1
徐州彭城郡彭城郡舊置徐州，後齊置東南道行台，後周立總管府。 行台廢，府廢。 統縣十一，戸一十三萬二百三十二。
Xuzhou, Pengcheng Commandery. Pengcheng Commandery formerly had Xuzhou established there; Later Qi established the Southeast Circuit field headquarters; Later Zhou established a grand administrative office. The field headquarters was abolished, and the office was abolished, as noted in the geography treatise. The commandery governed 11 counties with a registered population of 130,232 households.
2
彭城
Pengcheng
3
蘄
Qi
4
谷陽
Guyang
5
沛
Pei
6
留
Liu
7
豐
Feng
8
蕭
Xiao
9
滕
Teng
10
蘭陵
Lanling
11
符離
Fuli
12
方與魯郡魯郡舊兗州，改爲魯郡。 統縣十，戸十二萬四千一十九。
Fangyu. Lu Commandery. Lu Commandery was formerly Yan Province and was changed to Lu Commandery. The commandery governed 10 counties with a registered population of 124,019 households.
13
瑕丘
Xiaqiu
14
任城
Rencheng
15
鄒
Zou
16
曲阜
Qufu
17
泗水
Sishui
18
平陸
Pinglu
19
龔丘
Gongqiu
20
梁父
Liangfu
21
博城
Bocheng
22
嬴琅邪郡琅邪郡舊置北徐州，後周改曰沂州。 統縣七，戸六萬三千四百二十三。
Ying. Langya Commandery. Langya Commandery formerly had Northern Xuzhou established; Later Zhou changed it to Yizhou. The commandery governed 7 counties with a registered population of 63,423 households.
23
臨沂
Linyi
24
費
Fei
25
顓臾
Zhuanyu
26
新泰
Xintai
27
沂水
Yishui
28
東安
Dong'an
29
莒舊東海郡東海郡梁置南、北二青州，東魏改爲海州。 統縣五，戸二萬七千八百五十八。
Ju. Former Donghai Commandery. Donghai Commandery—in the Liang dynasty, Southern and Northern Qing Provinces were established; Eastern Wei changed it to Haizhou. The commandery governed 5 counties with a registered population of 27,858 households.
30
朐山
Qushan
31
東海
Donghai
32
漣水
Lianshui
33
沭陽
Shuyang
34
懷仁下邳郡下邳郡後魏置南徐州，梁改爲東徐州，東魏又改曰東楚州，陳改爲安州，後周改爲泗州。 統縣七，戸五萬二千七十。
Huairen. Xiapi Commandery. Xiapi Commandery—in Later Wei, Southern Xuzhou was established; Liang changed it to Eastern Xuzhou; Eastern Wei again changed it to Eastern Chuzhou; Chen changed it to Anzhou; Later Zhou changed it to Sizhou. The commandery governed 7 counties with a registered population of 52,070 households.
35
宿豫
Suyu
36
夏丘
Xiaqiu
37
徐城
Xucheng
38
淮陽
Huaiyang
39
下邳
Xiapi
40
良城
Liangcheng
41
郯
Tan
42
《禹貢》：「海、岱及淮惟徐州。」 彭城、魯郡、琅邪、東海、下邳，得其地焉。 在於天文，自奎五度至胃六度，爲降婁，於辰在戌。 其在列國，則楚、宋及魯之交。 考其舊俗，人頗勁悍輕剽，其士子則挾任節氣，好尚賓游，此蓋楚之風焉。 大抵徐、兗同俗，故其餘諸郡，皆得齊、魯之所尚。 莫不賤商賈，務稼穡，尊儒慕學，得洙泗之俗焉。 揚州江都郡江都郡梁置南兗州，後齊改爲東廣州，陳複曰南兗，後周改爲吳州。 開皇九年改爲揚州，置總管府，大業初府廢。 統縣十六，戸十一萬五千五百二十四。
The "Tribute of Yu" says. "The sea, Mount Dai, and the Huai constitute Xuzhou." Pengcheng, Lu, Langya, Donghai, and Xiapi commanderies obtained this territory, as noted in the geography treatise. In the celestial offices, from five degrees of Kui to six degrees of Wei is the Descending Harvester asterism; in the earthly branches it corresponds to xu, as noted in the geography treatise. Among the feudal states, it was the junction of Chu, Song, and Lu, as noted in the geography treatise. Examining its old customs, the people were quite fierce, bold, and lightly martial; their gentlemen relied on chivalric honor and spirited temperament and delighted in hosting guests—this was largely the wind of Chu, as noted in the geography treatise. Broadly speaking, Xu and Yan shared the same customs; hence the other commanderies all obtained what Qi and Lu held in esteem, as noted in the geography treatise. None failed to hold merchants cheap, devote themselves to farming, honor Confucian learning, and obtain the customs of the Zhu and Si rivers, as noted in the geography treatise. Yangzhou, Jiangdu Commandery. Jiangdu Commandery—in the Liang dynasty, Southern Yan Province was established; Later Qi changed it to Eastern Guang Province; Chen again called it Southern Yan; Later Zhou changed it to Wuzhou. In the ninth year of Kaihuang it was changed to Yangzhou; a grand administrative office was established; at the beginning of Daye the office was abolished, as noted in the geography treatise. The commandery governed 16 counties with a registered population of 115,524 households.
43
江陽
Jiangyang
44
江都
Jiangdu
45
海陵
Hailing
46
甯海
Ninghai
47
高郵
Gaoyou
48
安宜
Anyi
49
山陽
Shanyang
50
盱眙
Xuyi
51
鹽城
Yancheng
52
清流
Qingliu
53
全椒
Quanjiao
54
六合
Luhe
55
永福
Yongfu
56
句容
Jurong
57
延陵
Yanling
58
曲阿鐘離郡鐘離郡後齊曰西楚州，改曰濠州。 統縣四，戸三萬五千一十五。
Qu'e. Zhongli Commandery. Zhongli Commandery—in Later Qi it was called Western Chuzhou and was changed to Haozhou. The commandery governed 4 counties with a registered population of 35,015 households.
59
鐘離
Zhongli
60
定遠
Dingyuan
61
化明
Huaming
62
塗山淮南郡淮南郡舊曰豫州，後魏曰揚州，梁曰南豫州，東魏曰揚州，陳又曰豫州，後周曰揚州。 曰壽州，置總管府，府廢。 統縣四，戸三萬四千二百七十八。
Tushan. Huainan Commandery. Huainan Commandery was formerly called Yuzhou; Later Wei called it Yangzhou; Liang called it Southern Yuzhou; Eastern Wei called it Yangzhou; Chen again called it Yuzhou; Later Zhou called it Yangzhou. It was called Shouzhou; a grand administrative office was established; the office was abolished, as noted in the geography treatise. The commandery governed 4 counties with a registered population of 34,278 households.
63
壽春
Shouchun
64
安豐
An'feng
65
霍丘
Huoqiu
66
長平弋陽郡弋陽郡梁置光州。 統縣六，戸四萬一千四百三十三。
Changping. Yiyang Commandery. Yiyang Commandery—in the Liang dynasty, Guangzhou was established. The commandery governed 6 counties with a registered population of 41,433 households.
67
光山
Guangshan
68
樂安
An'le
69
定城
Dingcheng
70
殷城
Yincheng
71
固始
Gushi
72
期思蘄春郡蘄春郡後齊置雍州，後周改曰蘄州。 開皇初置總管府，九年府廢。 統縣五，戸三萬四千六百九十。
Qisi. Qichun Commandery. Qichun Commandery—in Later Qi, Yongzhou was established; Later Zhou changed it to Qizhou. Early in the Kaihuang era, a grand administrative office was established; in the ninth year the office was abolished. The commandery governed 5 counties with a registered population of 34,690 households.
73
蘄春
Qichun
74
浠水
Xishui
75
蘄水
Qishui
76
黃梅
Huangmei
77
羅田廬江郡廬江郡梁置南豫州，又改爲合州。 開皇初改爲廬州。 統縣七，戸四萬一千六百三十二。
Luotian. Lujiang Commandery. Lujiang Commandery—in the Liang dynasty, Southern Yuzhou was established and was again changed to Hezhou. Early in the Kaihuang era, it was changed to Luzhou. The commandery governed 7 counties with a registered population of 41,632 households.
78
合肥
Hefei
79
廬江
Lujiang
80
襄安
Xiang'an
81
慎
Shen
82
霍山
Huoshan
83
渒水
Bishui
84
開化同安郡同安郡梁置豫州，後改曰晉州，後齊改曰江州，陳又曰晉州，開皇初曰熙州。 統縣五，戸二萬一千七百六十六。
Kaihua. Tongan Commandery. Tongan Commandery—in the Liang dynasty, Yuzhou was established; afterward it was changed to Jinzhou; Later Qi changed it to Jiangzhou; Chen again called it Jinzhou; at the beginning of Kaihuang it was called Xizhou. The commandery governed 5 counties with a registered population of 21,766 households.
85
懷甯
Huaining
86
宿松
Susong
87
太湖
Taihu
88
望江
Wangjiang
89
同安曆陽郡曆陽郡後齊立和州。 統縣二，戸八千二百五十四。
Tongan. Liyang Commandery. Liyang Commandery—in Later Qi, Hezhou was established. The commandery governed 2 counties with a registered population of 8,254 households.
90
曆陽
Liyang
91
烏江彤陽郡彤陽郡自東晉已後置郡曰揚州。 平陳，詔並平蕩耕墾，更於石頭城置蔣州，統縣三，戸二萬四千一百二十五。
Wujiang. Tongyang Commandery. Tongyang Commandery—from Eastern Jin onward the commandery established there was called Yangzhou. After Chen was pacified, an edict ordered the land to be leveled and opened for cultivation; Jiangzhou was newly established at Shitou Fortress, governing 3 counties with 24,125 households.
92
江甯
Jiangning
93
當塗
Dangtu
94
溧水宣城郡宣城郡舊置南豫州。 平陳，改爲宣州。 統縣六，戸一萬九千九百七十九。
Lishui. Xuancheng Commandery. Xuancheng Commandery formerly had Southern Yuzhou established. After Chen was pacified, it was changed to Xuanzhou. The commandery governed 6 counties with a registered population of 19,979 households.
95
宣城
Xuancheng
96
涇
Jing
97
南陵
Nanling
98
秋浦
Qiupu
99
永世
Yongshi
100
綏安毗陵郡毗陵郡平陳，置常州。 統縣四，戸一萬七千五百九十九。
Sui'an. Piling Commandery. Piling Commandery—when Chen was pacified, Changzhou was established. The commandery governed 4 counties with a registered population of 17,599 households.
101
晉陵
Jinling
102
江陰
Jiangyin
103
無錫
Wuxi
104
義興吳郡吳郡陳置吳州。 平陳，改曰蘇州，大業初複曰吳州。 統縣五，戸一萬八千三百七十七。
Yixing. Wu Commandery. Wu Commandery—in the Chen dynasty, Wuzhou was established. After Chen was pacified, it was changed to Suzhou; at the beginning of Daye it was again called Wuzhou. The commandery governed 5 counties with a registered population of 18,377 households.
105
吳
Wu
106
昆山
Kunshan
107
常熟
Changshu
108
烏程
Wucheng
109
長城會稽郡會稽郡梁置東揚州。 陳初省，尋複。 平陳，改曰吳州，置總管府。 大業初府廢，置越州。 統縣四，戸二萬二百七十一。
Changcheng. Kuaiji Commandery. Kuaiji Commandery—in the Liang dynasty, Eastern Yang Province was established. At the beginning of Chen it was abolished, but soon restored, as noted in the geography treatise. After Chen was pacified, it was changed to Wuzhou and a grand administrative office was established. At the beginning of Daye the office was abolished and Yuezhou was established, as noted in the geography treatise. The commandery governed 4 counties with a registered population of 20,271 households.
110
會稽
Kuaiji
111
句章
Juzhang
112
剡
Shan
113
諸暨餘杭郡餘杭郡平陳，置杭州。 仁壽中置總管府，大業初府廢。 統縣六，戸一萬五千三百八十。
Zhuji. Yuhang Commandery. Yuhang Commandery—when Chen was pacified, Hangzhou was established. During Renshou a grand administrative office was established; at the beginning of Daye the office was abolished, as noted in the geography treatise. The commandery governed 6 counties with a registered population of 15,380 households.
114
錢唐
Qiantang
115
富陽
Fuyang
116
餘杭
Yuhang
117
於灊
YuQian
118
鹽官
Yanguan
119
武康新安郡新安郡平陳，置歙州。 統縣三，戸六千一百六十四。
Wukang. Xin'an Commandery. Xin'an Commandery—when Chen was pacified, Shezhou was established. The commandery governed 3 counties with a registered population of 6,164 households.
120
休甯
Xiuning
121
歙
She
122
黟東陽郡東陽郡平陳，置婺州。 統縣四，戸一萬九千八百五。
Yi. Dongyang Commandery. Dongyang Commandery—when Chen was pacified, Wuzhou was established. The commandery governed 4 counties with a registered population of 19,805 households.
123
金華
Jinhua
124
永康
Yongkang
125
烏傷
Wushang
126
信安永嘉郡永嘉郡置處州，十二年改曰括州。 統縣四，戸一萬五百四十二。
Xin'an. Yongjia Commandery. Yongjia Commandery—Chuzhou was established; in the twelfth year it was changed to Kuozhou. The commandery governed 4 counties with a registered population of 10,542 households.
127
括倉
Kuocang
128
永嘉
Yongjia
129
松陽
Songyang
130
臨海建安郡建安郡陳置閩州，仍廢，後又置豐州。 平陳，改曰泉州。 大業初改曰閩州。 統縣四，戸一萬二千四百二十。
Linhai. Jian'an Commandery. Jian'an Commandery—in the Chen dynasty, Minzhou was established, then abolished; afterward Fengzhou was again established. After Chen was pacified, it was changed to Quanzhou. At the beginning of Daye it was changed to Minzhou, as noted in the geography treatise. The commandery governed 4 counties with a registered population of 12,420 households.
131
閩
Min
132
建安
Jian'an
133
南安
Nan'an
134
龍溪遂安郡遂安郡置睦州。 統縣三，戸七千三百四十三。
Longxi. Sui'an Commandery. Sui'an Commandery—Muzhou was established. The commandery governed 3 counties with a registered population of 7,343 households.
135
雉山
Zhishan
136
遂安
Sui'an
137
桐廬鄱陽郡鄱陽郡梁置吳州，陳廢。 平陳，置饒州。 統縣三，戸一萬一百二。
Tonglu. Poyang Commandery. Poyang Commandery—in the Liang dynasty, Wuzhou was established; Chen abolished it. After Chen was pacified, Raozhou was established. The commandery governed 3 counties with a registered population of 10,102 households.
138
鄱陽
Poyang
139
余幹
Yugan
140
弋陽臨川郡臨川郡平陳，置撫州。 統縣四，戸一萬九百。
Yiyang. Linchuan Commandery. Linchuan Commandery—when Chen was pacified, Fuzhou was established. The commandery governed 4 counties with a registered population of 10,900 households.
141
臨川
Linchuan
142
南城
Nancheng
143
崇仁
Chongren
144
邵武廬陵郡廬陵郡平陳，置吉州。 統縣四，戸二萬三千七百一十四。
Shaowu. Luling Commandery. Luling Commandery—when Chen was pacified, Jizhou was established. The commandery governed 4 counties with a registered population of 23,714 households.
145
廬陵
Luling
146
泰和
Taihe
147
安復
An'fu
148
新淦南康郡南康郡開皇九年置虔州。 統縣四，戸一萬一千一百六十八。
Xingan. Nankang Commandery. Nankang Commandery—in the ninth year of Kaihuang, Qianzhou was established. The commandery governed 4 counties with a registered population of 11,168 households.
149
贛
Gan
150
虔化
Qianhua
151
雩都
Yudu
152
南康宜春郡宜春郡平陳，置袁州。 統縣三，戸一萬一百一十六。
Nankang. Yichun Commandery. Yichun Commandery—when Chen was pacified, Yuanzhou was established. The commandery governed 3 counties with a registered population of 10,116 households.
153
宜春
Yichun
154
萍鄉
Pingxiang
155
新喻豫章郡豫章郡平陳，置洪州總管府。 大業初府廢。 統縣四，戸一萬二千二十一。
Xinyu. Yuzhang Commandery. Yuzhang Commandery—when Chen was pacified, the Hongzhou grand administrative office was established. The grand administrative office was abolished at the start of the Daye era. The commandery governed 4 counties with a registered population of 12,021 households.
156
豫章
Yuzhang
157
豐城
Fengcheng
158
建昌
Jianchang
159
建城南海郡南海郡舊置廣州，梁、陳並置都督府。 平陳，置總管府。 仁壽元年置番州，大業初府廢。 統縣十五，戸三萬七千四百八十二。
Jiancheng. Nanhai Commandery. Nanhai Commandery formerly had Guangzhou established; in the Liang and Chen dynasties a regional inspectorate was also established. After Chen was pacified, a grand administrative office was established. In the first year of Renshou, Fanzhou was established; at the beginning of Daye the office was abolished, as noted in the geography treatise. The commandery governed 15 counties with a registered population of 37,482 households.
160
南海
Nanhai
161
曲江
Qujiang
162
始興
Shixing
163
翁源
Wengyuan
164
增城
Zengcheng
165
寶安
Bao'an
166
樂昌
Lechang
167
四會
Sihui
168
化蒙
Huameng
169
清遠
Qingyuan
170
含洭
Hanheng
171
政賓
Zhengpin
172
懷集
Huaiji
173
新會
Xinhui
174
義寧龍川郡龍川郡平陳，置循州總管府。 大業初府廢。 統縣五，戸六千四百二十。
Yining. Longchuan Commandery. Longchuan Commandery—when Chen was pacified, the Xunzhou grand administrative office was established. The grand administrative office was abolished at the start of the Daye era. The commandery governed 5 counties with a registered population of 6,420 households.
175
歸善
Guishan
176
河源
Heyuan
177
博羅
Boluo
178
興甯
Xingning
179
海豐義安郡義安郡梁置東揚州，後改曰瀛州，及陳州廢。 平陳，置潮州。 統縣五，戸二千六十六。
Haifeng. Yi'an Commandery. Yi'an Commandery—in the Liang dynasty, Eastern Yang Province was established; afterward it was changed to Yingzhou, and when Chen was pacified the province was abolished. After Chen was pacified, Chaozhou was established. The commandery governed 5 counties with a registered population of 2,066 households.
180
海陽
Haiyang
181
程鄉
Chengxiang
182
潮陽
Chaoyang
183
海甯
Haining
184
萬川高涼郡高涼郡梁置高州。 統縣九，戸九千九百一十七。
Wanchuan. Gaoliang Commandery. Gaoliang Commandery—in the Liang dynasty, Gaozhou was established. The commandery governed 9 counties with a registered population of 9,917 households.
185
高涼
Gaoliang
186
連江
Lianjiang
187
電白
Dianbai
188
杜原
Duyuan
189
海安
Hai'an
190
陽春
Yangchun
191
石龍
Shilong
192
吳川
Wuchuan
193
茂名信安郡信安郡平陳，置端州。 統縣七，戸一萬七千七百八十七。
Maoming. Xin'an Commandery. Xin'an Commandery—when Chen was pacified, Duanzhou was established. The commandery governed 7 counties with a registered population of 17,787 households.
194
高要
Gaoyao
195
端溪
Duanxi
196
樂城
Lecheng
197
平興
Pingxing
198
新興
Xinxing
199
博林
Bolin
200
銅陵永熙郡永熙郡梁置瀧州。 統縣六，戸一萬四千三百一十九。
Tongling. Yongxi Commandery. Yongxi Commandery—in the Liang dynasty, Longzhou was established. The commandery governed 6 counties with a registered population of 14,319 households.
201
瀧水
Longshui
202
懷德
Huaide
203
良德
Liangde
204
安遂
An'sui
205
永業
Yongye
206
永熙蒼梧郡蒼梧郡梁置成州，開皇初改爲封州。 統縣四，戸四千五百七十八。
Yongxi. Cangwu Commandery. Cangwu Commandery—in the Liang dynasty, Chengzhou was established; at the beginning of Kaihuang it was changed to Fengzhou. The commandery governed 4 counties with a registered population of 4,578 households.
207
封川
Fengchuan
208
都城
Ducheng
209
蒼梧舊置蒼梧郡。 平陳，郡廢。}
Cangwu formerly had Cangwu Commandery established, as noted in the geography treatise. After Chen was pacified, the commandery was abolished.
210
封陽始安郡始安郡梁置桂州。 平陳，置總管府。 府廢。 統縣十五，戸五萬四千五百一十七。
Fengyang. Shi'an Commandery. Shi'an Commandery—in the Liang dynasty, Guizhou was established. After Chen was pacified, a grand administrative office was established. The grand administrative office was abolished. The commandery governed 15 counties with a registered population of 54,517 households.
211
始安
Shi'an
212
平樂
Pingle
213
荔浦
Lipu
214
建陵
Jianling
215
陽朔
Yangshuo
216
象
Xiang
217
隋化
Suihua
218
義熙
Yixi
219
龍城
Longcheng
220
馬平
Maping
221
桂林
Guilin
222
陽壽
Yangshou
223
富川
Fuchuan
224
龍平
Longping
225
豪靜永平郡永平郡平陳，置藤州。 統縣十一，戸三萬四千四十九。
Haojing. Yongping Commandery. Yongping Commandery—when Chen was pacified, Tengzhou was established. The commandery governed 11 counties with a registered population of 34,049 households.
226
永平
Yongping
227
武林
Wulin
228
隋建
Suijian
229
安基
An'ji
230
隋安
Sui'an
231
普甯
Puning
232
戎成
Rongcheng
233
寧人
Ningren
234
淳人
Chunren
235
大賓
Dabin
236
賀川郁林郡郁林郡梁置定州，後改爲南定州。 平陳，改爲尹州。 大業初改爲鬱州。 統縣十二，戸五萬九千二百。
Hechuan. Yulin Commandery. Yulin Commandery—in the Liang dynasty, Dingzhou was established; afterward it was changed to Southern Dingzhou. After Chen was pacified, it was changed to Yinzhou. At the beginning of Daye it was changed to Yu Province, as noted in the geography treatise. The commandery governed 12 counties with a registered population of 59,200 households.
237
郁林
Yulin
238
郁平
Yuping
239
領方
Lingfang
240
阿林
Alin
241
石南
Shinan
242
桂平
Guiping
243
馬度
Madou
244
安成
An'cheng
245
甯浦
Ningpu
246
樂山
Leshan
247
嶺山
Lingshan
248
宣化合浦郡合浦郡舊置越州。 大業初改爲祿州，尋改爲合州。 統縣十一，戸二萬八千六百九十。
Xuanhua. Hepu Commandery. Hepu Commandery formerly had Yuezhou established. At the beginning of Daye it was changed to Luzhou; soon it was again changed to Hezhou, as noted in the geography treatise. The commandery governed 11 counties with a registered population of 28,690 households.
249
合浦
Hepu
250
南昌
Nanchang
251
北流
Beiliu
252
封山
Fengshan
253
定川
Dingchuan
254
龍蘇
Longsu
255
海康
Haikang
256
抱成
Baocheng
257
隋康
Suikang
258
扇沙
Shansha
259
鐵杷珠崖郡珠崖郡梁置崖州。 統縣十，戸一萬九千五百。
Tieba. Zhuya Commandery. Zhuya Commandery—in the Liang dynasty, Yazhou was established. The commandery governed 10 counties with a registered population of 19,500 households.
260
義倫
Yilun
261
感恩
Ganen
262
顏盧
Yanlu
263
毗善
Pishan
264
昌化
Changhua
265
吉安
Ji'an
266
延德
Yande
267
寧遠
Ningyuan
268
澄邁
Chengmai
269
武德甯越郡甯越郡梁置安州，開皇十八年改曰欽州。 統縣六，戸一萬二千六百七十。
Wude. Ningyue Commandery. Ningyue Commandery—in the Liang dynasty, Anzhou was established; in the eighteenth year of Kaihuang it was changed to Qinzhou. The commandery governed 6 counties with a registered population of 12,670 households.
270
欽江
Qinjiang
271
安京
An'jing
272
內亭
Neiting
273
南賓
Nanbin
274
遵化
Zunhua
275
海安交趾郡交趾郡舊曰交州。 統縣九，戸三萬五十六。
Hai'an. Jiaozhi Commandery. Jiaozhi Commandery was formerly called Jiaozhou. The commandery governed 9 counties with a registered population of 30,056 households.
276
宋平
Songping
277
龍編
Longbian
278
硃枿
Zhufa
279
隆平
Longping
280
平道
Pingdao
281
交趾
Jiaozhi
282
嘉寧
Jianing
283
新昌
Xinchang
284
安人九真郡九真郡梁置愛州。 統縣七，戸一萬六千一百三十五。
Anren. Jiuzhen Commandery. Jiuzhen Commandery—in the Liang dynasty, Aizhou was established. The commandery governed 7 counties with a registered population of 16,135 households.
285
九真
Jiuzhen
286
移風
Yifeng
287
胥浦
Xupu
288
隆安
Long'an
289
軍安
Jun'an
290
安順
An'shun
291
日南日南郡日南郡梁置德州，開皇十八年改曰驩州。 統縣八，戸九千九百一十五。
Rinan. Rinan Commandery. Rinan Commandery—in the Liang dynasty, Dezhou was established; in the eighteenth year of Kaihuang it was changed to Huanzhou. The commandery governed 8 counties with a registered population of 9,915 households.
292
九德
Jiude
293
咸驩
Xianhuan
294
浦陽
Puyang
295
越常
Yuechang
296
金甯
Jinning
297
交谷
Jiaogu
298
安遠
An'yuan
299
光安比景郡比景郡大業元年平林邑，置蕩州，尋改爲郡。 統縣四，戸一千八百一十五。
Guang'an. Bijing Commandery. Bijing Commandery—in the first year of Daye, Linyi was pacified and Dangzhou was established; soon it was changed to a commandery. The commandery governed 4 counties with a registered population of 1,815 households.
300
比景
Bijing
301
硃吾
Zhuwu
302
壽泠
Shouling
303
西捲海陰郡海陰郡大業元年平林邑，置農州，尋改爲郡。 統縣四，戸一千一百。
Xijuan. Haiyin Commandery. Haiyin Commandery—in the first year of Daye, Linyi was pacified and Nongzhou was established; soon it was changed to a commandery. The commandery governed 4 counties with a registered population of 1,100 households.
304
新容
Xinrong
305
真龍
Zhenlong
306
多農
Duonong
307
安樂林邑郡林邑郡大業元年平林邑，置沖州，尋改爲郡。 統縣四，戸一千二百二十。
Anle. Linyi Commandery. Linyi Commandery—in the first year of Daye, Linyi was pacified and Chongzhou was established; soon it was changed to a commandery. The commandery governed 4 counties with a registered population of 1,220 households.
308
象浦
Xiangpu
309
金山
Jinshan
310
交江
Jiaojiang
311
南極
Naji
312
揚州于《禹貢》爲淮海之地。 在天官，自斗十二度至須女七度，爲星紀，於辰在丑，吳、越得其分野。 江南之俗，火耕水耨，食魚與稻，以漁獵爲業，雖無蓄積之資，然而亦無饑餒。 其俗信鬼神，好淫祀，父子或異居，此大抵然也。 江都、弋陽、淮南、鐘離、蘄春、同安、廬江、曆陽，人性並躁勁，風氣果決，包藏禍害，視死如歸，戰而貴詐，此則其舊風也。 自平陳之後，其俗頗變，尚淳質，好儉約，喪紀婚姻，率漸於禮。 其俗之敝者，稍愈于古焉。 丹陽舊京所在，人物本盛，小人率多商販，君子資于官祿，市厘列肆，埒於二京，人雜五方，故俗頗相類。 京口東通吳會，南接江湖，西連都邑，亦一都會也。 其人本並習戰，號爲天下精兵。 俗以五月五日爲鬥力之戲，各料強弱相敵，事類講武。 宣城、毗陵、吳郡、會稽、餘杭、東陽，其俗亦同。 然數郡川澤沃衍，有海陸之饒，珍異所聚，故商賈並湊。 其人君子尚禮，庸庶敦厖，故風俗澄清，而道教隆洽，亦其風氣所尚也。 豫章之俗，頗同吳中，其君子善居室，小人勤耕稼。 衣冠之人，多有數婦，暴面市廛，競分銖以給其夫。 及舉孝廉，更要富者，前妻雖有積年之勤，子女盈室，猶見放逐，以避後人。 俗少爭訟，而尚歌舞。 一年蠶四五熟，勤於紡績，亦有夜浣紗而旦成布者，俗呼爲雞鳴布。 新安、永嘉、建安、遂安、鄱陽、九江、臨川、廬陵、南康、宜春，其俗又頗同豫章，而廬陵人厖淳，率多壽考。 然此數郡，往往畜蠱，而宜春偏甚。 其法以五月五日聚百種蟲，大者至蛇，小者至虱，合置器中，令自相啖，餘一種存者留之，蛇則曰蛇蠱，虱則曰虱蠱，行以殺人。 因食入人腹內，食其五藏，死則其產移入蠱主之家。 三年不殺他人，則畜者自鐘其弊。 累世子孫相傳不絕，亦有隨女子嫁焉。 幹寶謂之爲鬼，其實非也。 自侯景亂後，蠱家多絕，既無主人，故飛游道路之中則殞焉。
In the "Tribute of Yu," Yangzhou was the land of the Huai and the sea, as noted in the geography treatise. In the celestial offices, from twelve degrees of Dou to seven degrees of Xuannü is the Star Chronogram asterism; in the earthly branches it corresponds to chou; Wu and Yue obtained this allotment, as noted in the geography treatise. The customs south of the Yangzi. Fire-plowing and water-weeding, eating fish and rice, taking fishing and hunting as occupations—though without stores of accumulated wealth, yet also without famine. Their customs trust ghosts and spirits and delight in excessive sacrifices; fathers and sons sometimes live apart—this is broadly so, as noted in the geography treatise. Jiangdu, Yiyang, Huainan, Zhongli, Qichun, Tongan, Lujiang, and Liyang—the nature of the people is all impetuous and forceful, the spirit of the region resolute and decisive; they harbor harm, regard death as returning home, and in battle prize deception—this was their old wind, as noted in the geography treatise. Since the pacification of Chen, their customs changed considerably; they came to esteem plain simplicity and love frugality; mourning rites and marriage gradually conformed to ritual, as noted in the geography treatise. The defects of their customs were somewhat remedied compared with antiquity, as noted in the geography treatise. Danyang was the site of the old capital; its population was originally abundant. Petty men mostly traded; gentlemen relied on official stipends; market lanes and shops rivaled the two capitals; people mixed from all five directions—hence the customs were quite similar, as noted in the geography treatise. Jingkou opened eastward to Wu and Kuaiji, connected south to rivers and lakes, and linked west to the capital region—it too was a great metropolis, as noted in the geography treatise. Its people from the beginning all practiced warfare and were called the finest troops under Heaven, as noted in the geography treatise. The custom took the fifth day of the fifth month as a contest of strength; each side gauged relative power and matched opponents—much like military drill, as noted in the geography treatise. Xuancheng, Piling, Wu, Kuaiji, Yuhang, and Dongyang shared much the same customs, as noted in the geography treatise. Yet these several commanderies had fertile marshes and plains, rich in land and sea produce, where rare goods gathered—hence merchants all converged, as noted in the geography treatise. Among them, gentlemen honored ritual; common folk were simple and generous—hence customs were clear and Daoist teaching flourished; this too was what the regional spirit held in esteem, as noted in the geography treatise. The customs of Yuzhang were quite like those of central Wu; its gentlemen were skilled at managing households, its petty men diligent in farming, as noted in the geography treatise. Men of rank often had several wives who exposed themselves in the marketplaces and competed to divide cash by the fen to supply their husbands, as noted in the geography treatise. When nominating filial and incorrupt candidates, they further required wealth; though a first wife had toiled for many years and her children filled the house, she might still be cast out to make way for a successor, as noted in the geography treatise. The custom had little litigation but esteemed song and dance, as noted in the geography treatise. Silkworms matured four or five times a year; people were diligent in spinning and weaving; some even washed yarn at night and finished cloth by dawn—the custom called this "cock-crow cloth." Xin'an, Yongjia, Jian'an, Sui'an, Poyang, Jiujiang, Linchuan, Luling, Nankang, and Yichun—their customs again resembled Yuzhang considerably, while the people of Luling were simple and honest and mostly lived to great age, as noted in the geography treatise. Yet in these several commanderies people often kept gu poisons, and Yichun was especially severe, as noted in the geography treatise. The method was on the fifth day of the fifth month to gather a hundred kinds of insects, from snakes down to lice, place them together in a vessel, and let them devour one another; the one kind remaining was kept—if a snake, it was called snake gu; if a louse, louse gu—and used to kill people, as noted in the geography treatise. Once ingested it entered the person's belly and ate the five viscera; when the victim died, its offspring passed into the gu keeper's household, as noted in the geography treatise. If for three years no one else was killed, the keeper himself would suffer its harm, as noted in the geography treatise. Generation after generation of descendants transmitted it without end; it could also pass with a woman in marriage, as noted in the geography treatise. Gan Bao called it a ghost, but in fact it was not, as noted in the geography treatise. After the turmoil of Hou Jing, most gu households died out; with no master, the gu flew along the roads and perished, as noted in the geography treatise.
313
自嶺已南二十餘郡，大率土地下濕，皆多瘴厲，人尤夭折。 南海、交趾，各一都會也，並所處近海，多犀象玳瑁珠璣，奇異珍瑋，故商賈至者，多取富焉。 其人性並輕悍，易興逆節，椎結踑踞，乃其舊風。 其俚人則質直尚信，諸蠻則勇敢自立，皆重賄輕死，唯富爲雄。 巢居崖處，盡力農事。 刻木以爲符契，言誓則至死不改。 父子別業，父貧，乃有質身於子。 諸獠皆然。 並鑄銅爲大鼓，初成，懸於庭中，置酒以招同類。 來者有豪富子女，則以金銀爲大釵，執以叩鼓，竟乃留遺主人，名爲銅鼓釵。 俗好相殺，多構仇怨，欲相攻則鳴此鼓，到者如雲。 有鼓者號爲「都老」，群情推服。 本之舊事，尉陀於漢，自稱「蠻夷大酋長、老夫臣」，故俚人猶呼其所尊爲「倒老」也。 言訛，故又稱「都老」云。 荊州南郡南郡舊置荊州。 西魏以封梁爲蕃國，又置江陵總管府。 開皇初府廢。 七年並梁，又置江陵總管，二十年改爲荊州總管。 大業初廢。 統縣一十，戸五萬八千八百三十六。
From south of the Ling Range for more than twenty commanderies, the land was mostly low and damp, all with much miasma; people especially died young, as noted in the geography treatise. Nanhai and Jiaozhi were each a great metropolis; both lay near the sea, rich in rhinoceros, elephants, tortoise shell, and pearls—rare and precious goods—hence merchants who came mostly grew wealthy, as noted in the geography treatise. The nature of the people was all lightly fierce; they easily rose in rebellion; topknots and squatting sitting were their old wind, as noted in the geography treatise. The Li people were plain, straight, and trusted in good faith; the various Man were brave and self-reliant—all valued bribes over death and made wealth their heroism, as noted in the geography treatise. They dwelled in nests on cliffs and devoted their strength to farming, as noted in the geography treatise. They carved wood to make tokens of contract; once words were sworn, they never changed until death, as noted in the geography treatise. Fathers and sons had separate estates; if a father was poor, he might even pledge himself to his son, as noted in the geography treatise. All the Liao were thus. They also cast bronze into great drums; when first finished, they hung them in the courtyard and set out wine to summon their kind, as noted in the geography treatise. When guests came with wealthy sons or daughters, they made large hairpins of gold and silver, took them to strike the drum, and finally left them for the host—a thing called "bronze-drum hairpins." The custom loved mutual killing; many feuds were plotted; when they wished to attack one another they sounded this drum, and those who arrived were like clouds, as noted in the geography treatise. Whoever had a drum was called "Du Lao," and the multitude deferred to him, as noted in the geography treatise. Tracing the old matter. Zhao Tuo in Han times styled himself "great chieftain of the Man and Yi, old subject," hence the Li still call those they honor "Dao Lao." Through corrupted speech it was again called "Du Lao." Jingzhou, Nan Commandery. Nan Commandery formerly had Jingzhou established. Western Wei, because Liang was enfeoffed as a vassal state, again established the Jiangling grand administrative office, as noted in the geography treatise. Early in the Kaihuang era, the office was abolished. In the seventh year Liang was annexed; the Jiangling grand administrator was again established; in the twentieth year it was changed to the Jingzhou grand administrator, as noted in the geography treatise. At the beginning of Daye it was abolished, as noted in the geography treatise. The commandery governed 10 counties with a registered population of 58,836 households.
314
江陵
Jiangling
315
長楊
Changyang
316
宜昌
Yichang
317
枝江
Zhijiang
318
當陽
Dangyang
319
松滋
Songzi
320
長林
Changlin
321
公安
Gong'an
322
安興
An'xing
323
紫陵夷陵郡夷陵郡梁置宜州，西魏改曰拓州，後周改曰硤州。 統縣三，戸五千一百七十九。
Ziling. Yiling Commandery. Yiling Commandery—in the Liang dynasty, Yizhou was established; Western Wei changed it to Tuozhou; Later Zhou changed it to Xiazhou. The commandery governed 3 counties with a registered population of 5,179 households.
324
夷陵
Yiling
325
夷道
Yidao
326
遠安竟陵郡竟陵郡舊置郢州。 統縣八，戸五萬三千三百八十五。
Yuan'an. Jingling Commandery. Jingling Commandery formerly had Yingzhou established. The commandery governed 8 counties with a registered population of 53,385 households.
327
長壽
Changshou
328
藍水
Lanshui
329
棨川
Qichuan
330
漢東
Handong
331
清騰
Qingteng
332
樂鄉
Lexiang
333
豐鄉
Fengxiang
334
章山沔陽郡沔陽郡後周置複州，大業初改曰沔州。 統縣五，戸四萬一千七百一十四。
Zhangshan. Mianyang Commandery. Mianyang Commandery—in Later Zhou, Fuzhou was established; at the beginning of Daye it was changed to Mianzhou. The commandery governed 5 counties with a registered population of 41,714 households.
335
沔陽
Mianyang
336
監利
Jianli
337
竟陵
Jingling
338
甑山
Zengshan
339
漢陽沅陵郡沅陵郡開皇九年置辰州。 統縣五，戸四千一百四十。
Hanyang. Yuanling Commandery. Yuanling Commandery—in the ninth year of Kaihuang, Chenzhou was established. The commandery governed 5 counties with a registered population of 4,140 households.
340
沅陵
Yuanling
341
大鄉
Daxiang
342
鹽泉
Yanquan
343
龍檦
Longbang
344
辰溪武陵郡武陵郡梁置武州，後改曰沅州。 平陳，爲朗州。 統縣二，戸三千四百一十六。
Chenxi. Wuling Commandery. Wuling Commandery—in the Liang dynasty, Wuzhou was established; afterward it was changed to Yuanzhou. After Chen was pacified, it became Langzhou. The commandery governed 2 counties with a registered population of 3,416 households.
345
武陵
Wuling
346
龍陽清江郡清江郡後周置亭州，大業初改爲庸州。 統縣五，戸二千六百五十八。
Longyang. Qingjiang Commandery. Qingjiang Commandery—in Later Zhou, Tingzhou was established; at the beginning of Daye it was changed to Yongzhou. The commandery governed 5 counties with a registered population of 2,658 households.
347
鹽水
Yanshui
348
巴山
Bashan
349
清江
Qingjiang
350
開夷
Kaiyi
351
建始襄陽郡襄陽郡江左並僑置雍州。 西魏改曰襄州，置總管府。 大業初府廢。 統縣十一，戸九萬九千五百七十七。
Jianshi. Xiangyang Commandery. Xiangyang Commandery—in the Jiang-left era, Yong Province was concurrently established as a refugee administration. Western Wei changed it to Xiangzhou and established a grand administrative office, as noted in the geography treatise. The grand administrative office was abolished at the start of the Daye era. The commandery governed 11 counties with a registered population of 99,577 households.
352
襄陽
Xiangyang
353
安養
An'yang
354
穀城
Gucheng
355
上洪
Shanghong
356
率道
Shuaidao
357
漢南
Hannan
358
陰城
Yincheng
359
義清
Yiqing
360
南漳
Nanzhang
361
常平
Changping
362
鄀舂陵郡舂陵郡後魏置南荊州，西魏改曰昌州。 統縣六，戸四萬二千八百四十七。
Ruo. Chunling Commandery. Chunling Commandery—in Later Wei, Southern Jing Province was established; Western Wei changed it to Changzhou. The commandery governed 6 counties with a registered population of 42,847 households.
363
棗陽
Zaoyang
364
舂陵
Chongling
365
清潭
Qingtan
366
湖陽
Huyang
367
上馬
Shangma
368
蔡陽漢東郡漢東郡西魏置并州，後改曰隋州。 統縣八，戸四萬七千一百九十三。
Caiyang. Handong Commandery. Handong Commandery—Western Wei established Bing Province; afterward it was changed to Suizhou. The commandery governed 8 counties with a registered population of 47,193 households.
369
隋
Sui
370
土山
Tushan
371
唐城
Tangcheng
372
安貴
An'gui
373
順義
Shunyi
374
平林
Pinglin
375
上明
Shangming
376
光化安陸郡安陸郡梁置南司州，尋罷。 西魏置安州總管府，開皇十四年府廢。 統縣八，戸六萬八千四十二。
Guanghua. Anlu Commandery. Anlu Commandery—in the Liang dynasty, Southern Si Province was established and soon abolished. Western Wei established the Anzhou grand administrative office; in the fourteenth year of Kaihuang the office was abolished, as noted in the geography treatise. The commandery governed 8 counties with a registered population of 68,042 households.
377
安陸
An'lu
378
孝昌
Xiaochang
379
吉陽
Jiyang
380
應陽
Yingyang
381
雲夢
Yunmeng
382
京山
Jingshan
383
富水
Fushui
384
應山永安郡永安郡後齊置衡州，陳廢，後周又置，開皇五年改曰黃州。 統縣四，戸二萬八千三百九十八。
Yingshan. Yong'an Commandery. Yong'an Commandery—in Later Qi, Hengzhou was established; Chen abolished it; Later Zhou again established it; in the fifth year of Kaihuang it was changed to Huangzhou. The commandery governed 4 counties with a registered population of 28,398 households.
385
黃岡
Huanggang
386
黃陂
Huangpi
387
木蘭
Mulan
388
麻城義陽郡義陽郡齊置司州。 梁曰北司州，後複曰司州。 後魏改曰郢州，後周改曰申州，大業二年爲義州。 統縣五，戸四萬五千九百三十。
Macheng. Yiyang Commandery. Yiyang Commandery—in Qi, Sizhou was established. In the Liang dynasty it was called Northern Si Province; afterward it was again called Sizhou, as noted in the geography treatise. Later Wei changed it to Yingzhou; Later Zhou changed it to Shenzhou; in the second year of Daye it became Yizhou, as noted in the geography treatise. The commandery governed 5 counties with a registered population of 45,930 households.
389
義陽
Yiyang
390
鐘山
Zhongshan
391
羅山
Luoshan
392
禮山
Lishan
393
淮源九江郡九江郡舊置江州。 統縣二，戸七千六百一十七。
Huaiyuan. Jiujiang Commandery. Jiujiang Commandery formerly had Jiangzhou established. The commandery governed 2 counties with a registered population of 7,617 households.
394
湓城
Yancheng
395
彭澤江夏郡江夏郡舊置郢州。 梁分置北新州，尋又分北新立土、富、洄、泉、豪五州。 平陳，改置鄂州。 統縣四，戸一萬三千七百七十一。
Pengze. Jiangxia Commandery. Jiangxia Commandery formerly had Yingzhou established. Liang separately established Northern Xin Province; soon it again divided Northern Xin to establish Tu, Fu, Hui, Quan, and Hao provinces, as noted in the geography treatise. After Chen was pacified, Ezhou was established in its place. The commandery governed 4 counties with a registered population of 13,771 households.
396
江夏
Jiangxia
397
武昌
Wuchang
398
永興
Yongxing
399
蒲圻澧陽郡澧陽郡平陳，置松州，尋改爲澧州。 統縣六，戸八千九百六。
Puqi. Liyang Commandery. Liyang Commandery—when Chen was pacified, Songzhou was established; soon it was changed to Lizhou. The commandery governed 6 counties with a registered population of 8,906 households.
400
澧陽
Liyang
401
石門
Shimen
402
孱陵
Canling
403
安鄉
An'xiang
404
崇義
Chongyi
405
慈利巴陵郡巴陵郡梁置巴州。 平陳，改曰岳州，大業初改曰羅州。 統縣五，戸六千九百三十四。
Cili. Baling Commandery. Baling Commandery—in the Liang dynasty, Bazhou was established. After Chen was pacified, it was changed to Yuezhou; at the beginning of Daye it was changed to Luozhou. The commandery governed 5 counties with a registered population of 6,934 households.
406
巴陵
Baling
407
華容
Huarong
408
沅江
Yuanjiang
409
湘陰
Xiangyin
410
羅長沙郡長沙郡舊置湘州，平陳置潭州總管府，大業初府廢。 統縣四，戸一萬四千二百七十五。
Luo. Changsha Commandery. Changsha Commandery formerly had Xiang Province established; when Chen was pacified, the Tanzhou grand administrative office was established; at the beginning of Daye the office was abolished. The commandery governed 4 counties with a registered population of 14,275 households.
411
長沙
Changsha
412
衡山
Hengshan
413
益陽
Yiyang
414
邵陽衡山郡衡山郡平陳，置衡州。 統縣四，戸五千六十八。
Shaoyang. Hengshan Commandery. Hengshan Commandery—when Chen was pacified, Hengzhou was established. The commandery governed 4 counties with a registered population of 5,068 households.
415
衡陽
Hengyang
416
洡陰
Leiyin
417
湘潭
Xiangtan
418
新甯桂陽郡桂陽郡平陳，置郴州。 統縣三，戸四千六百六十六。
Xining. Guiyang Commandery. Guiyang Commandery—when Chen was pacified, Chenzhou was established. The commandery governed 3 counties with a registered population of 4,666 households.
419
郴舊
Chenjiu
420
臨武
Linwu
421
盧陽零陵郡零陵郡平陳初，置永州總管府，尋廢府。 統縣五，戸六千八百四十五。
Luyang. Lingling Commandery. Lingling Commandery—at the beginning of the pacification of Chen, the Yongzhou grand administrative office was established; soon the office was abolished. The commandery governed 5 counties with a registered population of 6,845 households.
422
零陵
Lingling
423
湘源
Xiangyuan
424
永陽
Yongyang
425
營道
Yingdao
426
馮乘熙平郡熙平郡平陳，置連州。 統縣九，戸一萬二百六十五。
Fengsheng. Xiping Commandery. Xiping Commandery—when Chen was pacified, Lianzhou was established. The commandery governed 9 counties with a registered population of 10,265 households.
427
桂陽
Guiyang
428
陽山
Yangshan
429
連山
Lianshan
430
宣樂
Xuanle
431
游安
You'an
432
熙平
Xiping
433
武化
Wuhua
434
桂嶺
Guiling
435
開建
Kaijian
436
《尚書》：「荊及衡陽惟荊州。」 上當天文，自張十七度至軫十一度，爲鶉首，於辰在巳，楚之分野。 其風俗物產，頗同揚州。 其人率多勁悍決烈，蓋亦天性然也。 南郡、夷陵、竟陵、沔陽、沅陵、清江、襄陽、舂陵、漢東、安陸、永安、義陽、九江、江夏諸郡，多雜蠻左，其與夏人雜居者，則與諸華不別。 其僻處山谷者，則言語不通，嗜好居處全異，頗與巴、渝同俗。 諸蠻本其所出，承盤瓠之後，故服章多以班布爲飾。 其相呼以蠻，則爲深忌。 自晉氏南遷之後，南郡、襄陽，皆爲重鎮，四方湊會，故益多衣冠之緒，稍尚禮義經籍焉。 九江襟帶所在，江夏、竟陵、安陸，各置名州，爲籓鎮重寄，人物乃與諸郡不同。 大抵荊州率敬鬼，尤重祠祀之事，昔屈原爲製《九歌》，蓋由此也。 屈原以五月望日赴汨羅，土人追到洞庭不見，湖大船小，莫得濟者，乃歌曰：「何由得渡湖！」 因爾鼓棹爭歸，競會亭上，習以相傳，爲競渡之戲。 其迅楫齊馳，棹歌亂響，喧振水陸，觀者如雲，諸郡率然，而南郡、襄陽尤甚。 二郡又有牽鉤之戲，云從講武所出，楚將伐吳，以爲教戰，流遷不改，習以相傳。 鉤初發動，皆有鼓節，群噪歌謠，振驚遠近，俗云以此厭勝，用致豐穰。 其事亦傳於他郡。 梁簡文之臨雍部，發教禁之，由是頗息，其死喪之紀，雖無被髪袒踴，亦知號叫哭泣。 始死，即出屍於中庭，不留室內。 斂畢，送到山中，以十三年爲限。 先擇吉日，改入小棺，謂之拾骨。 拾骨必須女婿，蠻重女婿，故以委之。 拾骨者，除肉取骨，棄小取大。 當葬之夕，女婿或三數十人，集會于宗長之宅，著芒心接籬，名曰茅綏。 各執竹竿，長一丈許，上三四尺許，猶帶枝葉。 其行伍前卻，皆有節奏，歌吟叫呼，亦有章典。 傳云盤瓠初死，置之於樹，乃以竹木刺而下之，故相承至今，以爲風俗。 隱諱其事，謂之刺北斗。 既葬設祭，則親疏咸哭，哭畢，家人既至，但歡飲而歸，無複祭哭也。 其左人則又不同，無衰服，不復魄。 始死，置屍館舍，鄰里少年，各持弓箭，繞屍而歌，以箭扣弓爲節。 其歌詞說平生樂事，以到終卒，大抵亦猶今之挽歌。 歌數十闋，乃衣衾棺斂，送往山林，別爲廬舍，安置棺柩。 亦有於村側瘞之，待二三十喪，總葬石窟。 長沙郡又雜有夷蜒，名曰莫徭，自云其先祖有功，常免徭役，故以爲名。 其男子但著白布褌衫，更無巾褲； 其女子青布衫、班布裙，通無鞋屩。 婚嫁用鐵鈷莽爲聘財。 武陵、巴陵、零陵、桂陽、澧陽、衡山、熙平皆同焉。 其喪葬之節，頗同于諸左云。
The "Documents". "Jing and Hengyang constitute Jing Province." Corresponding to the heavens above, from seventeen degrees of Zhang to eleven degrees of Zhen is the Quail Head asterism; in the earthly branches it corresponds to si; it is the allotment of Chu, as noted in the geography treatise. Its customs and products were quite like those of Yangzhou, as noted in the geography treatise. Its people were mostly fierce, bold, and resolute—probably also their inborn nature, as noted in the geography treatise. Nan, Yiling, Jingling, Mianyang, Yuanling, Qingjiang, Xiangyang, Chunling, Handong, Anlu, Yong'an, Yiyang, Jiujiang, and Jiangxia commanderies mostly mixed with Man on the left; those who lived intermingled with Han people were indistinguishable from the various Hua, as noted in the geography treatise. Those dwelling secluded in mountain valleys had unintelligible speech and wholly different tastes and dwellings—quite the same customs as Ba and Yu, as noted in the geography treatise. The various Man originally sprang from there, inheriting from Panhu afterward—hence their dress and adornments mostly used patterned cloth, as noted in the geography treatise. To address one another as "Man" was a deep taboo, as noted in the geography treatise. After the Jin house moved south, Nan Commandery and Xiangyang both became strategic strongholds where people gathered from all directions—hence there were ever more lines of gentry and officials, and they slightly came to honor ritual, righteousness, and the classics, as noted in the geography treatise. Jiujiang was the strategic hinge; Jiangxia, Jingling, and Anlu each had famous provinces as weighty posts of frontier defense—their people differed from the other commanderies, as noted in the geography treatise. Broadly speaking, Jing Province mostly revered ghosts and especially valued sacrificial affairs; in old times Qu Yuan composed the "Nine Songs"—probably from this, as noted in the geography treatise. On the full moon of the fifth month Qu Yuan went to the Miluo; local people pursued him to Dongting but did not see him; the lake was large and the boats small, and none could cross—so they sang. "How can we cross the lake!" Then they raced their oars homeward, gathering at pavilions; the practice was handed down and became the sport of racing boats, as noted in the geography treatise. Swift oars flew together, boat songs rang in confusion, shaking water and land; spectators were like clouds—all commanderies did so, but Nan Commandery and Xiangyang especially, as noted in the geography treatise. The two commanderies also had the sport of pulling hooks, said to come from military drill. A Chu general about to attack Wu used it to teach warfare; the practice flowed on unchanged and was handed down. When the hook first moved, there were drum beats; crowds shouted songs, startling far and near; popularly they said this overcame evil to bring abundant harvest, as noted in the geography treatise. The practice also spread to other commanderies, as noted in the geography treatise. When Emperor Jianwen of Liang governed Yong Region, he issued an edict forbidding it; thereby it largely ceased. In their rites of death and mourning, though without disheveled hair and bared shoulders, they still knew shouting and weeping, as noted in the geography treatise. At first death the corpse was immediately taken out to the central courtyard and not kept indoors, as noted in the geography treatise. When encoffining was complete, it was sent to the mountains, with thirteen years as the limit, as noted in the geography treatise. First an auspicious day was chosen; the bones were transferred to a small coffin—this was called "gathering the bones." Gathering the bones had to be done by the son-in-law; the Man greatly valued sons-in-law, hence this was entrusted to them, as noted in the geography treatise. The bone-gatherers removed the flesh and took the bones, discarding small ones and keeping large ones, as noted in the geography treatise. On the night of burial, sons-in-law—sometimes several tens—gathered at the clan elder's house, wearing mang-fiber heart caps and bamboo hats, called "Mao Sui." Each held a bamboo pole about one zhang long, three or four chi at the top still bearing branches and leaves, as noted in the geography treatise. Their ranks advancing and retreating all had rhythm; singing, chanting, and shouting also had fixed patterns, as noted in the geography treatise. Tradition says when Panhu first died he was placed in a tree; then bamboo and wood were used to pierce and bring him down—hence handed down to the present as custom, as noted in the geography treatise. They concealed the matter and called it "piercing the Northern Dipper." After burial and sacrifice, kin near and far all wept; when weeping ended and the family had arrived, they merely drank in joy and returned—there was no further sacrificial weeping, as noted in the geography treatise. The Zuo people were again different. No mourning garments, no soul-recalling rites. At first death the corpse was placed in a lodge; youths of the neighborhood each held bow and arrow and circled the corpse singing, beating the bow with the arrow as rhythm, as noted in the geography treatise. The song lyrics told pleasures of a lifetime up to the final end— broadly like today's elegies, as noted in the geography treatise. After dozens of stanzas they clothed and coffined the body and sent it to the mountains, separately making a hut to place the coffin, as noted in the geography treatise. Some also buried at the village side; after twenty or thirty funerals they were collectively interred in stone caves, as noted in the geography treatise. Changsha Commandery also mixed with Yiyan, called Mo Yao; they said their ancestors had merit and were permanently exempt from corvée—hence the name, as noted in the geography treatise. The men wore only white cloth drawers and jackets, with no caps or trousers; the women wore blue cloth jackets and patterned cloth skirts, generally without shoes or sandals, as noted in the geography treatise. Marriage and betrothal used iron cobalt ore as bride-price, as noted in the geography treatise. Wuling, Baling, Lingling, Guiyang, Liyang, Hengshan, and Xiping were all the same, as noted in the geography treatise. Their funeral rites were quite the same as those of the various Zuo, as noted in the geography treatise.