1
太祖道武皇帝，諱珪，昭成皇帝之嫡孫，獻明皇帝之子也。 母曰獻明賀皇后。 初因遷徙，遊于雲澤，既而寢息，夢日出室內，寤而見光自牖屬天，歘然有感。 以建國三十四年七月七日，生太祖於參合陂北，其夜復有光明。 昭成大悅，羣臣稱慶，大赦，告於祖宗。 保者以帝體重倍於常兒，竊獨奇怪。 明年有榆生於埋胞之坎，後遂成林。 弱而能言，目有光曜，廣顙大耳，眾咸異之。 年六歲，昭成崩。 苻堅遣將內侮，將遷帝於長安，既而獲免。 語在燕鳳傳。 堅軍既還，國眾離散。 堅使劉庫仁、劉衞辰分攝國事。 南部大人長孫嵩及元他等，盡將故民南依庫仁，帝於是轉幸獨孤部。
Taizu, Emperor Daowu, bore the taboo name Gui. He was a grandson of Emperor Zhaocheng by the principal line and the son of Emperor Xianming. His mother was Empress He of Xianming. During the migrations she had been traveling in Yunze. One day she lay down to sleep and dreamed the sun rose within her chamber; when she woke, light poured from the window to the sky, and she was seized by a sudden presentiment. On the seventh day of the seventh month in the thirty-fourth year of Jianguo, the future Taizu was born north of Canhebo, and that night bright light shone again. Emperor Zhaocheng rejoiced; his ministers celebrated; the realm was granted amnesty; and the birth was reported to the ancestral shrines. His nurse found the infant twice as heavy as other children and kept her wonder to herself. The following year an elm sprouted where his afterbirth had been buried, and in time the saplings grew into a wood. He spoke while still a child; his eyes shone; his forehead was broad and his ears large, and all who saw him thought him extraordinary. When he was six, Emperor Zhaocheng died. Fu Jian sent armies against the realm and planned to relocate the boy to Chang'an, but in the end he was spared. The full account appears in the biography of Yan Feng. After Fu Jian's forces withdrew, the tribes of the state broke apart. Fu Jian set Liu Kuren and Liu Weichen to govern the tribes between them. Zhangsun Song, the southern chieftain, Yuan Ta, and others led the old followers south to Liu Kuren, while the future emperor withdrew to the Dugu tribe.
2
元年，葬昭成皇帝於金陵，營梓宮，木柹盡生成林。 帝雖沖幼，而嶷然不羣。 庫仁常謂其子曰：帝有高天下之志，興復洪業，光揚祖宗者，必此主也。
In the first year Emperor Zhaocheng was buried at Jinling. While the imperial tomb was being built, every coffin peg put in the ground took root until a grove stood on the mound. Though still a child, he already carried himself apart from other boys. Liu Kuren often told his sons, "That boy intends to rule the world, restore our great undertaking, and glorify the ancestors. The throne will be his."
3
七年，冬十月，[1]苻堅敗于淮南。 是月，慕容文等殺庫仁，庫仁弟眷攝國部。
In the seventh year, in the tenth month of winter, [1] Fu Jian was defeated at Huainan. That same month Murong Wen and his party killed Liu Kuren, and Kuren's younger brother Juan assumed leadership of the tribes.
4
八年，慕容暐弟沖僭立。 姚萇自稱大單于、萬年秦王。 慕容垂僭稱燕王。
In the eighth year Murong Chong, younger brother of Murong Wei, declared himself ruler in defiance of the court. Yao Chang took the titles Great Chanyu and King of Qin of the Ten Thousand Years. Murong Chui presumptuously declared himself King of Yan.
5
九年，庫仁子顯殺眷而代之，乃將謀逆。 商人王霸知之，履帝足於眾中，帝乃馳還。 是時故大人梁蓋盆子六眷，為顯謀主，盡知其計，密使部人穆崇馳告。 帝乃陰結舊臣長孫犍、元他等。 秋八月，乃幸賀蘭部。 其日，顯果使人求帝，不及。 語在獻明太后傳。 是歲，鮮卑乞伏國仁私署大單于。 苻堅為姚萇所殺，子丕僭立。
In the ninth year Liu Kuren's son Xian murdered Juan and seized his place, then began to plot treason against the emperor. A trader named Wang Ba learned of the plot and, in the press of the crowd, stepped on the emperor's foot; the emperor understood and rode away at once. Liu Juan, son of the former chieftain Liang Gaizi, was Xian's chief conspirator. He knew every detail and secretly sent Mu Chong of his following to gallop ahead with warning. The emperor then bound his old supporters Zhangsun Jian, Yuan Ta, and the rest in a secret league. In the eighth month of autumn he withdrew to the Helan tribe. That very day Xian sent men to seize the emperor, but they arrived too late. The fuller story is told in the biography of the Empress Dowager Xianming. That year the Xianbei leader Qifu Guoren privately took the title Great Chanyu. Fu Jian was killed by Yao Chang, and his son Fu Pi declared himself emperor.
6
登國元年春正月戊申，帝即代王位，郊天，建元，大會於牛川。 復以長孫嵩為南部大人，以叔孫普洛為北部大人。 班爵叙勳，各有差。 二月，幸定襄之盛樂。 息眾課農。 三月，劉顯自善無南走馬邑，其族奴真率所部來降。
In the first year of Dengguo, on the wushen day of the first month of spring, he took the throne as King of Dai, sacrificed to Heaven, proclaimed the new reign, and held a great gathering at Niuchuan. He reappointed Zhangsun Song as southern chieftain and Shusun Puluo as northern chieftain. He ranked the nobles and recorded their merits, assigning each his due reward. In the second month he went to Shengle in Dingxiang. He gave the people respite from war and set them to farming. In the third month Liu Xian fled south from Shanyou toward Mayi, while his kinsman Nuzhen brought their clans in submission.
7
夏四月，改稱魏王。 五月，車駕東幸陵石。 護佛侯部帥侯辰、乙弗部帥代題叛走。 諸將追之，帝曰：「侯辰等世修職役，雖有小愆，宜且忍之。 當今草創，人情未一，愚近者固應趑趄，不足追也。」
In the fourth month of summer he changed his title to Prince of Wei. In the fifth month the court traveled east to Lingshi. Hou Chen, chief of the Hubohou tribe, and Dai Ti, chief of the Yifu, rose in revolt and fled. His officers asked leave to pursue them. The emperor said, "Hou Chen and his people have served for generations. Their offense is slight; for now we should endure it. We are only beginning to build the state, and loyalty is not yet settled. The timid will hang back — there is no need to chase them."
8
秋七月己酉，車駕還盛樂。 代題復以部落來降，旬有數日，亡奔劉顯。 帝使其孫倍斤代領部落。 是月，劉顯弟肺泥率騎掠奴真部落，[2]既而率以來降。 初，帝叔父窟咄為苻堅徙于長安，因隨慕容永，永以為新興太守。 八月，劉顯遣弟亢泥迎窟咄，以兵隨之，來逼南境。 於是諸部騷動，人心顧望。 帝左右于桓等，[3]與諸部人謀為逆以應之。 事泄，誅造謀者五人，餘悉不問。 帝慮內難，乃北踰陰山，幸賀蘭部，阻山為固。 遣行人安同、長孫賀使于慕容垂以徵師，垂遣使朝貢，并令其子賀驎帥步騎以隨同等。
In the seventh month of autumn, on the day jiyou, the court returned to Shengle. Dai Ti submitted again with his tribe, but within a fortnight he broke away and fled to Liu Xian. The emperor set his grandson Beijin over Dai Ti's people. That month Liu Xian's brother Feini raided Nuzhen's camp with cavalry, [2] then brought his own followers in to submit. Earlier the emperor's uncle Kudou had been relocated to Chang'an by Fu Jian. He later followed Murong Yong, who appointed him administrator of Xinxing. In the eighth month Liu Xian sent his brother Kangni to escort Kudou south at the head of an army that threatened the frontier. At once the tribes stirred and loyalty wavered. Yu Huan and others close to the emperor [3] conspired with tribal leaders to join the rebels. The plot was discovered. Five ringleaders were put to death; the rest were not punished. Fearing civil war, he crossed the Yin Mountains to the north, withdrew to the Helan tribe, and held the passes for defense. He dispatched An Tong and Zhangsun He to Murong Chui to ask for aid. Chui sent tribute in return and ordered his son Helin to march with infantry and cavalry in support.
9
冬十月，賀驎軍未至而寇已前逼，於是北部大人叔孫普洛等十三人及諸烏丸亡奔衞辰。 帝自弩山遷幸牛川，屯于延水南，出代谷，會賀驎於高柳，大破窟咄。 窟咄奔衞辰，衞辰殺之，帝悉收其眾。 十二月，慕容垂遣使朝貢，奉帝西單于印綬，封上谷王。 帝不納。
In the tenth month of winter, before Helin's troops arrived, the rebels were already closing in. Shusun Puluo, the northern chieftain, twelve other leaders, and many Wuhuan bands fled to Liu Weichen. The emperor withdrew from Nushan to Niuchuan, camped south of the Yanshui, marched out through Daigu, and met Helin at Gaoliu, where Kudou's forces were shattered. Kudou fled to Liu Weichen, who killed him; the emperor absorbed his entire following. In the twelfth month Murong Chui sent envoys with tribute, offering the seal of Western Chanyu and investing him as Prince of Shanggu. The emperor refused the honors.
10
是歲，慕容垂僭稱皇帝於中山，自號大燕。 苻丕死，苻登自立於隴東。 姚萇稱皇帝於長安，自號大秦。 慕容沖為部下所殺。 慕容永僭立。
That year Murong Chui declared himself emperor at Zhongshan under the title Great Yan. Fu Pi died, and Fu Deng established himself in Longdong. Yao Chang proclaimed himself emperor at Chang'an under the title Great Qin. Murong Chong was murdered by his own officers. Murong Yong rose in rebellion and claimed the throne.
11
二年春正月，班賜功臣長孫嵩等七十三人各有差。 二月，帝幸寧川。
In the second year, in the first month of spring, he rewarded Zhangsun Song and seventy-two other meritorious men, each in proportion to his service. In the second month the emperor went to Ningchuan.
12
夏五月，遣行人安同徵兵於慕容垂，垂使子賀驎率眾來會。 六月，帝親征劉顯於馬邑南，追至彌澤，大破之，顯南奔慕容永，盡收其部落。
In the fifth month of summer he sent An Tong to Murong Chui to raise troops; Chui sent Helin at the head of an army to rendezvous with him. In the sixth month the emperor marched in person against Liu Xian south of Mayi, chased him to Mize, and routed him utterly. Xian fled south to Murong Yong, and the emperor absorbed every clan that had followed him.
13
秋八月，帝至自伐顯。
In the eighth month of autumn he returned from the expedition against Liu Xian.
14
冬十月癸卯，幸濡源，遣外朝大人王建使於慕容垂。 十一月，遂幸赤城。 十有二月，巡松漠，還幸牛川。
In the tenth month of winter, on the day guimao, he went to Ruyuan and dispatched Wang Jian, a senior minister of the outer court, as envoy to Murong Chui. In the eleventh month he proceeded to Chicheng. In the twelfth month he toured Songmo, then returned to Niuchuan.
15
三年春二月，帝東巡。
In the third year, in the second month of spring, he made an eastern progress.
16
夏四月，幸東赤城。 五月癸亥，北征庫莫奚。 六月，大破之，獲其四部雜畜十餘萬，渡弱落水。 班賞將士各有差。
In the fourth month of summer he went to East Chicheng. On the guihai day of the fifth month he marched north against the Kumo Xi. In the sixth month he crushed them, seized more than a hundred thousand head of mixed herds from their four divisions, and crossed the Ruoluo River. He rewarded officers and soldiers according to their merit.
17
秋七月庚申，庫莫部帥鳩集遺散，[4]夜犯行宮。 縱騎撲討，盡殺之。 其月，帝還赤城。 八月，使九原公元儀使於慕容垂。
On the gengshen day of the seventh month of autumn, Juji, a Kumo chieftain, rallied the fugitives [4] and struck the imperial camp by night. The emperor sent horsemen in pursuit and wiped them out to the last man. That month he returned to Chicheng. In the eighth month he sent Prince Yuan Yi of Jiuyuan as envoy to Murong Chui.
18
冬十月，慕容垂遣使朝貢。 十有二月辛卯，車駕西征，至女水，討解如部，大破之，獲男女雜畜十餘萬。
In the tenth month of winter Murong Chui sent envoys with tribute. On the xinmao day of the twelfth month he marched west to the Nüshui, struck the Jieru tribe, broke them completely, and took more than a hundred thousand captives and mixed herds.
19
是歲，乞伏國仁死，弟乾歸立，私署河南王。
That year Qifu Guoren died. His younger brother Qifu Qiangui succeeded him and privately took the title Prince of Henan.
20
四年春正月甲寅，襲高車諸部落，大破之。 二月癸巳，至女水，討叱突隣部，大破之。 戊戌，賀染干兄弟率諸部來救，與大軍相遇，逆擊走之。
In the fourth year, on the jiayin day of the first month of spring, he raided the Gaoche tribes and routed them. On the guisi day of the second month he reached the Nüshui and defeated the Chituolin tribe. On the wuxu day Herangan and his brothers marched to relieve the enemy, met the main force, and were beaten back in a counterattack.
21
夏四月，行還赤城。 五月，陳留公元虔使於慕容垂。
In the fourth month of summer he returned to Chicheng on the march. In the fifth month he sent Prince Yuan Qian of Chenliu as envoy to Murong Chui.
22
冬十月，垂遣使朝貢。
In the tenth month of winter Murong Chui again sent envoys with tribute.
23
是歲，氐呂光自稱三河王，遣使朝貢。
That year the Di chieftain Lü Guang declared himself Prince of the Three Rivers and sent tribute to the court.
24
五年春三月甲申，帝西征，次鹿渾海，襲高車袁紇部，大破之，虜獲生口、馬牛羊二十餘萬。 慕容垂遣子賀驎率眾來會。
In the fifth year, on the jiashen day of the third month of spring, he marched west to Luhunhai, fell on the Gaoche Yuanhe division, shattered it, and took more than two hundred thousand people and animals. Murong Chui sent Helin with an army to join the campaign.
25
夏四月丙寅，行幸意辛山，與賀驎討賀蘭、紇突隣、紇奚諸部落，大破之。 六月，還幸牛川。 衞辰遣子直力鞮寇賀蘭部，圍之。 賀訥等請降，告困。 秋七月丙子，帝引兵救之，至羊山，直力鞮退走。
On the bingyin day of the fourth month of summer he advanced to Yixinshan, and with Helin crushed the Helan, Ketulin, and Kexi tribes. In the sixth month he returned to Niuchuan. Liu Weichen sent his son Zhiligidi to attack the Helan and besieged them. He Ne and the other Helan leaders begged to submit and sent word that they were hard pressed. On the bingzi day of the seventh month of autumn the emperor marched to relieve them. When he reached Yangshan, Zhiligidi broke off and fled.
26
八月，還幸牛川。 遣秦王觚使於慕容垂。 九月壬申，討叱奴部於囊曲河，大破之。
In the eighth month he returned again to Niuchuan. He dispatched Prince Gu of Qin as envoy to Murong Chui. On the renshen day of the ninth month he attacked the Chinu at the Nangqu River and defeated them utterly.
27
冬十月，遷雲中，討高車豆陳部於狼山，破之。 十有一月，紇奚部大人庫寒舉部內屬。 十有二月，紇突隣大人屈地鞬舉部內屬。 帝還次白漠。
In the tenth month of winter he moved the court to Yunzhong, struck the Gaoche Douchen at Langshan, and broke them. In the eleventh month Kuhan, chieftain of the Hexi, brought his people in submission. In the twelfth month Qudijian, chieftain of the Hetulin, led his clan to submit. The emperor withdrew and encamped at Baimo.
28
六年春二月，幸紐垤川。 三月，遣九原公元儀、陳留公元虔等西討黜弗部，大破之。
In the sixth year, in the second month of spring, he went to Niudichuan. In the third month he sent Prince Yuan Yi of Jiuyuan and Prince Yuan Qian of Chenliu west against the Chufu and routed them.
29
夏四月，祠天。 六月，慕容賀驎破賀訥於赤城。 帝引兵救之，驎退走。
In the fourth month of summer he offered sacrifice to Heaven. In the sixth month Murong Helin defeated He Ne at Chicheng. The emperor marched to his relief; Helin broke off and fled.
30
秋七月壬申，講武於牛川，行還紐垤川。 慕容垂止元觚而求名馬，帝絕之。 乃遣使於慕容永，永使其大鴻臚慕容鈞奉表勸進尊號。 其月，衞辰遣子直力鞮出棝楊塞，侵及黑城。 九月，帝襲五原，屠之。 收其積穀，還紐垤川。 於棝楊塞北，樹碑記功。
On the renshen day of the seventh month of autumn he held a military review at Niuchuan, then returned to Niudichuan. Murong Chui held Yuan Gu hostage and demanded prized horses; the emperor refused. He then sent envoys to Murong Yong, who had his Grand Herald Murong Jun submit a memorial urging him to take the imperial title. That same month Weichen sent his son Zhiligidi through Puyang Pass to raid as far as Heicheng. In the ninth month he stormed Wuyuan and put the city to the sword. He seized their granaries and withdrew to Niudichuan. North of Puyang Pass he raised a stele to commemorate the victory.
31
冬十月戊戌，北征蠕蠕，追之，及於大磧南牀山下，大破之，班賜從臣各有差。 其東西二部主匹候跋及縕紇提，[5]斬別帥屋擊于。 事具蠕蠕傳。
On the wuxu day of the tenth month of winter he marched north against the Rouran, pursued them to South Bed Mountain south of the great desert, crushed them, and rewarded his officers by rank. The chiefs of the eastern and western wings, Pihouba and Wenheti, [5] cut down the sub-commander Wujiyu. The full account appears in the biography of the Rouran.
32
十有一月戊辰，還幸紐垤川。 戊寅，衞辰遣子直力鞮寇南部。 己卯，車駕出討。 壬午，大破直力鞮軍於鐵歧山南，獲其器械輜重，牛羊二十餘萬。 戊子，自五原金津南渡河。 辛卯，次其所居悅跋城，衞辰父子奔遁。 壬辰，詔諸將追之，擒直力鞮。 十有二月，獲衞辰尸，斬以徇，遂滅之。 語在衞辰傳。 衞辰少子屈丐，亡奔薛干部。 [6]車駕次于鹽池。 自河已南，諸部悉平。 簿其珍寶畜產，名馬三十餘萬匹，牛羊四百餘萬頭。 班賜大臣各有差。 收衞辰子弟宗黨無少長五千餘人，盡殺之。 山胡酋大幡頹、業易于等率三千餘家降附，出居于馬邑。
On the wuchen day of the eleventh month he returned to Niudichuan. On the wuyin day Weichen sent Zhiligidi to attack the southern marches. On the jimao day the emperor took the field in person. On the renwu day he shattered Zhiligidi's army south of Tieqi Mountain and seized arms, wagons, and more than two hundred thousand head of livestock. On the wuzi day he forded the Yellow River south from Jinyuan at Wuyuan. On the xinmao day he reached their stronghold at Yueba; Weichen and his son fled. On the renchen day he ordered his generals in pursuit and took Zhiligidi alive. In the twelfth month he recovered Weichen's body, had it beheaded and paraded, and extinguished his line. The fuller story is told in the biography of Weichen. Weichen's youngest son Qu Fu escaped to the Xuegan tribe. [6] The court encamped at Salt Pool. South of the river every tribe was brought to submission. He inventoried their wealth and herds: over three hundred thousand fine horses and more than four million cattle and sheep. He rewarded his chief ministers according to their stations. More than five thousand of Weichen's kin, young and old, were seized and put to death. Dafantui and Yeyiyu of the Shanhu, with more than three thousand households, submitted and were resettled at Mayi.
33
是歲，起河南宮。
That year he began the Henan Palace.
34
七年春正月，幸木根山，遂次黑鹽池。 饗宴羣臣，覲諸國貢使。 北之美水。 三月甲子，宴羣臣於水濱，還幸河南宮。 西部泣黎大人茂鮮叛走，遣南部大人長孫嵩追討，大破之。
In the seventh year, in the first month of spring, he went to Mugen Mountain and then encamped at Black Salt Pool. He feasted his ministers and received envoys bearing tribute from the surrounding states. He continued north to Meishui. On the jiazi day of the third month he banqueted his ministers on the riverbank, then returned to the Henan Palace. Maoxian, chieftain of the western Qili, rose in revolt and fled; Zhangsun Song was sent in pursuit and routed him.
35
夏五月，班賜諸官馬牛羊各有差。
In the fifth month of summer he gave horses, cattle, and sheep to his officials according to rank.
36
秋八月，行幸漠南，仍築巡臺。
In the eighth month of autumn he toured south of the desert and built a patrol platform.
37
冬十有二月，慕容永遣使朝貢。
In the twelfth month of winter Murong Yong sent envoys to court.
38
是歲，皇子嗣生。
That year the prince Si was born.
39
八年春正月，帝南巡。 二月，幸羖羊原，赴白樓。 三月，車駕西征侯呂隣部。 [7]
In the eighth year, in the first month of spring, the emperor toured the south. In the second month he went to Goyang Plain and on to Bailou. In the third month the court marched west against the Houlülin. Editorial note [7].
40
夏四月，至苦水，大破之。 五月，還幸白樓。 慕容垂討慕容永於長子。 六月，車駕北巡。 永來告急，遣陳留公元虔、將軍庾岳率騎五萬東度河救之。 破類拔部帥劉曜等，徙其部落。 元虔等因屯秀容，慕容垂遂圍長子。
In the fourth month of summer he reached Kushui and crushed them. In the fifth month he returned to Bailou. Murong Chui besieged Murong Yong at Changzi. In the sixth month the court toured the north. Yong sent word that he was hard pressed; the emperor dispatched Prince Yuan Qian of Chenliu and General Yu Yue with fifty thousand horsemen east across the river to relieve him. They defeated Liu Yao, chief of the Leiba division, and resettled his people. Yuan Qian's force encamped at Xiurong while Murong Chui tightened the siege of Changzi.
41
秋七月，車駕臨幸新壇。 庚寅，宴羣臣，仍講武。 先是，衞辰子屈丐奔薛干部，徵之不送。 八月，帝南征薛干部帥太悉佛於三城，會其先出擊曹覆，帝乘虛屠其城，獲太悉佛子珍寶，徙其民而還。 太悉佛聞之，來赴不及，遂奔姚興。 九月，還幸河南宮。
In the seventh month of autumn the court visited Xintan. On the gengyin day he feasted his ministers and held another military review. Earlier Qu Fu, Weichen's son, had taken refuge with the Xuegan; when the court demanded his surrender, they refused. In the eighth month he marched south against Taxisifu of the Xuegan at Sancheng. Taxisifu had already led his men out against Cao Fu; the emperor struck the empty city, slaughtered it, seized his sons and treasure, resettled the people, and withdrew. Taxisifu hurried back too late and fled to Yao Xing. In the ninth month he returned to the Henan Palace.
42
是歲，姚萇死。
That year Yao Chang died.
43
九年春三月，帝北巡。 使東平公元儀屯田於河北五原，至於棝楊塞外。
In the ninth year, in the third month of spring, the emperor toured the north. He set Prince Yuan Yi of Dongping to farm garrisons in Wuyuan north of the river, as far as beyond Puyang Pass.
44
夏五月，田於河東。
In the fifth month of summer he oversaw farming at Hedong.
45
秋七月，還幸河南宮。
In the seventh month of autumn he returned to the Henan Palace.
46
冬十月，蠕蠕社崙等率部落西走。 事具蠕蠕傳。
In the tenth month of winter Shelun of the Rouran led his tribes west in flight. The full account appears in the biography of the Rouran.
47
是歲，姚萇子興僭立，殺苻登。 慕容垂滅永。
That year Yao Chang's son Xing declared himself emperor in defiance of the court and killed Fu Deng. Murong Chui overthrew Murong Yong.
48
十年春正月，太悉佛自長安還嶺北，上郡以西皆應之。
In the tenth year, in the first month of spring, Taxisifu returned from Chang'an to the country north of the ridges, and the region west of Shang commandery rose for him.
49
夏五月，幸鹽池。 六月，還幸河南宮。
In the fifth month of summer he went to Salt Pool. In the sixth month he returned to the Henan Palace.
50
秋七月，慕容垂遣其子寶來寇五原，造舟收穀。 帝遣右司馬許謙徵兵於姚興。 東平公元儀徙據朔方。 八月，帝親治兵於河南。 九月，進師，臨河築臺告津，連旌沿河東西千里有餘。 是時，陳留公元虔五萬騎在東，以絕其左，元儀五萬騎在河北，以承其後，略陽公元遵七萬騎塞其中山之路。
In the seventh month of autumn Murong Chui sent his son Bao against Wuyuan to build boats and gather grain. The emperor sent the Right Marshal Xu Qian to raise troops from Yao Xing. Prince Yuan Yi of Dongping shifted his base to Shuofang. In the eighth month the emperor personally reviewed the army at Henan. In the ninth month he advanced, raised a platform on the riverbank to proclaim the crossing, and stretched his banners along the Yellow River for more than a thousand li. Prince Yuan Qian of Chenliu lay in wait east of them with fifty thousand horse; Yuan Yi with fifty thousand blocked the north bank; Prince Yuan Zun of Lueyang sealed the passes through Zhongshan with seventy thousand.
51
冬十月辛未，寶燒船夜遁。 十一月己卯，帝進軍濟河。 乙酉夕，至參合陂。 丙戌，大破之。 語在寶傳。 生擒其陳留王紹、魯陽王倭奴、桂林王道成、濟陰公尹國、北地王世子鍾葵、安定王世子羊兒以下文武將吏數千人，器甲輜重、軍資雜財十餘萬計。 於俘虜之中擢其才識者賈彝、賈閨、晁崇等與參謀議，憲章故實。 班賞大臣將校各有差。 十有二月，還幸雲中之盛樂。
On the xinwei day of the tenth month of winter Bao burned his fleet and stole away by night. On the jimao day of the eleventh month the emperor crossed the river in force. On the evening of the yiyou day he came to Canhe Marsh. On the bingxu day he won a crushing victory. The fuller story is told in the biography of Murong Bao. He took alive the Chenliu king Shao, the Luyang king Wonu, the Guilin prince Daocheng, the Jiyin duke Yin Guo, the heir of the king of Beidi Zhongkui, the heir of the king of Anding Yang'er, and thousands of civil and military officers, with arms, wagons, and supplies in the tens of thousands. From the prisoners he chose men of talent — Jia Yi, Jia Gui, Chao Chong, and others — to advise him on laws and precedent. He rewarded his ministers and commanders according to their merit. In the twelfth month he returned to Shengle in Yunzhong.
52
夏六月癸酉，遣將軍王建等三軍討寶廣寧太守劉亢泥，斬之，徙其部落。 寶上谷太守慕容普隣，捐郡奔走。 丁亥，皇太后賀氏崩。 是月，葬獻明太后。
On the guiyou day of the sixth month of summer he sent General Wang Jian with three columns against Liu Kangni, Bao's administrator of Guangning; Kangni was beheaded and his people resettled. Murong Pulins, Bao's administrator of Shanggu, abandoned his post and fled. On the dinghai day the Empress Dowager He died. That month the Xianming Empress Dowager was buried.
53
秋七月，左司馬許謙上書勸進尊號，帝始建天子旌旗，出入警蹕，於是改元。 八月庚寅，治兵于東郊。 己亥，大舉討慕容寶，帝親勒六軍四十餘萬，南出馬邑，踰于句注，旌旗駱驛二千餘里，鼓行而前，民屋皆震。 別詔將軍封真等三軍，從東道出襲幽州，圍薊。 九月戊午，次陽曲，乘西山，臨觀晉陽，命諸將引騎圍脅，已而罷還。 寶并州牧遼西王農大懼，將妻子棄城夜出，東遁，并州平。 初建臺省，置百官，封拜公侯、將軍、刺史、太守，尚書郎已下悉用文人。 [8]帝初拓中原，留心慰納，諸士大夫詣軍門者，無少長，皆引入賜見，存問周悉，人得自盡，苟有微能，咸蒙叙用。 己未，詔輔國將軍奚牧略地晉川，獲慕容寶丹陽王買得等於平陶城。
In the seventh month of autumn Xu Qian urged him to take the imperial title; the emperor first raised the imperial standard and traveled under guard, and proclaimed a new reign era. On the gengyin day of the eighth month he reviewed the army at the eastern suburb. On the jihai day he launched a great campaign against Murong Bao. At the head of more than four hundred thousand men he marched south from Mayi over Juzhu Pass; his banners filled the road for two thousand li, the drums rolled forward, and houses trembled in his path. He also ordered General Feng Zhen with three columns to strike east, invest Youzhou, and besiege Ji. On the wuwu day of the ninth month he halted at Yangqu, climbed the western hills to look down on Jinyang, sent his generals to wheel cavalry about the city in feint, then withdrew. Murong Nong, Bao's governor of Bingzhou and king of Liaoxi, fled the city by night with his family; Bingzhou was pacified. He founded the central secretariat, appointed the full bureaucracy, enfeoffed nobles and generals and named inspectors and administrators, and staffed the Secretariat and lower offices with literati. [8] As he first opened the Central Plains, the emperor welcomed every scholar who came to his camp, young or old alike, heard them out, and employed any man of even modest talent. On the jiwei day he ordered the Assistant State General Xi Mu into Jinchuan and took Murong Bao's Prince of Danyang Maide and others at Pingtao.
54
冬十月乙酉，車駕出井陘，使冠軍將軍王建、左軍將軍李栗五萬騎先驅啟行。 十有一月庚子朔，帝至真定。 自常山以東，守宰或捐城奔竄，或稽顙軍門，唯中山、鄴、信都三城不下。 別詔征東大將軍東平公儀五萬騎南攻鄴，冠軍將軍王建、左軍將軍李栗等攻信都，軍之所行，不得傷民桑棗。 戊午，進軍中山； 己未，引騎圍之。 帝謂諸將曰：「朕量寶不能出戰，必當憑城自守，偷延日月，急攻則傷士，久守則費糧，不如先平鄴、信都，然後還取中山，於計為便。 若移軍遠去，寶必散眾求食民間，如此，則人心離阻，攻之易克。」 諸將稱善。 丁卯，車駕幸魯口城。
On the yiyou day of the tenth month of winter the court passed Jingxing and sent Wang Jian and Li Li ahead with fifty thousand horse. On the new moon of the eleventh month, the gengzi day, he reached Zhending. East of Changshan, magistrates either fled or came to surrender; only Zhongshan, Ye, and Xindu still held out. He ordered Grand General Yi of Dongping south against Ye with fifty thousand horse, and Wang Jian and Li Li against Xindu, forbidding any harm to mulberry groves along the line of march. On the wuwu day he advanced on Zhongshan. On the jiwei day he invested the city with cavalry. The emperor told his generals, "Bao will not meet us in the field; he will hide behind the walls and wait us out. A hasty assault wastes men, a long siege wastes grain. Better to take Ye and Xindu first, then return for Zhongshan. If we draw off, he will send his troops to forage among the villages, the people will turn against him, and the city will fall the more easily." His officers agreed. On the dingmao day the court moved to Lukou.
55
是歲，司馬昌明死，子德宗僭立，遣使朝貢。 呂光僭稱天王，號大涼，遣使朝貢。
That year Sima Changming died; his son Dezong seized the throne and sent tribute envoys. Lü Guang declared himself Heavenly King of Great Liang and also sent envoys to court.
56
二年春正月己亥朔，大饗羣臣於魯口。 慕容寶遣其左衞將軍慕容騰寇博陵，殺中山太守及高陽諸縣令長，抄掠租運。 是時信都未下，庚申，乃進軍。 壬戌，引騎圍之。 其夜，寶冀州刺史宜都王慕容鳳踰城奔走，歸于中山。 癸亥，寶輔國將軍張驤、護軍將軍徐超率將吏已下舉城降。 寶聞帝幸信都，乃趣博陵之深澤，屯呼沱水，遣弟賀麟寇楊城，殺常山守兵三百餘人。 寶悉出珍寶及宮人招募郡縣，羣盜無賴者多應之。
In the second year, on the new moon of the first month of spring, the jihai day, he held a great feast for his ministers at Lukou. Murong Bao sent Murong Teng to strike Boling, kill the Zhongshan administrator and several Gaoyang magistrates, and seize tax grain. Xindu still held out; on the gengshen day he marched against it. On the renxu day he besieged it with cavalry. That night Murong Feng, Bao's inspector of Jizhou and prince of Yidu, fled over the wall back to Zhongshan. On the guihai day Zhang Nang and Xu Chao, Bao's generals, surrendered the city with all their officers. Learning that the emperor was at Xindu, Bao rushed to Shenze on the Hutuo, sent his brother Helin against Yangcheng, and killed more than three hundred Changshan defenders. Bao emptied his treasury and sent out palace women to raise levies; ruffians and outlaws flocked to him.
57
二月己巳，帝進幸楊城。 丁丑，軍于鉅鹿之栢肆塢，臨呼沱水。 其夜，寶悉眾犯營，燎及行宮，兵人駭散。 帝驚起，不及衣冠，跣出擊鼓。 俄而左右及中軍將士，稍稍來集。 帝設奇陳，列烽營外，縱騎衝之，寶眾大敗，斬首萬餘級，擒其將軍高長等四千餘人。 戊寅，寶走中山，獲其器仗輜重數十萬計。 寶尚書閔亮、秘書監崔逞、太常孫沂、殿中侍御史孟輔等並降。 降者相屬，賜拜職爵各有差。 平原徐超聚眾反於畔城，詔將軍奚辱捕斬之。 并州守將封真率其種族與徒何為逆，將攻刺史元延，延討平之。
On the jisi day of the second month the emperor advanced to Yangcheng. On the dingchou day he encamped at Baixi Mound in Julu, facing the Hutuo. That night Bao attacked with his whole army; fire reached the imperial quarters and the troops broke in panic. The emperor leaped up barefoot, without cap or robe, and beat the alarm drum. Soon his guards and the central army gathered around him. He formed an ambush, lit beacons outside the camp, and charged with cavalry. Bao's army was shattered; more than ten thousand were killed and four thousand taken, including the general Gao Chang. On the wuyin day Bao fled to Zhongshan, leaving arms and baggage in the hundreds of thousands. Min Liang, Cui Huang, Sun Yi, Meng Fu, and other officers of Bao's court surrendered. Surrenders poured in, and each man was rewarded with office and rank. Xu Chao of Pingyuan rose at Pancheng; General Xi Ru was sent to capture and execute him. Feng Zhen of Bingzhou rebelled with his tribe and the Tujie, planning to strike the inspector Yuan Yan, who defeated and pacified them.
58
是時，栢肆之役，遠近流言，賀蘭部帥附力眷、紇突隣部帥匿物尼、紇奚部帥叱奴根聚黨反於陰館，南安公元順率軍討之，不克，死者數千。 詔安遠將軍庾岳總萬騎，還討叱奴根等，滅之。
After Baixi, tribes rose in the north: Fuli Juan of the Helan, Niwuni of the Hetulin, and Chinu Gen of the Hexi rebelled at Yinyang. Prince Yuan Shun of Nan'an attacked them but failed, losing thousands of men. Yu Yue was ordered back with ten thousand horse; he destroyed Chinu Gen and his allies.
59
三月己酉，車駕次于盧奴。 寶遣使求和，請送元觚，割常山以西奉國，乞守中山以東，帝許之。 已而寶背約。 辛亥，車駕次中山，命諸將圍之。 是夜，寶弟賀麟將妻子出走西山。 寶見賀麟走，恐先據和龍，壬子夜，遂將其妻子及兄弟宗族數千騎北遁。 寶將李沈、王次多、張超、賈歸等來降。 遣將軍長孫肥追之，至范陽，不及而還。 城內共立慕容普隣為主。
On the jiyou day of the third month the court halted at Lunu. Bao sued for peace, offering to return Yuan Gu, cede everything west of Changshan, and keep only the country east of Zhongshan; the emperor agreed. Bao soon broke the truce. On the xinhai day he invested Zhongshan. That night Bao's brother Helin fled west into the hills with his family. Fearing Helin would seize Helong first, Bao fled north on the renzi night with his family and several thousand kin. Li Shen, Wang Ciduo, Zhang Chao, Jia Gui, and other of Bao's generals submitted. Zhangsun Fei pursued as far as Fanyang but could not overtake him and turned back. The city set up Murong Pulins as its ruler.
60
夏四月，帝以軍糧未繼，乃詔征東大將軍東平公元儀罷鄴圍，徙屯鉅鹿，積租楊城。 普隣出步卒六千餘人，伺間犯諸屯兵，詔將軍長孫肥等輕騎挑之，帝以虎隊五千橫截其後，斬首五千，生虜七百人，宥而遣之。
In the fourth month of summer, with supplies still short, he ordered Prince Yuan Yi of Dongping to raise the siege of Ye, move to Julu, and gather grain at Yangcheng. Pulins sent out more than six thousand foot to harass the camps. Zhangsun Fei provoked them with light horse; the emperor's Tiger Guard of five thousand cut off their retreat, killed five thousand, took seven hundred alive, and let them go.
61
夏五月庚子，大賞功臣。 帝以中山城內為普隣所脅，而大軍迫之，欲降無路，及密招喻之。 甲辰，曜兵揚威以示城內，命諸軍罷圍南徙以待其變。 甲寅，以東平公元儀為驃騎大將軍、都督中外諸軍事、兗豫雍荊徐揚六州牧、左丞相，封衞王。 襄城公元題，進封為王。
On the gengzi day of the fifth month of summer he rewarded his great ministers. Knowing the people of Zhongshan were held hostage by Pulins yet longed to yield, he sent secret appeals to them. On the jiachen day he paraded his host before the walls, then drew the armies south to wait for the city to turn. On the jiayin day he made Prince Yuan Yi of Dongping Grand General of Agile Cavalry, supreme commander, governor of six provinces, left chancellor, and prince of Wei. Yuan Ti of Xiangcheng was raised to princely rank.
62
秋七月，普隣遣烏丸張驤率五千餘人出城求食，寇常山之靈壽，殺害吏民。 賀麟自丁零中入于驤軍，因其眾，復入中山，殺普隣而自立。 帝還幸魯口，遣將軍長孫肥一千騎襲中山，入其郛而還。
In the seventh month of autumn Pulins sent the Wuhuan Zhang Nang with more than five thousand men out to forage; they ravaged Lingshou in Changshan and killed officials and civilians. Helin joined Zhang Nang from the Dingling tribes, re-entered Zhongshan, killed Pulins, and declared himself ruler. The emperor returned to Lukou and sent Zhangsun Fei with a thousand horse to strike Zhongshan, enter the outer wall, and withdraw.
63
八月丙寅朔，帝自魯口進軍常山之九門。 時大疫，人馬牛多死。 帝問疫於諸將，對曰：「在者纔十四五。」 是時中山猶拒守，而饑疫並臻，羣下咸思還北。 帝知其意，因謂之曰：「斯固天命，將若之何！ 四海之人，皆可與為國，在吾所以撫之耳，何恤乎無民！」 羣臣乃不敢復言。 遣撫軍大將軍略陽公元遵襲中山，芟其禾䒩，入郛而還。
On the new moon of the eighth month, the bingyin day, he marched from Lukou to Jiumen in Changshan. A great pestilence swept the army; men, horses, and cattle died in masses. He asked his officers how many still stood fit for duty; they said barely one man in seven remained. Zhongshan still held out, famine and plague together afflicted the host, and every officer wished to march north. Reading their minds, he said, "This is Heaven's will — what is there to do? All under heaven may be made into a realm; it is for me to win them — why fear an empty land!" No one dared speak of retreat again. He sent Prince Yuan Zun of Lueyang to cut Zhongshan's crops, enter the outer wall, and return.
64
九月，賀麟飢窮，率三萬餘人出寇新巿。 甲子晦，帝進軍討之，太史令晁崇奏曰：「不吉。」 帝曰：「其義云何？」 對曰：「昔紂以甲子亡，兵家忌之。」 帝曰：「紂以甲子亡，周武不以甲子勝乎？」 崇無以對。
In the ninth month Helin, starving, led more than thirty thousand men against Xinshi. On the last day of the month, the jiazi day, he marched to meet them; the Grand Astrologer Chao Chong warned that the day was ill-omened. The emperor asked what he meant. Chong said, "King Zhou of Shang fell on a jiazi day; soldiers have long feared that date." The emperor said, "Zhou fell on jiazi — did King Wu of Zhou not win on jiazi?" Chong had no answer.
65
冬十月丙寅，帝進軍新巿，賀麟退阻泒水，依漸洳澤以自固。 甲戌，帝臨其營，戰於義臺塢，大破之，斬首九千餘級。 賀麟單馬走西山，遂奔鄴，慕容德殺之。 甲申，其所署公卿、尚書、將吏、士卒降者二萬餘人。 其將張驤、李沈、慕容文等先來降，尋皆亡還，是日復獲之，皆赦而不問。 獲其所傳皇帝璽綬、圖書、府庫、珍寶，簿列數萬。 班賜功臣及將士各有差。 中山平。 乙酉，襄城王題薨。 丁亥，遣三萬騎赴衞王儀，將以攻鄴。
On the bingyin day of the tenth month of winter he advanced on Xinshi. Helin fell back to the Fushui and entrenched in the Jianru marshes. On the jiaxu day he assaulted their camp at Yitai Mound, killed more than nine thousand, and won a crushing victory. Helin fled alone into the western hills, then to Ye, where Murong De killed him. On the jiashen day more than twenty thousand of his appointed officials, generals, and soldiers surrendered. Zhang Nang, Li Shen, Murong Wen, and others who had surrendered and fled were taken again that day and pardoned without punishment. He seized the imperial seal and cord, the archives, the treasury, and treasure beyond counting. He rewarded ministers and soldiers according to merit. Zhongshan was pacified. On the yiyou day Prince Yuan Ti of Xiangcheng died. On the dinghai day he sent thirty thousand horse to Prince Yi of Wei for the assault on Ye.
66
是歲，鮮卑禿髮烏孤私署大單于、西平王。
That year the Xianbei leader Tufa Wugu took the titles Great Chanyu and Prince of Xiping.
67
天興元年春正月，慕容德走保滑臺，儀克鄴，收其倉庫。 詔賞將士各有差。 儀追德至於河，不及而還。 庚子，車駕自中山行幸常山之真定，次趙郡之高邑，遂幸于鄴。 民有老不能自存者，詔郡縣賑恤之。 帝至鄴，巡登臺榭，遍覽宮城，將有定都之意。 乃置行臺，以龍驤將軍日南公和跋為尚書，與左丞賈彝率郎吏及兵五千人鎮鄴。 車駕自鄴還中山，所過存問百姓。 詔大軍所經州郡，復貲租一年，除山東民租賦之半。 東駕將北還，發卒萬人治直道，自望都鐵關鑿恒嶺至代五百餘里。 帝慮還後山東有變，乃置行臺於中山，詔左丞相、守尚書令、衞王儀鎮中山，撫軍大將軍、略陽公元遵鎮勃海之合口。 右軍將軍尹國先督租于冀州，聞帝將還，謀反，欲襲信都，安南將軍長孫嵩執送，斬之。 辛酉，車駕發自中山，至于望都堯山。 徙山東六州民吏及徒何、高麗雜夷三十六萬，百工伎巧十萬餘口，以充京師。 [9]車駕次于恒山之陽。 博陵、勃海、章武羣盜並起，略陽公元遵等討平之。 廣川太守賀盧殺冀州刺史王輔，驅勒守兵，抄掠陽平、頓丘諸郡，遂南渡河，奔慕容德。
In the first year of Tianxing, in the first month of spring, Murong De withdrew to Huatai; Yi took Ye and its granaries. He ordered rewards for the officers and men. Yi pursued De to the river but could not overtake him and turned back. On the gengzi day the court went from Zhongshan to Zhending in Changshan, halted at Gaoyi in Zhao, and then entered Ye. He ordered the commanderies to succor the aged who could not support themselves. At Ye he climbed the terraces, surveyed the palace, and considered making it his capital. He set up a traveling secretariat, named Prince He Ba of Rinan director, and left Jia Yi with five thousand clerks and troops to hold Ye. Returning from Ye to Zhongshan, he inquired after the people along the route. He remitted one year's taxes in every district the army had crossed and halved the levies east of the mountains. Preparing to march north, he set ten thousand men to cut a straight road from Wangdu through Heng Ridge to Dai, more than five hundred li. Fearing trouble in the east after his departure, he left a traveling secretariat at Zhongshan under Prince Yi of Wei and stationed Prince Yuan Zun of Lueyang at He Pass in Bohai. Yin Guo, who had been collecting rent in Jizhou, plotted rebellion when he heard the emperor was leaving; Zhangsun Song seized and executed him. On the xinyou day the court left Zhongshan for Yaoshan in Wangdu. He moved three hundred and sixty thousand families from the six eastern provinces, together with Tujie, Koguryo, and other tribes, and more than a hundred thousand artisans, to fill the capital. [9] The court halted south of Heng Mountain. Bandits rose in Boling, Bohai, and Zhangwu; Yuan Zun and others suppressed them. He Lu, administrator of Guangchuan, killed the inspector Wang Fu, pressed the garrisons into revolt, raided Yangping and Dunqiu, crossed the river south, and fled to Murong De.
68
二月，車駕自中山幸繁畤宮，更選屯衞。 詔給內徙新民耕牛，計口受田。
In the second month the court went from Zhongshan to Fanchi Palace and reorganized the palace guard. He ordered plow oxen given to the newly resettled colonists and land allotted by household.
69
三月，離石胡帥呼延鐵、西河胡帥張崇等聚黨數千人叛，詔安遠將軍庾岳討平之。 漁陽羣盜庫傉官韜聚眾反。 詔中堅將軍伊謂討之。 徵左丞相、衞王儀還京師，詔略陽公遵代鎮中山。
In the third month Huyan Tie of Lishi and Zhang Chong of Xihe rebelled with thousands of followers; Yu Yue was sent to crush them. Kuluguan Tao of Yuyang raised a bandit host. He ordered the Central Firm General Yi Wei to suppress them. Prince Yi of Wei was recalled to the capital, and Duke Zun of Lueyang was left to hold Zhongshan.
70
夏四月壬戌，進遵封常山王，南安公元順進封毗陵王，征虜將軍歷陽公穆崇為太尉，安南將軍鉅鹿公長孫嵩為司徒。 帝祠天於西郊，麾幟有加焉。 廣平太守、遼西公元意烈謀反，於郡賜死，原其妻子。 鄜城屠各董羌、杏城盧水郝奴、河東蜀薛榆、氐帥符興，各率其種內附。
On the renxu day of the fourth month of summer Zun was made prince of Changshan, Shun prince of Piling, Mu Chong grand marshal, and Zhangsun Song minister of works. He sacrificed to Heaven at the western suburb with banners raised in greater splendor. Yuan Yilie of Liaoxi, administrator of Guangping, plotted treason and was ordered to take his own life in the commandery; his wife and children were spared. Dong Qiang of Fucheng, Hao Nu of Xingcheng, Xue Yu of the Shu in Hedong, and the Di chief Fu Xing each brought their tribes in submission.
71
六月丙子，詔有司議定國號。 羣臣曰：「昔周秦以前，世居所生之土，有國有家，及王天下，即承為號。 自漢以來，罷侯置守，時無世繼，其應運而起者，皆不由尺土之資。 今國家萬世相承，啟基雲代。 臣等以為若取長遠，應以代為號。」 詔曰：「昔朕遠祖，總御幽都，控制遐國，雖踐王位，未定九州。 逮于朕躬，處百代之季，天下分裂，諸華乏主。 [10]民俗雖殊，撫之在德，故躬率六軍，掃平中土，凶逆蕩除，遐邇率服。 宜仍先號，以為魏焉。 布告天下，咸知朕意。」
On the bingzi day of the sixth month he ordered the ministries to choose a dynastic name. The ministers said, "Before Zhou and Qin, rulers took their title from the land where they were born. When they came to rule the world, they kept that name. Since Han, hereditary fiefs gave way to appointed governors, and men who seized the mandate did not owe their rise to ancestral estates alone. Our house is to endure for ten thousand generations, with its foundation in the land of Yun. We therefore urge that, for the long term, the dynasty be called Dai." The emperor replied, "Long ago our remote ancestor ruled Youdu and held sway over distant realms. Though he bore the royal title, he had not yet united the Nine Provinces. In my own time, at the end of an age of division, the Chinese lands had no true lord. [10] Customs may differ, but they are won by virtue. I have therefore led the six armies myself, swept the central plains clean of rebels, and brought the far and near to submission. It is right to keep our former name and call the state Wei. Let this be proclaimed to all under heaven."
72
秋七月，遷都平城，始營宮室，建宗廟，立社稷。 漁陽烏丸庫傉官韜復聚黨為寇。 詔冠軍將軍王建討平之。
In the seventh month of autumn he moved the capital to Pingcheng, began the palace, founded the ancestral temple, and set up the altars of soil and grain. Kuluguan Tao of the Yuyang Wuhuan rebelled again. Wang Jian was sent to crush him.
73
八月，詔有司正封畿，制郊甸，端徑術，標道里，平五權，較五量，定五度。 遣使循行郡國，舉奏守宰不法者，親覽察黜陟之。
In the eighth month he ordered the ministries to survey the capital domain, regulate the suburbs, standardize roads and measures, and fix weights, volumes, and units. Envoys were sent through the commanderies to report corrupt magistrates, and he personally reviewed their promotions and dismissals.
74
九月，烏丸張驤子超，收合亡命，聚黨三千餘家，據勃海之南皮，自號征東大將軍、烏丸王，抄掠諸郡。 詔將軍庾岳討之。
In the ninth month Zhang Chao, son of the Wuhuan Zhang Nang, gathered three thousand rebel households at Nanpi in Bohai, styled himself king of the Wuhuan and eastern campaign general, and raided the commanderies. Yu Yue was ordered against him.
75
冬十月，起天文殿。
In the tenth month of winter work began on the Astronomy Hall.
76
十有一月辛亥，詔尚書吏部郎中鄧淵典官制，立爵品，定律呂，協音樂； 儀曹郎中董謐撰郊廟、社稷、朝覲、饗宴之儀； 三公郎中王德定律令，申科禁； 太史令晁崇造渾儀，考天象； 吏部尚書崔玄伯總而裁之。
On the xinhai day of the eleventh month he put Deng Yuan in charge of offices, ranks, pitch pipes, and music. Dong Mi of the rituals section drafted the rites of the suburban sacrifices, the altars, court audiences, and banquets. Wang De of the three excellencies section codified laws and penalties. Chao Chong the grand astrologer built an armillary sphere and studied the heavens. Cui Xuanbo of the personnel directorate supervised them all.
77
閏月，左丞相、驃騎大將軍、衞王儀及諸王公卿士，詣闕上書曰：「臣等聞宸極居中，則列宿齊其晷； 帝王順天，則羣后仰其度。 伏惟陛下德協二儀，道隆三五，仁風被於四海，盛化塞于大區，澤及昆蟲，恩霑行葦，謳歌所屬，八表歸心，軍威所及，如風靡草，萬姓顒顒，咸思係命。 而躬履謙虛，退身後己，宸儀未彰，袞服未御，非所以上允皇天之意，下副樂推之心。 宜光崇聖烈，示軌憲於萬世。 臣等謹昧死以聞。」 帝三讓乃許之。
In the intercalary month Prince Yi of Wei and the nobles and ministers came to court with a memorial: "When the pole stands at the center, the stars wheel in their courses. When the Son of Heaven follows Heaven, all below look up to his measure. Your virtue matches heaven and earth, your Way rivals the sage kings of old, your grace reaches even the insects and the grass at the roadside, and the eight directions turn to you as the grasses bend before the wind. All the people long to place their lives in your hands. Yet you still hold back, refusing the imperial regalia. This neither fulfills Heaven's intent nor the people's wish to raise you up. You should glorify the sacred enterprise and show the model to ten thousand generations. We beg you, at the risk of our lives, to accept." The emperor declined three times, then consented.
78
十有二月己丑，帝臨天文殿，太尉、司徒進璽綬，百官咸稱萬歲。 大赦，改年。 追尊成帝已下及后號諡。 樂用皇始之舞。 詔百司議定行次，尚書崔玄伯等奏從土德，服色尚黃，數用五，未祖辰臘，犧牲用白，五郊立氣，宣贊時令，敬授民時，行夏之正。 徙六州二十二郡守宰、豪傑、吏民二千家于代都。
On the jichou day of the twelfth month he took his seat in the Astronomy Hall; the grand marshal and minister of works presented the seal and cord, and the court shouted ten thousand years. He proclaimed a general amnesty and a new reign title. He posthumously honored Emperor Cheng and his predecessors, and gave posthumous titles to the empresses. The court adopted the Huangshi dance for state ceremonies. He ordered the ministries to fix the dynastic element; Cui Xuanbo urged the earth phase, yellow vestments, the number five, white victims, and the Xia calendar. Two thousand leading families from six provinces and twenty-two commanderies were moved to the capital.
79
是歲，蘭汗殺慕容寶而自立，寶子盛殺汗僭立。 慕容德自稱燕王。
That year Lan Han murdered Murong Bao and seized the throne; Bao's son Sheng killed Lan Han and declared himself ruler. Murong De declared himself King of Yan.
80
二年春正月甲子，初祠上帝于南郊，以始祖神元皇帝配，降壇視燎，成禮而反。 乙丑，曲赦京師。 始制三駕之法。 庚午，車駕北巡，分命諸將大襲高車，大將軍、常山王遵等三軍從東道出長川，鎮北將軍高涼王樂真等七軍從西道出牛川，車駕親勒六軍從中道自駮髯水西北。
In the second year, on the jiazi day of the first month of spring, he first sacrificed to Heaven at the southern suburb with the Divine Yuan Emperor as associate, watched the burning of the offerings, and returned when the rite was done. On the yichou day he granted a partial amnesty in the capital. He instituted the protocol of the three imperial carriages. On the gengwu day he toured the north and sent his generals against the Gaoche. Prince Zun of Changshan marched east from Changchuan, Prince Yue Zhen of Gaoliang west from Niuchuan, and the emperor led the central column northwest from Bochan Water.
81
二月丁亥朔，諸軍同會，破高車雜種三十餘部，獲七萬餘口，馬三十餘萬匹，牛羊百四十餘萬。 驃騎大將軍、衞王儀督三萬騎別從西北絕漠千餘里，破其遺迸七部，獲二萬餘口，馬五萬餘匹，牛羊二十餘萬頭，高車二十餘萬乘，并服玩諸物。 還次牛川及薄山，並刻石記功，班賜從臣各有差。 庚戌，征虜將軍庾岳破張超於勃海。 超走平原，為其黨所殺。 以所獲高車眾起鹿苑，南因臺陰，北距長城，東包白登，屬之西山，廣輪數十里，鑿渠引武川水注之苑中，疏為三溝，分流宮城內外。 又穿鴻雁池。
On the new moon of the second month, the dinghai day, the columns united and broke more than thirty Gaoche tribes, taking seventy thousand people, three hundred thousand horses, and 1.4 million head of cattle and sheep. Prince Yi of Wei with thirty thousand horse crossed the desert northwest more than a thousand li, shattered seven remnant bands, and took twenty thousand people, fifty thousand horses, two hundred thousand cattle and sheep, two hundred thousand Gaoche wagons, and countless goods. The armies halted at Niuchuan and Bo Mountain, carved stones to record their deeds, and rewarded the officers by rank. On the gengxu day Yu Yue defeated Zhang Chao in Bohai. Chao fled to Pingyuan and was killed by his own followers. With the Gaoche captives he built a deer park south of the terrace, north to the Long Wall, east to Baideng, and west to the western hills, several tens of li around, and dug canals from the Wuchuan to feed three channels through and around the palace. He also dug the Wild Goose Pool.
82
三月己未，車駕至自北伐。 甲子，初令五經羣書各置博士，增國子太學生員三千人。 是月，氐人李辯叛慕容德，求援於鄴行臺尚書和跋，跋輕騎往應之，克滑臺，收德宮人府藏； 又破德桂林王鎮及郎吏將士千餘人。 丙子，遣建義將軍庾真、越騎校尉奚斤討厙狄部帥葉亦干、宥連部帥竇羽泥於太渾川，破之，厙狄懃支子沓亦干率其部落內附。 真等進破侯莫陳部，獲馬牛羊十餘萬頭，追殄遺迸，入大峨谷。 中山太守仇儒亡匿趙郡，推羣盜趙准為主，號使持節、征西大將軍、冀青二州牧、鉅鹿公，仇儒為准長史，聚黨扇惑。 詔中領軍長孫肥討平之。
On the jiwei day of the third month the court returned from the northern campaign. On the jiazi day he appointed erudites for the Five Classics, enlarged the National University by three thousand students. That month the Di leader Li Bian rebelled against Murong De and called on He Ba at Ye; Ba rode to Huatai, took the city, and seized De's palace women and treasury. He also defeated the garrison of De's Guilin king and more than a thousand officers and men. On the bingzi day he sent Yu Zhen and Xi Jin against Ye Yigan of the Kudi and Dou Yuni of the Youlian at Taihun River; after defeating them, Tayeigan son of Kudi Qinzhi submitted with his tribe. Yu Zhen pressed on, broke the Houmochen, took more than a hundred thousand livestock, pursued the fugitives into Da'e Valley. Qiu Ru, administrator of Zhongshan, hid in Zhao, set up the bandit Zhao Zhun as leader with forged titles, and stirred rebellion. Zhangsun Fei was sent to crush them.
83
夏四月，前清河太守傅世聚黨千餘家，自號撫軍將軍。 五月癸亥，征虜將軍庾岳討破之。
In the fourth month of summer the former Qinghe administrator Fu Shi raised more than a thousand households and styled himself pacifying army general. On the guihai day of the fifth month Yu Yue defeated him.
84
秋七月，起天華殿。 辛酉，大閱于鹿苑，饗賜各有差。 陳郡、河南流民萬餘口內徙，遣使者存勞之。 姚興遣眾圍洛陽，司馬德宗將辛恭靖請救。 八月，遣太尉穆崇率騎六千往赴之。 增啟京師十二門。 作西武庫。 除州郡民租賦之半。 辛亥，詔禮官備撰眾儀，著于新令。 范陽人盧溥，聚眾海濱，稱使持節、征北大將軍、幽州刺史，攻掠郡縣，殺幽州刺史封沓干。 慕容盛遼西太守李朗，舉郡內屬。 西河胡帥護諾于、丁零帥翟同、蜀帥韓礱，並相率內附。
In the seventh month of autumn work began on the Tianhua Hall. On the xinyou day he held a great review in the deer park and feasted his officers. More than ten thousand refugees from Chen and Henan were resettled inland, and envoys were sent to comfort them. Yao Xing besieged Luoyang; Xin Gongjing of the Jin court begged for aid. In the eighth month Mu Chong was sent with six thousand horse to relieve the city. The twelve gates of the capital were enlarged and opened. The western armory was built. Rent and levies were halved throughout the commanderies. On the xinhai day he ordered the ritual officers to codify the state ceremonies in the new statutes. Lu Pu of Fanyang gathered a host on the coast, took forged titles as northern campaign general and inspector of Youzhou, raided the districts, and killed the inspector Feng Tagan. Li Lang, Murong Sheng's administrator of Liaoxi, brought his commandery in submission. Hunuoyu of Xihe, Zhai Tong of the Dingling, and Han Long of the Shu each submitted with their tribes.
85
冬十月，太廟成，遷神元、平文、昭成、獻明皇帝神主于太廟。 十有二月甲午，慕容盛征虜將軍、燕郡太守高湖，率戶三千內屬。 辛亥，詔材官將軍和突討盧溥。 天華殿成。
In the tenth month of winter the Grand Temple was completed and the tablets of the Divine Yuan, Pingwen, Zhaocheng, and Xianming emperors were installed. On the jiawu day of the twelfth month Gao Hu, Sheng's general and administrator of Yan, submitted with three thousand households. On the xinhai day He Tu was ordered against Lu Pu. The Tianhua Hall was completed.
86
是歲，呂光立其子紹為天王，自稱太上皇。 光死，庶子纂殺紹僭立。 [11]禿髮烏孤死，弟鹿孤代立，遣使朝貢。
That year Lü Guang made his son Shao heavenly king and took the title of supreme emperor himself. When Guang died, his bastard son Zuan murdered Shao and seized the throne. [11] Tufa Wugu died; his brother Lugu succeeded him and sent envoys to court.
87
三年春正月戊午，和突破盧溥於遼西，生獲溥及其子煥，傳送京師，轘之。 癸亥，有事於北郊。 分命諸官循行州郡，觀民風俗，察舉不法。 賜羣臣布帛各有差。 二月丁亥，詔有司祀日于東郊。 始耕籍田。 壬寅，皇子聰薨。 三月戊午，立皇后慕容氏。 是月，穿城南渠通於城內，作東西魚池。
In the third year, on the wuwu day of the first month of spring, He Tu defeated Lu Pu in Liaoxi, took him and his son Huan alive, and had them torn apart at the capital. On the guihai day he sacrificed at the northern suburb. He sent officials through the provinces to observe customs and report misconduct. He gave cloth and silk to his ministers according to rank. On the dinghai day of the second month he ordered sacrifice to the sun at the eastern suburb. He performed the first plowing of the sacred field. On the renyin day the prince Cong died. On the wuwu day of the third month he made Lady Murong empress. That month he dug a canal from the south into the city and made fish ponds east and west.
88
夏四月，姚興遣使朝貢。 五月戊辰，詔謁者僕射張濟使於姚興。 己巳，車駕東巡，遂幸涿鹿，遣使者以太牢祠帝堯、帝舜廟。 西幸馬邑，觀灅源。
In the fourth month of summer Yao Xing sent envoys to court. On the wuchen day of the fifth month Zhang Ji was sent as envoy to Yao Xing. On the jisi day he toured east to Zhuolu and sent envoys with great victims to sacrifice at the shrines of Yao and Shun. He went west to Mayi to view the Lei springs.
89
秋七月壬子，車駕還宮。 起中天殿及雲母堂、金華室。
On the renzi day of the seventh month of autumn he returned to the palace. Work began on the Central Heaven Hall, the Mica Hall, and the Jinhua Chamber.
90
十有一月，高車別帥敕力犍，率九百餘落內屬。
In the eleventh month Chilejian, a Gaoche sub-chief, submitted with more than nine hundred camps.
91
十有二月乙未，詔曰：「世俗謂漢高起於布衣而有天下，此未達其故也。 夫劉承堯統，曠世繼德，有蛇龍之徵，致雲彩之應，五緯上聚，天人俱協，明革命之主，大運所鍾，不可以非望求也。 然狂狡之徒，所以顛蹶而不已者，誠惑於逐鹿之說，而迷於天命也。 故有踵覆車之軌，蹈釁逆之蹤，毒甚者傾州郡，害微者敗邑里，至乃身死名頹，殃及九族，從亂隨流，死而不悔，豈不痛哉！ 春秋之義，大一統之美，吳楚僭號，久加誅絕，君子賤其偽名，比之塵垢。 自非繼聖載德，天人合會，帝王之業，夫豈虛應。 歷觀古今，不義而求非望者，徒喪其保家之道，而伏刀鋸之誅。 有國有家者，誠能推廢興之有期，審天命之不易，察徵應之潛授，杜競逐之邪言，絕姦雄之僭肆，思多福於止足，則幾於神智矣。 如此，則可以保榮祿於天年，流餘慶於後世。 夫然，故禍悖無緣而生，兵甲何因而起？ 凡厥來世，勗哉戒之，可不慎歟！」
On the yiwei day of the twelfth month an edict declared: "Common talk holds that Han Gaozu rose from the ranks and won the empire. That misses the point entirely. The house of Liu inherited the mandate of Yao. Heaven showed signs in serpent and dragon, clouds and the five planets aligned, and the age itself called for a new ruler. Such a throne is not won by naked ambition. Yet rebels still fall because they believe the old tale that the empire is a deer for anyone to chase, and forget that the mandate belongs to Heaven alone. They follow the road of ruined kings, spread rebellion through town and province, destroy themselves and their kin to the ninth degree, and die unrepentant in the flood of disorder. What folly, and what pain! The Spring and Autumn Annals praise unity and condemn usurpation. Wu and Chu took false titles and were destroyed; wise men held their names in contempt, no better than filth. Unless a man unites heaven and man, succeeds the sages, and bears true virtue, how can imperial rule be anything but an empty pretense? History shows that every traitor who reached for the throne lost his house and died by the blade. Let every lord weigh the cycle of rise and fall, know that the mandate is not easily held, read the signs Heaven sends, reject the lure of rebellion, and find sufficiency in his station — then he nears wisdom. So may he keep honor through his years and leave blessing to his descendants. Then rebellion finds no foothold, and arms need never be raised. Let all future ages take warning. Can any man be careless?"
92
時太史屢奏天文錯亂，帝親覽經占，多云改王易政，故數革官號，一欲防塞凶狡，二欲消災應變。 已而慮羣下疑惑，心謗腹非，丙申復詔曰：「上古之治，尚德下名，有任而無爵，易治而事序，故邪謀息而不起，姦慝絕而不作。 周姬之末，下凌上替，以號自定，以位制祿，卿世其官，大夫遂事，陽德不暢，議發家陪，故釁由此起，兵由此作。 秦漢之弊，捨德崇侈，能否混雜，賢愚相亂，庶官失序，任非其人。 於是忠義之道寢，廉耻之節廢，退讓之風絕，毀譽之議興，莫不由乎貴尚名位，而禍敗及之矣。 古置三公，職大憂重，故曰『待罪宰相』，將委任責成，非虛寵祿也。 而今世俗，僉以台輔為榮貴，企慕而求之。 夫此職司，在人主之所任耳，用之則重，捨之則輕。 然則官無常名，而任有定分，是則所貴者至矣，何取於鼎司之虛稱也。 夫桀紂之南面，雖高而可薄； 姬旦之為下，雖卑而可尊。 一官可以効智，蓽門可以垂範。 苟以道德為實，賢於覆餗蔀家矣。 故量己者，令終而義全； 昧利者，身陷而名滅。 利之與名，毀譽之疵競； 道之與德，神識之家寶。 是故道義，治之本； 名爵，治之末。 名不本於道，不可以為宜； 爵無補於時，不可以為用。 用而不禁，為病深矣。 能通其變，不失其正者，其惟聖人乎？ 來者誠思成敗之理，察治亂之由，鑒殷周之失，革秦漢之弊，則幾於治矣。」
The grand astrologer reported disorder in the heavens; the emperor studied the prognostic texts himself, which spoke of change of dynasty. He therefore altered offices again and again, both to thwart traitors and to answer heaven's warnings. Fearing murmurs among his officers, on the bingshen day he issued another edict: "In high antiquity rulers valued virtue over titles. Offices were duties, not prizes. Evil plots died for want of reward, and treachery found no opening. At the fall of Zhou the lower orders overturned their betters, made rank hereditary, and bought office with wealth. Yang virtue failed, families contended for power, and from that came rebellion and war. Qin and Han abandoned virtue for display, mixed the able with the worthless, and put the wrong men in office. Loyalty withered, shame died, modesty vanished, and slander flourished — all because men prized empty titles, and ruin followed. The Three Excellencies of old bore heavy trust and were called ministers 'awaiting punishment,' not men given empty honor. Today men crane their necks after the highest offices as if they were glory itself. These posts exist only at the sovereign's pleasure; in use they weigh, in disuse they are light. Office has no fixed glory; duty has a fixed measure. Honor lies in the work, not in the name of chief minister. Jie and Zhou sat facing south, yet their height deserved contempt. The Duke of Zhou stood low, yet his humility deserved honor. Wisdom may shine in the lowest post; a wicker gate may leave a model to the age. He who has virtue as his substance is greater than a king in a ruined house. He who knows his measure dies whole in name and deed. He who grasps at profit loses body and name together. Profit and fame breed slander and praise. The Way and virtue are the treasure of the wise. The Way and righteousness are the root of rule. Titles and ranks are only its branches. A title without the Way is unfit. A rank that serves no need is useless. To use such men without restraint is a grave sickness. Only the sage can change with the times and yet keep to what is right. Let later ages study success and failure, trace order and chaos to its source, learn from Yin, Zhou, Qin, and Han, and they will be near to good government."
93
是歲，乞伏乾歸為姚興所破，李暠私署涼州牧、涼公。
That year Qifu Gangui was defeated by Yao Xing; Li Gao declared himself inspector of Liangzhou and duke of Liang.
94
四年春正月，高車別帥率其部三千餘落內附。 二月丁亥，命樂師入學習舞，釋菜于先聖、先師。 丁酉，分命使者循行州郡，聽察辭訟，糾劾不法。 三月，帝親漁，薦于寢廟。
In the fourth year, in the first month of spring, a Gaoche sub-chief submitted with more than three thousand camps. On the dinghai day of the second month he ordered the music masters trained and performed the vegetable offering before the sage and teacher. On the dingyou day he sent envoys through the provinces to hear lawsuits and impeach wrongdoers. In the third month the emperor fished and offered at the sleeping temple.
95
夏四月辛卯，罷鄴行臺。 詔有司明揚隱逸。 五月，起紫極殿、玄武樓、涼風觀、石池、鹿苑臺。
On the xinmao day of the fourth month of summer he abolished the traveling secretariat at Ye. He ordered the ministries to seek out hidden worthies. In the fifth month he began the Purple Pole Hall, Black Tortoise Tower, Cool Wind Pavilion, Stone Pool, and Deer Park Terrace.
96
秋七月，詔鎮遠將軍、兗州刺史長孫肥步騎二萬南徇許昌、彭城。 詔賜天下鎮戍將士布帛各有差。
In the seventh month of autumn he sent Zhangsun Fei with twenty thousand men south against Xuchang and Pengcheng. He gave cloth and silk to the garrison troops according to rank.
97
冬十二月辛亥，詔征西大將軍、常山王遵等率眾五萬討破多蘭部帥木易于，材官將軍和突率騎六千襲黜弗、素古延等諸部。 集博士儒生，比眾經文字，義類相從，凡四萬餘字，號曰眾文經。
On the xinhai day of the twelfth month of winter Zun with fifty thousand men defeated Muyigan of the Duolan, while He Tu with six thousand horse raided the Chufu and Suguyan tribes. He gathered scholars, standardized the script across the classics, and compiled more than forty thousand characters into the Collected Culture Classic.
98
是歲，慕容盛死，寶弟熙僭立。 呂光弟子隆殺纂自立。 盧水胡沮渠蒙遜私署涼州牧、張掖公。 蒙遜及李暠並遣使朝貢。
That year Murong Sheng died and Bao's brother Xi seized the throne. Long, nephew of Lü Guang, killed Zuan and made himself ruler. Juqu Mengxun of the Lushui Hu declared himself inspector of Liangzhou and duke of Zhangye. Mengxun and Li Gao both sent envoys to court.
99
五年春正月丁丑，慕容熙遣將寇遼西，虎威將軍宿沓干等拒戰不利，棄令支而還。 帝聞姚興將寇邊，庚寅，大簡輿徒，詔并州諸軍積穀于平陽之乾壁。 戊子，材官將軍和突破黜弗、素古延等諸部，獲馬三千餘匹，牛羊七萬餘頭。 辛卯，蠕蠕社崙遣騎救素古延等，和突逆擊破之于山南河曲，獲鎧馬二千餘匹。 班師。 賞賜將士各有差。
In the fifth year, on the dingchou day of the first month of spring, Murong Xi raided Liaoxi; Su Tagan was beaten and withdrew from Lingzhi. Learning that Yao Xing meant to attack the frontier, on the gengyin day he reviewed the army and ordered grain stored at Ganbi in Pingyang. On the wuzi day He Tu defeated the Chufu and Suguyan and took three thousand horses and seventy thousand head of livestock. On the xinmao day Shelun of the Rouran sent horse to rescue Suguyan; He Tu met and broke them at the river bend south of the mountains and took two thousand armored horses. The army withdrew. The officers and men were rewarded.
100
二月癸丑，征西大將軍、常山王遵等至安定之高平，木易于率數千騎與衞辰、屈丐棄國遁走，追至隴西瓦亭，不及而還。 獲其輜重庫藏，馬四萬餘匹，駱駝、氂牛三千餘頭，牛、羊九萬餘口。 班賜將士各有差。 徙其民於京師。 沙門張翹自號無上王，與丁零鮮于次保聚黨常山之行唐。 夏四月，太守樓伏連討斬之。
On the guichou day of the second month Zun reached Gaoping in Anding. Muyigan fled west with several thousand horse, Weichen, and Qu Fu; pursuit reached Wating in Longxi but failed to overtake them. They seized baggage and stores, forty thousand horses, three thousand camels and yaks, and ninety thousand cattle and sheep. The troops were rewarded by merit. Their people were moved to the capital. The monk Zhang Qiao styled himself Unsurpassed King and with Cibao of the Dingling raised a host at Xingtang in Changshan. In the fourth month of summer Administrator Lou Fulian attacked and killed him.
101
五月，姚興遣其弟安北將軍、義陽公平率眾四萬來侵，平陽乾壁為平所陷。 六月，治兵于東郊，部分眾軍，詔鎮西大將軍毗陵王順、長孫肥等三將六萬騎為前鋒。
In the fifth month Yao Xing sent his brother Ping with forty thousand men; Ping took Ganbi at Pingyang. In the sixth month he reviewed the army at the eastern suburb and named Prince Shun of Piling, Zhangsun Fei, and two other generals to lead sixty thousand horse as vanguard.
102
秋七月戊辰朔，車駕西討。 八月乙巳，至於柴壁，平固守，進軍圍之，姚興悉舉其眾來救。 甲子，帝渡蒙坑，逆擊興軍，大破之。
On the new moon of the seventh month of autumn, the wuchen day, the court marched west. On the yisi day of the eighth month he reached Chaibi, invested Ping's stronghold, and Yao Xing came with his whole army. On the jiazi day he crossed Meng Ravine, met Xing's army, and won a crushing victory.
103
冬十月，平赴水而死，俘其餘眾三萬餘人。 語在興傳。 獲興征虜將軍、尚書右僕射狄伯支，越騎校尉唐小方，積弩將軍姚梁國，建忠將軍雷星、康官，[12]北中郎將康猥，平從弟伯禽已下、四品將軍已上四十餘人。 獲先亡臣王次多、靳懃，並斬以徇。 興頻使請和，帝不許。 羣臣勸進平蒲坂，帝慮蠕蠕為難，戊申，班師。 十有一月，車駕次晉陽。 徵相州刺史庾岳為司空。 遣左將軍莫題討上黨羣盜秦頗、丁零翟都於壺關。 丁丑，上黨太守捕頗，斬之，都走林慮。 十有二月辛亥，至自西征。 蠕蠕社崙犯塞，詔常山王遵追之，不及而還。 越勤莫弗率其部萬餘家內屬，居五原之北。
In the tenth month of winter Ping drowned; more than thirty thousand of his men were taken. The fuller story is told in the biography of Yao Xing. He took Di Bozhi, Tang Xiaofang, Yao Liangguo, Lei Xing, Kang Guan, [12] Kang Wei, Bohun nephew of Ping, and more than forty officers of fourth rank and above. He also seized the defectors Wang Ciduo and Jin Qin and had them executed. Xing sued repeatedly for peace; the emperor refused. His ministers urged him on to Puban, but fearing the Rouran he withdrew on the wushen day. In the eleventh month the court halted at Jinyang. Yu Yue, inspector of Yanzhou, was summoned to be minister of works. Mo Ti was sent against the bandits Qin Po and Zhai Du of the Dingling at Huguan. On the dingchou day the administrator of Shangdang captured and killed Po; Du fled to Linyu. On the xinhai day of the twelfth month he returned from the western campaign. Shelun of the Rouran raided the frontier; Zun pursued but could not overtake him. Yueqin Mofu submitted with more than ten thousand households and was settled north of Wuyuan.
104
是歲，禿髮鹿孤病死，弟傉檀統任，遣使朝貢。
That year Tufa Lugu died; his brother Rutan succeeded him and sent envoys to court.
105
六年春正月辛未，朔方尉遲部別帥率萬餘家內屬，入居雲中。
In the sixth year, on the xinwei day of the first month of spring, a Yuchi sub-chief of Shuofang submitted with more than ten thousand households and was settled in Yunzhong.
106
夏五月，大簡輿徒，將略江淮，平荊揚之亂。
In the fifth month of summer he reviewed the army, intending to march on the Jiang and Huai and pacify the south.
107
秋七月，鎮西大將軍、司隸校尉、毗陵王順有罪，以王還第。 戊子，車駕北巡，築離宮于犲山，縱士校獵，東北踰罽嶺，出參合、代谷。 九月，行幸南平城，規度灅南，面夏屋山，背黃瓜堆，將建新邑。 辛未，車駕還宮。
In the seventh month of autumn Prince Shun of Piling was found guilty, stripped of office, and sent to his estate. On the wuzi day he toured north, built a lodge on Chai Mountain, held a great hunt, crossed Gui Ridge northeast, and passed through Canhe and Dai. In the ninth month he went to Nanping, surveyed the country south of Lei below Xiawu Mountain and Huangguadui, and planned a new capital. On the xinwei day he returned to the palace.
108
冬十月，起西昭陽殿。 乙卯，立皇子嗣為齊王，加車騎大將軍，位相國； 紹為清河王，加征南大將軍； 熙為陽平王； 曜為河南王。 封故秦慜王子夔為豫章王，陳留王子右將軍悅為朱提王。 丁巳，詔將軍伊謂率騎二萬北襲高車。 司馬德宗遣使朝貢。 十有一月庚午，伊謂大破高車。
In the tenth month of winter he began the Western Zhaoyang Hall. On the yimao day he made the prince Si prince of Qi, general of chariots and cavalry, and equal in rank to the prime minister. Shao was made prince of Qinghe and grand general southern campaign. Xi was made prince of Yangping. Yao was made prince of Henan. Kui, son of the former Prince Min of Qin, was made prince of Yuzhang; Yue, son of the prince of Chenliu, was made prince of Zhuti. On the dingsi day Yi Wei was ordered north with twenty thousand horse against the Gaoche. Sima Dezong sent envoys to court. On the gengwu day of the eleventh month Yi Wei routed the Gaoche.
109
是年，島夷桓玄廢其主司馬德宗而自立，僭稱大楚。
That year Huan Xuan of the eastern isles deposed Sima Dezong and declared himself emperor of Great Chu.
110
天賜元年春正月，遣離石護軍劉託率騎三千襲蒲子。 三月丙寅，擒姚興寧北將軍、泰平太守衡譚，獲三千餘口。 初限縣戶不滿百罷之。
In the first year of Tianci, in the first month of spring, Liu Tuo was sent with three thousand horse to raid Puzi. On the bingyin day of the third month he took Heng Tan, Xing's pacifying-the-north general and administrator of Taiping, with more than three thousand men. At first he abolished any county with fewer than a hundred households.
111
夏四月，詔尚書郎中公孫表使於江南，以觀桓玄之釁也。 值玄敗而還。 蠕蠕社崙從弟悅伐大那等謀殺社崙而立大那。 發覺，來奔。 五月，置山東諸冶，發州郡徒謫造兵甲。
In the fourth month of summer he sent Gongsun Biao of the Secretariat to the south to watch Huan Xuan. He arrived as Xuan fell and returned. Yue, Shelun's cousin among the Rouran, plotted with Dana and others to kill Shelun and set Dana up in his place. The plot was discovered and they fled to submit. In the fifth month he set up smelteries in the east and drafted convicts from the provinces to forge arms.
112
秋九月，帝臨昭陽殿，分置眾職，引朝臣文武，親自簡擇，量能叙用； 制爵四等，曰「王、公、侯、子」，除伯、男之號； 追錄舊臣，加以封爵，各有差。 是秋，江南大亂，流民繈負而奔淮北，行道相尋。
In the ninth month of autumn he held court at Zhaoyang Hall, reorganized the bureaucracy, and personally chose men for office according to their talents. He fixed four noble ranks — king, duke, marquis, and viscount — and abolished the ranks of earl and baron. He posthumously honored old ministers with titles and ranks according to merit. That autumn the south fell into chaos, and refugees swarmed north across the Huai in an unbroken stream.
113
冬十月辛巳，大赦，改元。 築西宮。 十有一月，上幸西宮，大選朝臣，令各辨宗黨，保舉才行，諸部子孫失業賜爵者二千餘人。 十有二月戊辰，車駕幸犲山宮。
On the xinsi day of the tenth month of winter he proclaimed a general amnesty and a new reign title. He built the Western Palace. In the eleventh month he went to the Western Palace, ordered the court to sort clans and recommend talent, and ennobled more than two thousand men of the tribal nobility who had fallen on hard times. On the wuchen day of the twelfth month the court visited Chai Mountain Palace.
114
是歲，島夷劉裕起兵誅桓玄。
That year Liu Yu of the eastern isles rose and killed Huan Xuan.
115
二年春二月癸亥，車駕還宮。
In the second year, on the guihai day of the second month of spring, the court returned to the palace.
116
夏四月，車駕有事于西郊，車旗盡黑。
In the fourth month of summer he sacrificed at the western suburb with all banners black.
117
是歲，司馬德宗復僭立。 慕容德死，兄子超僭立。
That year Sima Dezong again took the throne. Murong De died and his nephew Chao seized power.
118
三年春正月甲申，車駕北巡，幸犲山宮。 校獵，至屋孤山。 二月乙亥，幸代園山，建五石亭。 三月庚子，車駕還宮。
In the third year, on the jiashen day of the first month of spring, the court toured north to Chai Mountain Palace. He hunted as far as Wugu Mountain. On the yihai day of the second month he went to Dai Garden Mountain and built the Five Stone Pavilion. On the gengzi day of the third month he returned to the palace.
119
夏四月庚申，復幸犲山宮。 占授著作郎王宜弟造兵法孤虛立成圖三百六十時。 遂登定襄角史山，又幸馬城。 甲午，車駕還宮。 是月，蠕蠕寇邊，夜召兵，將旦，賊走，乃罷。 六月，發八部五百里內男丁築灅南宮，門闕高十餘丈； 引溝穿池，廣苑囿； 規立外城，方二十里，分置市里，經塗洞達。 三十日罷。
On the gengshen day of the fourth month of summer he again went to Chai Mountain Palace. He appointed the editorial director Wang Yidi to compile a three-hundred-and-sixty-part treatise on military formations. He then climbed Jiaoshi Mountain in Dingxiang and went on to Macheng. On the jiawu day he returned to the palace. That month the Rouran raided the border; troops were called up by night, but the enemy fled by dawn and the alarm was stood down. In the sixth month he drafted men from the eight divisions within five hundred li to build the Leinan Palace, with gate towers more than ten zhang high. Canals were dug and the parks enlarged. He planned an outer city twenty li square, with wards, markets, and thoroughfares. The work was halted after thirty days.
120
秋七月，太尉穆崇薨。 八月甲辰，行幸犲山宮，遂至青牛山。 丙辰，西登武要北原，觀九十九泉，造石亭，遂之石漠。 九月甲戌朔，幸漠南鹽池。 壬午，至漠中，觀天鹽池； 度漠，北之吐鹽池。 癸巳，南還長川。 丙申，臨觀長陂。
In the seventh month of autumn Mu Chong died. On the jiachen day of the eighth month he went to Chai Mountain Palace and on to Blue Ox Mountain. On the bingchen day he climbed the Wuyao north plain, viewed the ninety-nine springs, built a stone pavilion, and entered the stone desert. On the new moon of the ninth month, the jiaxu day, he visited the salt pool south of the desert. On the renwu day he reached the heart of the desert and viewed the heavenly salt pool. He crossed the desert north to the Tu salt pool. On the guisi day he turned south to Changchuan. On the bingshen day he overlooked Chang Marsh.
121
冬十月庚申，車駕還宮。
On the gengshen day of the tenth month of winter he returned to the palace.
122
四年春二月，封皇子脩為河間王，處文為長樂王，連為廣平王，黎為京兆王。
In the fourth year, in the second month of spring, he enfeoffed Xiu as prince of Hejian, Chuwen as prince of Changle, Lian as prince of Guangping, and Li as prince of Jingzhao.
123
夏五月，北巡。 自參合陂東過蟠羊山，大雨，暴水流輜重數百乘，殺百餘人。 遂東北踰石漠，至長川，幸濡源。 常山王遵有罪賜死。
In the fifth month of summer he toured the north. East from Canhe Marsh past Panyang Mountain a cloudburst swept away hundreds of wagons and killed more than a hundred men. He crossed the stone desert northeast to Changchuan and went on to Ruyuan. Prince Zun of Changshan was found guilty and ordered to take his own life.
124
秋七月，車駕自濡源西幸參合陂。 築北宮垣，三旬而罷，乃還宮。 八月，幸犲山宮。 是月，誅司空庾岳。
In the seventh month of autumn he went west from Ruyuan to Canhe Marsh. He built the north palace wall in thirty days, then returned to the capital. In the eighth month he went to Chai Mountain Palace. That month he executed Yu Yue, minister of works.
125
冬十有一月，車駕還宮。
In the eleventh month of winter he returned to the palace.
126
是歲，慕容寶養子高雲殺熙自立，赫連屈丐自稱大單于、大夏天王。
That year Gao Yun, Bao's adopted son, killed Xi and seized the throne; Helian Qu Fu declared himself Great Chanyu and Great King of Summer.
127
五年春正月，行幸犲山宮，遂如參合陂，觀漁於延水，[13]至寧川。 三月，姚興遣使朝貢。
In the fifth year, in the first month of spring, he went to Chai Mountain Palace and Canhe Marsh, fished on the Yan River, [13] and reached Ningchuan. In the third month Yao Xing sent envoys to court.
128
是歲，皇孫燾生。
That year the imperial grandson Tao was born.
129
六年夏，帝不豫。 初，帝服寒食散，自太醫令陰羌死後，藥數動發，至此逾甚。 而災變屢見，憂懣不安，或數日不食，或不寢達旦。 歸咎羣下，喜怒乖常，謂百僚左右人不可信，慮如天文之占，或有肘腋之虞。 追思既往成敗得失，終日竟夜獨語不止，若旁有鬼物對揚者。 朝臣至前，追其舊惡皆見殺害，其餘或以顏色變動，或以喘息不調，或以行步乖節，或以言辭失措，帝皆以為懷惡在心，變見於外，乃手自毆擊，死者皆陳天安殿前。 於是朝野人情各懷危懼，有司懈怠，莫相督攝，百工偷劫，盜賊公行，巷里之間人為希少。 帝亦聞之，曰：「朕縱之使然，待過災年，當更清治之爾。」
In the sixth year, in summer, the emperor fell ill. He had long taken cold-food powder; after the medical director Yin Qiang died the doses brought on ever fiercer attacks. Omens multiplied, his mind grew troubled, and he would go days without food or sleep until dawn. He turned on his ministers, raged without cause, and trusted no one around him, fearing the court prognostications of treason at his side. He brooded over past victories and defeats, talking to himself day and night as though ghosts answered back. Ministers who came before him were killed for old grudges, or for a changed expression, uneven breathing, awkward step, or a slip of the tongue. He beat them to death himself and had the bodies displayed before Tian'an Hall. Court and country lived in terror. Officials neglected their duties, craftsmen looted, and thieves walked openly until the streets were nearly empty. When he heard of it he said, "I brought this on myself. After the bad year passes I will set things right again."
130
秋七月，慕容支屬百餘家，謀欲外奔，發覺，伏誅，死者三百餘人。 八月，衞王儀謀叛，賜死。
In the seventh month of autumn more than a hundred Murong households plotted to flee; the plot was discovered and more than three hundred were executed. In the eighth month Prince Yi of Wei plotted treason and was ordered to die.
131
冬十月戊辰，帝崩於天安殿，時年三十九。 永興二年九月甲寅，上諡宣武皇帝，葬於盛樂金陵，廟號太祖。 [14]泰常五年，改諡曰道武。
On the wuchen day of the tenth month of winter he died in Tian'an Hall at the age of thirty-nine. In the second year of Yongxing, on the jiayin day of the ninth month, he was given the posthumous title Emperor Xuanwu, buried at Jinling in Shengle, with temple name Taizu. [14] In the fifth year of Taichang his posthumous title was changed to Daowu.
132
史臣曰：晉氏崩離，戎羯乘釁，僭偽紛糾，犲狼競馳。 太祖顯晦安危之中，屈伸潛躍之際，驅率遺黎，奮其靈武，克剪方難，遂啟中原，朝拱人神，顯登皇極。 雖冠履不暇，栖遑外土，而制作經謨，咸存長世。 所謂大人利見，百姓與能，抑不世之神武也。 而屯厄有期，禍生非慮，將人事不足，豈天實為之。 嗚呼！
The historian writes: When the house of Jin fell apart, the barbarians seized their chance; pretenders multiplied and wolves competed for the prey. Taizu, through danger and concealment, roused the remnant peoples, swept away his rivals, opened the central plains, and took the throne in truth. Though he wandered long in exile, the institutions he founded endured for generations. Truly he was the great man of the Changes, the ruler the people could follow — a martial spirit not of this world. Yet his term was cut short and disaster came unlooked for — was it only human failure, or did Heaven itself decree it? Alas!
133
校勘記
Collation notes
134
七年冬十月諸本「七年」都作「二年」。 北史卷一魏本紀一、冊府卷六 〈六四頁〉 作「七年」。 按苻堅淝水之敗在晉太元八年 〈三八三〉 ，拓跋珪沒有建號前的所謂二年是三七八年，顯誤，今據改。
On "winter, tenth month of year 7": all editions read "year 2" instead of "year 7." Northern History 1, Wei Annals 1; Cefu 6 〈p. 64〉 read "year 7." Fu Jian's defeat at the Fei River fell in Jin Taiyuan year 8 〈383〉 (383); Tuoba Gui's pre-reign "year 2" would be 378, which is clearly wrong — corrected accordingly.
135
劉顯弟肺泥率騎掠奴真部落北、汲、殿、局四本「肺泥」都作「亢泥」，百衲本、南本作「肺泥」。 按下文和卷二三劉顯傳都稱顯弟「亢泥」或「亢埿」，不聞別有弟名「肺泥」。 似作「亢泥」是。 但冊府卷六 〈六四頁〉 、通鑑卷一０六 〈三三六七頁〉 此處都作「肺泥」。 且這裏才說肺泥來降，次月又稱劉顯遣其弟亢泥迎窟咄，則又並未降拓跋珪，或別有其人，今從百衲本。
On "Liu Xian's brother Feini": the Northern, Ji, Dian, and Ju editions read "Kangni"; the Baibaina and Nan editions read "Feini." Below and in Liu Xian's biography (j. 23) the brother is called Kangni or Kanglei, not Feini. Kangni therefore seems correct. But Cefu 6 〈p. 64〉 and Zizhi Tongjian 106 〈p. 3367〉 both read Feini here. Yet here Feini submits, while the next month Xian sends Kangni to welcome Kudou — so he had not yet submitted to Tuoba Gui, or another man is meant. The Baibaina text is followed here.
136
帝左右于桓等北、汲、殿、局四本「桓」作「植」。 百衲本、南本作「桓」。 按北史卷一、通鑑卷一０六 〈三三六八頁〉 也作「桓」。 今從百衲本。 參卷二七校記。
On "Yu Huan at the emperor's side": the Northern, Ji, Dian, and Ju editions read Zhi for Huan. The Baibaina and Nan editions read Huan. Northern History 1 and Zizhi Tongjian 106 〈p. 3368〉 also read Huan. The Baibaina reading is adopted. See the collation note to juan 27.
137
庫莫部帥鳩集遺散北史卷一「庫莫」下有「奚」字。 按庫莫奚或單稱「奚」，不當單稱「庫莫」，這裏當脫「奚」字。
On "Kumo chief Jiuji": Northern History 1 inserts Xi after Kumo. The tribe is Kumo Xi, or simply Xi — not Kumo alone; Xi has probably dropped out here.
138
其東西二部主匹候跋及縕紇提按本書卷一０三蠕蠕傳 〈補〉 ，匹候跋和縕紇提先後降魏。 這裏「其」上當脫「降」字。
On "the eastern and western division leaders Pihouba and Wenheti": see the Rouran biography, j. 103 of this book 〈supplement〉 , Pihouba and Wenheti submitted to Wei in succession. The character for "submitted" has probably dropped out before "their."
139
衞辰少子屈丐亡奔薛干部諸本及北史「薛干」都作「薛于」。 通鑑卷一０七 〈三四０二頁〉 、通志卷一五 〈上〉 作「薛干」。 按晉書卷一三０赫連勃勃載記稱勃勃 〈即屈丐〉 「乃奔於叱干部」，知叱干即薛干。 本書卷一一三官氏志云「叱干氏後改為薛氏」。 太和改複姓為單姓，大都截取複姓中音同的一字，也可證叱干之即「薛干」。 史傳所載姓叱干的人除個別例子外都作「叱干」，金石萃編卷九六、八瓊室金石補正卷六三載唐資州刺史叱干公三教道場文，更為顯證。 「薛干」雖多作「薛于」，均為版刻之訛，如下文 〈八年八月〉 稱「帝南征薛于部」，北史卷九八高車傳末同，而本書卷一０三高車傳即以北史補却作「薛干」。 又如晉書赫連勃勃載記稱「討鮮卑薛于三部」，通鑑卷一一四 〈三六０二頁〉 作「薛千」，胡注「晉書載記作『薛千』，蜀本作『薛干』」。 今改正。 以後逕改，不出校記。
On "Qu Fu fled to the Xuegan tribe": all editions and the Northern History read Xueyu for Xuegan. Zizhi Tongjian 107 〈p. 3402〉 , Tongzhi 15 〈upper〉 read Xuegan. Jinshu 130, Account of Helian Bobo, says Bobo 〈that is, Qu Fu〉 "then fled to the Chigan tribe" — Chigan is Xuegan. The Official Surnames Record, j. 113, says the Chigan clan later became the Xue clan. At Taihe compound surnames were reduced to single characters, usually homophones from the old form — further evidence that Chigan is Xuegan. Historical sources normally write the name as Chigan; the Tang inscription of Inspector Chigan Gong in Jinshi cuibian 96 and Babao shi jinshi buzheng 63 is still clearer proof. Xuegan often appears as Xueyu in print, but that is a block error, as below 〈eighth year, eighth month〉 where the eighth year, eighth month reads "southern campaign against the Xueyu tribe" — Northern History, Gaoche biography agrees, while j. 103 of this book, supplemented from the Northern History, reads Xuegan. Jinshu's Account of Helian Bobo also has "attacked the three Xianbei Xueyu divisions"; Zizhi Tongjian 114 〈p. 3602〉 reads Xueqian; Hu's note: "the Jinshu account has Xueqian; the Shu edition has Xuegan." Corrected accordingly. Later occurrences are corrected silently.
140
車駕西征侯呂隣部按「侯」當是「俟」之訛，詳卷一０三校記 〈一一〉。
On "western campaign against the Houlülin tribe": Hou should be Si; see the collation note to j. 103 〈11〉
141
封拜公侯將軍刺史太守尚書郎已下悉用文人諸本「封」下無「拜」字，北史卷一有。 按將軍以下官不得云「封」，若「將軍、刺史、太守」連下「尚書郎已下」讀，則是將軍也悉用文人，更誤。 知這裏脫「拜」字，今據補。
On "enfeoffed nobles and all used literary men": the editions omit bai (appoint) after feng (enfeoff); Northern History 1 has it. Generals and magistrates are appointed, not enfeoffed; without bai, the text would make even generals "literary men" by misreading the list. The word bai has dropped out; it is restored here.
142
徙山東六州民吏及徒何高麗雜夷三十六萬百工伎巧十萬餘口以充京師北史卷一、冊府卷四八六 〈五八一八頁〉 「三十六萬」作「三十六署」。 按通鑑卷一一０ 〈三四六三頁〉 此條作「徙山東六州吏民、雜夷十餘萬口以實代」，以十餘萬口為這次遷徙的總口數。 若「署」字作「萬」，則合計當云「四十餘萬口」，似司馬光所見魏書也作「三十六署」。 「署」是百工伎巧所屬的機構。 南、北朝少府及太府管轄的官府手工業作坊多設置「署」，隋書百官志記梁少府所屬有十五署，北齊太府所屬有十三署，若再加上太常、光祿、將作所屬，這種「署」是很多的。 「三十六署」或是後燕所置署數，或一般泛稱。 這裏「萬」當是「署」字之訛。
On relocating 360,000 families and 100,000 artisans to the capital: Northern History 1 and Cefu 486 〈p. 5818〉 read "thirty-six offices" for "thirty-six myriads." Zizhi Tongjian 110 〈p. 3463〉 gives the total as "more than 100,000 mouths" for the whole relocation. If wan (myriad) were correct the total would be 400,000+, so Sima Guang's Wei shu probably had shu (office). Shu denotes the workshops to which the artisans belonged. Northern and Southern dynasties workshops were organized as shu under the treasury ministries; Liang had fifteen, Northern Qi thirteen, and more under other ministries. "Thirty-six offices" may be Later Yan's count or a general term. Here wan (myriad) is probably a corruption of shu (office).
143
諸華乏主諸本「乏」訛「之」，今據御覽卷一０一 〈四八四頁〉 、冊府卷六 〈六五頁〉 改正。
On "the various Hu lacked a lord": editions wrongly read zhi (of) for fa (lacked); corrected from Imperial Readings 101 〈p. 484〉 , Cefu 6 〈p. 65〉 and Cefu 6.
144
庶子纂殺紹僭立百衲本、南本「庶子」作「太子」，北、汲、殿、局四本作「庶子」。 按晉書卷一二二呂光載記，呂光的太子即紹，纂乃光庶長子。 今從北本以下諸本。
On "bastard son Zuan killed Shao": Baibaina and Nan read "crown prince"; Northern, Ji, Dian, and Ju read "bastard son." Jinshu 122, Account of Lü Guang, makes Shao the crown prince and Zuan Guang's eldest bastard son. The Northern-group reading is adopted.
145
康官按晉書卷一一八姚興載記下兩見都作「康宦」，疑「官」字形近而訛，但本書卷一０五姚興傳亦作「康官」，今不改。
On "Kang Guan": Jinshu 118 twice has Kang Huan, but j. 105 of this book also has Guan — left unchanged.
146
觀漁於延水北史卷一「於」作「于」。 按「于延」是水名，見漢書卷二八地理志下代郡且如縣，字當作「于」，但水經注卷一三灅水篇亦「于延」「於延」雜見，今不改。
On "fishing on the Yan River": Northern History 1 writes yu for yu (at/on). Yuyan is a river name in Hanshu 28; the form yu is correct, though Shuijingzhu 13 mixes yu and yu — left unchanged.
147
永興二年九月 〈至〉 廟號太祖按永興二年 〈四一０〉 上拓跋珪的廟號是「烈祖」，至太和十五年 〈四九一〉 才改「太祖」，見本書卷八四孫惠蔚傳及卷一０八禮志。 這裏「太祖」乃「烈祖」之誤。
Yongxing second year, ninth month 〈to〉 On "temple name Taizu": in Yongxing year 2 〈410〉 Tuoba Gui's temple name was Liezu; only in Taihe year 15 〈491〉 was it changed to Taizu, as in Sun Huiwei's biography, j. 84, and the Rites Treatise, j. 108. Taizu here should read Liezu.