1
序自古聖王之受命也，莫不體國經野，以為人極。 上應躔次，下裂山河，分疆畫界，建都錫社。 是以放勳禦曆，修職貢者九州； 文命會同，執玉帛者萬國。 洎乎殷遷夏鼎，周黜殷命，雖質文之用不同，損益之途或革，而封建之制，率由舊章。 於是分土惟三，列爵惟五，千里以制畿甸，九服以別要荒。 十國為連，連有帥，倍連為卒，卒有正。 皆所以式固鴻基，蕃屏王室，興邦致化，康俗庇人者歟！ 周德既衰，諸侯力政，干戈日用，戎馬生郊。 強陵弱，眾暴寡，魯滅于楚，鄭滅于韓，田氏篡齊，六卿分晉。 其餘弑君亡國，不得守其社稷者，不可勝數。 逮於七雄競逐，二帝爭強，疆埸之事，一彼一此。 秦始皇據百二之岩險，奮六世之餘烈，力爭天下，蠶食諸侯，在位二十餘年，遂乃削平宇內。 懲周氏之微弱，恃狙詐以為強，蔑棄經典，罷侯置守。 子弟無立錐之地，功臣無尺土之賞，身沒而區宇幅裂，及子而社稷淪胥。 漢高祖挺神武之宏圖，掃清禍亂，矯秦皇之失策，封建王侯，並跨州連邑，有逾古典，而郡縣之制，無改于秦。 逮于孝武，務勤遠略，南兼百越，東定三韓。 通邛、笮之險途，斷匈奴之右臂，雖聲教遠洎，而人亦勞止。 昭、宣之後，罷戰務農，戶口既其滋多，郡縣亦有增置。 至於平帝，郡國一百有三，戶一千二百二十三萬。 光武中興，承王莽之餘弊，兵戈不戢，饑疫薦臻，率土遺黎，十才一二，乃並省郡縣，四百餘所。 明、章之後，漸至滋繁，郡縣之數，有加曩日。 逮炎靈數盡，三國爭強，兵革屢興，戶口減半。 有晉太康之後，文軌方同，大抵編戶二百六十余萬。 尋而五胡逆亂，二帝播遷，東晉洎于宋、齊，僻陋江左，苻、姚之與劉、石，竊據中原，事蹟糾紛，難可具紀。
Preface: From antiquity, when sage kings received the Mandate, none failed to structure the state and regulate the countryside, establishing the standard by which people should live. Above they aligned with the celestial stations; below they divided mountains and rivers, drew borders, established capitals, and granted fief domains. Thus when Emperor Yao governed the calendar, the nine provinces maintained their tribute and duties; when Yu completed his labors and assembled the lords, ten thousand states brought jade and silk. When the Shang moved the Xia tripod and Zhou displaced the Shang Mandate, though the use of substance and ornament differed and the paths of reduction and increase sometimes changed, the feudal enfeoffment system generally followed the old statutes. Thereupon land was apportioned into three grades and ranks established in five levels; a thousand li defined the royal domain, and the nine concentric domains distinguished the inner regions from the outer and the wild marches. Ten states formed a lian, each with its leader; two lian formed a zu, each with its chief. All these were means to solidify the great foundation, shield the royal house, raise the state and bring about transformation, and comfort and shelter the people—were they not? When Zhou virtue declined, the feudal lords resorted to force; weapons were wielded daily, and war-horses were raised in the suburbs. The strong oppressed the weak and the many tyrannized the few; Lu was destroyed by Chu, Zheng by Han, the Tian clan usurped Qi, and the Six Ministers divided Jin. As for the rest who murdered their lords, lost their states, and could not preserve their altars of soil and grain, they are beyond counting. When the seven powers competed for dominance and the two emperors contended for supremacy, border affairs shifted back and forth. Qin Shihuang held the strategic mountain passes, drew upon the accumulated strength of six generations, strove for the realm, and gradually consumed the feudal lords; after more than twenty years on the throne, he finally pacified the entire realm. Taking warning from Zhou's weakness, he relied on cunning and deceit for strength, scorned and abandoned the classics, abolished feudal lords, and established commandery governors. His sons and younger brothers had not even a pin's point of land; his meritorious ministers received not a foot of territory in reward; upon his death the realm split apart, and by his son's time the altars of state were lost. Emperor Gaozu of Han raised a grand vision of divine martial prowess, swept away calamity and disorder, corrected Qin Shihuang's mistaken policies, and enfeoffed kings and marquises spanning multiple provinces and linked districts—exceeding the ancient norms—yet the commandery-and-county system remained unchanged from Qin. By the time of Emperor Wu, he diligently pursued far-reaching strategy, annexed the Hundred Yue in the south, and pacified the Three Han in the east. He opened the perilous routes to Qiong and Ze and severed the Xiongnu's right arm; though civilization's influence reached far, the people also grew weary. After the reigns of Emperors Zhao and Xuan, warfare ceased and agriculture was emphasized; the population grew ever more numerous, and commanderies and counties were also added. By the time of Emperor Ping, there were one hundred and three commanderies and kingdoms, with twelve million two hundred and thirty thousand households. When Emperor Guangwu restored the Han, inheriting the remaining evils of Wang Mang, weapons were not stilled and famine and pestilence came in succession; of the surviving people throughout the realm, only one or two in ten remained, so he merged and abolished more than four hundred commanderies and counties. After the reigns of Emperors Ming and Zhang, the population gradually increased again, and the number of commanderies and counties exceeded that of former days. When the Han line reached its end, the Three Kingdoms contended for supremacy; weapons and armor were raised repeatedly, and the population was halved. After the Taikang era of Jin, when writing and cart-tracks were unified, registered households totaled roughly two million six hundred thousand and more. Soon the Five Hu rebellions arose and the two emperors were driven into exile; Eastern Jin extended through Song and Qi in the narrow lands east of the Yangzi, while Fu and Yao together with Liu and Shi seized the Central Plains; the records are tangled and cannot be fully set down.
2
梁武帝除暴寧亂，奄有舊吳，，有州二十三，郡三百五十，縣千二十二。 其後務恢境宇，頻事經略，開拓閩、越，克復淮浦，平俚洞，破䍧柯，又以舊州遐闊，多有析置。 大同年中，州一百七，郡縣亦稱於此。 既而侯景構禍，台城淪陷，墳籍散逸，注記無遺，郡縣戶口，不能詳究。 逮于陳氏，土宇彌蹙，西亡蜀、漢，北喪淮、肥，威力所加，不出荊、揚之域。 州有四十二，郡唯一百九，縣四百三十八，戶六十萬。 後齊承魏末喪亂，與周人抗衡，雖開拓淮南，而郡縣僻小。 天保之末，總加並省，洎乎國滅，州九十有七，郡一百六十，縣三百六十五，戶三百三萬，周氏初有關中，百度草創，遂乃訓兵教戰，務谷勸農，南清江漢，西兼巴蜀，卒能以寡擊眾，戡定強鄰。 及于東夏削平，多有省廢。 ，通計州二百一十一，郡五百八，縣一千一百二十四。
Emperor Wu of Liang suppressed violence and pacified disorder, took possession of old Wu territory, and had twenty-three provinces, three hundred and fifty commanderies, and one thousand and twenty-two counties. Thereafter he strove to expand the territory and frequently undertook military campaigns, opening Min and Yue, recovering the Huai River coast, pacifying the Li caves, breaking Zangke, and because the old provinces were vast, many were subdivided. In the Datong era, there were one hundred and seven provinces, and commanderies and counties numbered accordingly. Then Hou Jing brought calamity, the capital fell, archives were scattered and lost, and no records survived; commanderies, counties, and households could not be investigated in detail. By the time of the Chen house, the territory shrank ever further: Shu and Han were lost in the west, Huai and Fei were lost in the north, and the reach of their power did not extend beyond the regions of Jing and Yang. There were forty-two provinces, only one hundred and nine commanderies, four hundred and thirty-eight counties, and six hundred thousand households. Later Qi inherited the disorders at the end of Wei and contended with the Zhou; though it opened up the region south of the Huai River, its commanderies and counties were small and remote. At the end of the Tianbao era, all were merged and reduced; by the time the state perished, there were ninety-seven provinces, one hundred and sixty commanderies, three hundred and sixty-five counties, and three million three hundred thousand households. When the Zhou house first held Guanzhong, all institutions were newly established; they trained soldiers and taught warfare, promoted grain and encouraged agriculture, cleared the Jiang and Han in the south, and annexed Ba and Shu in the west; in the end they could use the few to strike the many and subdue powerful neighbors. When the eastern regions were pacified, many were abolished and reduced. In total there were two hundred and eleven provinces, five hundred and eight commanderies, and one thousand one hundred and twenty-four counties.
3
高祖受終，惟新朝政，，遂廢諸郡。 洎於九載，廓定江表，尋以戶口滋多，析置州縣。 煬帝嗣位，又平林邑，更置三州。 既而並省諸州，尋即改州為郡，乃置司隸刺史，分部巡察。 五年，平定吐谷渾，更置四郡。 大凡郡一百九十，縣一千二百五十五，戶八百九十萬七千五百四十六，口四千六百一萬九千九百五十六。 墾田五千五百八十五萬四千四十一頃。 其邑居道路，山河溝洫，沙磧鹹鹵，丘陵阡陌，皆不預焉。 東西九千三百里，南北萬四千八百一十五里，東南皆至於海，西至且末，北至五原，隋氏之盛，極於此也。 雍州京兆郡京兆郡開皇三年，置雍州。 城東西十八裡一百一十五步，南北十五裡一百七十五步。 東面通化、春明、延興三門，南面啟夏、明德、安化三門，西面延平、金光、開遠三門，北面光化一門。 裡一百六，市二。 ，改州為郡，故名焉。 置尹。 統縣二十二，戶三十萬八千四百九十九。
When Emperor Gaozu received the Mandate, he renewed the government and abolished all commanderies. By the ninth year he had pacified the lands south of the Yangzi; soon, because the population had grown, he subdivided and established provinces and counties. When Emperor Yang succeeded to the throne, he also pacified Linyi and established three additional provinces. Thereafter he merged and reduced the provinces, soon changed provinces into commanderies, and established a Director of the Capital District to inspect and tour the regions. In the fifth year, after pacifying Tuyuhun, four additional commanderies were established. In all there were one hundred and ninety commanderies, one thousand two hundred and fifty-five counties, eight million nine hundred and seven thousand five hundred and forty-six households, and forty-six million one hundred and ninety-nine thousand nine hundred and fifty-six persons. Reclaimed fields totaled fifty-five million eight hundred and fifty-four thousand forty-one qing. Settlements, roads, mountains, rivers, ditches and canals, sandy wastes, salty flats, hills, mounds, and field paths were not included. East to west it measured nine thousand three hundred li; north to south, fourteen thousand eight hundred and fifteen li; southeast reached the sea, west reached Qiemo, north reached Wuyuan—the Sui dynasty's greatness reached its peak here. Yong Province, Jingzhao Commandery: Jingzhao Commandery—in the third year of Kaihuang, Yong Province was established. The city measured eighteen li one hundred and fifteen paces east to west, and fifteen li one hundred and seventy-five paces north to south. On the east were three gates: Tonghua, Chunming, and Yanxing; on the south, three gates: Qixia, Mingde, and Anhua; on the west, three gates: Yanping, Jinguang, and Kaiyuan; on the north, one gate: Guanghua. There were one hundred and sixty wards and two markets. Provinces were changed to commanderies, hence the name. A Prefect was established. It governed twenty-two counties, with three hundred and eight thousand four hundred and ninety-nine households.
4
大興
Daxing
5
長安
Chang'an
6
始平
Shiping
7
武功
Wugong
8
盩厔
Zhouzhi
9
醴泉
Liquan
10
上宜
Shangyi
11
鄠
Hu
12
藍田
Lantian
13
新豐
Xinfeng
14
華原
Huayuan
15
宜君
Yijun
16
同官
Tongguan
17
鄭
Zheng
18
渭南
Weinan
19
萬年
Wannian
20
高陵
Gaoling
21
三原
Sanyuan
22
涇陽
Jingyang
23
雲陽
Yunyang
24
富平
Fuping
25
華陰馮翊郡馮翊郡後魏置華州，西魏改曰同州。 統縣八，戶九萬一千五百七十二。
Huayin, Fengyi Commandery: Fengyi Commandery—the Northern Wei established Huazhou; the Western Wei renamed it Tongzhou. It governed eight counties, with ninety-one thousand five hundred and seventy-two households.
26
馮翊
Fengyi
27
韓城
Hancheng
28
郃陽
Heyang
29
朝邑
Chaoyi
30
澄城
Chengcheng
31
蒲城
Pucheng
32
下邽
Xiagui
33
白水扶風郡扶風郡舊置岐州，統縣九，戶九萬二千二百二十三。
Baishui, Fufeng Commandery: Fufeng Commandery formerly had Qizhou established; it governed nine counties, with ninety-two thousand two hundred and twenty-three households.
34
雍後
Yonghou
35
岐山
Qishan
36
陳倉
Chencang
37
虢
Guo
38
郿
Mei
39
普閏
Puyan
40
汧源
Qianyuan
41
汧陽
Qianyang
42
南由安定郡安定郡舊置涇州。 統縣七，戶七萬六千二百八十一。
Nanyou, Anding Commandery: Anding Commandery formerly had Jingzhou established. It governed seven counties, with seventy-six thousand two hundred and eighty-one households.
43
安定
Anding
44
鶉觚
Chuangu
45
陰盤
Yinpan
46
朝那
Chaonai
47
良原
Liangyuan
48
臨涇
Linjing
49
華亭北地郡北地郡後魏置豳州，西魏改為寧州。 大業初復曰豳州。 統縣六，戶七萬六百九十。
Huating, Beidi Commandery: Beidi Commandery—the Northern Wei established Binzhou; the Western Wei changed it to Ningzhou. At the beginning of the Daye era it was again called Binzhou. Its jurisdiction comprised six counties with seventy thousand six hundred and ninety registered households.
50
定安
Ding'an
51
羅川
Luochuan
52
彭原
Pengyuan
53
襄樂
Xiangle
54
新平
Xinping
55
三水上郡上郡後魏置東秦州，後改為北華州。 西魏改敷州。 大業二年改為鄜城郡，後改為上郡。 統縣五，戶五萬三千四百八十九。
Sanshui. Shangjun Commandery: the Northern Wei had established Eastern Qinzhou here, later renamed Northern Huazhou. The Western Wei renamed it Fuzhou. In the second year of Daye it became Fucheng Commandery, then reverted to Shangjun Commandery. Its jurisdiction comprised five counties with fifty-three thousand four hundred and eighty-nine households.
56
洛交
Luojiao
57
內部
Neibu
58
三川
Sanchuan
59
鄜城
Fucheng
60
洛川雕陰郡雕陰郡西魏置綏州，大業初改為上州。 統縣十一，戶三萬六千一十八。
Luochuan. Diaoyin Commandery: the Western Wei established Suizhou here; at the beginning of Daye it was renamed Shangzhou. Its jurisdiction comprised eleven counties with thirty-six thousand and eighteen households.
61
上縣
Shangxian
62
大斌
Dabin
63
延福
Yanfu
64
儒林
Rulin
65
真鄉
Zhenxiang
66
開光
Kaiguang
67
銀城
Yincheng
68
城平
Chengping
69
開疆
Kaijiang
70
撫寧
Funing
71
綏德延安郡延安郡後魏置東夏州。 西魏改為延州，置總管府，開皇中府廢。 統縣十一，戶五萬三千九百三十九。
Suide. Yan'an Commandery: the Northern Wei had established Eastern Xiazhou here. The Western Wei renamed it Yanzhou and set up a grand protectorate, which was abolished during the Kaihuang era. Its jurisdiction comprised eleven counties with fifty-three thousand nine hundred and thirty-nine households.
72
膚施
Fushi
73
豐林
Fenglin
74
魏平
Weiping
75
金明
Jinming
76
臨真
Linzhen
77
延川
Yanchuan
78
延安
Yan'an
79
因城
Yincheng
80
義川
Yichuan
81
汾川
Fenzhou
82
咸寧弘化郡弘化郡西魏置朔州，後周廢，開皇十六年，置慶州。 統縣七，戶五萬二千四百七十三。
Xianning. Honghua Commandery: the Western Wei established Shuozhou here; Later Zhou abolished it, and in the sixteenth year of Kaihuang Qingzhou was established. Its jurisdiction comprised seven counties with fifty-two thousand four hundred and seventy-three households.
83
合水
Heshui
84
馬嶺
Maling
85
華池
Huachi
86
歸德
Guide
87
洛源
Luoyuan
88
弘化
Honghua
89
弘德平涼郡平涼郡舊置原州，後周置總管府，大業初府廢。 統縣五，戶二萬七千九百九十五。
Hongde. Pingliang Commandery: Yuanzhou had formerly been established here; Later Zhou set up a grand protectorate, abolished at the beginning of Daye. Its jurisdiction comprised five counties with twenty-seven thousand nine hundred and ninety-five households.
90
平高
Pinggao
91
百泉
Baiquan
92
平涼
Pingliang
93
會寧朔方郡朔方郡後魏置夏州，後周置總管府，大業初府廢。 統縣三，戶一萬一千六百七十三。
Huining. Shuofang Commandery: the Northern Wei established Xiazhou here; Later Zhou set up a grand protectorate, abolished at the beginning of Daye. Its jurisdiction comprised three counties with eleven thousand six hundred and seventy-three households.
94
岩綠
Yanlu
95
寧朔
Ningshuo
96
長澤鹽川郡鹽川郡西魏置西安州，後改為鹽州。 統縣一，戶三千七百六十三。
Changze. Yanchuan Commandery: the Western Wei established Xi'anzhou here, later renamed Yanchzhou. Its jurisdiction comprised a single county with three thousand seven hundred and sixty-three households.
97
五原靈武郡靈武郡後魏置靈州，後周置總管府，府廢。 統縣六，戶一萬二千三百三十。
Wuyuan. Lingwu Commandery: the Northern Wei established Lingzhou here; Later Zhou set up a grand protectorate, later abolished. Its jurisdiction comprised six counties with twelve thousand three hundred and thirty households.
98
回樂
Huile
99
弘靜
Hongjing
100
懷遠
Huaiyuan
101
靈武
Lingwu
102
鳴沙
Mingsha
103
豐安榆林郡榆林郡，置勝州。 統縣三，戶二千三百三十。
Feng'an. Yulin Commandery: Shengzhou was established here. Its jurisdiction comprised three counties with two thousand three hundred and thirty households.
104
榆林
Yulin
105
富昌
Fuchang
106
金河五原郡五原郡置豐州，仁壽元年置總管府，大業元年府廢。 統縣三，戶二千三百三十。
Jinhe. Wuyuan Commandery: Fengzhou was established here; a grand protectorate was set up in the first year of Renshou and abolished in the first year of Daye. Its jurisdiction comprised three counties with two thousand three hundred and thirty households.
107
九原
Jiuyuan
108
永豐
Yongfeng
109
安化天水郡天水郡舊秦州。 後周置總管府，大業初府廢。 統縣六，戶五萬二千一百三十。
Anhua. Tianshui Commandery: formerly known as Qinzhou. Later Zhou set up a grand protectorate here, abolished at the beginning of Daye. Its jurisdiction comprised six counties with fifty-two thousand one hundred and thirty households.
110
上邽
Shanggui
111
冀城
Jicheng
112
清水
Qingshui
113
秦嶺
Qinling
114
隴城
Longcheng
115
成紀隴西郡隴西郡舊渭州。 統縣五，戶一萬九千二百四十七。
Chengji. Longxi Commandery: formerly known as Weizhou. Its jurisdiction comprised five counties with nineteen thousand two hundred and forty-seven households.
116
襄武
Xiangwu
117
隴西
Longxi
118
渭源
Weiyuan
119
障
Zhang
120
長川金城郡金城郡開皇初，置蘭州總管府，大業初府廢。 統縣二，戶六千八百一十八。
Changchuan. Jincheng Commandery: at the beginning of Kaihuang the Lanzhou grand protectorate was established here; it was abolished at the beginning of Daye. Its jurisdiction comprised two counties with six thousand eight hundred and eighteen households.
121
金城
Jincheng
122
狄道枹罕郡枹罕郡舊置河州。 統縣四，戶一萬三千一百五十七。
Didao. Fuhan Commandery: Hezhou had formerly been established here. Its jurisdiction comprised four counties with thirteen thousand one hundred and fifty-seven households.
123
枹罕
Fuhan
124
龍支
Longzhi
125
大夏
Daxia
126
水池澆河郡澆河郡後周武帝逐吐谷渾，以置廓州總管府。 開皇初府廢。 統縣二，戶二千二百四十。
Shuichi. Jiaohe Commandery: when Emperor Wu of Zhou drove out Tuyuhun, the Kuozhou grand protectorate was established here. The protectorate was abolished at the beginning of Kaihuang. Its jurisdiction comprised two counties with two thousand two hundred and forty households.
127
河津
Hejin
128
達化西平郡西平郡舊置鄯州。 統縣二，戶三千一百一十八。
Dahua. Xiping Commandery: Shanzhou had formerly been established here. Its jurisdiction comprised two counties with three thousand one hundred and eighteen households.
129
湟水
Huangshui
130
化隆武威郡武威郡舊涼州，後周置總管府，大業初府廢。 統縣四，戶一萬一千七百五。
Hualong. Wuwei Commandery: formerly Liangzhou; Later Zhou set up a grand protectorate here, abolished at the beginning of Daye. Its jurisdiction comprised four counties with eleven thousand seven hundred and five households.
131
姑臧
Guzang
132
昌松
Changsong
133
番和
Fanhe
134
允吾張掖郡張掖郡西魏置西涼州，尋改曰甘州。 統縣三，戶六千一百二十六。
Yunwu. Zhangye Commandery: the Western Wei established Western Liangzhou here, soon renamed Ganzhou. Its jurisdiction comprised three counties with six thousand one hundred and twenty-six households.
135
張掖
Zhangye
136
刪丹
Shandan
137
福祿敦煌郡敦煌郡舊置瓜州。 統縣三，戶七千七百七十九。
Fulu. Dunhuang Commandery: Guazhou had formerly been established here. Its jurisdiction comprised three counties with seven thousand seven hundred and seventy-nine households.
138
敦煌
Dunhuang
139
常樂
Changle
140
玉門鄯善郡鄯善郡平吐谷渾置，置在鄯善城，即古樓蘭城也。 並置且末、西海、河源，總四郡。 有蒲昌海、鄯善水。 統縣二。
Yumen. Shanshan Commandery: established after pacifying Tuyuhun, located at Shanshan city—the ancient Loulan city. Qiemo, Xihai, and Heyuan were also established, making four commanderies in all. The region includes Puchang Lake and the Shanshan River. Its jurisdiction comprised two counties.
141
顯武
Xianwu
142
濟遠且末郡且末郡置在古且末城。 有且末水、薩毗澤。 統縣二。
Jiyuan. Qiemo Commandery: established at the ancient Qiemo city. The region includes the Qiemo River and the Sapi Marsh. Its jurisdiction comprised two counties.
143
肅寧
Suning
144
伏戎西海郡西海郡置在古伏俟城，即吐谷渾國都。 有西王母石窟、青海、鹽池。 統縣二。
Furong. Xihai Commandery: established at the ancient Fuyu city, capital of the Tuyuhun kingdom. The region includes the Queen Mother of the West stone cave, Qinghai Lake, and the salt ponds. Its jurisdiction comprised two counties.
145
宣德
Xuande
146
威定河源郡河源郡置在古赤水城。 有曼頭城、積石山，河所出。 有七烏海。 統縣二。
Weiding. Heyuan Commandery: established at the ancient Chishui city. The region includes Mantou city and Jishi Mountain, where the river rises. The region includes the Seven Crow Lake. Its jurisdiction comprised two counties.
147
遠化
Yuanhua
148
赤水
Chishui
149
《周禮·職方氏》：「正西曰雍州。」 上當天文，自東井十度至柳八度，為鶉首。 于辰在未，得秦之分野。 考其舊俗，前史言之詳矣。 化于姬德，則閒田而興讓，習於嬴敝，則相稽而反脣。 斯豈土壤之殊乎？ 亦政教之移人也。 京兆王都所在，俗具五方，人物混淆，華戎雜錯。 去農從商，爭朝夕之利，遊手為事，競錐刀之末。 貴者崇侈靡，賤者薄仁義，豪強者縱橫，貧窶者窘蹙。 桴鼓屢驚，盜賊不禁，此乃古今之所同焉。 自京城至於外郡，得馮翊、扶風，是漢之三輔。 其風大抵與京師不異。 安定、北地、上郡、隴西、天水、金城，于古為六郡之地，其人性猶質直。 然尚儉約，習仁義，勤於稼穡，多畜牧，無複寇盜矣。 雕陰、延安、弘化，連接山胡，性多木強，皆女淫而婦貞，蓋俗然也。 平涼、朔方、鹽川、靈武、榆林、五原，地接邊荒，多尚武節，亦習俗然焉。 河西諸郡，其風頗同，並有金方之氣矣。 梁州漢川郡漢川郡舊置梁州。 統縣八，戶一萬一千九百一十。
The Rites of Zhou, Director of the Regions, states: 'Directly west is called Yong Province. In the heavens above it corresponds to the asterism Quen Shou, from Dongjing 10 degrees to Liu 8 degrees. In the earthly branches it falls under Wei, corresponding to Qin's territorial allotment. Examining its old customs, the former histories describe them in detail. Transformed by the virtue of the Ji house, they left fields fallow and practiced yielding; under Qin's decadence, they checked one another and turned their lips outward. Is this because the soil itself differs? It is also that government and teaching transform the people. Jingzhao is where the royal capital stands; its customs combine all five directions, people are mixed together, and Chinese and barbarians live side by side. They abandon farming for commerce, contending for profit from morning to evening; idlers make their living competing for the smallest gains. The noble pursue extravagance while the lowly slight benevolence and righteousness; the powerful are overbearing and the poor are pressed and squeezed. Drums and gongs sound the alarm repeatedly, yet bandits and thieves go unrestrained—this has been the same in ancient and modern times. From the capital to the outer commanderies, Fengyi and Fufeng formed the Three Metropolises of Han. Their customs differ little from those of the capital. Anding, Beidi, Shangjun, Longxi, Tianshui, and Jincheng—in antiquity were the lands of the Six Commanderies, and their people remain straightforward by nature. Yet they value frugality, practice benevolence and righteousness, are diligent in farming, and raise much livestock; bandits and robbers are no longer seen. Diaoyin, Yan'an, and Honghua connect with the mountain Hu; their natures are mostly obstinate; women are promiscuous yet wives remain chaste—it is simply their custom. Pingliang, Shuofang, Yanchuan, Lingwu, Yulin, and Wuyuan border on the wilderness and greatly honor martial spirit—it is also their custom. The commanderies west of the river share similar customs, and all possess the qi of the Metal Direction. Liang Province, Hanchuan Commandery: Hanchuan Commandery—Liangzhou had formerly been established here. Its jurisdiction comprised eight counties with eleven thousand nine hundred and ten households.
150
南鄭
Nanzheng
151
褒城
Baocheng
152
城固
Chenggu
153
興勢
Xingshi
154
西鄉
Xixiang
155
黃金
Huangjin
156
難江西城郡西城郡梁置梁州，尋改曰南梁州。 西魏改置東梁州，尋改為金州，置總管府。 開皇初府廢。 統縣六，戶一萬四千三百四十一。
Nanjiang. Xicheng Commandery: Liang established Liangzhou here, soon renamed Southern Liangzhou. The Western Wei renamed it Eastern Liangzhou, then Jinzhou, and established a grand protectorate. The protectorate was abolished at the beginning of Kaihuang. Its jurisdiction comprised six counties with fourteen thousand three hundred and forty-one households.
157
金川
Jinchuan
158
石泉
Shiquan
159
洵陽
Xunyang
160
安康
Ankang
161
黃土
Huangtu
162
豐利房陵郡房陵郡西魏置光遷國。 後周國廢，置遷州。 大業初改名房州。 統縣四，戶七千一百六。
Fengli. Fangling Commandery: the Western Wei established the Guangqian Principality here. Later Zhou abolished the principality and established Qianzhou. At the beginning of Daye it was renamed Fangzhou. Its jurisdiction comprised four counties with seven thousand one hundred and six households.
163
光遷
Guangqian
164
永清
Yongqing
165
竹山
Zhushan
166
上庸清化郡清化郡置巴州。 統縣十四，戶一萬六千五百三十九。
Shangyong. Qinghua Commandery: Bazhou was established here. Its jurisdiction comprised fourteen counties with sixteen thousand five hundred and thirty-nine households.
167
化成
Huacheng
168
曾口
Zengkou
169
清化
Qinghua
170
清水
Qingshui
171
盤道
Pandao
172
永穆
Yongmu
173
歸仁
Guiren
174
始甯
Shining
175
其章
Qizhang
176
長池
Changchi
177
符陽
Fuyang
178
白石
Baishi
179
安固
Angu
180
伏虞通川郡通川郡梁置萬州，西魏曰通州。 統縣七，戶一萬二千六百二十四。
Fuyu. Tongchuan Commandery: Liang established Wanzhou here; the Western Wei renamed it Tongzhou. Its jurisdiction comprised seven counties with twelve thousand six hundred and twenty-four households.
181
通川
Tongchuan
182
三岡
Sangang
183
石鼓
Shigu
184
東鄉
Dongxiang
185
宣漢
Xuanhan
186
西流
Xiliu
187
萬世宕渠郡宕渠郡梁置渠州。 統縣六，戶一萬四千三十五。
Wanshi. Dangqu Commandery: Liang established Quzhou here. Its jurisdiction comprised six counties with fourteen thousand and thirty-five households.
188
流江
Liujiang
189
賨城
Congcheng
190
鄰水
Linshui
191
宕渠
Dangqu
192
咸安
Xi'an
193
墊江漢陽郡漢陽郡後魏曰南秦州，西魏曰成州。 統縣三，戶一萬九百八十五。
Dianjiang. Hanyang Commandery: the Northern Wei called it Southern Qinzhou; the Western Wei renamed it Chengzhou. Its jurisdiction comprised three counties with ten thousand nine hundred and eighty-five households.
194
上祿
Shanglu
195
潭水
Tanshui
196
長道臨洮郡臨洮郡後周武帝逐吐谷渾，以置洮陽郡，尋立洮州。 開皇初郡廢。 統縣十一，戶二萬八千九百七十一。
Changdao. Lintao Commandery: when Emperor Wu of Zhou drove out Tuyuhun, Taoyang Commandery was established here, and Taozhou was soon established. The commandery was abolished at the beginning of Kaihuang. Its jurisdiction comprised eleven counties with twenty-eight thousand nine hundred and seventy-one households.
197
美相
Meixiang
198
疊川
Diechuan
199
合川
Hechuan
200
樂川
Lechuan
201
歸政
Guizheng
202
洮源
Taoyuan
203
洮陽
Taoyang
204
臨潭
Lintan
205
臨洮
Lintao
206
當夷
Dangyi
207
和政宕昌郡宕昌郡後周置宕昌國，置宕州總管府。 府廢。 統縣三，戶六千九百九十六。
Hezheng. Dangchang Commandery: Later Zhou established the Dangchang Principality and the Dangzhou grand protectorate here. The protectorate was later abolished. Its jurisdiction comprised three counties with six thousand nine hundred and ninety-six households.
208
良恭
Lianggong
209
和戎
Herong
210
懷道武都郡武都郡西魏置武州。 統縣七，戶一萬七百八十。
Huaidao. Wudu Commandery: the Western Wei established Wuzhou here. Its jurisdiction comprised seven counties with ten thousand seven hundred and eighty households.
211
將利
Jiangli
212
建威
Jianwei
213
覆津
Fujin
214
盤堤
Pandi
215
長松
Changsong
216
曲水
Qushui
217
正西同昌郡同昌郡西魏逐吐谷渾，置鄧州。 改曰扶州。 統縣八，戶一萬二千二百四十八。
Zhengxi. Tongchang Commandery: the Western Wei drove out Tuyuhun and established Dengzhou here. It was later renamed Fuzhou. Its jurisdiction comprised eight counties with twelve thousand two hundred and forty-eight households.
218
尚安
Shang'an
219
鉗川
Qianchuan
220
貼夷
Tieyi
221
同昌
Tongchang
222
嘉誠
Jiacheng
223
封德
Fengde
224
常芬
Changfen
225
金崖河池郡河池郡後魏置南岐州，後周改曰鳳州。 統縣四，戶一萬一千二百二。
Jinyai. Hechi Commandery: the Northern Wei established Southern Qizhou here; Later Zhou renamed it Fengzhou. Its jurisdiction comprised four counties with eleven thousand two hundred and two households.
226
梁泉
Liangquan
227
兩當
Liangdang
228
河池
Hechi
229
同谷順政郡順政郡後魏置東益州，梁為武興蕃王國，西魏改為興州。 統縣四，戶四千二百六十一。
Tonggu. Shunzheng Commandery: the Northern Wei established Eastern Yizhou here; Liang made it the Wuxing Barbarian Kingdom; the Western Wei renamed it Xingzhou. Its jurisdiction comprised four counties with four thousand two hundred and sixty-one households.
230
順政
Shunzheng
231
鳴水
Mingshui
232
長舉
Changju
233
修城義城郡義城郡後魏立益州，世號小益州。 梁曰黎州。 西魏複曰益州，又改曰利州，置總管府。 大業初府廢。 統縣七，戶一萬五千九百五十。
Xiucheng. Yicheng Commandery: the Northern Wei established Yizhou here, known as Lesser Yizhou. Liang renamed it Lizhou. The Western Wei restored the name Yizhou, then changed it to Lizhou and established a grand protectorate. The protectorate was abolished at the beginning of Daye. Its jurisdiction comprised seven counties with fifteen thousand nine hundred and fifty households.
234
綿谷
Miangu
235
益昌
Yichang
236
義城
Yicheng
237
葭萌
Jiameng
238
岐坪
Qiping
239
景穀
Jinggu
240
嘉川平武郡平武郡西魏置龍州。 統縣四，戶五千四百二十。
Jiachuan. Pingwu Commandery: the Western Wei established Longzhou here. Its jurisdiction comprised four counties with five thousand four hundred and twenty households.
241
江油
Jiangyou
242
馬盤
Mapan
243
平武
Pingwu
244
方維汶山郡汶山郡後周置汶州。 開皇初改曰蜀州，尋為會州，置總管府。 大業初府廢。 統縣十一，戶二萬四千一百五十九。
Fangwei. Wenshan Commandery: Later Zhou established Wenzhou here. At the beginning of Kaihuang it became Shuzhou, soon Huizhou, and a grand protectorate was established. The protectorate was abolished at the beginning of Daye. Its jurisdiction comprised eleven counties with twenty-four thousand one hundred and fifty-nine households.
245
汶山
Wenshan
246
汶川
Wenchuan
247
交川
Jiaochuan
248
通化
Tonghua
249
左封
Zuofeng
250
平康
Pingkang
251
翼水
Yishui
252
翼針
Yizhen
253
江源
Jiangyuan
254
通軌普安郡普安郡梁置南梁州，後改為安州，西魏改為始州。 統縣七，戶三萬一千三百五十一。
Tonggui. Pu'an Commandery: Liang established Southern Liangzhou here, later renamed Anzhou; the Western Wei changed it to Shizhou. Its jurisdiction comprised seven counties with thirty-one thousand three hundred and fifty-one households.
255
普安
Pu'an
256
永歸
Yonggui
257
黃安
Huang'an
258
陰平
Yinping
259
梓潼
Zitong
260
武連
Wulian
261
臨津金山郡金山郡西魏置潼州。 開皇五年，改曰綿州。 統縣七，戶三萬六千九百六十三。
Linjin. Jinshan Commandery: the Western Wei established Tongzhou here. In the fifth year of Kaihuang it was renamed Mianzhou. Its jurisdiction comprised seven counties with thirty-six thousand nine hundred and sixty-three households.
262
巴西
Baxi
263
昌隆
Changlong
264
涪城
Fucheng
265
魏城
Weicheng
266
萬安
Wan'an
267
神泉
Shenquan
268
金山新城郡新城郡梁末置新州。 開皇末改曰梓。 統縣五，戶三萬七百二十七。
Jinshan. Xincheng Commandery: Liang established Xizhou here at the end of its reign. At the end of Kaihuang it was renamed Zi. Its jurisdiction comprised five counties with thirty thousand seven hundred and twenty-seven households.
269
郪
Qi
270
射洪
Shehong
271
鹽亭
Yanting
272
通泉
Tongquan
273
飛烏巴西郡巴西郡梁置南梁、北巴州，西魏置隆州。 統縣十，戶四萬一千六十四。
Feiwu. Baxi Commandery: Liang established Southern Ba and Northern Ba provinces here; the Western Wei established Longzhou. Its jurisdiction comprised ten counties with forty-one thousand and sixty-four households.
274
閬內
Langnei
275
南部
Nanbu
276
蒼溪
Cangxi
277
南充
Nanchong
278
相如
Xiangru
279
晉城
Jincheng
280
奉國
Fengguo
281
儀隴
Yilong
282
大寅遂寧郡遂寧郡後周置遂州。 仁壽二年，置總管府。 大業初府廢。 統縣三，戶一萬二千六百二十二。
Dayin. Suining Commandery: Later Zhou established Suizhou here. A grand protectorate was established in the second year of Renshou. The protectorate was abolished at the beginning of Daye. Its jurisdiction comprised three counties with twelve thousand six hundred and twenty-two households.
283
方義
Fangyi
284
青石
Qingshi
285
長江涪陵郡涪陵郡西魏置合州。 開皇末改曰涪州。 統縣三，戶九千九百二十一。
Changjiang. Fuling Commandery: the Western Wei established Hezhou here. At the end of Kaihuang it was renamed Fuzhou. Its jurisdiction comprised three counties with nine thousand nine hundred and twenty-one households.
286
石鏡
Shijing
287
漢初
Hanchu
288
赤水巴郡巴郡梁置楚州。 開皇初改曰渝州。 統縣三，戶一萬四千四百二十三。
Chishui. Ba Commandery: Liang established Chuzhou here. At the beginning of Kaihuang it was renamed Yuzhou. Its jurisdiction comprised three counties with fourteen thousand four hundred and twenty-three households.
289
巴
Ba
290
江津
Jiangjin
291
涪陵巴東郡巴東郡梁置信州，後周置總管府，大業元年府廢。 統縣十四，戶二萬一千三百七十。
Fuling. Badong Commandery: Liang established Xinzhou here; Later Zhou set up a grand protectorate, abolished in the first year of Daye. Its jurisdiction comprised fourteen counties with twenty-one thousand three hundred and seventy households.
292
人復
Renfu
293
雲安
Yun'an
294
南浦
Nanpu
295
梁山
Liangshan
296
大昌
Dachang
297
巫山
Wushan
298
秭歸
Zigui
299
巴東
Badong
300
新浦
Xinpu
301
盛山
Shengshan
302
臨江
Linjiang
303
武甯
Wuning
304
石城
Shicheng
305
務川蜀郡蜀郡舊置益州，開皇初廢。 後周置總管府。 ，置西南道行台省，三年，複置總管府，大業元年府廢。 統縣十三，戶十萬五千五百八十六。
Wuchuan. Shu Commandery: Yizhou had formerly been established here; it was abolished at the beginning of Kaihuang. Later Zhou later established a grand protectorate. The Southwest Circuit Executive Office was established; in the third year the grand protectorate was restored, and it was abolished in the first year of Daye. Its jurisdiction comprised thirteen counties with one hundred and five thousand five hundred and eighty-six households.
306
成都
Chengdu
307
雙流
Shuangliu
308
新津
Xinjin
309
晉原
Jinyuan
310
清城
Qingcheng
311
九隴
Jiulong
312
綿竹
Mianzhu
313
郫
Pi
314
玄武
Xuanwu
315
雒
Luo
316
陽安
Yang'an
317
平泉
Pingquan
318
金泉臨邛郡臨邛郡舊置雅州。 統縣九，戶二萬三千三百四十八。
Jinquan. Linqiong Commandery: Yazhou had formerly been established here. Its jurisdiction comprised nine counties with twenty-three thousand three hundred and forty-eight households.
319
嚴道
Yandao
320
名山
Mingshan
321
盧山
Lushan
322
依政
Yizheng
323
臨邛
Linqiong
324
蒱江
Pujiang
325
蒱溪
Puxi
326
沈黎
Shenli
327
漢源眉山郡眉山郡西魏曰眉州。 後周曰青州，後又曰嘉州。 大業二年又改曰眉州。 統縣八，戶二萬三千七百九十九。
Hanyuan. Meishan Commandery: the Western Wei called it Meizhou. Later Zhou renamed it Qingzhou, then again Jiazhou. In the second year of Daye it was again renamed Meizhou. Its jurisdiction comprised eight counties with twenty-three thousand seven hundred and ninety-nine households.
328
龍遊
Longyou
329
平羌
Pingqiang
330
夾江
Jiajiang
331
峨眉
Emei
332
通義
Tongyi
333
青神
Qingshen
334
丹棱
Danling
335
洪雅隆山郡隆山郡西魏置陵州。 統縣五，戶一萬一千四十二。
Hongya. Longshan Commandery: the Western Wei established Lingzhou here. Its jurisdiction comprised five counties with eleven thousand and forty-two households.
336
仁壽
Renshou
337
貴平
Guiping
338
井研
Jingyan
339
隆山資陽郡資陽郡西魏置資州。 統縣九，戶二萬五千七百二十二。
Longshan. Ziyang Commandery: the Western Wei established Zizhou here. Its jurisdiction comprised nine counties with twenty-five thousand seven hundred and twenty-two households.
340
磐石
Panshi
341
內江
Neijiang
342
威遠
Weiyuan
343
大牢
Dalao
344
安嶽
Anyue
345
普慈
Puci
346
安居
Anju
347
資陽瀘川郡瀘川郡梁置滬州。 仁壽中置總管府，大業初府廢。 統縣五，戶一千八百二。
Ziyang. Luchuan Commandery: Liang established Huzhou here. A grand protectorate was established during Renshou; it was abolished at the beginning of Daye. Its jurisdiction comprised five counties with one thousand eight hundred and two households.
348
瀘川
Luchuan
349
富世
Fushi
350
江安
Jiang'an
351
合江
Hejiang
352
綿水犍為郡犍為郡梁置戎州。 統縣四，戶四千八百五十九。
Mianshui. Qianwei Commandery: Liang established Rongzhou here. Its jurisdiction comprised four counties with four thousand eight hundred and fifty-nine households.
353
僰道
Bodao
354
犍為
Qianwei
355
南溪
Nanxi
356
仁壽越巂郡越巂郡後周置嚴州。 開皇六年改曰西寧州，十八年又改曰巂州。 統縣六，戶七千四百四十八。
Renshou. Yuexi Commandery: Later Zhou established Yanzhou here. In the sixth year of Kaihuang it became Xiningzhou; in the eighteenth year it was again renamed Xizhou. Its jurisdiction comprised six counties with seven thousand four hundred and forty-eight households.
357
越巂
Yuexi
358
邛都
Qiongdou
359
蘇祗
Suzhi
360
可泉
Kequan
361
台登
Taideng
362
邛部牂柯郡牂柯郡開皇初，置牂。 統縣二。
Qiongbu. Zangke Commandery: at the beginning of Kaihuang Zang was established here. Its jurisdiction comprised two counties.
363
牂柯
Zangke
364
賓化黔安郡黔安郡後周置黔州，不帶郡。 統縣二，戶一千四百六十。
Binhua. Qian'an Commandery: Later Zhou established Qianzhou here, without an attached commandery. Its jurisdiction comprised two counties with one thousand four hundred and sixty households.
365
鼓水
Gushui
366
涪川
Fuchuan
367
梁州于天官上應參之宿。 周時梁州，以並雍部。 及漢，又析置益州。 在《禹貢》，自漢川以下諸郡，皆其封域。 漢中之人，質樸無文，不甚趨利。 性嗜口腹，多事田漁，雖蓬室柴門，食必兼肉。 好祀鬼神，尤多忌諱，家人有死，輒離其故宅。 崇重道教，猶有張魯之風焉。 每至五月十五日，必以酒食相饋，賓旅聚會，有甚於三元。 傍南山雜有獠戶，富室者頗參夏人為婚，衣服居處言語，殆與華不別。 西城、房陵、清化、通川、宕渠，地皆連接，風俗頗同。 漢陽、臨洮、宕昌、武都、同昌、河池，順政、義城、平武、汶山、皆連雜氐羌。 人尤勁悍，性多質直。 皆務于農事，工習獵射，于書計非其長矣。 蜀郡、臨邛、眉山、隆山、資陽、瀘川、巴東、遂甯、巴西、新城、金山、普安、犍為、越巂、䍧柯、黔安，得蜀之舊域。 其地四塞，山川重阻，水陸所湊，貨殖所萃，蓋一都之會也。 昔劉備資之，以成三分之業。 自金行喪亂，四海沸騰，李氏據之於前，譙氏依之於後。 當梁氏將亡，武陵憑險而取敗，後周之末，王謙負固而速禍。 故孟門不祀，古人所以誡焉。 其風俗大抵與漢中不別。 其人敏慧輕急，貌多蕞陋，頗慕文學，時有斐然，多溺于逸樂，少從宦之士，或至耆年白首，不離鄉邑。 人多工巧，綾錦雕鏤之妙，殆侔于上國。 貧家不務儲蓄，富室專於趨利。 其處家室，則女勤作業，而士多自閑，聚會宴飲，尤足意錢之戲。 小人薄于情禮，父子率多異居。 其邊野富人，多規固山澤，以財物雄役夷、獠，故輕為奸藏，權傾州縣。 此亦其舊俗乎？ 又有獽狿蠻賨，其居處風俗，衣服飲食，頗同於獠，而亦與蜀人相類。
In the celestial offices, Liang Province corresponds above to the lodge of Shen. During the Zhou dynasty, Liang Province was merged with Yong Province. Under the Han dynasty, Yizhou was again separated out. In the Tribute of Yu, all the commanderies from Hanchuan downward fall within its domain. The people of Hanzhong are plain and unadorned, with little inclination toward profit. By nature they love food and drink and are much given to farming and fishing; though they live in thatched huts with brushwood gates, their meals always include meat. They greatly honor sacrifices to spirits and are especially full of taboos; when a family member dies, they leave their old dwelling. They deeply revere the Way of the Dao and still retain the spirit of Zhang Lu. Every year on the fifteenth day of the fifth month they invariably exchange food and drink; travelers gather in assembly, more so than at the Three Primordials festival. Along the southern mountains there are mixed Liao households; the wealthy sometimes intermarry with Chinese, and in dress, dwelling, and speech they differ little from the Chinese. Xicheng, Fangling, Qinghua, Tongchuan, and Dangqu—their lands all connect, and their customs are quite similar. Hanyang, Lintao, Dangchang, Wudu, Tongchang, Hechi, Shunzheng, Yicheng, Pingwu, and Wenshan—all connect with mixed Di and Qiang peoples. Their people are especially fierce and strong, and by nature mostly straightforward. All devote themselves to farming; they are skilled in hunting and archery, but writing and reckoning are not their strength. Shu Commandery, Linqiong, Meishan, Longshan, Ziyang, Luchuan, Badong, Suining, Baxi, Xincheng, Jinshan, Pu'an, Qianwei, Yuexi, Zangke, and Qian'an comprise the old territory of Shu. Its land is enclosed on four sides, mountains and rivers form heavy barriers, water and land routes converge, and goods gather—it is truly the meeting place of a great capital. In former times Liu Bei relied on it to achieve the enterprise of the Three Kingdoms. Since the fall of the Jin metal line, the four seas boiled; the Li clan held it first, and the Qiao clan relied on it afterward. When the Liang house was near its end, the Prince of Wuling relied on its perilous terrain and met defeat; at the end of Later Zhou, Wang Qian relied on its defenses and quickly brought calamity. Thus Meng Gate goes un-sacrificed—the ancients warned of this. Its customs differ little from those of Hanzhong. Its people are quick-witted and impulsive, mostly short in stature, greatly fond of literature, and sometimes achieve brilliance; yet many drown in pleasure, and few follow official careers—even to old age with white hair, they do not leave their native districts. The people are highly skilled in craftsmanship; the fineness of their brocades and carved inlay nearly rivals that of the central domains. Poor families do not bother with savings; wealthy households devote themselves solely to chasing profit. In household affairs, women labor at production while men mostly idle themselves; at gatherings for feasting and drinking, they especially delight in gambling games. Common people are lax in ritual and affection; fathers and sons mostly live apart. Wealthy men on the frontier often seize mountains and marshes by force, using wealth to dominate the Yi and Liao peoples; thus they lightly engage in secret hoarding and their power overawes the provinces and counties. Is this also their old custom? There are also the Xian, Ran, Man, and Cong peoples; their dwellings, customs, clothing, and food are quite similar to the Liao, yet also resemble the people of Shu.