1
高允，字伯恭，勃海人也。 祖泰，在叔父湖傳。 父韜，少以英朗知名，同郡封懿雅相敬慕。 為慕容垂太尉從事中郎。 太祖平中山，以韜為丞相參軍。 早卒。
Gao Yun, whose courtesy name was Bogong, came from Bohai. His grandfather Tai is discussed in the biography of his uncle Hu. His father Tao won early fame for his keen intelligence and open manner; he and Feng Yi of the same commandery held each other in deep mutual esteem. He served Murong Chui as an attendant gentleman in the office of the grand commandant. After Emperor Daowu conquered Zhongshan, Tao was appointed an army adviser on the chancellor's staff. He died at an early age.
2
允少孤夙成，有奇度，清河崔玄伯見而異之，歎曰：「高子黃中內潤，文明外照，必為一代偉器，但恐吾不見耳。」 年十餘，奉祖父喪還本郡，推財與二弟而為沙門，名法淨。 未久而罷。 性好文學，擔笈負書，千里就業。 博通經史天文術數，尤好春秋公羊。 郡召功曹。
Yun was orphaned young yet precocious, with an uncommon breadth of mind. When Cui Xuanbo of Qinghe met him he was struck with wonder and sighed: "Young Gao is golden at the core and radiant within, his civil brilliance shining outward—he is bound to be a pillar of his generation, though I fear I shall not live to see it." When he was barely into his teens, he brought his grandfather's coffin home to their commandery, gave his inheritance to his two younger brothers, and entered the clergy under the name Fajing. Before long he left the monastic life. He loved scholarship by nature, shouldered his book-box, and traveled a thousand li to study under masters. He gained a thorough command of the classics and histories, astronomy and numerology, and was especially devoted to the Gongyang tradition of the Spring and Autumn Annals. The commandery recruited him as merit officer.
3
神䴥三年，世祖舅陽平王杜超行征南大將軍，鎮鄴，以允為從事中郎，年四十餘矣。 超以方春而諸州囚多不決，乃表允與中郎呂熙等分詣諸州，共評獄事。 熙等皆以貪穢得罪，唯允以清平獲賞。 府解，還家教授，受業者千餘人。 四年，與盧玄等俱被徵，拜中書博士。 遷侍郎，與太原張偉並以本官領衞大將軍、樂安王範從事中郎。 範，世祖之寵弟，西鎮長安，允甚有匡益，秦人稱之。 尋被徵還。 允曾作塞上翁詩，有混欣戚，遺得喪之致。 驃騎大將軍、樂平王丕西討上邽，復以本官參丕軍事。 語在丕傳。 涼州平，以參謀之勳，賜爵汶陽子，加建武將軍。
In the third year of the Shenqi reign, the emperor's uncle by marriage, Du Chao, Prince of Yangping, held the post of acting grand general who pacifies the south and garrisoned Ye; he made Yun his attendant gentleman when Yun was already past forty. Because it was spring and prisoners in many provinces still awaited judgment, Chao memorialized that Yun, together with the gentleman Lü Xi and others, should each go to different provinces and jointly review criminal cases. Xi and the others were all punished for corruption, while Yun alone was rewarded for his fair and upright conduct. When his term in the office ended, he went home to teach, and more than a thousand students studied under him. In the fourth year he was summoned to court together with Lu Xuan and others and appointed a doctor of the Secretariat. He was promoted to gentleman attendant and, together with Zhang Wei of Taiyuan, retained his original rank while serving as attendant gentleman on the staff of Fan, Prince of Le'an, general-in-chief who guards the army. Fan, a favored younger brother of Emperor Taiwu, held Chang'an in the west; Yun gave him strong counsel and the people of Qin praised him. Before long he was recalled to the capital. Yun had once written a poem on the old man by the frontier pass, blending joy and grief and capturing the spirit of letting go of gain and loss. When Pi, Prince of Leiping and general of agile cavalry, marched west against Shanggui, Yun again joined his staff in his former capacity. The full account appears in Pi's biography. When Liang province was pacified, he was enfeoffed as Marquis of Wenyangzi and given the additional title general who establishes martiality for his service as a staff planner.
4
後詔允與司徒崔浩述成國記，以本官領著作郎。 時浩集諸術士，考校漢元以來，日月薄蝕、五星行度，并識前史之失，別為魏曆，以示允。 允曰：「天文曆數不可空論。 夫善言遠者必先驗於近。 且漢元年冬十月，五星聚於東井，此乃曆術之淺。 今譏漢史，而不覺此謬，恐後人譏今猶今之譏古。」 浩曰：「所謬云何？」 允曰：「案星傳，金水二星常附日而行。 冬十月，日在尾箕，[1]昏沒於申南，而東井方出於寅北。 二星何因背日而行？ 是史官欲神其事，不復推之於理。」 浩曰：「欲為變者何所不可，君獨不疑三星之聚，而怪二星之來？」 允曰：「此不可以空言爭，宜更審之。」 時坐者咸怪，唯東宮少傅游雅曰：「高君長於曆數，當不虛也。」 後歲餘，浩謂允曰：「先所論者，本不注心，及更考究，果如君語，以前三月聚於東井，非十月也。」 又謂雅曰：「高允之術，陽元之射也。」 眾乃歎服。 允雖明於曆數，初不推步，有所論說。 唯游雅數以災異問允。 允曰：「昔人有言，知之甚難，既知復恐漏泄，不如不知也。 天下妙理至多，何遽問此。」 雅乃止。
Later an edict directed Yun and Minister of Education Cui Hao to compile the national history; Yun retained his original post while serving as editorial director. At that time Hao assembled various experts to verify solar and lunar eclipses and the courses of the five planets from the Han Yuan period onward, to note errors in earlier histories, and to draft a separate Wei calendar, which he showed Yun. Yun said, "Astronomy and calendrical reckoning cannot be argued in the abstract. Whoever speaks well of distant things must first test them against what is near at hand. Moreover, the record that in the tenth month of the first year of Han the five planets gathered in the Well Mansion shows a shallow grasp of calendrical science. You now fault the Han histories yet miss this error yourself; I fear posterity will fault our age just as we fault antiquity. Hao asked, "What is the error?" Yun replied, "According to the star canon, Mercury and Venus normally travel with the sun. In the tenth month the sun stands in the Tail and Winnowing Basket; at dusk it sets south of Shen, while the Well Mansion is just rising north of Yin. How could those two planets turn away from the sun and travel on their own? The historians wished to make the event miraculous and never reasoned it through. Hao said, "When one wishes to fashion an omen, what may not be done? You alone do not doubt the gathering of three stars, yet you find two stars' arrival strange?" Yun said, "This cannot be settled by words alone; it should be examined again with care." Those present were all astonished; only You Ya, junior tutor of the eastern palace, said, "Master Gao excels in calendrical reckoning—he surely does not speak idly." More than a year later Hao told Yun, "What we discussed before—I had not really attended to it; on further study it was indeed as you said: the gathering in the Well Mansion was in the third month, not the tenth." He also told Ya, "Gao Yun's skill is like Yang Xiong's archery." The company then sighed in admiration. Though Yun understood calendrical reckoning, he did not at first perform step-by-step calculations for what he discussed. Only You Ya repeatedly questioned Yun about omens and anomalies. Yun said, "Men of old said that to know such things is very hard, and once known one fears disclosure—better not to know at all. Subtle principles in the world are beyond number—why press this question alone?" You Ya then ceased asking.
5
尋以本官為秦王翰傅。 後敕以經授恭宗，甚見禮待。 又詔允與侍郎公孫質、李虛、[2]胡方回共定律令。 世祖引允與論刑政，言甚稱旨。 因問允曰：「萬機之務，何者為先？」 是時多禁封良田，又京師遊食者眾。 允因言曰：「臣少也賤，所知唯田，請言農事。 古人云：方一里則為田三頃七十畝，百里則田三萬七千頃。 若勤之，則畝益三斗，不勤則畝損三斗。 [3]方百里損益之率，為粟二百二十二萬斛，況以天下之廣乎？ 若公私有儲，雖遇飢年，復何憂哉？」 世祖善之。 遂除田禁，悉以授民。
Before long he was appointed, in his existing rank, tutor to Han, Prince of Qin. Later an edict had him instruct Crown Prince Huang in the classics, and he was treated with great respect. Another edict directed Yun, together with the gentlemen attendant Gongsun Zhi, Li Xu, and Hu Fanghui, to draft laws and ordinances jointly. Emperor Taiwu drew Yun into discussion of criminal policy, and his words greatly pleased the emperor. He then asked Yun, "Among the myriad affairs of state, which should come first?" At that time fertile land was widely sealed off by prohibition, and in the capital many lived idly without working the fields. Yun therefore said, "In my youth I was of humble station; what I know is farming alone—allow me to speak of agriculture. The ancients said that within one square li there are three qing and seventy mu of fields, and within a hundred li there are thirty-seven thousand qing of fields. If worked diligently, each mu yields three dou more; if neglected, each mu loses three dou. For a region a hundred li on a side, the difference in gain or loss amounts to 2,220,000 hu of grain—how much more for the breadth of the realm? If public and private granaries are full, what worry remains even in years of famine?" The emperor approved his counsel. Thereupon the prohibitions on farmland were lifted and all such land was granted to the people.
6
初，崔浩薦冀、定、相、幽、并五州之士數十人，各起家郡守。 恭宗謂浩曰：「先召之人，亦州郡選也，在職已久，勤勞未答。 今可先補前召外任郡縣，以新召者代為郎吏。 又守令宰民，宜使更事者。」 浩固爭而遣之。 允聞之，謂東宮博士管恬曰：「崔公其不免乎！ 苟逞其非，而校勝於上，何以勝濟。」
Earlier Cui Hao had recommended several dozen scholars from Ji, Ding, Xiang, You, and Bing provinces, each to begin his career as a commandery governor. Crown Prince Huang said to Hao, "Those summoned earlier were also chosen by the provinces; they have long served without reward for their labor. We may now first assign those previously summoned to posts in commanderies and counties outside the capital, and let the newly summoned take their places as court clerks. Moreover, for prefects and magistrates who govern the people, men with prior administrative experience should be appointed." Hao stubbornly opposed the plan and sent them off anyway. When Yun heard of this he said to Guan Tian, doctor of the eastern palace, "Lord Cui will surely not escape disaster! If he indulges his error and contests victory with his sovereign above, how can such victory save him?"
7
遼東公翟黑子有寵於世祖，奉使并州，受布千匹，事尋發覺。 黑子請計於允曰：「主上問我，為首為諱乎？」 允曰：「公帷幄寵臣，答詔宜實。 又自告忠誠，罪必無慮。」 中書侍郎崔覽、公孫質等咸言首實罪不可測，宜諱之。 黑子以覽等為親己，而反怒允曰：「如君言，誘我死，何其不直！」 遂與允絕。 黑子以不實對，竟為世祖所疏，終獲罪戮。
At that time Zhai Heizi, Duke of Liaodong, enjoyed the emperor's favor; on a mission to Bing province he accepted a thousand bolts of cloth, and the affair was soon exposed. Heizi asked Yun's advice: "When the sovereign questions me, should I confess first or conceal the matter?" Yun said, "You are a cherished minister at the emperor's side; in answering the edict you should speak truthfully. Moreover, by confessing of your own accord you show loyalty, and you need not fear punishment." The gentleman attendant Cui Lan, Gongsun Zhi, and others all said that voluntary confession made the penalty unpredictable and that he should conceal the matter. Heizi took Lan and the others as favoring him, yet turned on Yun in anger and said, "As you counsel, you would lure me to my death—how lacking in honesty!" He thereupon broke off relations with Yun. Heizi answered untruthfully, was eventually estranged by the emperor, and in the end was put to death.
8
是時，著作令史閔湛、郄𢷋性巧佞，為浩信待。 見浩所注詩、論語、尚書、易，遂上疏，言馬、鄭、王、賈雖注述六經，並多疏謬，不如浩之精微。 乞收境內諸書，藏之祕府。 班浩所注，命天下習業。 并求敕浩注禮傳，令後生得觀正義。 浩亦表薦湛有著述之才。 既而勸浩刊所撰國史于石，用垂不朽，欲以彰浩直筆之跡。 允聞之，謂著作郎宗欽曰：「閔湛所營，分寸之間，恐為崔門萬世之禍。 吾徒無類矣。」 未幾而難作。
At that time the editorial clerks Min Zhan and Qie were clever flatterers in whom Hao placed his trust. Seeing Hao's commentaries on the Odes, Analects, Documents, and Changes, they submitted a memorial saying that Ma, Zheng, Wang, and Jia, though they had commented on the Six Classics, were full of errors and lapses and were not as subtle as Hao's work. They asked that all books within the realm be collected and stored in the imperial archive. They proposed that Hao's commentaries be promulgated and that the empire be ordered to study them. They also asked that Hao be ordered to comment on the Rites so that later students might see correct doctrine. Hao also memorialized recommending Zhan's talent for writing. Before long they urged Hao to carve the national history he had compiled on stone so that it would endure forever, wishing to display Hao's record of the straight brush. When Yun heard of this he said to Zong Qin, editorial gentleman, "What Min Zhan is undertaking, in the space of a hair's breadth, may become calamity for ten thousand generations of the Cui clan. Our sort are finished." Before long the catastrophe broke out.
9
初，浩之被收也，允直中書省。 恭宗使東宮侍郎吳延召允，仍留宿宮內。 翌日，恭宗入奏世祖，命允驂乘。 至宮門，謂曰：「入當見至尊，吾自導卿。 脫至尊有問，但依吾語。」 允請曰：「為何等事也？」 恭宗曰：「入自知之。」 既入見帝。 恭宗曰：「中書侍郎高允自在臣宮，同處累年，小心密慎，臣所委悉。 雖與浩同事，然允微賤，制由於浩。 請赦其命。」 世祖召允，謂曰：「國書皆崔浩作不？」 允對曰：「太祖記，前著作郎鄧淵所撰。 先帝記及今記，臣與浩同作。 然浩綜務處多，總裁而已。 至於注疏，臣多於浩。」 世祖大怒曰：「此甚於浩，安有生路！」 恭宗曰：「天威嚴重，允是小臣，迷亂失次耳。 臣向備問，皆云浩作。」 世祖問：「如東宮言不？」 允曰：「臣以下才，謬參著作，犯逆天威，罪應滅族，今已分死，不敢虛妄。 殿下以臣侍講日久，哀臣乞命耳。 實不問臣，臣無此言。 臣以實對，不敢迷亂。」 世祖謂恭宗曰：「直哉！ 此亦人情所難，而能臨死不移，不亦難乎！ 且對君以實，貞臣也。 如此言，寧失一有罪，宜宥之。」 允竟得免。 於是召浩前，使人詰浩。 浩惶惑不能對。 允事事申明，皆有條理。 時世祖怒甚，敕允為詔，自浩已下、僮吏已上百二十八人皆夷五族。 允持疑不為，頻詔催切。 允乞更一見，然後為詔。 詔引前，允曰：「浩之所坐，若更有餘釁，非臣敢知。 直以犯觸，罪不至死。」 世祖怒，命介士執允。 恭宗拜請。 世祖曰：「無此人忿朕，當有數千口死矣。」 浩竟族滅，餘皆身死。 宗欽臨刑，歎曰：「高允其殆聖乎！」
When Hao was first arrested, Yun was on duty at the Secretariat. Crown Prince Huang sent Wu Yan, gentleman attendant of the eastern palace, to summon Yun and kept him overnight in the palace. The next day the crown prince entered to report to the emperor and ordered Yun to ride beside him in the carriage. At the palace gate he said, "When you enter you will see His Majesty; I myself will guide you. If His Majesty questions you, speak only as I have told you." Yun asked, "What sort of affair is this?" The crown prince said, "You will know when you enter." When he had entered to see the emperor— The crown prince said, "Gentleman attendant Gao Yun has long been in my household these many years, careful and discreet in all things—I know him well. Though he worked with Hao, Yun was of humble rank and acted under Hao's direction. I beg that his life be spared." The emperor summoned Yun and asked, "Was the national history entirely the work of Cui Hao?" Yun answered, "The annals of Emperor Daowu were composed by the former editorial gentleman Deng Yuan. The annals of the late emperor and the present record I composed together with Hao. Yet Hao handled many other duties and served chiefly as general editor. As for annotations and commentaries, I contributed more than Hao. The emperor burst out in fury: "This is even worse than Hao—how could he be allowed to live!" The crown prince said, "Heaven's majesty is overwhelming; Yun is a minor official who lost his composure in confusion. When I questioned him earlier, he said it was all Hao's work." The emperor asked, "Is it as the eastern palace says?" Yun said, "With my meager talent I wrongly took part in the compilation, offending your majesty; the crime deserves the extinction of my clan. I am already as good as dead and dare not speak falsely. Your Highness pitied me and begged for my life only because I had long served as your lecturer. In truth he never questioned me, and I never spoke those words. I answer with the facts and dare not speak in confusion. The emperor said to the crown prince, "How upright! This is also what human nature finds hardest, yet he could face death without wavering—is that not also hard! Moreover, to answer one's ruler with truth—such a man is a loyal minister. With such words as his, better to let one guilty man go free—he should be pardoned." Yun was spared after all. Thereupon Hao was summoned forward and interrogators were sent to question him. Hao was frightened and confused and could not answer. Yun clarified each matter in turn, all with clear and orderly reasoning. The emperor was furious and ordered Yun to draft an edict exterminating the five clans of all one hundred twenty-eight persons from Hao down through his servants and clerks. Yun hesitated and refused to write; edicts repeatedly pressed him with urgency. Yun begged for one more audience with the emperor, after which he would draft the edict. Summoned before the emperor, Yun said, "As for Hao's crime, if there is further guilt beyond this, it is not for me to know. For the offense of giving offense alone, the crime does not warrant death." The emperor was enraged and ordered armored guards to seize Yun. The crown prince bowed and pleaded on his behalf. The emperor said, "Without this man's resentment of me, several thousand people would have died." Hao's entire clan was exterminated; the rest were put to death. At his execution Zong Qin sighed, "Gao Yun is nearly a sage!"
10
恭宗後讓允曰：「人當知機，不知機，學復何益？ 當爾之時，吾導卿端緒，何故不從人言，怒帝如此。 每一念之，使人心悸。」 允曰：「臣東野凡生，本無宦意。 屬休延之會，應旌弓之舉，釋褐鳳池，仍參麟閣，尸素官榮，妨賢已久。 夫史籍者，帝王之實錄，將來之烱戒，今之所以觀往，後之所以知今。 是以言行舉動，莫不備載，故人君慎焉。 然浩世受殊遇，榮曜當時，孤負聖恩，自貽灰滅。 即浩之跡，時有可論。 浩以蓬蒿之才，荷棟梁之重，在朝無謇諤之節，退私無委蛇之稱，私欲沒其公廉，愛憎蔽其直理，此浩之責也。 至於書朝廷起居之跡，言國家得失之事，此亦為史之大體，未為多違。 然臣與浩實同其事，死生榮辱，義無獨殊。 誠荷殿下大造之慈，違心苟免，非臣之意。」 恭宗動容稱歎。 允後與人言，我不奉東宮導旨者，恐負翟黑子。
Later the crown prince reproached Yun: "A man must know when to adapt; without knowing the moment, what good is learning? At that moment I guided you to the right course—why did you not follow my words and provoke the emperor's wrath as you did? Each time I think of it, my heart still trembles. Yun said, "I am a rustic commoner from the eastern wilds and never aspired to office. By chance it was a time of peace; I answered the imperial summons, entered office at the Secretariat, and still served in the imperial archives—occupying rank without merit and blocking the worthy for long. Historical records are the true chronicle of emperors and kings, bright warnings for generations to come—by them the present views the past, and the future understands the present. Therefore words, deeds, and conduct are all fully recorded, and rulers must be cautious in them. Yet Hao received exceptional favor in his generation, glory shining in his day; he betrayed the emperor's grace and brought ruin upon himself. As for Hao's conduct, there are points that may still be debated. Hao, with talent fit only for the wilds, bore the weight of the state's pillars; in court he lacked forthright remonstrance, in private he lacked a reputation for tact; private desire drowned his public integrity, and love and hate blinded his judgment—this was Hao's fault. As for recording the court's daily conduct and discussing the state's gains and losses, that too is the great substance of history and was not greatly at fault. Yet Hao and I truly shared the same task; in life and death, honor and shame, by right there should be no separate exception for me. I am truly grateful for Your Highness's great grace in sparing my life, but to go against my heart and seek escape by pretense is not my intent. The crown prince was moved and sighed in admiration. Yun later told others, "The reason I did not follow the eastern palace's guidance was that I feared betraying Zhai Heizi."
11
恭宗季年，頗親近左右，營立田園，以取其利。 允諫曰：「天地無私，故能覆載； 王者無私，故能包養。 昔之明王，以至公宰物，故藏金於山，藏珠於淵，示天下以無私，訓天下以至儉。 故美聲盈溢，千載不衰。 今殿下國之儲貳，四海屬心，言行舉動，萬方所則，而營立私田，畜養鷄犬，乃至販酤市鄽，與民爭利，議聲流布，不可追掩。 夫天下者，殿下之天下，富有四海，何求而不獲，何欲而弗從，而與販夫販婦競此尺寸。 昔虢之將亡，神乃下降，賜之土田，卒喪其國。 漢之靈帝，不修人君之重，好與宮人列肆販賣，私立府藏，以營小利，卒有顛覆傾亂之禍。 前鑒若此，甚可畏懼。 夫為人君者，必審於擇人。 故稱知人則哲，惟帝難之。 商書云『無邇小人』，孔父有云，小人近之則不遜，遠之則怨矣。 武王愛周、邵、齊、畢，所以王天下。 殷紂愛飛廉、惡來，所以喪其國。 歷觀古今存亡之際，莫不由之。 今東宮誠曰乏人，儁乂不少。 頃來侍御左右者，恐非在朝之選。 故願殿下少察愚言，斥出佞邪，親近忠良，所在田園，分給貧下，畜產販賣，以時收散。 如此則休聲日至，謗議可除。」 恭宗不納。
In the crown prince's later years he grew close to those at his side and established private estates to turn a profit. Yun remonstrated, "Heaven and earth are without selfishness, and therefore can shelter and sustain all things; a ruler without selfishness therefore can embrace and nourish his people. The enlightened kings of old governed all things with utmost fairness; they hid gold in mountains and pearls in deep waters, showing the world their selflessness and teaching the world utmost frugality. Therefore their fine reputation overflowed and has not faded for a thousand years. Now Your Highness is the heir to the realm; the four seas look to you; your words and deeds are the model for all lands—yet you establish private fields, raise chickens and dogs, and even sell wine and trade in market stalls, competing with the people for profit; rumor spreads and cannot be undone. The realm is Your Highness's realm; possessing the four seas, what could you seek and not obtain, what desire and not have granted—yet you compete with peddlers for these trifling gains. When the state of Guo was about to perish, a spirit descended and bestowed land and fields upon it; in the end it lost its kingdom. Emperor Ling of Han did not uphold the dignity of a ruler; he delighted in setting up stalls with palace women to buy and sell, kept private treasuries to seek small profit, and in the end brought on the calamity of overthrow and chaos. Such precedents from the past are deeply to be feared. A ruler must be careful in choosing his men. Therefore it is said that to know men is wisdom—and only the emperor finds it hard. The Book of Shang says, 'Do not keep petty men near'; Confucius said that if petty men are kept near they grow insolent, and if kept at a distance they resent you. King Wu cherished the Duke of Zhou, the Duke of Shao, Jiang Ziya, and the Duke of Bi, and therefore ruled the realm. King Zhou of Yin cherished Fei Lian and E Lai, and therefore lost his kingdom. Surveying past and present at the turning points of survival and ruin, none fail to follow this pattern. The eastern palace may say it lacks men, yet outstanding talent is not scarce. Those who recently attend you at your side—I fear they are not the sort chosen for court service. Therefore I beg Your Highness to consider my humble words, drive out flatterers and the wicked, draw near the loyal and good, distribute your estates to the poor, and wind up your livestock and trading in good time. If you do so, your good reputation will grow day by day and slander can be dispelled. The crown prince did not accept his advice.
12
恭宗之崩也，允久不進見。 後世祖召，允昇階歔欷，悲不能止。 世祖流淚，命允使出。 左右莫知其故，相謂曰：「高允無何悲泣，令至尊哀傷，何也？」 世祖聞之，召而謂曰：「汝不知高允悲乎？」 左右曰：「臣等見允無言而泣，陛下為之悲傷，是以竊言耳。」 世祖曰：「崔浩誅時，允亦應死，東宮苦諫，是以得免。 今無東宮，允見朕因悲耳。」
When the crown prince died, Yun long avoided appearing at court. Later the emperor summoned him; Yun ascended the steps sobbing and could not stop his grief. The emperor shed tears and ordered Yun to withdraw. Those at the emperor's side did not know why and said to one another, "Why does Gao Yun weep for no apparent reason and move His Majesty to grief?" The emperor heard this, summoned them, and said, "Do you not know why Gao Yun grieves?" They said, "We saw Yun weep without speaking, and Your Majesty was moved to sorrow for him—that is why we spoke privately." The emperor said, "When Cui Hao was executed, Yun should also have died; the crown prince pleaded bitterly, and therefore he was spared. Now there is no crown prince; when Yun sees me he grieves for that reason."
13
允表曰：「往年被敕，令臣集天文災異，使事類相從，約而可觀。 臣聞箕子陳謨而洪範作，宣尼述史而春秋著，皆所以章明列辟，景測皇天者也。 故先其善惡而驗以災異，隨其失得而效以禍福，天人誠遠，而報速如響，甚可懼也。 自古帝王莫不尊崇其道而稽其法數，以自修飭。 厥後史官並載其事，以為鑒誡。 漢成帝時，光祿大夫劉向見漢祚將危，權歸外戚，屢陳妖眚而不見納。 遂因洪範、春秋災異報應者而為其傳，覬以感悟人主，而終不聽察，卒以危亡。 豈不哀哉！ 伏惟陛下神武則天，叡鑒自遠，欽若稽古，率由舊章，前言往行，靡不究鑒，前皇所不逮也。 臣學不洽聞，識見寡薄，懼無以裨廣聖聽，仰酬明旨。 今謹依洪範傳、天文志撮其事要，略其文辭，凡為八篇。」 世祖覽而善之，曰：「高允之明災異，亦豈減崔浩乎？」 及高宗即位，允頗有謀焉。 司徒陸麗等皆受重賞，允既不蒙褒異，又終身不言。 其忠而不伐，皆此類也。
Yun submitted a memorial: "In former years I received an edict ordering me to gather astronomical portents and anomalies, arranging them by category so they would be concise and readable. I have heard that when Jizi presented his counsel the Great Plan was composed, and when Confucius narrated history the Spring and Autumn Annals were written—all to clarify the ranks of rulers and mirror the will of Heaven. Therefore they first set forth good and evil and verified them by portents, following gain and loss and testing them by fortune and calamity—Heaven and man are truly distant, yet retribution comes swift as an echo; it is deeply to be feared. From antiquity no emperor or king has failed to honor this way and examine its methods and numbers to discipline himself. Afterward historians recorded these matters as mirrors and warnings. In the reign of Emperor Cheng of Han, Liu Xiang, household minister of the left, saw the Han mandate endangered and power falling to the empress's kin; he repeatedly presented omens and calamities but was not heeded. Thereupon, drawing on the Great Plan and the Spring and Autumn accounts of portents and responses, he compiled his commentary, hoping to move the ruler to awareness—yet in the end he was not heeded, and the dynasty fell into ruin. Is it not lamentable! I humbly consider that Your Majesty's divine martial prowess matches Heaven, your sagely discernment reaches far, you reverently follow antiquity and proceed by established statutes—words of former sages and deeds of the past, all thoroughly examined; what former emperors did not attain. My learning is not broad, my insight shallow; I fear I have nothing to add to broaden your sage hearing and repay your clear intent. Now I respectfully follow the Great Plan commentary and the Astronomical Treatise, extracting the essentials and abbreviating the wording—in all eight chapters." The emperor read it and approved, saying, "Gao Yun's understanding of portents and anomalies—how could it be less than Cui Hao's?" When Emperor Wencheng took the throne, Yun had played a considerable part in the planning. Minister of Education Lu Li and others all received rich rewards; Yun received no special praise and never spoke of it for the rest of his life. His loyalty without boasting—all were of this kind.
14
給事中郭善明，性多機巧，欲逞其能，勸高宗大起宮室。 允諫曰：「臣聞太祖道武皇帝既定天下，始建都邑。 其所營立，非因農隙，不有所興。 今建國已久，宮室已備，永安前殿足以朝會萬國，西堂溫室足以安御聖躬，紫樓臨望可以觀望遠近。 若廣修壯麗為異觀者，宜漸致之，不可倉卒。 計斫材運土及諸雜役須二萬人，丁夫充作，老小供餉，合四萬人，半年可訖。 古人有言：一夫不耕，或受其飢； 一婦不織，或受其寒。 況數萬之眾，其所損廢，亦以多矣。 推之於古，驗之於今，必然之效也。 誠聖主所宜思量。」 高宗納之。
Guo Shanming, supervising censor, was by nature full of clever contrivance and wished to display his talent; he urged Emperor Wencheng to undertake great palace construction. Yun remonstrated, "I have heard that when Emperor Daowu had settled the realm, he first established the capital. What he built he undertook only during gaps in the farming season, and otherwise raised nothing. Now the state has long been founded and the palaces are complete; the front hall of Yong'an suffices for audiences with all nations, the western hall and warm chamber suffice for the emperor's residence, and the Purple Tower suffices to survey far and near. If magnificent structures are to be built as marvels, they should be undertaken gradually and cannot be rushed. It is estimated that felling timber, moving earth, and various labor would require twenty thousand men; with corvée laborers at work and old and young supplying provisions, forty thousand in all—half a year could complete it. The ancients said that if one man does not plow, someone may go hungry; if one woman does not weave, someone may suffer cold. How much more for a multitude of tens of thousands—the waste and loss would be enormous. Reasoning from antiquity and testing against the present, this is an effect that must follow. Truly this is what a sage ruler should consider. Emperor Wencheng accepted his advice.
15
允以高宗纂承平之業，而風俗仍舊，婚娶喪葬，不依古式，允乃諫曰：
Because Emperor Wencheng had succeeded to a legacy of peace yet customs remained unchanged—marriage and funeral rites not following ancient forms—Yun remonstrated:
16
前朝之世，屢發明詔，禁諸婚娶不得作樂，及葬送之日歌謠、鼓舞、殺牲、燒葬，一切禁斷。 雖條旨久頒，而俗不革變。 將由居上者未能悛改，為下者習以成俗，教化陵遲，一至於斯。 昔周文以百里之地，修德布政，先於寡妻，及於兄弟，以至家邦，三分天下而有其二。 明為政者先自近始。 詩云：「爾之教矣，民胥効矣。」 人君舉動，不可不慎。
In the previous reign, bright edicts were repeatedly issued forbidding music at weddings, and on burial days songs, drumming, dancing, animal sacrifice, and cremation—all strictly forbidden. Though these regulations were long in force, custom did not change. The reason must be that those in authority failed to reform themselves, while those below took their ways as custom until they set. Moral instruction decayed until things came to this pass. Long ago King Wen of Zhou, ruling only a hundred-li domain, cultivated virtue and spread good governance—first toward his widowed wife, then his brothers, and finally his household and state—until he held two-thirds of All Under Heaven. One who truly governs well begins with those nearest to him. The Book of Songs says, "In your teaching, the people all take their pattern." A sovereign's every act demands the utmost care.
17
禮云：嫁女之家，三日不息燭； 娶婦之家，三日不舉樂。 今諸王納室，皆樂部給伎以為嬉戲，而獨禁細民，不得作樂，此一異也。
The Rites state that when a family marries out a daughter, candles burn unextinguished for three days; while the family receiving a bride goes three days without music. Today when princes wed, the music bureau supplies performers for their entertainment, yet ordinary people alone are barred from music—here is the first contradiction.
18
古之婚者，皆揀擇德義之門，妙選貞閑之女，先之以媒娉，繼之以禮物，集僚友以重其別，親御輪以崇其敬，婚姻之際，如此之難。 今諸王十五，便賜妻別居。 然所配者，或長少差舛，或罪入掖庭，而作合宗王，妃嬪藩懿。 失禮之甚，無復此過。 往年及今，頻有檢劾。 誠是諸王過酒致責，跡其元起，亦由色衰相棄，致此紛紜。 今皇子娶妻，多出宮掖，令天下小民，必依禮限，此二異也。
In antiquity marriage meant choosing families of virtue and integrity, carefully selecting modest and chaste brides, first engaging matchmakers, then presenting gifts, gathering colleagues to honor the farewell, and personally attending to the carriage to show reverence—marriage was treated with such solemn care. Today princes are given wives and separate households at the age of fifteen. Yet their matches may be grievously mismatched in age, or drawn from palace women condemned for crime, yet are paired with princes of the imperial clan as consorts and ladies of the domain. No breach of ritual could be more extreme. In years past and now, there have been frequent investigations. True, the princes were disciplined for drunken excess, but tracing the matter to its source, it often began when wives lost favor and were cast aside, provoking such strife. Today imperial sons take wives chiefly from the palace women, while ordinary people must obey ritual limits—here is the second contradiction.
19
萬物之生，靡不有死，古先哲王，作為禮制，所以養生送死，折諸人情。 若毀生以奉死，則聖人所禁也。 然葬者藏也，死者不可再見，故深藏之。 昔堯葬穀林，農不易畝； 舜葬蒼梧，市不改肆。 秦始皇作為地市，下固三泉，金玉寶貨不可計數，死不旋踵，尸焚墓掘。 由此推之，堯舜之儉，始皇之奢，是非可見。 今國家營葬，費損巨億，一旦焚之，以為灰燼。 苟靡費有益於亡者，古之臣奚獨不然。 今上為之不輟，而禁下民之必止，此三異也。
All that lives must die; the sage-kings of old fashioned ritual to nurture life and send off the dead, measuring human feeling by propriety. To ruin the living in serving the dead is what the sages forbid. Yet burial means concealment; the dead cannot return, and so they are laid deep in the earth. Yao was buried at Grain Grove, and farmers did not shift their field boundaries; Shun was buried at Dark Wu, and market stalls remained unmoved. The First Emperor built an underground palace, sealed it with the Three Springs beneath, and filled it with countless gold and jewels—yet hardly had he died before his corpse was burned and his tomb looted. From this contrast, the frugality of Yao and Shun against the First Emperor's extravagance shows plainly which is right and which is wrong. Today the state spends vast sums on funerals, only to burn everything on the pyre until nothing remains but ash. If such waste truly benefited the dead, why did the ministers of antiquity not do the same? The throne will not cease this practice, yet commoners must stop—here is the third contradiction.
20
古者祭必立尸，序其昭穆，使亡者有憑，致食饗之禮。 今已葬之魂，人直求貌類者事之如父母，燕好如夫妻，損敗風化，瀆亂情禮，莫此之甚。 上未禁之，下不改絕，此四異也。
In antiquity sacrifices required establishing a ritual representative, ordering the ancestral lines so the dead had a presence, and performing the rites of offering food. Today people take look-alikes for the spirits of the dead and treat them as parents, even sharing a bed as husband and wife—corrupting morals and profaning ritual; nothing is worse. The court has not banned this; the people have not abandoned it—here is the fourth contradiction.
21
夫饗者，所以定禮儀，訓萬國，故聖王重之。 至乃爵盈而不飲，肴乾而不食，樂非雅聲則不奏，物非正色則不列。 今之大會，內外相混，酒醉喧譊，罔有儀式。 又俳優鄙藝，[4]汚辱視聽。 朝庭積習以為美，而責風俗之清純，此五異也。
Feasts exist to establish ritual propriety and instruct the realm, which is why sage-kings held them in esteem. At such feasts cups might stand full yet untasted, delicacies untouched, only refined music played, and only proper colors displayed. Today's grand banquets mix ranks without distinction, dissolve into drunken uproar, and observe no ritual at all. Moreover, vulgar entertainments [4] degrade what eyes and ears behold. The court has made such habits a standard of refinement, yet demands purity of custom from the people—here is the fifth contradiction.
22
今陛下當百王之末，踵晉亂之弊，而不矯然釐改，以厲頹俗，臣恐天下蒼生，永不聞見禮教矣。
Your Majesty reigns at the end of an age of kings and inherits the disorder left by Jin, yet does not vigorously reform to rouse a failing age. I fear the common people may never again hear or witness the teachings of ritual.
23
允言如此非一，高宗從容聽之。 或有觸迕，帝所不忍聞者，命左右扶出。 事有不便，允輒求見，高宗知允意，逆屏左右以待之。 禮敬甚重，晨入暮出，或積日居中，朝臣莫知所論。
Yun spoke in this vein many times, and Emperor Wencheng listened calmly. When Yun touched on what the emperor could not bear to hear, he would order attendants to lead him out. When matters troubled him, Yun would request an audience. Knowing his intent, Wencheng would dismiss his attendants beforehand and wait for him alone. The courtesies were profound. He might enter at dawn and leave at dusk, or remain inside for days on end, while courtiers never learned what was discussed.
24
或有上事陳得失者，高宗省而謂羣臣曰：「君父一也，父有是非，子何為不作書於人中諫之，使人知惡，而於家內隱處也。 豈不以父親，恐惡彰於外也。 今國家善惡，不能面陳而上表顯諫，此豈不彰君之短，明己之美。 至如高允者，真忠臣矣。 朕有是非，常正言面論，至朕所不樂聞者，皆侃侃言說，無所避就。 朕聞其過，而天下不知其諫，豈不忠乎！ 汝等在左右，曾不聞一正言，但伺朕喜時求官乞職。 汝等把弓刀侍朕左右，徒立勞耳，皆至公王。 此人把筆匡我國家，不過作郎。 汝等不自愧乎？」 於是拜允中書令，著作如故。 司徒陸麗曰：「高允雖蒙寵待，而家貧布衣，妻子不立。」 高宗怒曰：「何不先言！ 今見朕用之，方言其貧。」 是日幸允第，惟草屋數間，布被縕袍，厨中鹽菜而已。 高宗歎息曰：「古人之清貧豈有此乎！」 即賜帛五百匹、粟千斛，拜長子忱為綏遠將軍、長樂太守。 允頻表固讓，高宗不許。 初與允同徵游雅等多至通官封侯，及允部下吏百數十人亦至刺史二千石，而允為郎二十七年不徙官。 時百官無祿，允常使諸子樵采自給。
When someone submitted a memorial on policy, Emperor Wencheng read it and told his ministers, "A lord and a father are one. If a father errs, why should his son not remonstrate openly so others may know the fault, rather than hide his counsel at home? Is it not from affection for one's father, fearing to expose his shame before the world? Today one cannot speak of the state's right and wrong to the emperor's face, yet submits a memorial of open remonstrance—is that not to expose the ruler's faults while displaying one's own virtue? As for Gao Yun—he is a true loyal minister. When I err, he speaks frankly to my face; even what I least wish to hear, he states plainly, without evasion. I learn of my faults, yet the realm never knows he remonstrated—is that not true loyalty? You at my side have never offered one honest word, but only wait until I am pleased to beg for offices and ranks. You hold bow and blade at my side, standing idle in my service, yet all of you have risen to princely rank. This man holds the brush and steadies the realm, yet rises no higher than Gentleman. Are you not ashamed? With that he appointed Yun Director of the Central Secretariat, while retaining his post as Compiler. Minister of Works Lu Li said, "Though Gao Yun enjoys the emperor's favor, his household is poor—he wears plain cloth, and his wife and children have no proper home." Emperor Wencheng said angrily, "Why did you not tell me this sooner! Only now that you see I have promoted him do you speak of his poverty." That same day he visited Yun's home and found only a few thatched rooms, a cloth quilt and worn robe, and in the kitchen nothing but salt and vegetables. Emperor Wencheng sighed and said, "The austere poverty of the ancients—was it ever like this? He at once bestowed five hundred bolts of silk and a thousand hu of grain, and appointed his eldest son Chen General Who Pacifies the Distant and Administrator of Changle. Yun repeatedly memorialized to decline, but Emperor Wencheng would not allow it. Those originally summoned with Yun, such as You Ya, mostly rose to high office and marquisates; a hundred or more of his former clerks became regional inspectors and two-thousand-dan officials, yet Yun remained a Gentleman for twenty-seven years without promotion. In those days officials received no salary; Yun often had his sons gather firewood to support the household.
25
初，尚書竇瑾坐事誅，瑾子遵亡在山澤，遵母焦沒入縣官。 後焦以老得免，瑾之親故，莫有恤者。 允愍焦年老，保護在家。 積六年，遵始蒙赦。 其篤行如此。 轉太常卿，本官如故。 允上代都賦，因以規諷，亦二京之流也。 文多不載。 時中書博士索敞與侍郎傅默、梁祚論名字貴賤，著議紛紜。 允遂著名字論以釋其惑，甚有典證。 復以本官領祕書監，解太常卿，進爵梁城侯，加左將軍。
Earlier, Director of the Imperial Secretariat Dou Jin had been executed for his crime. Jin's son Zun fled to the wilds, and Zun's mother Jiao was seized by the authorities. Later Jiao was released because of her age, yet none of Jin's kin or friends showed her any kindness. Yun pitied Jiao in her old age and sheltered her in his home. After six years Zun at last received amnesty. His steadfast conduct was of this kind. He was transferred to Grand Master of Ceremonies while retaining his original post. Yun submitted his Rhapsody on the Former Capitals, using it to admonish indirectly—a work in the tradition of the Two Capitals rhapsodies. Most of the text is not preserved. At that time Erudite Suo Chang of the Central Secretariat and Attendants-in-Ordinary Fu Mo and Liang Zuo debated the noble and base of personal names, their treatises contentious. Yun thereupon composed his Treatise on Names to resolve their confusion, with strong canonical evidence. He again held his original post as Director of the Palace Library, resigned as Grand Master of Ceremonies, was ennobled as Marquis of Liangcheng, and was appointed General of the Left.
26
初，允與游雅及太原張偉同業相友，雅嘗論允曰：「夫喜怒者，有生所不能無也。 而前史載卓公寬中，文饒洪量，褊心者或之弗信。 余與高子遊處四十年矣，未嘗見其是非慍喜之色，不亦信哉。 高子內文明而外柔弱，其言吶吶不能出口，余常呼為『文子』。 崔公謂余云：『高生豐才博學，一代佳士，所乏者矯矯風節耳。』 余亦然之。 司徒之譴，起於纖微，及於詔責，崔公聲嘶股戰不能言，宗欽已下伏地流汗，都無人色。 高子敷陳事理，申釋是非，辭義清辯，音韻高亮。 明主為之動容，聽者無不稱善。 仁及僚友，保茲元吉，向之所謂矯矯者，更在斯乎？ 宗愛之任勢也，威振四海。 嘗召百司於都坐，王公以下，望庭畢拜，高子獨昇階長揖。 由此觀之，汲長孺可臥見衞青，何抗禮之有！ 向之所謂風節者，得不謂此乎？ 知人固不易，人亦不易知。 吾既失之於心內，崔亦漏之於形外。 鍾期止聽於伯牙，夷吾見明於鮑叔，良有以也。」 其為人物所推如此。
Early on Yun studied with You Ya and Zhang Wei of Taiyuan as close friends. Ya once remarked of Yun, "Joy and anger are what no living person can be without. Yet the histories record Duke Zhuo's equanimity and Wen Rao's vast forbearance—men of narrow heart perhaps did not believe it. I have kept company with Master Gao for forty years and have never seen him show anger or pleasure at right and wrong—is that not believable? Master Gao is inwardly enlightened yet outwardly yielding; his words come haltingly and barely leave his lips—I often call him "Master Wen." Master Cui told me, "Master Gao has abundant talent and broad learning—a man of excellence for his age; what he lacks is stern moral bearing." I thought so as well. The Minister of Works' reprimand began from a trifle and reached imperial edict and censure. Master Cui's voice grew hoarse and his legs trembled until he could not speak; Zong Qin and those below prostrated themselves streaming sweat, all pale with fear. Master Gao laid out the principles of the matter and explained right and wrong; his argument was lucid and his voice resonant. The enlightened ruler was visibly moved; everyone who heard him praised his excellence. Benevolence reaching colleagues and friends, preserving this great good—was not what we called stern bearing found precisely here? When Zong Ai wielded power, his authority shook the four seas. He once summoned the hundred offices to the capital seat; from princes and dukes down, all gazed at the courtyard and bowed completely—Master Gao alone ascended the steps with a long bow. From this one may observe: Ji Changru could receive Wei Qing lying down—what need was there to resist ritual propriety! What we called moral bearing—may it not be precisely this? To know a person is indeed not easy; a person too is not easy to know. I missed it in my inner judgment; Cui too missed it in outward appearance. Zhong Qi heard only Bo Ya; Guan Zhong saw clarity in Bao Shu—there is truly reason for this. Thus was he esteemed by others in character.
27
高宗重允，常不名之，恒呼為「令公」。 「令公」之號，播於四遠矣。 高宗崩，顯祖居諒闇，乙渾專擅朝命，謀危社稷。 文明太后誅之，引允禁中，參決大政。 又詔允曰：「自頃以來，庠序不建，為日久矣。 道肆陵遲，學業遂廢，子衿之歎，復見于今。 朕既篡統大業，八表晏寧，稽之舊典，欲置學官於郡國，使進修之業，有所津寄。 卿儒宗元老，朝望舊德，宜與中、祕二省參議以聞。」 允表曰：「臣聞經綸大業，必以教養為先； 咸秩九疇，亦由文德成務。 故辟雍光於周詩，泮宮顯於魯頌。 自永嘉以來，舊章殄滅。 鄉閭蕪沒雅頌之聲，京邑杜絕釋奠之禮。 道業陵夷，百五十載。 仰惟先朝每欲憲章昔典，經闡素風，方事尚殷，弗遑克復。 陛下欽明文思，纂成洪烈，萬國咸寧，百揆時敍。 申祖宗之遺志，興周禮之絕業，爰發德音，惟新文教。 搢紳黎獻，莫不幸甚。 臣承旨敕，並集二省，披覽史籍，備究典紀，靡不敦儒以勸其業，貴學以篤其道。 伏思明詔，玄同古義。 宜如聖旨，崇建學校以厲風俗。 使先王之道，光演於明時； 郁郁之音，流聞於四海。 請制大郡立博士二人、助教四人、學生一百人，次郡立博士二人、助教二人、學生八十人，中郡立博士一人、助教二人、學生六十人，下郡立博士一人、助教一人、學生四十人。 其博士取博關經典、世履忠清、堪為人師者，年限四十以上。 助教亦與博士同，年限三十以上。 若道業夙成，才任教授，不拘年齒。 學生取郡中清望，人行修謹，堪循名教者，先盡高門，次及中第。」 顯祖從之。 郡國立學，自此始也。
Emperor Wencheng esteemed Yun and often did not call him by name, always addressing him as "Lord Director." The title "Lord Director" spread to the four quarters. When Emperor Wencheng died, Emperor Xianzu observed mourning; Yi Hun monopolized court commands and plotted to endanger the state. Empress Dowager Wenming executed him, summoned Yun within the palace, and had him participate in deciding great affairs. She also issued an edict to Yun, "For some time now schools have not been established, and this has gone on for long. The Way declines and learning is abandoned; the sigh of the collar-gem appears again today. I have succeeded to the great enterprise; the eight regions are tranquil. Consulting the old statutes, I wish to establish academic officers in commanderies and states so that advancing study may have a place to moor. You are an elder of the Confucian school, the court's hope and old virtue—you should join the Central Secretariat and Palace Library in deliberation and report. Yun memorialized, "Your servant has heard that to weave the great enterprise, one must take instruction and nurture as foremost; To complete the nine categories in order also depends on literary virtue accomplishing the task. Hence the Bright Hall shone in the Zhou odes, and the Pan Palace appeared in the Lu eulogies. Since the Yongjia era, old statutes have perished. In villages and hamlets the sounds of the Odes and Hymns were overgrown and lost; in the capital the rites of libation and sacrifice were cut off. The Way and learning had declined for a hundred and fifty years. The former court often wished to take the ancient statutes as its model and revive the plain style of old, yet pressing affairs left no leisure to restore them. Your Majesty reveres bright culture and literary reflection, succeeding to the great enterprise; the myriad states are tranquil and the hundred offices duly ordered. You extend the ancestors' testamentary will and revive the severed enterprise of the Zhou rites, issuing virtuous proclamation to renew cultural instruction. Officials and common people alike rejoiced beyond measure. Your servant received the edict and together with the two secretariats perused historical records and fully investigated canonical statutes—every age esteemed Confucianism to encourage study and valued learning to deepen the Way. Reflecting on the bright edict, I find it darkly identical with ancient meaning. It should follow the sage edict and grandly establish schools to stimulate custom. Let the Way of the former kings brightly unfold in this enlightened age; may its lush sounds flow and be heard throughout the four seas. I propose that great commanderies establish two Erudites, four Assistant Instructors, and a hundred students; secondary commanderies two Erudites, two Assistant Instructors, and eighty students; middle commanderies one Erudite, two Assistant Instructors, and sixty students; and lower commanderies one Erudite, one Assistant Instructor, and forty students. Erudites should be chosen from those broadly versed in the classics, loyal and pure in conduct, fit to serve as teachers, and aged forty or above. Assistant Instructors should meet the same standards as Erudites, aged thirty or above. If the Way's enterprise was early accomplished and talent suffices for instruction, age should not restrict appointment. Students should be drawn from families of clear reputation in the commandery—persons of cultivated and careful conduct who can follow name and teaching—first from eminent households, then from middle ranks. Emperor Xianzu approved this. Commandery and state schools were established from this time onward.
28
後允以老疾，頻上表乞骸骨，詔不許。 於是乃著告老詩。 又以昔歲同徵，零落將盡，感逝懷人，作徵士頌，蓋止於應命者，其有命而不至，則闕焉。 羣賢之行，舉其梗概矣。 今著之於左：
Later, afflicted by old age and illness, Yun repeatedly memorialized begging to retire; the edicts did not permit it. Thereupon he composed his poem on announcing retirement. Also, because those summoned with him in that year were nearly all gone, moved by the passing of time he cherished his companions and composed his Eulogy for Summoned Scholars—covering only those who answered the summons; those summoned who did not come are omitted. He set forth the outlines of the assembled worthies' conduct. They are recorded below:
29
中書侍郎、固安伯范陽盧玄子真
Lu Xuan of Fanyang, styled Zizhen, Attendant-in-Ordinary of the Central Secretariat and Marquis of Gu'an
30
郡功曹史博陵崔綽茂祖
Cui Chuo of Boling, styled Maozu, Merit Officer Scribe of the Commandery
31
河內太守、下樂侯廣寧燕崇玄略
Yan Chong of Guangning, styled Xuanlue, Administrator of Henei and Marquis of Xiale
32
上黨太守、高邑侯廣寧常陟公山
Chang Zhi of Guangning, styled Gongshan, Administrator of Shangdang and Marquis of Gaoyi
33
征南大將軍從事中郎勃海高毗子翼
Gao Pi of Bohai, styled Ziyi, Attendant-in-Ordinary to the General Who Conquers the South
34
征南大將軍從事中郎勃海李欽道賜[5]
Li Qin of Bohai, styled Daoci, Attendant-in-Ordinary to the General Who Conquers the South[5]
35
河西太守、饒陽子博陵許堪祖根
Xu Kan of Boling, styled Zugen, Administrator of Hexi and Viscount of Raoyang
36
中書郎、新豐侯京兆杜銓士衡
Du Quan of Jingzhao, styled Shiheng, Gentleman of the Central Secretariat and Marquis of Xinfeng
37
征西大將軍從事中郎京兆韋閬友規
Wei Lang of Jingzhao, styled Yougui, Attendant-in-Ordinary to the General Who Conquers the West
38
京兆太守趙郡李詵令孫
Li Shen of Zhao Commandery, styled Lingsun, Administrator of Jingzhao
39
太常博士、鉅鹿公趙郡李靈虎符
Li Ling of Zhao Commandery, styled Hufu, Erudite of the Grand Master of Ceremonies and Duke of Julu
40
中書郎中、即丘子趙郡李遐仲熙[6]
Li Xia of Zhao Commandery, styled Zhongxi, Gentleman within the Central Secretariat and Viscount of Qiqiu[6]
41
營州刺史、建安公太原張偉仲業
Zhang Wei of Taiyuan, styled Zhongye, Regional Inspector of Yingzhou and Duke of Jian'an
42
輔國大將軍從事中郎范陽祖邁
Zu Mai of Fanyang, Attendant-in-Ordinary to the General Who Assists the State
43
征東大將軍從事中郎范陽祖侃士倫
Zu Kan of Fanyang, styled Shilun, Attendant-in-Ordinary to the General Who Conquers the East
44
東郡太守、蒲縣子中山劉策
Liu Ce of Zhongshan, Administrator of Dongjun and Viscount of Pu County
45
濮陽太守、真定子常山許琛
Xu Chen of Changshan, Administrator of Puyang and Viscount of Zhending
46
行司隸校尉、中都侯西河宋宣道茂
Song Xuan of Xihe, styled Daomao, Acting Director of the Masters of Writing and Marquis of Zhongdu
47
中書郎燕郡劉遐彥鑒
Liu Xia of Yan Commandery, styled Yanjian, Gentleman of the Central Secretariat
48
中書郎、武恒子河間邢穎宗敬[7]
Xing Ying of Hejian, styled Zongjing, Gentleman of the Central Secretariat and Viscount of Wuheng[7]
49
滄水太守、浮陽侯勃海高濟叔民
Gao Ji of Bohai, styled Shumin, Administrator of Cangshui and Marquis of Fuyang
50
太平太守、平原子雁門李熙士元[8]
Li Xi of Yanmen, styled Shiyuan, Administrator of Taiping and Viscount of Pingyuan[8]
51
祕書監、梁郡公廣平游雅伯度
You Ya of Guangping, styled Bodu, Director of the Palace Library and Duke of Liang Commandery
52
廷尉正、安平子博陵崔建興祖
Cui Jian of Boling, styled Xingzu, Director of Justice and Viscount of Anping
53
廣平太守、列人侯西河宋愔
Song Yin of Xihe, Administrator of Guangping and Marquis of Lieren
54
州主簿長樂潘天符
Pan Tianfu of Changle, Chief Clerk of the Province
55
郡功曹長樂杜熙
Du Xi of Changle, Merit Officer Scribe of the Commandery
56
征東大將軍從事中郎中山張綱
Zhang Gang of Zhongshan, Attendant-in-Ordinary to the General Who Conquers the East
57
中書郎上谷張誕叔術
Zhang Dan of Shanggu, styled Shushu, Gentleman of the Central Secretariat
58
祕書郎雁門王道雅
Wang Daoya of Yanmen, Gentleman of the Palace Library
59
祕書郎雁門閔弼
Min Bi of Yanmen, Gentleman of the Palace Library
60
衞大將軍從事中郎中山郎苗
Lang Miao of Zhongshan, Attendant-in-Ordinary to the General-in-Chief of Guards
61
大司馬從事中郎上谷侯辯
Hou Bian of Shanggu, Attendant-in-Ordinary to the Grand Marshal
62
陳留郡太守、高邑子趙郡呂季才
Lü Jicai of Zhao Commandery, Administrator of Chenliu Commandery and Viscount of Gaoyi
63
夫百王之御士也，莫不資伏羣才，以隆治道。 故周文以多士克寧，漢武以得賢為盛。 此載籍之所記，由來之常義。 魏自神䴥已後，宇內平定，誅赫連積世之僭，掃窮髮不羇之寇，南摧江楚，西盪涼域，殊方之外，慕義而至。 於是偃兵息甲，修立文學，登延儁造，酬諮政事。 夢想賢哲，思遇其人，訪諸有司，以求名士。 咸稱范陽盧玄等四十二人，皆冠冕之冑，著問州邦，有羽儀之用。 親發明詔，以徵玄等。 乃曠官以待之，懸爵以縻之。 其就命三十五人，自餘依例州郡所遣者不可稱記。 爾乃髦士盈朝，而濟濟之美興焉。 昔與之俱蒙斯舉，或從容廊廟，或游集私門，上談公務，下盡忻娛，以為千載一時，始於此矣。 日月推移，吉凶代謝，同徵之人，凋殲殆盡。 在者數子，然復分張。 往昔之忻，變為悲戚。 張仲業東臨營州，遲其還返，一敍于懷，齊衿于垂歿之年，寫情於桑榆之末。 其人不幸，復至殞歿。 在朝者皆後進之士，居里者非疇昔之人，進涉無寄心之所，出入無解顏之地。 顧省形骸，所以永歎而不已。 夫頌者美盛德之形容，亦可以長言寄意。 不為文二十年矣，然事切於心，豈可默乎？ 遂為之頌，詞曰：
In governing scholars, none of the hundred kings failed to rely on the host of talents to elevate the governing Way. Hence King Wen of Zhou with many scholars achieved tranquility, and Emperor Wu of Han took obtaining the worthy as his glory. Such is what the records memorialize—the constant meaning handed down from antiquity. From Shenqi onward Wei pacified the realm, destroyed the Herunian usurpers across generations, and swept away unrestrained barbarians; south they crushed Jiang and Chu, west they shook the Liang domains—and beyond strange regions, those who admired righteousness came. Thereupon they stilled weapons and rested armor, established literary learning, promoted outstanding men, and consulted them on government affairs. They dreamed of the worthy and wise and sought to encounter such persons, inquiring of the relevant offices to seek famous scholars. All praised Lu Xuan of Fanyang and forty-two others—all scions of eminent houses, renowned in their commanderies and states, fit to serve as exemplars. He personally issued bright edicts summoning Xuan and the others. They left offices vacant to await them and suspended ranks to retain them. Thirty-five accepted the command; the rest sent according to precedent by commanderies and states cannot be fully recorded. Then eminent scholars filled the court, and the splendor of abundance flourished. Those who together received this summons—some at ease in court, some gathering in private homes—above discussed public affairs, below fully shared delight, thinking it a moment once in a thousand years, beginning from this. Sun and moon shifted; fortune and misfortune succeeded one another; those summoned together were nearly all gone. Of those who remain, only a few—and they too are scattered apart. Former delight has changed into present sorrow. Zhang Zhongye governed Yingzhou in the east; I longed for his return and once poured out my heart to him; together we grieved as death approached, writing our feelings at life's sunset. That man was unfortunate and again met death. Those in court are all later-entering scholars; those in the neighborhood are not men of former days; in advancing there is no place for the mind to rest, in going out and entering no face to unburden. Looking back at my bodily form, I therefore sigh unceasingly. The eulogy portrays flourishing virtue's form; one may also use extended words to lodge one's intent. I have not written for twenty years, yet affairs cut to the heart—how can I remain silent? Thereupon I composed this eulogy; the words say:
64
紫氣干霄，羣雄亂夏，王龔徂征，戎車屢駕。 掃盪遊氛，克剪妖霸，四海從風，八垠漸化。 政教無外，既寧且一，偃武櫜兵，唯文是恤。 帝乃旁求，搜賢舉逸，巖隱投竿，異人並出。
Purple vapor reached the heavens; many heroes disturbed Xia; the king set out on campaign and war chariots rolled forth again and again. He swept away roaming mists and cut down demonic usurpers; the four seas followed the wind and the eight borders gradually transformed. Government and teaching knew no border; the realm was tranquil and unified; he stilled martial arts and sheathed weapons, caring only for culture. The emperor then sought widely, searching for the worthy and raising the reclusive; from cliffs and hidden places men emerged, and those who had cast aside their fishing poles came forth together.
65
亹亹盧生，量遠思純，鑽道據德，遊藝依仁。 旌弓既招，釋褐投巾，攝齊升堂，嘉謀日陳。 自東徂南，躍馬馳輪，僭馮影附，[9]劉以和親。
Assiduous Master Lu, far-reaching in measure and pure in thought; drilling the Way and holding virtue, roaming in the arts and relying on benevolence. The signal bow summoned him; he doffed coarse cloth for office; gathering his hem he ascended the hall and excellent plans were daily presented. From east to south he leaped horse and drove wheel; the usurper Feng cast his shadow;[9] Liu was thereby harmonized through marriage.
66
茂祖煢單，夙離不造，克己勉躬，聿隆家道。 敦心六經，遊思文藻，終辭寵命，以之自保。
Maozu solitary and alone, early bereft and not reared; restraining himself and exerting his person, thereby elevating the household Way. He devoted his heart to the Six Classics and roamed in literary ornament; ultimately he declined favored command to preserve himself.
67
燕、常篤信，百行靡遺，位不苟進，任理栖遲。 居沖守約，好讓善推，思賢樂古，如渴如飢。
Yan and Chang were sincere and faithful; in the hundred lines of conduct none was left behind; he would not advance in rank without cause but dwelt in principle and tarried. He dwelt in modesty and guarded simplicity, loved yielding and excelled at deferring, and yearned for the worthy and delighted in antiquity as if thirsty or hungry.
68
子翼致遠，道賜悟深，相期以義，相和若琴。 並參幕府，俱發德音，優遊卒歲，聊以寄心。
Ziyi reached far and Daoci awakened deep; they expected one another by righteousness and harmonized like the zither. Together they joined the headquarters staff and together issued virtuous sound; at ease they completed the year and briefly lodged their hearts.
69
祖根運會，克光厥猷，仰緣朝恩，俯因德友。 功雖後建，祿實先受，班同舊臣，位並羣后。
Zugen's fortune met and he could brighten his plans; looking up he relied on court grace, looking down on virtuous friends. Though his merit was later established, emolument in fact came first; rank equal to old ministers, position alongside the host of nobles.
70
士衡孤立，內省靡疚，言不崇華，交不遺舊。 以產則貧，論道則富，所謂伊人，實邦之秀。
Shiheng stood alone; inward examination found no fault; he did not exalt his words with splendor and in association did not abandon old friends. Poor in worldly goods yet rich in the Way—such a man is truly the state's finest talent.
71
卓矣友規，禀茲淑亮，存彼大方，擯此細讓。 神與理冥，形隨流浪，雖屈王侯，莫廢其尚。
Outstanding was Yougui, who received this pure brightness; he preserved that great squareness and rejected petty yielding. His spirit merged with principle in obscurity; his form followed wandering waves; though he bowed to princes and marquises, he never abandoned his high purpose.
72
趙實名區，世多奇士，山岳所鍾，挺生三李。 矯矯清風，抑抑容止，初九而潛，望雲而起。 詵尹西都，靈惟作傳，垂訓皇宮，載理雲霧。 熙雖中夭，迹階郎署，餘塵可挹，終亦顯著。
Zhao was a region of true renown; the age produced many marvelous scholars, and where mountains and rivers converged, three men of the Li clan rose upright. Stern the pure wind, restrained the bearing; at the first nine he was submerged; gazing at clouds he rose. Shen governed the western capital; Ling alone made the commentary; he handed down instruction to the imperial palace and bore governance through mist and cloud. Though Xi died young, his traces reached the Gentleman's office; what remained could still be gathered—ultimately he too won distinction.
73
仲業淵長，雅性清到，憲章古式，綢繆典誥。 時值險難，常一其操。 納眾以仁，訓下以孝，化被龍川，民歸其教。
Zhongye was profound and far-reaching, of elegant and penetrating nature; he took ancient style as his statute and bound himself to canonical edicts. When times met peril and hardship, he always held to one course of conduct. He received the multitude with benevolence and instructed subordinates with filial piety; his transformation covered Longchuan and the people returned to his teaching.
74
邁則英賢，侃亦稱選，聞達邦家，名行素顯。 志在兼濟，豈伊獨善，繩匠弗顧，功不獲展。
Mai was an outstanding worthy and Kan too was acclaimed; their fame reached the state and family and their names and conduct were always illustrious. Their will lay in aiding all—how could it be self-cultivation alone? The craftsman of governance did not heed them and their merit could not be displayed.
75
劉、許履忠，竭力致躬，出能騁說，入獻其功。 輶軒一舉，撓燕下崇，名彰魏世，享業亦隆。
Liu and Xu trod the path of loyalty and exhausted themselves in service; going out they could expound persuasion and entering they presented their merit. Once the envoy carriage was raised, they bent Yan and lowered Chong; their names shone in the Wei age and their enjoyed enterprise was lofty.
76
道茂夙成，弱冠播名，與朋以信，行物以誠。 怡怡昆弟，穆穆家庭，發響九臯，翰飛紫冥。 頻在省闥，亦司于京，刑以之中，政以之平。
Daomao was early accomplished and at a young age spread his name; with friends he was trustworthy and in conduct toward things he was sincere. Harmonious were the brothers and reverent the household; he issued sound from the nine marshes and his brush flew in purple obscurity. He frequently served in the provincial gates and also in the capital; punishment was measured by the mean and government by equity.
77
猗歟彥鑒，思參文雅，率性任真，器成非假。 靡矜于高，莫耻于下，乃謝朱門，歸迹林野。
How great Yanjian! His thought joined cultured elegance; by nature he followed truth and his accomplishment formed without artifice. He did not pride himself on height nor was he shamed by lowliness; thereupon he left the vermilion gate and returned to woods and fields.
78
宗敬延譽，號為四儁，華藻雲飛，金聲夙振。 中遇沈痾，賦詩以訊，忠顯于辭，理出于韻。
Zongjing extended his reputation and was called one of the four outstanding men; his flowery ornament flew like clouds and his golden sound early vibrated. Midway he met deep illness and composed poetry to inquire; loyalty displayed in his words and principle issued from his rhyme.
79
高滄朗達，默識淵通，領新悟異，發自心胸。 質侔和璧，文炳雕龍，燿姿天邑，衣錦舊邦。
Gao was vast and penetrating, with silent knowledge deep and penetrating; leading the new and comprehending the strange, he issued from heart and breast. His quality matched the harmonious jade and his writing gleamed like a carved dragon; radiant bearing in the heavenly city and brocade robes in his old domain.
80
士元先覺，介焉不惑，振袂來庭，始賓王國。 蹈方履正，好是繩墨，淑人君子，其儀不忒。
Shiyuan first awakened and between extremes was not confused; shaking his sleeves he came to court and was first guest of the royal domain. Treading the square and treading the upright, he loved the plumb line and ink; a good man and gentleman whose bearing was without error.
81
孔稱游夏，漢美淵雲，越哉伯度，出類踰羣。 司言祕閣，作牧河汾，移風易俗，理亂解紛。 融彼滯義，渙此潛文，儒道以析，九流以分。
Confucius praised You and Xia; Han praised Yuan and Yun; how surpassing was Bodu! He exceeded his kind and surpassed the host. He spoke for the secret archive and was governor of He and Fen; shifting wind and changing custom, ordering disorder and unraveling confusion. He melted stagnant meaning and dispersed hidden writing; the Confucian Way was thereby analyzed and the nine streams divided.
82
崔、宋二賢，誕性英偉，擢穎閭閻，聞名象魏。 謇謇儀形，邈邈風氣，達而不矜，素而能賁。
The two worthies Cui and Song were heroic and great by nature; they plucked brilliance from the lane gate and their names were heard at court. Stern their bearing, remote their wind and air; reaching yet not proud, plain yet able to adorn.
83
潘符摽尚，杜熙好和，清不潔流，渾不同波。 絕希龍津，止分常科，幽而逾顯，損而逾多。
Pan Fu held high esteem and Du Xi loved harmony; pure without defiling the current, muddy without sharing the wave. He utterly hoped for the dragon ford yet stopped at the common grade; obscure yet more illustrious, diminished yet more abundant.
84
張綱柔謙，叔術正直，道雅洽聞，弼為兼識。 拔萃衡門，俱漸鴻翼，發憤忘餐，豈要斗食。 率禮從仁，罔愆于式，失不繫心，得不形色。
Zhang Gang was yielding and modest, Shushu upright; Daoya was well versed in hearing and Bi assisted as doubly knowing. Pulling out from the balance gate, together they gradually rose like swans; so driven they forgot meals—how could they want a peck of grain? Leading ritual and following benevolence without fault in the pattern; loss did not bind the heart and gain did not show in form and color.
85
郎苗始舉，用均已試，智足周身，言足為治。 性協於時，情敏於事，與今而同，與古曷異。
Lang Miao was at first raised and Yong Jun already tested; wisdom sufficed for the whole body and words sufficed for governing. His nature harmonized with the time and his feeling was keen in affairs; with today the same—with antiquity how different?
86
物以利移，人以酒昏，侯生潔己，唯義是敦。 日縱醇醪，逾敬逾溫，其在私室，如涉公門。
Things shift by profit and people by wine grow dim; Hou Sheng cleansed himself and honored only righteousness. Daily he poured rich wine yet grew ever more reverent and warm; even in private chambers he conducted himself as if treading the public gate.
87
季才之性，柔而執競，屆彼南秦，申威致命。 誘之以權，矯之以正，帝道用光，邊土納慶。
Jicai's nature was yielding yet he held to striving; arriving in southern Qin he extended authority and asserted command. Enticing by authority and correcting by the upright—the imperial Way thereby shone and border lands received celebration.
88
羣賢遭世，顯名有代，志竭其忠，才盡其概。 體襲朱裳，腰紐雙佩，榮曜當時，風高千載。 君臣相遇，理實難偕，昔因朝命，舉之克諧。 [10]披衿散想，解帶舒懷，此忻如昨，存亡奄乖。 靜言思之，中心九摧，揮毫頌德，漼爾增哀。
The host of worthies met the age and illustrious names had their generations; will exhausted loyalty and talent exhausted its outline. Form inherited vermilion robes and waist girded with double pendants; glory shone in the age and wind high for a thousand generations. Ruler and minister met yet principle and reality were hard to join; formerly because of court command they were raised and could harmonize. Opening the lapel and scattering thought, loosening the belt and easing the breast—this delight like yesterday; survival and death suddenly parted. Quietly thinking of it—the heart ninefold crushed; wielding the brush to eulogize virtue, tears thus increased sorrow.
89
皇興中，詔允兼太常，至兗州祭孔子廟，謂允曰：「此簡德而行，勿有辭也。」 後允從顯祖北伐，大捷而還，至武川鎮，上北伐頌，其詞曰：「皇矣上天，降鑒惟德，眷命有魏，照臨萬國。 禮化丕融，王猷允塞，靜亂以威，穆民以則。 北虜舊隸，禀政在蕃，往因時□，逃命北轅。 世襲凶軌，背忠食言，招亡聚盜，醜類實繁。 敢率犬羊，圖縱猖蹶，乃詔訓師，興戈北伐。 躍馬裹糧，星馳電發，撲討虔劉，肆陳斧鉞。 斧鉞暫陳，馘翦厥旅，積骸填谷，流血成浦。 元兇狐奔，假息窮墅，爪牙既摧，腹心亦阻。 周之忠厚，存及行葦，翼翼聖明，有兼斯美。 澤被京觀，垂此仁旨，封尸野獲，惠加生死。 生死蒙惠，人欣覆育，理貫幽冥，澤漸殊域。 物歸其誠，神獻其福，遐邇斯懷，無思不服。 古稱善兵，歷時始捷，今也用師，辰不及浹。 六軍克合，萬邦以協，義著春秋，功銘玉牒，載興頌聲，播之來葉。」 顯祖覽而善之。
In Huangxing, an edict made Yun concurrently Grand Master of Ceremonies; arriving at Yanzhou to sacrifice at Confucius' temple, the emperor told Yun, "This is simple virtue in action—do not decline." Later Yun followed Emperor Xianzu on the northern campaign and returned in great victory; arriving at Wuchuan garrison he submitted a northern campaign eulogy whose words say, "August Heaven, descending inspection only by virtue, entrusting mandate to Wei, shining over the myriad states. Ritual transformation greatly blended and royal plans truly filled; stilling disorder by might and making tranquil the people by rule. The northern barbarians of old were subordinate and receiving government lay in the domains; going because of the time□, they fled for their lives to the northern shafts. Generation after generation they inherited vicious tracks, turned back on loyalty and broke their words, recruited the perished and gathered robbers—the ugly sort truly numerous. Daring to lead dogs and sheep they plotted wanton rampage; thereupon an edict instructed the army and raised spears for the northern campaign. Leaping horse and wrapping grain, stars hurrying and lightning issuing; striking and attacking the enemy, broadly displaying axe and yue. Axe and yue briefly displayed, ears cut and brigades trimmed; piled corpses filled valleys and flowing blood became a stream. The chief villain fox-fled, borrowing breath in a poor lodge; claws and teeth already destroyed and belly and heart also blocked. Zhou's generous honesty extended even to traveling reeds; cautious and bright was the sage ruler—he possessed both this beauty. Grace covered the Jingguan and hung this benevolent edict; sealing corpses in the wild and obtaining captives, favor added to life and death. Life and death received grace and people rejoiced in overturning nurture; principle penetrated dark obscurity and grace gradually reached strange domains. Things returned to their sincerity and spirits presented their blessing; far and near thereby cherished—none thought but submission. Antiquity called those good at arms victorious only across seasons; now using arms, victory came before the chen had moistened. The six armies harmoniously joined and the myriad states thereby accorded; righteousness displayed in Spring and Autumn and merit inscribed on jade tablets; raising eulogy sound and spreading it to coming generations." Emperor Xianzu perused it and approved.
90
又顯祖時有不豫，以高祖沖幼，欲立京兆王子推，集諸大臣以次召問。 允進跪上前，涕泣曰：「臣不敢多言，以勞神聽，願陛下上思宗廟託付之重，追念周公抱成王之事。」 顯祖於是傳位於高祖，賜帛千匹，以標忠亮。 又遷中書監，加散騎常侍。 雖久典史事，然而不能專勤屬述，時與校書郎劉模有所緝綴，大較續崔浩故事，準春秋之體，而時有刊正。 自高宗迄于顯祖，軍國書檄，多允文也。 末年乃薦高閭以自代。 以定議之勳，進爵咸陽公，加鎮東將軍。
Also when Emperor Xianzu was unwell, because Emperor Xiaowen was young and tender, he wished to establish the son of the Prince of Jingzhao, Tui; he gathered the great ministers and summoned them in order to ask. Yun advanced, knelt before the sovereign, wept and said, "Your servant dares not speak much to weary the divine hearing; I wish Your Majesty above to think of the weight of entrustment to the ancestral temples and recall Duke of Zhou embracing King Cheng." Emperor Xianzu thereupon transmitted the throne to Emperor Xiaowen and bestowed a thousand bolts of silk to mark loyal brightness. He was again made Director of the Central Secretariat and appointed Regular Attendant of Scattered Cavalry. Though long managing historical affairs, he could not exclusively and diligently attend to composition; at times with Proofreader Liu Mo he collated and bound—in the main continuing Cui Hao's precedent on the model of Spring and Autumn, yet at times revising and correcting. From Emperor Wencheng through Emperor Xianzu, military and state documents and proclamations were mostly Yun's writing. In his final years he recommended Gao Lu to succeed him. For merit in fixing the succession he was ennobled Duke of Xianyang and made General Who Pacifies the East.
91
尋授使持節、散騎常侍、征西將軍、懷州刺史。 允秋月巡境，問民疾苦。 至邵縣，見邵公廟廢毀不立，乃曰：「邵公之德，闕而不禮，為善者何望。」 乃表聞修葺之。 允於時年將九十矣，勸民學業，風化頗行。 然儒者優遊，不以斷決為事。 後正光中，中散大夫、中書舍人河內常景追思允，帥郡中故老，為允立祠於野王之南，樹碑紀德焉。
Soon he was made Bearer of the Staff of Authority, Regular Attendant of Scattered Cavalry, General Who Conquers the West, and Regional Inspector of Huaizhou. In the eighth month of autumn Yun toured the borders and asked after the people's hardships. Arriving at Shao County, he saw Duke Shao's temple abandoned and not established; he said, "Duke Shao's virtue—lacking yet not ritually honored—what hope for those who do good?" Thereupon he memorialized and reported to repair it. Yun was then nearly ninety; he urged the people toward learning and custom was considerably reformed. Yet as a Confucian scholar he was at ease and did not make deciding judgments his chief concern. Later in Zhengguang, Regular Attendant of Scattered Cavalry and Gentleman Attendant of the Central Secretariat Chang Jing of Henei recalled Yun; leading the commandery's old elders, he established a shrine for Yun south of Yewang and set up a stele recording his virtue.
92
太和二年，又以老乞還鄉里，十餘章，上卒不聽許，遂以疾告歸。 其年，詔以安車徵允，敕州郡發遣。 至都，拜鎮軍大將軍，領中書監。 固辭不許。 又扶引就內，改定皇誥。 允上酒訓曰：
In the second year of Taihe, again because of old age he begged to return to his native village in more than ten memorials—the sovereign ultimately did not listen and permit; thereupon because of illness he announced return. That year, an edict used the comfort carriage to summon Yun and ordered commanderies and states to send him forth. On reaching the capital he was appointed General Who Pacifies the Army and Director of the Central Secretariat. He firmly declined but was not allowed. Again he was supported and led within to revise and fix the imperial edict. Yun submitted his Admonition on Wine, saying:
93
臣被敕論集往世酒之敗德，以為酒訓。 臣以朽邁，人倫所棄，而殊恩過隆，錄臣於將歿之年，勗臣於已墜之地。 奉命驚惶，喜懼兼甚，不知何事可以上答。 伏惟陛下以叡哲之姿，撫臨萬國，太皇太后以聖德之廣，濟育羣生。 普天之下，罔不稱賴。 然日昃憂勤，虛求不已，思監往事，以為警戒。 此之至誠，悟通百靈，而況於百官士民。 不勝踴躍，謹竭其所見，作酒訓一篇。 但臣愚短，加以荒廢，辭義鄙拙，不足觀採。 伏願聖慈，體臣悾悾之情，恕臣狂瞽之意。 其詞曰：
Your servant was ordered to gather instances where wine ruined virtue in former ages and compose an admonition on wine. Your servant, with decayed old age, is abandoned by human relations, yet special grace was excessively lofty—recording me in the year of approaching death and encouraging me on already fallen ground. Receiving the command I was startled and afraid, joy and fear both extreme—I do not know what I can offer in reply. Prostrating myself I reflect: Your Majesty with sagely wisdom presides over the myriad states; the Grand Empress Dowager with sagely virtue nourishes and rears the host of life. Under Heaven all relied on them. Yet daily you lean toward worry and diligence, empty seeking without cease, thinking to mirror past affairs as warning. Such utmost sincerity moves the hundred spirits—how much more the officials and common people. Unable to contain my joy, I respectfully set forth what I have observed in one chapter of the Wine Admonition. But I am foolish and brief of talent, added to age and decay; my words are crude and unworthy of notice. I prostrate my wish for holy compassion to embody my sincere feeling and forgive my mad and blind intent. The text reads:
94
自古聖王，其為饗也，玄酒在堂而𨣧酒在下，所以崇本重原，降於滋味。 雖汎爵旅行，不及於亂。 故能禮章而敬不虧，事畢而儀不忒。 非由斯致，是失其道。 將何以範時軌物，垂之於世？ 歷觀往代成敗之效，吉凶由人，不在數也。 商辛耽酒，殷道以之亡； 公旦陳誥，周德以之昌。 子反昏酣而致斃，穆生不飲而身光。 或長世而為戒，或百代而流芳。 酒之為狀，變惑情性，雖曰哲人，孰能自競。 在官者殆於政也，為下者慢於令也，聰達之士荒於聽也，柔順之倫興於諍也，久而不悛，致於病也。 豈止於病，乃損其命。 諺亦有云：其益如毫，其損如刀。 言所益者止於一味之益，不亦寡乎。 言所損者夭年亂志，夭亂之損，不亦夥乎。 無以酒荒而陷其身，無以酒狂而喪其倫。 迷邦失道，流浪漂津。 不師不遵，反將何因。 詩不言乎，「如切如瑳，如琢如磨」，朋友之義也。 作官以箴之，申謨以禁之，君臣之道也。 其言也善，則三覆而佩之； 言之不善，則哀矜而貸之。 此實先王納規之意。 往者有晉，士多失度，肆散誕以為不羇，縱長酣以為高達，調酒之頌，[11]以相眩曜。 稱堯舜有千鍾百觚之飲，著非法之言，引大聖為譬，以則天之明，豈其然乎？ 且子思有云，夫子之飲，不能一升。 以此推之，千鍾百觚皆為妄也。
From antiquity sage kings at their feasts placed dark wine in the hall and fermented wine below, thereby honoring the root and subordinating flavor. Though cups passed in procession, they did not reach disorder. Thus ritual was preserved and respect unimpaired; when the affair ended the ceremony was without flaw. Without this one loses the Way. How then can one model the age, regulate things, and hand them down to posterity? Passing through observation of former generations' success and failure—fortune and misfortune lie in people, not in numbers. Shang Xin indulged in wine and the Yin Way thereby perished; Duke of Zhou presented the announcement and Zhou virtue thereby flourished. Zi Fan, muddled with drink, met his death; Mu Sheng, who did not drink, kept his person bright. Some became warnings for long generations; some flowed fragrant for a hundred generations. Wine transforms and confuses nature and feeling; even the wise—who can contend with it? Officials neglect government, subordinates slight commands, the keen-eared grow dull in hearing, the yielding breed strife, and long indulgence leads to ruin. It does not stop at illness—it can cost a person his life. As the proverb says: its benefit is like a hair, its harm like a knife. The benefit spoken of extends only to the pleasure of taste—is that not meager? The harm is shortened years and a disordered will; harm to life and order—is that not abundant? Do not ruin yourself in wine's excess, nor lose your human relations in wine's madness. You will confuse the state, lose the Way, and drift on the current. Without teachers and without following rules—on what basis will you act? Does the Poetry not say, "As you cut and file, as you carve and polish"—that is the meaning of friendship. Officials admonish and counsels forbid—such is the Way of ruler and minister. If the words are good, review them thrice and wear them at your belt; if the words are not good, pity them and grant pardon. This is truly how the former kings received remonstrance. Formerly in Jin scholars mostly lost measure; they spread dissipation and called it freedom, indulged long drunkenness and called it lofty attainment, and songs praising wine[11] to dazzle one another. They claimed Yao and Shun drank a thousand bells and hundred cups, set forth unlawful words, cited the great sage as example, and took Heaven's clarity as their norm—is it really so? Moreover Zisi said the Master's drinking could not reach one sheng. By this reasoning, a thousand bells and hundred cups are all false.
95
今大魏應圖，重明御世，化之所暨，無思不服，仁風敦洽於四海。 太皇太后以至德之隆，誨而不倦，憂勤備於皇情，誥訓行於無外。 故能道協兩儀，功同覆載。 仁恩下逮，罔有不遵，普天率土，靡不蒙賴。 在朝之士，有志之人，宜克己從善，履正存貞。 節酒以為度，順德以為經。 悟昏飲之美疾，審敬慎之彌榮。 遵孝道以致養，顯父母而揚名。 蹈閔曾之前軌，遺仁風於後生。 仰以答所授，俯以保其成。 可不勉歟！ 可不勉歟！
Now Great Wei responds to the chart and governs with redoubled brilliance; where transformation reaches none fails to submit, and benevolent wind thickly harmonizes the four seas. The Grand Empress Dowager with utmost virtue instructs without weariness; worry and diligence fill the imperial heart; edicts and instructions proceed everywhere. Therefore the Way harmonizes the two principles and merit equals that of heaven and earth. Benevolent grace reaches below and none fail to follow; all under Heaven and the leading earth receive its reliance. Scholars in court with aspiring will should restrain themselves and follow goodness, tread the upright path and preserve constancy. Take moderation in wine as your measure and following virtue as your warp. Comprehend the grave harm of muddled drinking and see how respect and caution grow ever more glorious. Follow the filial Way to nurture your parents and spread their name. Tread the former tracks of Min and Zeng and leave benevolent wind for later generations. Look up to answer what was entrusted; look down to preserve what was accomplished. You must exert yourselves! Surely you must exert yourselves!
96
高祖悅之，常置左右。
Emperor Xiaowen was pleased with it and often kept it at his side.
97
詔允乘車入殿，朝賀不拜。 明年，詔允議定律令。 雖年漸期頤，而志識無損，猶心存舊職，披考史書。 又詔曰：「允年涉危境，而家貧養薄。 可令樂部絲竹十人，五日一詣允，以娛其志。」 特賜允蜀牛一頭，四望蜀車一乘，素几杖各一，蜀刀一口。 又賜珍味，每春秋常致之。 尋詔朝晡給膳，朔望致牛酒，衣服綿絹，每月送給。 允皆分之親故。 是時貴臣之門，皆羅列顯官，而允子弟皆無官爵。 其廉退若此。 遷尚書、散騎常侍，時延入，備几杖，問以政治。 十年，加光祿大夫、金章紫綬。 朝之大議，皆咨訪焉。
An edict permitted Yun to ride a carriage into the hall and exempted him from bowing at court congratulations. The following year an edict ordered Yun to deliberate on drafting laws and ordinances. Though his years gradually reached a centenarian term, his will and knowledge were undiminished; he still bore his old duties in mind and perused historical records. Another edict said, "Yun's years touch the perilous border, yet his household is poor and his nurture thin. Let the Music Bureau provide ten musicians; every five days they were to visit Yun to please his spirit. He specially bestowed Yun one Shu ox, one four-canopied Shu carriage, one plain table and cane each, and one Shu knife. He also bestowed delicacies, sent regularly each spring and autumn. Soon an edict provided morning and evening meals, on the first and fifteenth sent ox and wine, and cotton silk clothes supplied monthly. Yun divided them all among kin and old friends. At that time noble ministers' gates all arrayed illustrious officials, yet none of Yun's sons or younger brothers held office or rank. His integrity and withdrawal were of this kind. He was transferred to Director of the Imperial Secretariat and Regular Attendant of Scattered Cavalry; at times he was summoned in, provided with table and cane, and questioned on government. In the tenth year he was made Grand Master of the Palace with golden seal and purple cord. The court's great deliberations all consulted him.
98
魏初法嚴，朝士多見杖罰。 允歷事五帝，出入三省，五十餘年，初無譴咎。 初，真君中以獄訟留滯，始令中書以經義斷諸疑事。 允據律評刑，三十餘載，內外稱平。 允以獄者民之命也，常歎曰：「臯陶至德也，其後英蓼先亡，劉項之際，英布黥而王。 經世雖久，猶有刑之餘釁。 況凡人能無咎乎？」
In early Wei the law was strict and court scholars were often beaten and punished. Yun served through five emperors, entering and leaving the three secretariats for more than fifty years, without a single reprimand or fault. At first, in the Zhenjun era because litigation was detained and delayed, the Central Secretariat was first ordered to use canonical meaning to decide doubtful matters. Yun judged punishments according to statute for more than thirty years; inner and outer circles called it even-handed. Yun, because litigation is the people's life, often sighed and said, "Gao Yao had utmost virtue, yet afterward Ying and Liao perished first; at the Liu and Xiang transition Ying Bu was tattooed and made king. Though ages have passed since, there remain stigmas of punishment. How much less can ordinary men be without fault?
99
其年四月，有事西郊，詔以御馬車迎允就郊所板殿觀矚。 馬忽驚奔，車覆，傷眉三處。 高祖、文明太后遣醫藥護治，存問相望。 司駕將處重坐，允啟陳無恙，乞免其罪。 先是，命中黃門蘇興壽扶持允，曾雪中遇犬驚倒，扶者大懼。 允慰勉之，不令聞徹。 興壽稱共允接事三年，未嘗見其忿色。 恂恂善誘，誨人不倦。 晝夜手常執書，吟詠尋覽。 篤親念故，虛己存納。 雖處貴重，志同貧素。 性好音樂，每至伶人弦歌鼓舞，常擊節稱善。 又雅信佛道，時設齋講，好生惡殺。 性又簡至，不妄交遊。 顯祖平青齊，徙其族望於代。 時諸士人流移遠至，率皆飢寒。 徙人之中，多允姻媾，皆徒步造門。 允散財竭產，以相贍賑，慰問周至。 無不感其仁厚。 收其才能，表奏申用。 時議者皆以新附致異，允謂取材任能，無宜抑屈。 先是，允被召在方山作頌，志氣猶不多損，談說舊事，了無所遺。 十一年正月卒，年九十八。
That year in the fourth month there was a rite at the western suburb; an edict used the imperial carriage to bring Yun to the suburban plank hall to observe. The horse suddenly startled and ran; the carriage overturned and his brow was injured in three places. Emperor Xiaowen and Empress Dowager Wenming sent medicine to nurse him; inquiries and visits followed one another. The Director of Imperial Transport was to impose heavy punishment; Yun memorialized that he was unharmed and begged to exempt their crime. Before this he had ordered the inner yellow gate Su Xingshou to support Yun; once in snow they met a dog that startled and knocked him down, and the supporter was greatly afraid. Yun comforted and encouraged him, not letting the matter be reported. Xingshou said that together with Yun he attended to affairs for three years and had never seen him show anger. Assiduous and good at guiding, he instructed people without weariness. Day and night his hand constantly held books; he chanted and browsed through them. He was devoted to kin and mindful of old ties; empty of self he received others. Though he occupied honored and weighty position, his will matched poverty and plainness. His nature loved music; whenever actors strummed, sang, drummed, and danced, he often beat time and praised them. He also devoutly believed the Buddhist Way; at times he set up fasts and lectures; he loved life and hated killing. His nature was also simple and direct; he did not associate rashly. When Emperor Xianzu pacified Qing and Qi he moved their clan prominence to Dai. At that time scholars who flowed in from afar mostly suffered hunger and cold. Among the relocated many were Yun's affines by marriage; all came on foot to his gate. Yun scattered wealth and exhausted his property to relieve them; his inquiries and comfort were thorough. None failed to feel his benevolence and generosity. He gathered their talents and memorialized to have them employed. At that time discussants all took newly attached men as causing difference; Yun said to take material and assign ability and not suppress them. Before this, when Yun was summoned at Fangshan to compose an eulogy, his vital energy was still not much diminished; discussing old affairs, he forgot nothing. In the eleventh year, first month, he died at the age of ninety-eight.
100
初，允每謂人曰：「吾在中書時有陰德，濟救民命。 若陽報不差，吾壽應享百年矣。」 先卒旬外，微有不適。 猶不寢臥，呼醫請藥，出入行止，吟詠如常。 高祖、文明太后聞而遣醫李脩往脉視之，告以無恙。 脩入，密陳允榮衞有異，懼其不久。 於是遣使備賜御膳珍羞，自酒米至於鹽醢百有餘品，皆盡時味，及牀帳、衣服、茵被、几杖，羅列於庭。 王官往還，慰問相屬。 允喜形於色，語人曰：「天恩以我篤老，大有所賚，得以贍客矣。」 表謝而已，不有他慮。 如是數日，夜中卒，家人莫覺。 詔給絹一千匹、布二千匹、綿五百斤、錦五十匹、雜綵百匹、穀千斛以周喪用。 魏初以來，存亡蒙賚者莫及焉，朝庭榮之。 將葬，贈侍中、司空公、冀州刺史，將軍、公如故，諡曰文，賜命服一襲。 允所製詩賦誄頌箴論表讚，左氏、公羊釋，毛詩拾遺，論雜解，[12]議何鄭膏肓事，凡百餘篇，別有集行於世。 允明算法，為算術三卷。 子忱襲。
At first Yun often told people, "When I was in the Central Secretariat I had hidden virtue and rescued people's lives. If yang recompense is not in error, my years ought to reach a hundred." More than ten days before he died he had slight discomfort. He still did not lie down to sleep; he called doctors and requested medicine; going out and coming in, he chanted and sang as usual. Emperor Xiaowen and Empress Dowager Wenming heard and sent the physician Li Xiu to feel his pulse, reporting that there was no harm. Xiu entered and secretly stated that Yun's glory and guard showed strangeness; he feared Yun would not last long. Thereupon envoys were sent with imperial meals and delicacies—from wine and grain to salt and pickles more than a hundred kinds, all the season's flavors, and bed curtains, clothes, mats, cushions, tables, and canes arrayed in the courtyard. Court officials came and went and condolences followed in succession. Yun's joy showed in his form; he told people, "Heaven's grace, because I am sincerely old, greatly bestows on me—I can thereby entertain guests." He memorialized thanks only and had no other concern. Thus for several days; in the middle of the night he died and his household did not notice. An edict bestowed a thousand bolts of silk, two thousand bolts of cloth, five hundred jin of cotton, fifty bolts of brocade, a hundred bolts of mixed silks, and a thousand hu of grain for funeral expenses. From early Wei onward none who survived or perished received grace like this; the court honored it. When about to bury he was posthumously given Attendant-in-Ordinary, Duke of the Ministry of Works, Regional Inspector of Jizhou; general and duke as before; posthumous name Wen; one set of command robes bestowed. What Yun composed—poems, rhapsodies, dirges, eulogies, admonitions, discourses, memorials, praises, Zuo's and Gongyang's explanations, Mao's Odes gleanings, miscellaneous explanations,[12] discussion of He and Zheng's incurable cases—in all more than a hundred chapters; separately a collected work circulated in the world. Yun understood calculation methods and composed three chapters on arithmetic. His son Chen succeeded him.
101
忱，字士和。 以父任除綏遠將軍、長樂太守。 為政寬惠，民庶安之。 後例降爵為侯。 尋卒。
Chen, whose courtesy name was Shihe. Through his father's privilege he was appointed General Who Pacifies the Distant and Administrator of Changle. In governing he was lenient and generous and the people were at peace. Later, by precedent, his noble rank was reduced to marquis. He soon died.
102
孫貴賓，襲。 除州治中，卒官。
His grandson Binke succeeded. He was made Chief Clerk of the province and died in that office.
103
忱弟懷，字士仁。 任城王雲郎中令、大將軍從事中郎，授中散。 恬淡退靜，不競世利，在散輩十八年不易官。 太和中，除太尉東陽王諮議參軍而卒。
Chen's younger brother was Huai, styled Shiren. He served as Director of Retainers to Prince Yun of Rencheng and Attendant-in-Ordinary to the Grand General, then was appointed Regular Attendant of Scattered Cavalry. Tranquil and retiring, he did not compete for worldly profit; among the scattered ranks for eighteen years he did not change office. In the Taihe era he was appointed Consultant to Prince Dongyang, Grand Marshal of the Ministry of Works, and died in that post.
104
子綽，字僧裕。 少孤，恭敏自立。 身長八尺，腰帶十圍，沉雅有度量，博涉經史。 太和十五年拜奉朝請、太尉法曹行參軍，尋兼尚書祠部郎。 以母憂去職。 久之，除治書侍御史，轉洛陽令。 綽為政強直，不避豪貴，邑人憚之。 又詔參議律令。 遷長兼國子博士，行潁川郡事。 詔假節，行涇州刺史。 延昌初，遷尚書右丞，參議壬子曆。 肅宗初，司徒清河王懌司馬、冠軍，又隨懌遷太尉司馬。 其年秋，大乘賊起於冀州，都督元遙率眾討之，詔綽兼散騎常侍，持節，以白虎幡軍前招慰。 綽信著州里，降者相尋。 軍還，除汲郡太守，固辭不拜。 御史中尉元匡奏高聰及綽等朋附高肇，詔並原罪。 俄行滎陽郡事，以本將軍出除豫州刺史。 為政清平，抑強扶弱，百姓愛之，流民歸附者二千餘戶。 遷後將軍、并州刺史。 正光三年冬，暴疾卒，年四十八。 四年九月，詔贈安東將軍、冀州刺史，諡曰簡。
His son Chuo, whose courtesy name was Sengyu. Orphaned young, he was respectful, keen, and self-reliant. He stood eight chi tall with a ten-wei waist; deep, elegant, and measured, he was broadly versed in the classics and histories. In Taihe year fifteen he was appointed Court Gentleman and Acting Adjutant in the Grand Marshal's Law Section; soon he was also Gentleman of the Ancestral Temples Section. He left office to observe mourning for his mother. After some time he was appointed Attending Secretary and became Magistrate of Luoyang. Chuo governed with forceful uprightness and did not avoid the powerful; the people of the district feared him. He was also ordered to deliberate on laws and ordinances. He was made Senior Erudite of the Imperial University and acted as Administrator of Yingchuan Commandery. An edict granted him the staff of authority and he served as Acting Regional Inspector of Jingzhou. At the start of Yanchang he became Right Assistant Director of the Imperial Secretariat and joined deliberation on the Renzi calendar. At the beginning of Emperor Suzong's reign he was Marshal to Prince Yi of Qinghe and Champion, then followed Yi as Marshal of the Grand Marshal. That autumn Mahayana rebels rose in Jizhou; Commander Yuan Yao led troops against them; Chuo was made Regular Attendant with the staff to precede the army with the white-tiger banner and summon surrender. Chuo's trust was renowned in the region and surrenderers came in succession. When the army returned he was appointed Administrator of Ji Commandery but firmly declined the post. Director Yuan Kuang memorialized that Gao Cong, Chuo, and others had cliqued with Gao Zhao; an edict pardoned them all. Soon he administered Xingyang Commandery, then left office as Regional Inspector of Yuzhou with his original general's rank. His government was clear and level; he suppressed the strong and aided the weak; the people loved him and more than two thousand displaced households attached themselves. This man was transferred to General of the Rear and Regional Inspector of Bingzhou. In winter of Zhengguang year three he died suddenly of illness at forty-eight. In the ninth month of the fourth year an edict posthumously made him General Who Pacifies the East and Regional Inspector of Jizhou with posthumous name Jian.
105
子炳，字仲彰。 太尉行參軍，稍遷征虜將軍、開府掾。 早卒。
His son Bing, whose courtesy name was Zhongzhang. He served as Acting Adjutant to the Grand Marshal, then rose to General Who Conquers the Barbarians and Staff Officer of the Headquarters. He died in youth.
106
允弟推，字仲讓，小名檀越，早有名譽。 太延中，以前後南使不稱，妙簡行人。 游雅薦推應選。 詔兼散騎常侍使劉義隆，南人稱其才辯。 遇疾卒於建業。 朝廷悼惜之。 喪還，贈輔國將軍、臨邑子，諡曰恭，賜命服衣冠。 允為之作誄。
Yun's younger brother Tui, styled Zhongrang, childhood name Tan'yue, was early famed. In the Taiyan era, because successive southern envoys had proved unsatisfactory, envoys were carefully selected. You Ya recommended Tui as qualified. An edict made him Regular Attendant and envoy to Liu Yilong; southerners praised his talent and eloquence. He fell ill and died at Jianye. The court mourned and regretted his loss. When his coffin returned he was posthumously made General Who Assists the State and Viscount of Linyi, posthumous name Gong, with command robes bestowed. Yun wrote a dirge for him.
107
推弟燮，字季和，小字淳于，亦有文才。 世祖每詔徵，辭疾不應。 恒譏笑允屈折久宦，栖泊京邑。 常從容於家。 州辟主簿。 卒。
Tui's younger brother Xie, courtesy name Jihe, childhood name Chunyu, likewise possessed literary talent. Whenever Emperor Shizu summoned him he pleaded illness and did not respond. He constantly mocked Yun for bending himself in long service and dwelling in the capital. He lived at ease in his own home. The province recruited him as Chief Clerk. He passed away.
108
孫市賓，奉朝請、冀州京兆王愉城局參軍。 愉構逆，市賓逃歸京。 後除青州安南府司馬。 永熙中，冠軍將軍、開府從事中郎。
Grandson Shibin, Court Gentleman and Adjutant in the City Bureau of Prince Yu of Jingzhao in Jizhou. When Yu plotted rebellion Shibin fled back to the capital. He was later made Military Administrator of the Pacify-the-South Headquarters in Qingzhou. In the Yongxi era he was General Who Conquers the Barbarians and Attendant-in-Ordinary to the Headquarters.
109
始神䴥中，允與從叔濟、族兄毗及同郡李金俱被徵。
At the beginning of Shenqi, Yun together with his paternal uncle Ji, clan cousin Pi, and Li Jin of the same commandery were all summoned.
110
濟，字叔民。 初補中書博士，又為楚王傅。 真君中，假員外常侍，賜爵浮陽子，使於劉義隆。 世祖臨江，於行所除盱眙太守，後超授游擊將軍。 尋出除滄水太守。 卒，年六十七。 贈鎮遠將軍、冀州刺史，諡曰宣。
Ji, whose courtesy name was Shumin. At first he was Erudite of the Central Secretariat and Tutor to the Prince of Chu. In the Zhenjun era he was Acting Regular Attendant, ennobled Viscount of Fuyang, and envoy to Liu Yilong. When Emperor Shizu crossed the Yangzi he was appointed Administrator of Xuyi at the marching camp; later he was exceptionally made General Who Roams in Attack. Soon he was appointed Administrator of Cangshui. He died at sixty-seven. He was posthumously made General Who Pacifies the Distant and Regional Inspector of Jizhou with posthumous name Xuan.
111
子矯，襲。 卒，子師襲。
His son Jiao succeeded. He died and his son Shi succeeded.
112
師，字孝則，有學識。 歷詹事丞、太子舍人、尚書主客郎。 轉通直散騎侍郎、從事正員郎。 累遷光祿少卿，行涇州事。 卒，贈龍驤將軍、河州刺史。
Shi, whose courtesy name was Xiaozi, possessed learning and discernment. He served as Assistant in the Heir Apparent's Household, Gentleman Attendant of the Heir Apparent, and Gentleman of the Hosts Section. This man was transferred to Regular Attendant of Direct Communication and Attending Regular Gentleman. He rose to Vice Director of the Palace Masters and administered Jingzhou. He died and was posthumously made General of the Dragon Cavalry and Regional Inspector of Hezhou.
113
子和仁，字德舒，襲。 釋褐員外散騎侍郎，領殿中御史。 少清簡，有文才，曾為五言詩贈太尉屬盧仲宣，仲宣甚歎重之。 常有高尚之志。 後為洛州錄事參軍，不赴，服餌於汲郡白鹿山。 未幾卒，時人悼惜之。
His son Heren, styled Deshu, succeeded. On entering service he was Outside-the-Body Gentleman of Scattered Cavalry and concurrently Director of the Palace Censors. In youth he was pure and simple with literary talent; he once presented a five-character poem to Lu Zhongxuan of the Grand Marshal's staff, who greatly prized it. He constantly cherished elevated aspirations. Later appointed Recorder of Luozhou he did not take up the post but took elixirs on White Deer Mountain in Ji Commandery. Before long he died, to the regret of his contemporaries.
114
和仁弟德偉，武定末，東宮齋帥。
Heren's younger brother Dewei served at the end of Wuding as Director of Provisions in the Eastern Palace.
115
矯弟遵，自有傳。
Jiao's younger brother Zun is treated in a separate biography.
116
毗，字子翼，鄉邑稱為長者。 官至從事中郎。
Pi, styled Ziyi, was called an elder in his home district. He rose to Attendant-in-Ordinary.
117
孫當，尚書郎。 卒，贈樂陵太守，諡曰恭。
His grandson Dang was Gentleman of the Imperial Secretariat. He died and was posthumously made Administrator of Leling with posthumous name Gong.
118
初，允所引劉模者，長樂信都人也。 少時竊遊河表，遂至河南，尋復潛歸。 頗涉經籍，微有注疏之用。 允領祕書、典著作，選為校書郎。 允修撰國記，與俱緝著。 常令模持管籥，每日同入史閣，接膝對筵，屬述時事。 允年已九十，[13]目手稍衰，多遣模執筆而指授裁斷之。 如此者五六歲。 允所成篇卷，著論上下，模預有功焉。 太和初，模遷中書博士，與李彪為僚友，並相愛好。 至於訓導國冑，甄明風範，遠不及彪也。 出除潁州刺史。 [14]王肅之歸闕，路經懸瓠，羇旅窮悴，時人莫識。 模獨給所須，弔待以禮。 肅深感其意。 及肅臨豫州，模猶在郡，微報復之，由是為新蔡太守。 在二郡積十年，寬猛相濟，頗有治稱。 正始元年，復出為陳留太守。 時年七十餘矣，而飾老隱年，昧禁自效。 遂家於南潁川，不復歸其舊鄉矣。
At first Liu Mo, whom Yun introduced, was from Xindu in Changle. In youth he secretly traveled south of the River to Henan, then secretly returned. He was fairly versed in the classics and useful for commentary and gloss. When Yun headed the Palace Library and directed compilation, Mo was chosen Proofreader. Yun compiled the National Record and Mo collated and composed with him. He often had Mo hold brush and keys; daily they entered the History Pavilion together, knee to knee, composing current affairs. Yun was already ninety,[13] his eyes and hands gradually failing; he mostly had Mo hold the brush while he directed and judged. This continued for five or six years. Of the chapters Yun completed and his discourses upper and lower, Mo had a share in the merit. At the beginning of Taihe Mo was transferred to Erudite of the Central Secretariat; he and Li Biao were colleagues and close friends. In instructing imperial scions and clarifying models of conduct he was far inferior to Biao. He left office as Regional Inspector of Yingzhou. [14]When Wang Su returned to court his route passed Xuan'e; a traveler in poverty and emaciation, he was unrecognized. Mo alone supplied his needs and received him with proper ritual. Su was deeply moved. When Su governed Yuzhou Mo was still in the commandery; Su repaid the favor and had him made Administrator of Xincai. In two commanderies over ten years he balanced lenience and severity and won a considerable reputation for governance. In Zhengshi year one he again went out as Administrator of Chenliu. Though already over seventy he concealed his age and took office in violation of the prohibition. He then made his home in southern Yingchuan and never returned to his old village.
119
子懷恕，聰率多□。 甚收潁川情和。 至襄威將軍、本州冠軍府功曹參軍。
His son Huaishu was clever and quick, with many talents□. This man greatly won the affection and harmony of Yingchuan. He rose to General Who Displays Might and Merit Officer in his province's Champion Headquarters.
120
懷恕弟懷遜，頗解醫術。 歷位給事中。 卒於左軍將軍、鎮遠將軍。
Huaishu's younger brother Huaiyun was fairly skilled in medicine. He rose to Attendant Within. He died holding the posts of General of the Left Army and General Who Pacifies the Distant.
121
史臣曰：依仁遊藝，執義守哲，其司空高允乎？ 蹈危禍之機，抗雷電之氣，處死夷然，忘身濟物，卒悟明主，保己全身。 自非體隣知命，鑒照窮達，亦何能以若此？ 宜其光寵四世，終享百齡，有魏以來，斯人而已。 僧裕學治有聞，聿修之義也。
The historian remarks: By benevolence and the arts, by righteousness and wisdom—was this not Gao Yun, Director of Works? He trod peril and calamity, resisted thunder and lightning; facing death he was level, forgot self to aid others, and ultimately awakened the enlightened ruler and preserved himself whole. Unless one neighbored knowledge of fate and mirrored extremity and attainment, how could one be like this? It was fitting that glory extended through four generations and he enjoyed a hundred years; since Wei began, only this man. Sengyu's learning and governance won renown—the meaning of continuing the family line.
122
校勘記
Textual Collation Notes
123
冬十月日在尾箕北史卷三一高允傳「日」下有「旦」字。 按下云「昏沒於申南」，則這裏當有「旦」字。
In the tenth month the sun was in Tail and Winnowing Basket. Northern Wei History, juan 31, Biography of Gao Yun: below "sun" is the character "dawn." Since below it says "at dusk it set south of Shen," the character "dawn" should appear here.
124
李虛北史卷三一「虛」作「靈」。 按卷四九李靈傳不載此事。 卷五二胡方回傳、卷五四游雅傳、卷一一一刑罰志都不載李靈或李虛參加這次律令的修定。 但李靈這時是中書侍郎，同時未見有侍郎「李虛」其人，疑「虛」是「靈」之訛。
Li Xu. Northern Wei History, juan 31: "Xu" is written "Ling." The Biography of Li Ling in juan 49 does not record this matter. The biographies of Hu Fanghui, You Ya, and the Punishments Monograph do not record Li Ling or Li Xu participating in this legal drafting. Li Ling was then Attendant-in-Ordinary of the Central Secretariat, and no "Li Xu" is attested; "Xu" is likely an error for "Ling."
125
若勤之則畝益三斗不勤則畝損三斗諸本及北史「斗」並作「升」，御覽卷四五四 〈二０八七頁〉 作「斗」。 按漢書卷二四食貨志引李悝說「畝益三升」，臣瓚和顏師古都說「升」當作「斗」。 這裏稱「百里則田三萬七千頃」，又說「方百里損益之率為粟二百二十二萬斛」。 每畝損益共六斗，三萬七千頃正得二百二十二萬斛。 知作「斗」是，今據御覽改。
If diligent, three dou more per mu; if not, three dou less—all editions and Northern Wei History juan 31 read "sheng" for "dou"; Imperial Readings juan 454 〈p. 2087〉 has "dou." Hanshu, Treatise on Food and Money, citing Li Kui's "three sheng more per mu": Chen Zan and Yan Shigu both say "sheng" should be "dou." Here it says "within a hundred li, fields total thirty-seven thousand qing," and "for a hundred-li square the gain-and-loss rate is 2,220,000 hu of grain." Six dou gain and loss per mu; thirty-seven thousand qing yields exactly 2,220,000 hu. Since "dou" is correct, the text is now altered according to Imperial Readings.
126
又俳優鄙藝北史卷三一「藝」作「䙝」。 「藝」字當是形訛，但也可通，今不改。
Moreover actors' vulgar arts. Northern Wei History, juan 31: "arts" is written "the cited text." The character "arts" is likely a graphic error but can pass; it is not altered here.
127
征南大將軍從事中郎勃海李欽道賜北史卷三一「欽」作「金」。 按下文說允與「同郡李金同被徵，卷七二李叔虎傳也說「從祖金，世祖神䴥中與高允俱被徵」，疑作「金」是。
Li Qin of Bohai, styled Daoci, Attendant-in-Ordinary to the General Who Conquers the South. Northern Wei History juan 31: "Qin" is written "Jin." Below it says Li Jin of the same commandery was summoned with Yun; Biography of Li Shuhu, juan 72, says collateral ancestor Jin was summoned with Gao Yun in Shenqi—"Jin" is likely correct.
128
中書郎中即丘子趙郡李遐仲熙張森楷云：「李順傳 〈卷三六〉 有族弟熙，字仲熙，神䴥中，與高允同被徵，拜中書博士，轉侍郎，封元氏子。 與此不同。 以下文徵士頌稱『熙雖中夭』觀之，則『熙』是而『遐』非。」 按「中書郎中」下「中」字當是衍文。
Gentleman of the Central Secretariat, Viscount of Qiqiu, Li Xia of Zhao Commandery, styled Zhongxi. Zhang Senkai remarks in the Biography of Li Shun 〈juan 36〉 has a clan younger brother Xi, styled Zhongxi; summoned with Gao Yun in Shenqi, appointed Erudite of the Central Secretariat, transferred to Attendant-in-Ordinary, enfeoffed Viscount of Yuanshi. This differs from the present text. The Eulogy for Summoned Scholars says "Though Xi died young"—"Xi" is correct and "Xia" is not. Below "Gentleman within the Central Secretariat" the character "within" is likely superfluous.
129
中書郎武恒子河間邢穎宗敬張森楷北史校勘記云：「邢巒傳 〈卷六五〉 稱穎假平城子使宋，不云封『武恒子』，且地志亦無武恒縣，或『武垣』誤也。」
Gentleman of the Central Secretariat, Viscount of Wuheng, Xing Ying styled Zongjing of Hejian. Zhang Senkai's Collation Notes for Northern Wei History: "Biography of Xing Luan 〈juan 65〉 says Ying was Acting Viscount of Pingcheng and envoy to Song, not enfeoffed "Viscount of Wuheng," and the geography has no Wuheng County—or "Wuheng" is an error for "Wuyuan."
130
太平太守平原子雁門李熙士元北史卷三一「平原」作「原平」。 按當時封邑，往往取本郡地名，雁門有原平縣，疑作「原平」是。
Li Xi of Yanmen, styled Shiyuan, Administrator of Taiping and Viscount of Pingyuan. Northern Wei History juan 31: "Pingyuan" is written "Yuanping." Enfeoffments often took local place-names; Yanmen had Yuanping County—"Yuanping" is likely correct.
131
僭馮影附諸本「馮」作「憑」，北史卷三一作「馮」。 按這幾句是說玄出使事。 玄出使劉宋，見本書卷四七、北史卷三０盧玄傳，又曾出使北燕馮弘，則魏書不載，只見北史盧玄傳。 「僭馮」指馮弘，與下「劉以和親」句相對。 「憑」字訛，今據北史改。
The usurper Feng cast his shadow. All editions read "Feng" as "Ping"; Northern Wei History juan 31 reads "Feng." These lines concern Xuan's diplomatic missions. Xuan went as envoy to Liu Song (see juan 47 and Northern Wei History juan 30); he also went to Feng Hong of Northern Yan, unrecorded in Wei Shu but in Northern Wei History. "Usurper Feng" refers to Feng Hong, paired with "Liu thereby harmonized through marriage" below. The character "Ping" is erroneous; altered according to Northern Wei History.
132
舉之克諧諸本及北史「舉」作「與」，獨百衲本作「舉」。 按李慈銘云：「『與』，宋本作『舉』。」 則李所見宋本同百衲本。 這句上文云「君臣相遇，理實難偕」，接以「昔因朝命，舉之克諧」，「舉」即指徵舉，不誤。 今從百衲本。
They were raised and could harmonize. All editions and Northern Wei History read "raise" as "with"; only the Baona edition reads "raise." Li Ciming says: "'With'—the Song edition reads 'raise.'" The Song edition Li saw agrees with the Baona edition. Above: "Ruler and minister met, principle and reality hard to join"; then "Formerly by court command they were raised and harmonized"—"raise" means the summons and is correct. The text now follows the Baona edition.
133
調酒之頌冊府卷五二三 〈六二四七頁〉 「調」作「諷」，「酒」下有「德」字。 疑是。
Songs praising wine, per the Imperial Digest, juan 523 〈p. 6247〉 The text reads "tune" as "satire," and after "wine" adds the character "virtue." This is likely correct.
134
論雜解按「論雜解」不可解，北史卷三一無「論」字，當連上文作「毛詩拾遺雜解」。 但也可能「論」下脫「語」字。
"Miscellaneous explanations" is unclear; Northern Wei History juan 31 lacks "discourse," which should join above as "Mao's Odes Gleanings, miscellaneous explanations." It is also possible "discourse" is missing the character "language" below.
135
允年已九十張森楷云：「允以太和十一年卒，年九十八。 此敍在太和前，則未及九十也。 疑『九』當為『八』，或『已』是『近』之誤。」 按傳稱允自中書監出任懷州刺史時，「年將九十」。 他典史事在官中書監時，下文又說「如此者五六歲」。 若允出任懷州時「年將九十」，則遷中書監時，必不及九十。 「九」疑是「八」之訛。
Yun's years already ninety. Zhang Senkai says: "Yun died Taihe year eleven, aged ninety-eight. This passage is set before Taihe, so he had not yet reached ninety. He suspects "nine" should be "eight," or "already" is an error for "nearly." The biography says when Yun became Regional Inspector of Huaizhou, "years nearly ninety." He managed historical affairs as Director of the Central Secretariat; below it says "thus for five or six years." If "nearly ninety" at Huaizhou, he must have been under ninety as Director of the Central Secretariat. 'Nine' is likely an error for 'eight.'
136
出除潁州刺史汲本「州」作「川」，北史卷三一「潁州刺史」作「南潁川太守」。 李慈銘、張森楷都以為當作「潁川太守」。 按下文說王肅「臨豫州，模猶在郡」，又說：「由是為新蔡太守。 在二郡，積十年。」 二郡即指新蔡和潁川或南潁川，分明是官潁川或南潁川太守，不是刺史。 又潁川、新蔡屬豫州 〈卷一０六中地形志中〉 王肅是豫州刺史，才和劉模相關，若模作潁州刺史，王肅又如何能要他當新蔡太守。 而且潁州於天平初置，武定七年改鄭州 〈見地形志中〉 ，太和年間地屬司州，根本沒有潁州。 這裏汲本作「潁川」是，「刺史」也當作「太守」。 又當時司州也有潁川，是漢魏舊郡，豫州的潁川後置，相對於司州的潁川，故也稱「南潁川」。
He went out as Regional Inspector of Yingzhou. Jibu edition: "zhou" written "chuan"; Northern Wei History juan 31: "Regional Inspector of Yingzhou" written "Administrator of Southern Yingchuan." Li Ciming and Zhang Senkai both hold it should read "Administrator of Yingchuan." Below: when Wang Su "governed Yuzhou, Mo was still in the commandery," and "thereby became Administrator of Xincai. In two commanderies, ten years accumulated." The two commanderies are Xincai and Yingchuan or Southern Yingchuan—clearly administrator, not regional inspector. Yingchuan and Xincai both belonged to Yuzhou 〈Geography Treatise, juan 106, middle scroll〉 Wang Su was Regional Inspector of Yuzhou, hence connected with Mo; if Mo were Regional Inspector of Ying, how could Wang Su appoint him Administrator of Xincai? Yingzhou was established at Tianping's beginning, changed to Zhengzhou in Wuding year seven 〈see Geography Treatise, middle scroll〉 In the Taihe era the territory belonged to Sizhou; there was no Yingzhou. The Jibu edition's "Yingchuan" is correct; "Regional Inspector" should read "Administrator." Sizhou also had Yingchuan, the old Han-Wei commandery; Yuzhou's Yingchuan was later established, hence also "Southern Yingchuan" relative to Sizhou's.