元子，士也，故齒胄於辟雍，欲使知教而後尊，不得生而貴矣。 既命之後，禮同上公，故天子賜之金輅，但減旂章為等級。 象及革木，賜異姓諸侯。 在朝卿士，亦准斯例。」 此則皇太子及帝子王者，通得乘之。 自晉過江，王公以下，車服卑雜，唯有太子禮秩崇異。 又乘山石安車，義不經見，事無所出。 賜金輅者，此為古制，降乘輿二等，駕用四馬。 唯天子五輅，通駕六馬。 旟旌旗旐，並十二旒。 左建旟。 案《爾雅》：「錯革鳥曰旟。」 郭璞雲：「此謂全剝鳥皮毛，置之竿上也。」 舊說，刻為革鳥。 孫叔敖雲：「革，急也。 言畫急疾鳥於旒上也。」 《周官》所謂鳥隼為旟，亦是急義。 今之金輅，赤質，黃金飾諸末。 左建旂，畫飛隼，右建闟戟，鞶輿鳳翅等，並同玉輅。 駕赤鳷。 臨朝會同，饗射飲至則用之。
The gold chariot: according to the Documents, this is the attached chariot. The Rites of Zhou states: "Gold chariot, engraved bits, multiple tassels of nine knots, bearing the great qi, to receive guests; same surname for enfeoffment." When ritual is exhausted it connects; the lower may connect to the higher—therefore the Son of Heaven rides it to receive guests and feast, and lords of the same surname receive it and go out to enfeoffment. Therefore Han crown princes and princes all rode gold chariots and secure carriages, all with cinnabar-spotted wheels, beast side rails, recumbent deer on the front rail, black elm tiger patterns, painted screens, green canopy, gold flower canopy bells, cinnabar-painted shafts, and gold-plated ornament. Those who were not imperial sons made kings and were not granted this ride; all had outriders left and right and were drawn by three horses. The qi had nine tassels painted with descending dragons. Imperial grandsons rode the green carriage, also drawn by it. Under Wei and Jin regulations, crown princes and all princes drew four horses. Following Zhi Yu's deliberation, the Son of Heaven's gold chariot ranked second. It also says the gold chariot was for court audience and the ivory chariot for receiving guests. Thus Jin's use of chariots differed from Zhou. The Song Court Diary records Taishi 4: Director of the Masters of Writing Prince Xiuren of Jian'an deliberated: "The Son of Heaven's eldest son is a knight; therefore he wears armor at the Imperial Academy, wishing him to know teaching before honor—not born already noble. After investiture, ritual was the same as upper dukes; therefore the Son of Heaven granted the gold chariot, only reducing the banner insignia by grade. Ivory, leather, and wood chariots were granted to lords of different surnames. Active court ministers also followed this example." Thus crown princes and imperial sons made kings could generally ride it. From Jin crossing the Yangtze, princes and dukes downward had carriages and robes of low and mixed rank; only the crown prince's ritual rank was lofty and distinct. Also riding the mountain-stone secure carriage—the meaning is not seen in the classics, the matter having no source. Granting the gold chariot was the ancient system, reduced two grades from the imperial carriage, drawn by four horses. Only the Son of Heaven's five chariots universally drew six horses. Yu, jing, qi, and zhao banners all had twelve tassels. On the left a yu was erected. According to the Erya: "Leather with bird set is called yu." Guo Pu says: "This means entirely stripping bird hide and fur and placing it on the pole." The old explanation carved it as a leather bird. Sun Shu'ao says: "Ge means urgent. It means painting swift birds on the tassels." What the Rites of Zhou calls birds and falcons for yu is also the meaning of urgency. Today's gold chariot has a red substance, with gold ornamenting the ends. On the left a qi is erected, painted with flying falcons; on the right halberd-shields; breast carriage, phoenix wings, and the rest are all the same as the jade chariot. It is drawn by red pheasants. It is used for court audience, joint assembly, feast, archery, and drinking to the end.
55
皇太子輅，古者金飾。 宋、齊以來，並乘象輅。 宇文愷、閻毗奏：「案宋大明六年，初備五輅，有司奏雲：'秦改周輅，創制金根，漢、魏因循，其形莫改。 而金玉二輅，雕飾略同，造次瞻睹，殆無差別。 若錫于東儲，在禮嫌重，非所以崇峻陛級，表示等威。 今皇太子宜乘象輅，碧旂九葉，進不斥尊，退不逼下，酌時沿古，於禮為中。 '觀宋此義，乃無副車。 新置五輅，金玉同體，至象已下，即為差降。 所以太子不得乘金輅，欲示等威，故令給象。 今取《周禮》之名，依漢家之制，天子五輅，形飾並同。 旒及繁纓，例皆十二，黃屋左纛，金根重轂，無不悉同，唯應五方色以為殊耳。 若用此輅，給于太子，革木盡皆不可，何況金象者乎？ 既制副車，駕用四馬，至於金輅，自有等差。 《春秋》之義，降下以兩。 今天子金輅，駕用六馬，十二旒，太子金輅，駕用四馬，降龍九旒，制頗同于副車，又有旌旗之別。 並嫡皇孫及親王等輅，並給金輅，而減其雕飾，合於古典。 臣謂非嫌。」 制曰：「可。」 於是太子金輅，赤質，制同副車，具體而小，亦駕四馬，馭士二十人。 皇嫡孫金輅，綠質，降太子一等。 去盤輿重轂，轅上起箱，末以金飾，旌長七刃，七旒。 駕用四馬，馭士一十八人。 親王金輅，以赤為質，余同于皇嫡孫。 唯在其國及納妃親迎則給之，常朝則乘象輅。
The crown prince's chariot was in antiquity ornamented with gold. From Song and Qi onward, all rode the ivory chariot. Yuwen Kai and Yan Pi memorialized: "According to Song Daming 6, when the five chariots were first fully provided, the relevant offices memorialized: 'Qin changed the Zhou chariot and created the gold root; Han and Wei followed, its form unchanged. Yet the jade and gold chariots had carved ornament nearly the same; viewed in haste, scarcely any difference. If granted to the Eastern Heir, in ritual it seems too heavy—not how to elevate the steps and display ranks and majesty. Now the crown prince should ride the ivory chariot, jade-green qi with nine leaves—advancing not rejecting honor, retreating not pressing down—weighing the time and following antiquity, in ritual the mean. Viewing Song's meaning, there were no secondary carriages. Newly set five chariots had jade and gold the same body; from ivory downward were gradations in reduction. Therefore the crown prince could not ride the gold chariot, wishing to display ranks and majesty—hence ivory was granted. Now taking the Rites of Zhou's names and following Han dynasty regulations, the Son of Heaven's five chariots had form and ornament all the same. Tassels and multiple breast ornaments all twelve; yellow canopy and left banner streamer, gold root and double hubs—nothing not all the same; only the five directional colors should differ. If this chariot were granted to the crown prince, leather and wood would all be impossible—how much more gold and ivory? Since secondary carriages were regulated, drawn by four horses, as for the gold chariot there were naturally gradations. The meaning of the Spring and Autumn Annals: reduction by two grades downward. Today the Son of Heaven's gold chariot draws six horses with twelve tassels; the crown prince's gold chariot draws four horses with descending dragon nine tassels—regulations quite the same as the secondary carriage, yet with banner distinction. Also imperial grandsons and imperial princes and the like all received gold chariots but with reduced carved ornament, conforming to the ancient canon. Your subjects hold there is no impropriety. The decree said: "Approved." Thereupon the crown prince's gold chariot had red substance, regulations the same as the secondary carriage, complete in form but smaller, also drawn by four horses with twenty charioteers. The imperial eldest grandson's gold chariot had green substance, reduced one grade from the crown prince. It removed the tray body and double hubs; the box was raised on the shaft with ends ornamented with gold; the banner was seven blades long with seven tassels. It was drawn by four horses with eighteen charioteers. Imperial princes' gold chariot used red as substance; the rest was the same as the imperial eldest grandson. It was granted only in their state and when receiving a consort and personally welcoming a bride; for regular court they rode the ivory chariot.
56
象輅，案《尚書》，即先輅也。 《周禮》：「象輅，硃繁纓五就，建大赤，以朝，異姓以封。」 左建旌。 案《爾雅注》「旄首曰旌」，許慎所說「遊車載旌」。 《廣雅》雲：「天子旌高九刃，諸侯七刃，大夫五刃。」 《周書·王會》：「張羽鳧旌。」 《禮記》雲：「龍旂九旒，天子之旌也。」 今象輅，以黃為質，象飾諸末。 左建旌，畫綠麟，右建闟戟。 駕黃鳷。 祀後土則用之。
The ivory chariot: according to the Documents, this is the first chariot. The Rites of Zhou states: "Ivory chariot, cinnabar multiple tassels of five knots, bearing the great red, for court audience; different surname for enfeoffment." On the left a jing was erected. According to the Erya annotation "yak head is called jing," and what Xu Shen said "traveling chariot bearing jing." The Comprehensive Lexicon says: "The Son of Heaven's jing nine blades high; lords seven blades; grand masters five blades." The Book of Zhou, Royal Assembly: "Spread feather wild-goose jing." The Record of Rites says: "Dragon jing nine tassels—the Son of Heaven's jing." Today's ivory chariot uses yellow as substance, with ivory ornamenting the ends. On the left a jing is erected, painted with green qilin; on the right halberd-shields. It is drawn by yellow pheasants. It is used for sacrificing to the Earth.
57
革輅，案《釋名》：「天子車也」。 《周禮》：「革輅，龍勒，絛纓五就，建大白，用之即戎，以封四衛。」 古者革挽而漆之，更無他飾。 又有「戎輅之萃，廣車之萃，闕車之萃，輕車之萃」。 此皆兵車，所謂五戎。 然革輅亦名戎輅，天子在軍所乘。 廣車，橫陣車也。 闕車，補闕車也。 飾並以革，故「師供革車，各以其萃」。 摯虞議雲，革輅第四。 左建旌。 案《釋名》「熊獸為旗」，《周官》「龍旂九旒，以象大火」。 今革輅白質，鞔之以革。 左建旗，畫騶虞，右建闟戟，駕白駱。 巡守臨兵則用之。 三品已下，並乘革輅，硃色為質。 馭士十六人。
The leather chariot: according to the Explanation of Terms, "the Son of Heaven's carriage. " The Rites of Zhou states: "Leather chariot, dragon bridle, cord tassels of five knots, bearing the great white, used for going to war, to enfeoff the four guards." In antiquity leather wrapped and lacquered, with no other ornament. Also "the leather chariot's company, the broad chariot's company, the gap-filling chariot's company, the light chariot's company. These are all military carriages—the so-called five military types. Yet the leather chariot is also called the military chariot; the Son of Heaven rides it in the army. The broad chariot was the horizontal formation chariot. The gap-filling chariot filled gaps in the line. All were ornamented with leather; therefore "the master provides leather carriages, each according to its company." Zhi Yu's deliberation says the leather chariot ranked fourth. On the left a qi was erected. According to the Explanation of Terms "bear beast for qi," and the Rites of Zhou "dragon qi nine tassels, to represent the Great Fire." Today's leather chariot has white substance, wrapped with leather. On the left a qi is erected, painted with zouyu; on the right halberd-shields; it is drawn by white camels. It is used for touring, guarding, and military affairs. Third rank and below all rode the leather chariot, with cinnabar as substance. Sixteen charioteers drove it.
58
木輅，案《尚書》，即次輅也。 《周官》：「木輅，緇樊鵠纓建麾，以畋，以封籓國。」 晉摯虞雲，畋輅第五。 唯宋泰始詔，乘木輅以耕稼。 徐爰《釋疑略》曰：「天子五輅，晉遷江左，闕其三，唯有金輅以郊，木輅即戎。 宋大明時，始備其數。」 凡五輅之蓋，旌旗之質及鞶纓皆從方色。 蓋裏並黃，雕飾如一。 沈約曰：「金象革木，《禮圖》不載其形。」 今旒數羽葆，並同玉輅。 左建旐。 案《周官》：「龜蛇為旐。」 《釋名》雲：「龜知氣兆之吉凶也。」 許慎雲：「旐有四斿，以象營室。」 今木輅黑質，漆之。 左建旐，畫玄武，右建闟戟。 駕黑鳷。 畋獵用之。 四品方伯乘木輅，赤質，駕士十四人。
The wood chariot: according to the Documents, this is the secondary chariot. The Rites of Zhou states: "Wood chariot, dark breast and swan tassels bearing the command banner, for hunting, to enfeoff frontier states." Jin's Zhi Yu says the hunting chariot ranked fifth. Only Song's Taishi edict records riding the wood chariot for plowing and harvest. Xu Yuan's Brief Resolution of Doubts says: "The Son of Heaven's five chariots—after Jin moved east of the Yangtze, three were lacking; only the gold chariot for suburban sacrifice and the wood chariot for military affairs. In Song Daming, the number was first fully provided." For all five chariots' canopies, banner substance, and breast ornaments all followed the directional color. Canopy linings were all yellow; carved ornament was all the same. Shen Yue says: "Gold, ivory, leather, and wood—the Ritual Diagrams do not record their forms." Today tassel numbers and feather canopies all follow the jade chariot. On the left a zhao was erected. According to the Rites of Zhou: "Tortoise and serpent make zhao." The Explanation of Terms says: "The tortoise knows whether omens are auspicious or inauspicious." Xu Shen says: "Zhao has four streamers, to represent the Encampment constellation." Today's wood chariot has black substance and is lacquered. On the left a zhao is erected, painted with the dark warrior; on the right halberd-shields. It is drawn by black pheasants. It is used for hunting. Fourth-rank regional lords rode the wood chariot with red substance; fourteen charioteers drove it.
59
安車，案《禮》，卿大夫致事則乘之。 其制如輜軿。 蔡邕《獨斷》有五色安車，皆畫輪重轂。 今畫輪，重輿，曲壁，紫油幢絳裏，通幰，硃絲絡網，赤鞶纓。 駕四馬。 省問臨幸則乘之。 皇太子安車，斑輪，赤質，制略同乘輿，亦駕四馬。
The secure carriage: according to the Rites, when ministers and grand masters retire from office they ride it. Its form was like the covered wagon. Cai Yong's Solitary Decisions describe five-colored secure carriages, all with painted wheels and double hubs. Today: painted wheels, double body, curved walls, purple oil banner and crimson lining, full canopy, cinnabar silk net, and red breast tassels. It is drawn by four horses. It is ridden for inspection visits and imperial touring. The crown prince's secure carriage had spotted wheels and red substance, regulations slightly the same as the imperial carriage, also drawn by four horses.
60
四望車，案晉《中朝大駕鹵簿》，四望車，駕牛中道。 《東宮舊儀》，皇太子及妃，皆有畫輪四望車。 今四望車制同犢車，黃金飾，青油幢硃裏，紫通幰，紫絲網。 駕一牛。 拜陵臨吊則用之。 皇太子四望車，綠油幢，青通幰，硃絲絡網。
The four-view carriage: according to Jin's Central Court Grand Procession Insignia, the four-view carriage was drawn by oxen in the middle of the road. The Eastern Palace Old Regulations record that the crown prince and consort both had painted-wheel four-view carriages. Today's four-view carriage follows the same regulations as the calf cart, with gold ornament, green oil banner and cinnabar lining, purple full canopy, and purple silk net. It is drawn by one ox. It is used for visiting tombs and condolence calls. The crown prince's four-view carriage had a green oil banner, green full canopy, and cinnabar silk net.
61
耕根車，案沈約雲：「親幸耕籍禦之。 三蓋車，一名芝車，又名耕根車。 置耒耜於軾上。」 即潘嶽所謂「紺轅屬於黛耜」者也。 開皇無之，駕出親耕，則乘木輅，蓋依宋泰始之故事也。 今耕根車，以青為質，三重施蓋，羽葆雕裝，並同玉輅。 駕六馬。 其軾平，以青囊盛耒而加於上。 籍千畝，行三推禮，則親乘焉。
The plow-root carriage: according to Shen Yue, was personally ridden for the plowing-the-sacred-field ceremony. The three-canopy carriage, also called the mushroom carriage, was also called the plow-root carriage. Plough and hoe were placed on the front rail. This is what Pan Yue called "dark shafts attached to the dark plough." Kaihuang lacked it; when going out to plow in person, the wood chariot was ridden—following Song Taishi's old story. Today's plow-root carriage uses green as substance, triple-layer canopy, and feather canopy carved ornament all the same as the jade chariot. It is drawn by six horses. Its front rail was flat; a green bag holding the plough was placed on top. At the thousand-mu sacred field, after performing the three-push rite, the emperor personally rode it.
62
羊車，案晉司隸校尉劉毅奏護軍羊琇私乘者也。 開皇無之，至是始置焉。 其制如軺車，金寶飾，紫錦幰，硃絲網。 馭童二十人，皆兩鬟髻，服青衣，取年十四五者為，謂之羊車小史。 駕以果下馬，其大如羊。
The sheep carriage: according to Jin Director of the Masters of Writing Liu Yi's memorial about Guard-General Yang Xiu's private riding. Kaihuang lacked it; by this time it was first established. Its form was like the light chariot, with gold and jewel ornament, purple brocade canopy, and cinnabar silk net. Twenty charioteer boys, all with double topknots and wearing green robes—boys fourteen or fifteen years old were chosen, called sheep-carriage attendants. It was drawn by short horses as large as sheep.
63
屬車，案古者諸侯貳車九乘，秦滅九國，兼其車服，故為八十一乘。 漢遵不改。 武帝祠太一甘泉，則盡用之。 明帝上原陵，又用之。 法駕三十六乘，小駕十二乘。 開皇中，大駕十二乘，法駕減半。 大業初，屬車備八十一乘，並如犢車，紫通幰，硃絲絡網，黃金飾。 駕一牛。 在鹵簿中，單行正道。 至三年二月，帝嫌其多，問起部郎閻毗。 毗曰：「臣共宇文愷參詳故實，此起于秦，遂為後式，故張衡賦雲'屬車九九'是也。 次及法駕，三分減一，此漢制也。 故《文帝紀》'奉天子法駕迎代邸'，如淳曰'屬車三十六乘'是也。 又據宋孝建時，有司奏議，晉遷江左，唯設五乘，尚書令建平王宏曰：'八十一乘，無所准憑，江左五乘，儉不中禮。 但帝王旂旒之數，皆用十二，今宜准此，設十二乘。 開皇平陳，因以為法令。 憲章往古，大駕依秦，法駕依漢，小駕依宋，以為差等。 帝曰：「大駕宜用三十六，法駕宜用十二，小駕除之可也。」
Following carriages: according to antiquity, lords had nine secondary carriages; Qin extinguished nine states and combined their carriages and robes—therefore eighty-one carriages. Han followed without change. Emperor Wu sacrificed to the Grand One at Sweet Springs and used them all. Emperor Ming visited the original tomb and again used them. The standard procession had thirty-six carriages; the small procession twelve carriages. In Kaihuang, the grand procession had twelve carriages; the standard procession was reduced by half. At the beginning of Daye, following carriages numbered eighty-one, all like calf carts with purple full canopy, cinnabar silk net, and gold ornament. Each was drawn by one ox. In the insignia procession, they traveled alone on the main road. By the second month of the third year, the emperor found them too many and questioned Director of Works Yan Pi. Pi said: "Your subject together with Yuwen Kai examined the old facts in detail; this began from Qin and became the later model—therefore Zhang Heng's rhapsody says 'following carriages nine-nine' is this. Next for the standard procession, reduced by one-third—this was the Han system. Therefore the Annals of Emperor Wen records 'bearing the Son of Heaven's standard procession to welcome the Dai residence'; Ru Chun says 'following carriages thirty-six' is this. Also according to Song Xiaojian, when the relevant offices memorialized: after Jin moved east of the Yangtze, only five carriages were set; Director of the Masters of Writing Prince Hong of Jianping said: 'Eighty-one carriages have no basis; east of the Yangtze five carriages are too frugal and not centered in ritual. But the Son of Heaven's qi and tassel numbers all use twelve; now it should follow this and set twelve carriages. Kaihuang pacified Chen and made it statute. Following the ancient canon: grand procession according to Qin, standard procession according to Han, small procession according to Song, as gradations. The emperor said: "The grand procession should use thirty-six; the standard procession should use twelve; the small procession may be abolished."
64
輦，案《釋名》「人所輦也。」 漢成帝遊後庭則乘之。 徐爰《釋問》雲：「天子禦輦，侍中陪乘。」 今輦制象軺車，而不施輪，通幰硃絡，飾以金玉，用人荷之。
The palanquin: according to the Explanation of Terms, "what people carry." Emperor Cheng of Han toured the rear garden and rode it. Xu Yuan's Explanation of Questions says: "The Son of Heaven rides the palanquin; the Attendant-in-Ordinary accompanies." Today's palanquin form resembles the light chariot but has no wheels; full canopy with cinnabar net, ornamented with gold and jade, carried by men.
65
副輦，加笨，制如犢車，亦通幰硃絡，謂之蓬輦。 自梁武帝始也。
The secondary palanquin had a heavy top added, form like the calf cart, also full canopy with cinnabar net—called the thatch palanquin. This began from Liang Emperor Wu.
66
輿，案《說文》雲：「箯，竹輿也。」 《周官》曰：「周人上輿。」 漢室制度，以雕為之，方徑六尺。 今輿制如輦而但小耳，宮苑宴私則禦之。
The sedan: according to the Shuowen, "bian, bamboo sedan." The Rites of Zhou says: "The Zhou people elevated the sedan." Han dynasty regulations used carved wood, six chi square. Today's sedan form is like the palanquin but smaller; in the palace garden for private feasts the emperor rides it.
67
小輿，幰方，形同幄帳。 自閤出升正殿則禦之。
The small sedan had a square canopy, form like a tent. When going out from the side gate to ascend the main hall, the emperor rides it.
68
軺車，案《六韜》，一名遙車，蓋言遙遠四顧之車也。 漢武帝迎申公，弟子二人乘軺傳從。 此又是馳傳車也。 《晉氏鹵簿》，禦史軺車行中道。 《晉公卿禮秩》雲：「尚書令軺，黑耳後戶。」 今軺車，青通幰，駕二馬。 王侯入學，五品朝婚，通給之。 司隸刺史及縣令、詔使品第六七，則並駕一馬。
The light chariot: according to the Six Secret Teachings, also called the distant-viewing carriage—meaning a carriage viewing far in all four directions. Emperor Wu of Han welcomed Master Shen; two disciples rode light relay carriages following. This was also the fast relay carriage. The Jin Insignia Procession records the Inspector's light chariot traveling in the middle of the road. The Jin Ranks and Ritual Precedence of Excellencies says: "The Director of the Masters of Writing's light chariot had black ear and rear door." Today's light chariot has a green full canopy and is drawn by two horses. For princes entering school and fifth-rank court and marriage, it was universally granted. The Director of the Masters of Writing, regional inspectors, and county magistrates and edict envoys of sixth and seventh rank all drew one horse.
69
犢車，案《魏武書》，贈楊彪七香車二乘，用牛駕之。 蓋犢車也。 《長沙耆舊傳》曰：「劉壽常乘通幰車。」 今犢車通幰，自王公已下，至五品已上，並給乘之。 三品已上，青幰硃裏，五品已上，紺幰碧裏，皆白銅裝。 唯有慘及弔喪者，則不張幰而乘鐵裝車。 六品已下不給，任自乘犢車，弗許施幰。 初，五品已上，乘偏幰車，其後嫌其不美，停不行用，以亙幰代之。 三品已上通幰車則青壁，一品軺車，油幰硃網，唯車輅一等，聽敕始得乘之。
The calf cart: according to the Book of Wei Wu, seven-scent carriages were bestowed on Yang Biao, two carriages drawn by oxen. This is the calf cart. The Records of the Elders of Changsha says: "Liu Shou regularly rode the full-canopy carriage." Today's calf cart with full canopy: from princes and dukes downward to fifth rank and above, all were granted to ride. Third rank and above received green canopy with cinnabar lining; fifth rank and above received dark blue canopy with green lining—all with white copper fittings. Only for mourning and condolence calls, the canopy was not spread and iron-fitted carriages were ridden. Sixth rank and below were not granted carriages; they could ride calf carts on their own but were not permitted to spread canopies. At first, fifth rank and above rode partial-canopy carriages; later, finding them unattractive, use was halted and full-canopy carriages replaced them. Third rank and above full-canopy carriages had green walls; first rank light chariots had oil canopy and cinnabar net; only first-rank chariots could be ridden when an edict permitted.
70
馬珂，三品已上九子，四品七子，五品五子。
Horse ornaments: third rank and above nine beads; fourth rank seven beads; fifth rank five beads.
71
皇后重翟車，案《周禮》，正後亦有五輅：一曰重翟，二曰厭翟，三曰安車，四曰翟車，五曰輦車。 漢制，後法駕，乘重翟車。 今重翟，青質，金飾諸末。 畫輪，金根硃牙，重轂。 其箱飾以重翟羽。 青油幢硃裏，通幰，紫繡帷，硃絲絡，紫繡帶。 八鑾在衡，鏤錫，鞶纓十有二就，金棨方釳，插翟尾，硃總，綴於馬勒及兩金鑣之上。 駕蒼龍。 受冊從祀郊禖享廟則供之。
The empress's heavy pheasant carriage: according to the Rites of Zhou, the principal consort also had five chariots: first heavy pheasant, second pressed pheasant, third secure carriage, fourth pheasant carriage, fifth palanquin carriage. Under Han regulations, the empress's standard procession rode the heavy pheasant carriage. Today's heavy pheasant had green substance, with gold ornamenting the ends. It had painted wheels, gold-root cinnabar teeth, and double hubs. The box was ornamented with heavy pheasant feathers. It had green oil banner and cinnabar lining, full canopy, purple embroidered curtains, cinnabar silk net, and purple embroidered sashes. It had eight luan on the crossbar, engraved bits, breast ornaments of twelve knots, gold halberd square plaques, pheasant tails inserted, and cinnabar tassel attached to the brindle and both gold bits. It was drawn by azure dragon horses. It was provided for receiving the investiture scroll, following sacrifice at the suburban Gate of Childbirth, and feasting at the temple.
72
厭翟，赤質，金飾諸末。 硃輪，畫硃牙。 其箱飾以次翟羽，紫油幢硃裏，通幰，紅錦帷，硃絲絡網，紅錦帶。 其餘如重翟。 駕赤鳷。 采桑則供之。
The pressed pheasant had red substance, with gold ornamenting the ends. It had cinnabar wheels and painted cinnabar teeth. The box was ornamented with secondary pheasant feathers, purple oil banner and cinnabar lining, full canopy, red brocade curtains, cinnabar silk net, and red brocade sashes. The rest was the same as the heavy pheasant. It was drawn by red pheasants. It was provided for mulberry gathering.
73
翟車，黃質，金飾諸末。 輪畫硃牙。 其箱飾以翟羽，黃油幢黃裏，通幰，白紅錦帷，硃絲絡網，白紅錦帶。 其餘如重翟。 駕黃鳷。 歸寧則供之。 諸鞶纓之色，皆從車質。
The pheasant carriage had yellow substance, with gold ornamenting the ends. The wheels were painted with cinnabar teeth. The box was ornamented with pheasant feathers, yellow oil banner and yellow lining, full canopy, white and red brocade curtains, cinnabar silk net, and white and red brocade sashes. The rest was the same as the heavy pheasant. It was drawn by yellow pheasants. It was provided for returning to visit one's parents. The colors of all breast ornaments followed the carriage's substance.
74
安車，金飾，紫通幰，硃裏。 駕四馬。 臨幸及吊則供之。
The secure carriage had gold ornament, purple full canopy, and cinnabar lining. It was drawn by four horses. It was provided for imperial visits and condolence calls.
75
輦車，金飾，同於蓬輦，通幰，斑輪，駕用四馬。 宮苑近行則乘之。
The palanquin carriage had gold ornament, the same as the thatch palanquin, full canopy, spotted wheels, and was drawn by four horses. For short trips in the palace garden, the empress rides it.
76
三妃乘翟車，以赤為質，駕二馬。 九嬪已下，並乘犢車，青幰，硃絡網。
The three consorts ride the pheasant carriage, using red as substance, drawn by two horses. The nine concubines and below all ride calf carts with green canopy and cinnabar net.
77
皇太子妃乘翟車，以赤為質，駕三馬，畫轅金飾。 犢車為副，紫幰，硃絡網。 良娣已下，並乘犢車，青幰硃裏。
The crown prince's consort rides the pheasant carriage, using red as substance, drawn by three horses, with painted shafts and gold ornament. The calf cart serves as secondary, with purple canopy and cinnabar net. Secondary consorts and below all ride calf carts with green canopy and cinnabar lining.
78
三公夫人、公主、王妃，並犢車，紫幰，硃絡網。 五品已上命婦，並乘青幰，與其夫同。
Consorts of the Three Excellencies, princesses, and princesses consort all ride calf carts with purple canopy and cinnabar net. Titled ladies of fifth rank and above all ride green-canopy carriages, the same as their husbands.