1
私署涼州牧張寔鮮卑乞伏國仁鮮卑禿髮烏孤私署涼王李暠盧水胡沮渠蒙遜
Zhang Shi, self-appointed Governor of Liangzhou; the Xianbei Qifu Guoren and Tufa Wugu; Li Gao, self-appointed King of Liang; and Juqu Mengxun of the Lushui Hu.
2
寔代統任，愍帝拜為使持節、都督涼州諸軍事、西中郎將、涼州刺史、領護羌校尉、西平公。 劉曜陷長安，寔自稱侍中、司空、大都督、涼州牧，承制行事。 于時天下喪亂，秦雍之民死者十八九，唯涼州獨全。 寔自恃眾強，轉為驕恣。 平文皇帝四年，寔為左右閻沙等所殺。 先是謠曰：「蛇利砲，蛇利砲，公頭墜地而不覺。」 寔所住室梁間有人象而無頭，久之乃滅。 寔惡之，未幾見殺。 寔弟茂統任。
Shi inherited leadership of the domain, and Emperor Min invested him as bearer of the credentials of authority, commander-in-chief of all military affairs in Liangzhou, General of the Western Centre, Inspector of Liangzhou, Protector of the Di and Qiang, and Duke of Xiping. After Liu Yao took Chang'an, Shi assumed the titles Attendant-in-Chief, Minister of Works, Grand Commander-in-Chief, and Governor of Liangzhou, and governed on the authority of the throne. The empire was then in chaos, and eight or nine out of ten people in Qin and Yong died, while Liangzhou alone was spared. Confident in his military strength, Shi grew increasingly arrogant and overbearing. In the fourth year of Emperor Pingwen's reign, Shi was assassinated by his close attendants Yan Sha and his associates. A rhyme had earlier run: 'Serpent's profit, serpent's profit—the lord's head drops to the ground and he never knows it.' Between the beams of Shi's chamber there appeared a headless human figure, which after some time disappeared. Shi took this as an ill omen, and not long afterward he was slain. Shi's younger brother Mao took over leadership of the domain.
3
茂字成遜，私署使持節、都督涼州諸軍事、平西將軍、護羌校尉、涼州牧、西平公。 誅閻沙等百餘人。 遣使朝貢。 茂妻弟賈模兄弟謀害茂，[1]茂殺之。 劉曜上隴，茂懼而降，曜以為太師、涼王。 茂卒，無子，寔子駿統任。
Mao, whose style was Chengxun, styled himself bearer of the credentials of authority, commander-in-chief of all military affairs in Liangzhou, General Who Pacifies the West, Protector of the Di and Qiang, Governor of Liangzhou, and Duke of Xiping. He put Yan Sha and more than a hundred accomplices to death. He dispatched envoys to offer tribute at court. Jia Mo and his brothers, younger brothers of Mao's wife, conspired against Mao;[1] Mao had them executed. When Liu Yao marched into Long, Mao submitted in fear, and Yao made him Grand Preceptor and King of Liang. Mao died childless, and Shi's son Jun inherited the domain.
4
駿，字公庭，自稱使持節、大將軍、護羌校尉、涼州牧、西平公。 遣使朝貢。 煬帝時，隴西人辛晏以枹罕降之，駿遂有河南之地，至於狄道，與石勒分境。
Jun, whose style was Gongting, took the titles bearer of the credentials of authority, Grand General, Protector of the Di and Qiang, Governor of Liangzhou, and Duke of Xiping. He dispatched envoys to offer tribute at court. During Emperor Yang's reign, Xin Yan of Longxi surrendered Fuhan to Jun, who thereby gained territory south of the Yellow River as far as Didao and shared a border with Shi Le.
5
駿築南城，起謙光殿於其中，窮珍極巧，又四面各起一殿，東曰宜陽青殿，南曰朱陽赤殿，西曰正德白殿，北曰玄武黑殿，服章器物皆依色隨四時居之，其旁有直省寺署，一依方色。 其奢僭如此，民以勞怨。 駿議治石田，參軍索孚諫曰：「凡為治者，動不逆天機，作不破地德。 昔后稷之播百穀，不墾磐石； 禹決江河，不逆流勢。 今欲徙石為田，運土殖穀，計所損用，畝盈百石，所收不過三石而已，竊所未安。」 駿怒，出孚為伊吾都尉。 有石隕於破胡，燋而碎，聲如擊鼓，聞七百里。 其處氣上黑如煙，煙首如赤飊。 駿少而淫佚，常夜出微行，姦亂邑里，少年皆化之。 性又貪惏。 有圖秦隴意。 以穀帛付民，歲收倍利，利不充者，簿賣田宅。
Jun constructed the Southern City and built within it the Hall of Modest Brilliance, lavishing the rarest materials and the finest workmanship. On each of the four sides he raised a separate hall: to the east the Azure Hall of Yiyang, to the south the Scarlet Hall of Zhuyang, to the west the White Hall of Zhengde, and to the north the Black Hall of Xuanwu. Robes, insignia, and furnishings all matched these colors, and he moved his residence with the seasons. Adjacent government offices and temples were likewise arranged according to the colors of the four directions. His extravagance and presumption went so far that the people were exhausted and full of resentment. Jun proposed turning rocky ground into farmland. His staff officer Suo Fu remonstrated: 'Whoever governs must not act against Heaven's design or undertake works that violate the earth's virtue. In antiquity Hou Ji sowed the hundred grains but never plowed bedrock; Yu cut through the rivers but never fought the current's flow. Now you propose to shift stone to make fields and haul earth to plant grain. By my reckoning the cost per mu will exceed a hundred piculs while the harvest will be no more than three—I cannot see how this can be justified.' Jun was furious and banished Fu to the post of commandant of Yiwu. A meteorite fell at Pohu, burst into flame, and shattered; the sound was like thundering drums and carried seven hundred li. Black smoke rose from the site, its crest twisting like a crimson whirlwind. From youth Jun was dissolute, often slipping out at night in disguise to debauch the neighborhoods, and the young men of the city all followed his example. He was greedy and grasping by nature as well. He harbored ambitions to conquer Qin and Long. He lent grain and cloth to the people at double annual interest; those who could not repay had their land and homes seized and sold off the books.
6
分武威、武興、西平、張掖、酒泉、建康、西海、西郡、湟河、晉興、廣武十一郡為涼州，以長子重華為刺史； 興晉、金城、[2]武始、南安、永晉、大夏、武城、漢中八郡為河州，以其寧戎校尉張瓘為刺史； 敦煌、晉昌、高昌，西域都護、戊己校尉、玉門大護軍，三郡三營為沙州，以西胡校尉楊宣為刺史。 駿私署大都督、大將軍、假涼王、督攝三州。 始置諸祭酒、郎中、大夫、舍人、謁者之官，官號皆擬天朝，而微辨其名。 舞六佾，建豹尾，車服旌旗一如王者。 軌保涼州，陰澹之力，駿以陰氏門宗強盛，忌之，乃逼澹弟鑒令自殺，由是大失人情。 駿既病，見鑒為祟，遂死，時建國九年也。 子重華統任。
He organized the eleven commanderies of Wuwei, Wuxing, Xiping, Zhangye, Jiuquan, Jiankang, Xihai, Xijun, Huanghe, Jinxing, and Guangwu as Liangzhou and appointed his eldest son Chonghua as inspector; He organized the eight commanderies of Xingjin, Jincheng,[2] Wushi, Nan'an, Yongjin, Daxia, Wucheng, and Hanzhong as Hezhou and appointed his Pacifier of the Rong, Zhang Guan, as inspector; He grouped Dunhuang, Jinchang, and Gaochang together with the Protectorate of the Western Regions, the Wuji Commandant, and the Grand Protector of Yumen into Shazhou and appointed Yang Xuan, Commandant of the Western Barbarians, as inspector. Jun styled himself Grand Commander-in-Chief, Grand General, Acting King of Liang, and overseer of all three provinces. He first created the offices of Libationers, Gentlemen, Grandees, Attendants, and Ushers, modeling their titles on the imperial court but with slight variations in naming. He performed the six-row royal dance, raised the leopard-tail banner, and equipped his chariots, robes, and standards in full royal fashion. Gui had held Liangzhou thanks to Yin Dan's strength. Jun, jealous of the Yin's powerful clan, forced Dan's younger brother Jian to commit suicide and thereby lost the people's hearts. When Jun fell ill he was haunted by visions of Jian and soon died, in the ninth year of the state. His son Chonghua inherited the domain.
7
重華，字太林。 私署使持節、大都督、太尉公、護羌校尉、涼州牧、西平公、[3]假涼王。 石虎遣麻秋率眾渡河，城於長最，涼州震動。 司馬張耽薦主簿謝艾於重華，重華任之。 艾擊斬秋將綦毌安等，俘斬萬五千人。 重華遣使朝貢，自署丞相、涼王、領秦雍涼三州牧。 重華死，子曜靈統任。
Chonghua, whose style was Tailin. He styled himself bearer of the credentials of authority, Grand Commander-in-Chief, Grand Commandant, Protector of the Di and Qiang, Governor of Liangzhou, Duke of Xiping,[3] and Acting King of Liang. Shi Hu sent Ma Qiu with an army across the river to fortify Changzui, throwing Liangzhou into alarm. Major Zhang Dan recommended the registrar Xie Ai to Chonghua, who put him in command. Ai routed Ma Qiu's forces, killing his generals Qi Wuan and others and capturing or slaying fifteen thousand men. Chonghua sent envoys to court and styled himself Chancellor, King of Liang, and Governor of Qin, Yong, and Liang. After Chonghua's death, his son Yaoling inherited the domain.
8
曜靈，年十歲。 自稱大司馬、涼州牧，以重華兄祚為撫軍將軍輔政。 祚先蒸重華母馬氏，密說馬氏以曜靈幼弱，須立長君，馬從之，遂廢曜靈而立祚。 曜靈尋為祚所殺。
Yaoling was only ten years old. He took the titles Grand Marshal and Governor of Liangzhou and appointed Chonghua's elder brother Zuo, General Who Pacifies the Army, to assist in governing. Zuo had earlier violated Chonghua's mother, Lady Ma. He secretly persuaded her that Yaoling was too young to rule and that an elder must be enthroned. Lady Ma agreed, Yaoling was deposed, and Zuo took the throne. Yaoling was soon murdered by Zuo.
9
祚，字太伯。 既統任，自稱大將軍、涼州牧、涼公。 專為姦虐，駿及重華子女未嫁者皆淫之，涼州人士咸賦牆茨。 初，重華末年，有螽斯蟲集安昌門外，緣壁逆行。 都尉常據諫曰：「螽斯是祚小字，今乃逆行，災之大者，願出之。」 重華曰：「子孫繁昌之徵，何為災也？ 吾昨夢祚攝位，方委以周公之事，輔翼世子。」 而祚終殺曜靈焉。
Zuo, whose style was Taibo. Once in power he styled himself Grand General, Governor of Liangzhou, and Duke of Liang. He devoted himself to cruelty and debauchery, violating every unmarried child of Jun and Chonghua. The gentry of Liangzhou composed the 'Wall-Thatch' ballad in protest. Near the end of Chonghua's reign, locusts gathered outside the Gate of Secure Prosperity and crawled up the wall in reverse. Commandant Chang Ju remonstrated: 'Locust is Zuo's childhood name, and now it moves backward—a grave omen. I beg that he be removed from court.' Chonghua replied: 'It is a sign that descendants will flourish—how can that be a disaster? I dreamed last night that Zuo would hold the regency. I am entrusting him with the Duke of Zhou's role—to assist the heir.' Yet in the end Zuo murdered Yaoling.
10
自署涼王，立宗廟，置百官，號和平元年。 遣使朝貢。 又追加軌以下王號。 濫殺謝艾於酒泉。 郎中丁琪諫祚僭竊，祚斬琪於闕下。 廢諸神祀，山川枯竭。 置五都尉，司人姦過。 禁四品以下不得衣繒帛，庶人不得畜奴婢、乘車馬。 百姓怨憤。 有光狀如車蓋，聲如雷，震動城邑。 仲夏降霜。 有神降自稱「玄冥」，與人交語，祚日夜祈之，神言與其福利，祚信焉。 眾知祚必敗，而祚暴虐彌甚。
He styled himself King of Liang, established ancestral temples, installed a full bureaucracy, and proclaimed the first year of the Peace era. He dispatched envoys to offer tribute at court. He also posthumously conferred royal titles on Gui and his successors. He had Xie Ai executed without cause at Jiuquan. Gentleman Ding Qi remonstrated against Zuo's usurpation; Zuo had him beheaded below the palace gate. He abolished sacrifices to the gods, and rivers and springs dried up. He appointed five commandants to spy on the people's crimes and transgressions. He forbade officials below the fourth rank to wear silk, and commoners were barred from keeping slaves, riding horses, or driving chariots. The people seethed with resentment. A light shaped like a carriage canopy appeared, thunder shook the cities, and the earth trembled. Frost fell in midsummer. A spirit descended claiming to be 'Dark Mystery' and spoke with men. Zuo prayed to it day and night; the spirit promised him blessings, and Zuo believed every word. Everyone knew Zuo was doomed, yet his cruelty only grew worse.
11
明年，祚河州刺史張瓘起兵討祚，驍騎將軍宋混率眾應瓘。 混進攻姑臧，祚遣侍中索孚伐瓘。 有王鸞者，云「師出必敗」，并陳祚三不道。 祚以妖言惑眾，斬之，鸞臨刑曰：「我死之後，軍敗於外，王死於內。」 祚族之。 宋混至姑臧，領軍趙長等開宮門應之。 入殿稱萬歲，祚以長等破混也，出勞之。 長以槊刺祚中額，祚奔入，為厨士徐黑所殺，暴尸道左。 城內咸稱萬歲。 瓘等立重華少子玄靖統任。
The following year Zhang Guan, Zuo's inspector of Hezhou, raised an army against him, and Valiant Cavalry General Song Hun marched to his support. Song Hun advanced on Guzang while Zuo sent Attendant-in-Chief Suo Fu to attack Zhang Guan. A man named Wang Luan declared, 'The army will surely be defeated if it marches out,' and enumerated Zuo's three great crimes. Zuo charged him with spreading sedition and had him executed. At the block Wang Luan cried: 'After I die, the army will be defeated without and the king will die within.' Zuo exterminated his entire clan. When Song Hun reached Guzang, Camp Commander Zhao Chang and others opened the palace gates to admit him. They entered the hall shouting 'Long live the king!' Zuo, thinking Zhao Chang had defeated Song Hun, came out to congratulate them. Zhao Chang drove a spear into Zuo's forehead. Zuo fled inside but was killed by the kitchen servant Xu Hei, and his body was left in the street. Throughout the city people shouted 'Long live the king!' Zhang Guan and his allies enthroned Chonghua's youngest son Xuanjing as ruler.
12
玄靖，字元安。 自署使持節、大都督、大將軍、涼王。 以瓘為尚書令、涼州牧秉政，宋混為尚書僕射。
Xuanjing, whose style was Yuan'an. He styled himself bearer of the credentials of authority, Grand Commander-in-Chief, Grand General, and King of Liang. He appointed Zhang Guan Director of the Masters of Writing and Governor of Liangzhou to govern, with Song Hun as Vice-Director.
13
瓘性猜惡，賞罰皆以愛憎，無復綱紀。 郎中殷郇陳損益，諫瓘，瓘曰：「虎生三日能食肉，不須人教。」 由是莫有言者。 瓘與玄靖參乘出城，城北大橋三梁俱折。 瓘惡之，乃日日散錢帛，樹私惠，而都街殺人，朝朝不絕。 思為亂者十室而九。 東苑大冢上忽有池水； 城東大澤，地忽火燃，廣數里。 乃殺宿嫌牛旋等以應水火之變。 瓘謀誅諸宋，廢玄靖自立。 先是，太白守輿鬼，占者以為州分，當有暴兵，故瓘欲厭之。 於是宋混率眾誅瓘，瓘先殺妻子三十口，乃自殺。
Guan was suspicious and cruel by nature, meting out rewards and punishments according to personal favor, and government fell into chaos. Gentleman Yin Huan offered advice on policy and remonstrated with Guan, who replied: 'A tiger can eat meat three days after it is born—it needs no teacher.' After that no one dared speak up. When Guan and Xuanjing rode out of the city together, all three beams of the great bridge north of the city snapped. Guan took this as an ill omen and began scattering money and cloth daily to buy favor, even as executions in the capital streets continued without pause. Nine households in ten were plotting revolt. A pool of water suddenly appeared atop the great mound in the Eastern Park; and east of the city in the great marsh the ground burst into flame over several li. Guan killed his old enemies Niu Xuan and others to appease these omens of water and fire. Guan plotted to destroy the Song clan, depose Xuanjing, and seize the throne himself. Venus had earlier lodged in the Ghost asterism, and diviners predicted violent upheaval in the region—Guan sought to avert the omen by bloodshed. Song Hun then led his forces against Guan, who first slaughtered his wife and children—thirty souls in all—then took his own life.
14
玄靖以混為驃騎大將軍、尚書令。 混病死，弟玄安代輔政。 以旱祈帶石山，玄安欲登之，弟名犯世宗諱曰：「世人云登此山者破家身亡。」 玄安曰：「安有此也！」 策馬登之，馬倒傷足。 御史房屋柱自燃燋折，或曰：「柱之為字也，左木右主，『宋』字含木，木燋，宋破而主存，災之大也，宜防之。」 又所乘馬五匹，一夜中髭尾禿，人曰：「尾之為字也，尸下毛，毛去尸，絕滅之徵。」 玄安曰：「吉凶在天，知可如何。」 未幾，玄安司馬張邕起兵殺玄安，盡誅宋氏。 先是謠曰：「滅宋者田土子。」
Xuanjing appointed Song Hun General of Agile Cavalry and Director of the Masters of Writing. When Song Hun died of illness, his younger brother Xuan'an took over as chief minister. During a drought they prayed at Mount Daishi, and Xuan'an wanted to climb it. A younger brother whose given name violated the taboo of Emperor Shizong warned: "People say that whoever ascends this peak will bring ruin on his house and lose his life." Xuan'an replied: "Nonsense! How could such a thing be true?" He spurred his horse up the mountain; the horse stumbled and broke its leg. A pillar in the house of the clerk Fangwu burst into flame, charred, and snapped. Some said: "The character for 'pillar' has wood on the left and 'lord' on the right; the Song surname also contains the wood radical—when the wood burns away, the Song clan falls but the lord survives. This is a dire omen and should be heeded." Furthermore, overnight the manes and tails of all five horses he rode went bald. People said: "The character for 'tail' puts hair beneath a corpse—strip the hair from the corpse and you have the sign of total annihilation." Xuan'an said: "Fortune and disaster rest with Heaven—what can we know in advance?" Before long, Xuan'an's Chief Commandant Zhang Yong rebelled, killed Xuan'an, and wiped out the entire Song clan. A prophecy had earlier run: "The destroyer of Song is Tian Tuzi."
15
邕，一名野。 邕刑殺過差，內外復思為亂，駿少子天錫因民心起兵殺邕，以冠軍大將軍輔政。 玄靖庶母郭氏以天錫擅權，與張氏疏宗謀誅之，事發，天錫殺玄靖而自立。
Yong also went by the name Ye. Yong's executions grew increasingly brutal, and discontent spread inside and outside the court. Jun's youngest son Tianxi rallied popular support, rose in arms, and killed Yong, then governed as regent with the title General of the Champion. Xuanjing's concubine mother, Lady Guo, resenting Tianxi's seizure of power, conspired with distant Zhang clansmen to kill him. When the plot was discovered, Tianxi killed Xuanjing and took the throne himself.
16
天錫，字純嘏，一名公純。 私署使持節、大都督、大將軍、護羌校尉、涼州牧、涼王。 有火燃於泥中。 天錫驕恣淫昏，不恤民務，元日與嬖人褻飲。 既。 □□羣臣朝賀，又不省其母。 從事中郎張慮輿櫬切諫，且求大覲，天錫不納。 昭成末，苻堅遣將苟萇伐涼州，破之，天錫降於萇。 初駿時謠曰：「劉新婦簸米，石新婦炊羖，羝蕩滌，簸張兒，張兒食之口正披。」 是時姑臧及諸郡國童兒皆歌之，謂劉曜、石虎並伐涼州不克，至堅而降之也。 天錫至長安，堅拜為尚書。 堅敗於壽春，天錫奔建康。
Tianxi, whose style was Chungu, was also known as Gongchun. He styled himself bearer of the credentials of authority, Grand Commander-in-Chief, Grand General, Protector of the Di and Qiang, Governor of Liangzhou, and King of Liang. Fire was seen burning within mud. Tianxi grew arrogant, dissolute, and heedless of state affairs. On New Year's Day he caroused indecently with his favorites. When the revelry was over. When the ministers came to offer New Year congratulations, he still neglected to pay respects to his mother. Attendant Gentleman Zhang Lu came bearing his own coffin to remonstrate forcefully and beg for a formal audience; Tianxi refused to listen. Near the end of Emperor Zhaocheng's reign, Fu Jian dispatched General Gou Chang against Liangzhou, broke the state, and Tianxi surrendered to him. In Jun's day a rhyme ran: "Liu's new bride winnows rice; Shi's new bride cooks mutton; the ram washes the trough and winnows Zhang's child—Zhang's child eats, and his mouth splits wide." Children throughout Guzang and the surrounding commanderies sang it, foretelling that Liu Yao and Shi Hu would both fail to conquer Liangzhou, but that it would fall when Fu Jian came. After Tianxi arrived in Chang'an, Fu Jian appointed him to the Masters of Writing. After Fu Jian's defeat at Shouchun, Tianxi fled to Jiankang.
17
鮮卑乞伏國仁，出於隴西。 其先如弗自漠北南出。 五代祖祐隣并兼諸部，部眾漸盛。 父司繁，擁部落降於苻堅，以為南單于，又拜鎮西將軍，鎮勇士川。 司繁死，國仁代統任。 苻堅之伐司馬昌明，以國仁為前將軍，領騎先鋒。 及堅之敗，國仁叔步頹叛於隴右，堅令國仁討之，步頹大悅，迎而推之，招集部落，眾十餘萬。 太祖時，私署大都督，大將軍，大單于，秦州、河州牧，號年建義，署置官屬，分部內為十一郡，築勇士城以都之。
Qifu Guoren of the Xianbei came from Longxi. His ancestor Rufu had migrated south from the northern steppe. His fifth-generation ancestor Youlin absorbed neighboring tribes, and their following steadily grew. His father Sifan led the tribes in submission to Fu Jian, who made him Southern Chanyu and also appointed him General Who Guards the West, with his seat at Yongshi River. When Sifan died, Guoren took over leadership of the tribes. When Fu Jian marched against Sima Changming, he appointed Guoren Forward General and placed him at the head of the cavalry vanguard. After Fu Jian's defeat, Guoren's uncle Butui rebelled in Longyou. Fu Jian ordered Guoren to put him down, but Butui welcomed him instead and rallied the tribes behind him, gathering a following of more than one hundred thousand. During Emperor Taizu's reign he styled himself Grand Commander-in-Chief, Grand General, and Grand Chanyu, and Governor of Qin and He provinces; he adopted the era name Jianyi, established a full bureaucracy, divided his territory into eleven commanderies, and built Yongshi City as his capital.
18
國仁死，弟乾歸統事，自署大都督、大將軍、大單于、河南王，改年為太初，署百官。 登國中，遷於金城。 南門自壞，乾歸惡之，遷於苑川。 尋為姚興所破，又奔枹罕，遂降姚興，興拜為河州刺史，封歸義侯。 尋還苑川。 乾歸乃背姚興，私稱秦王，置百官，年號更始。 遣使請援，太宗許之。 後乾歸田於五谿，梟集其手，尋為兄子公府所殺。 子熾磐殺公府，代統位。
After Guoren's death, his younger brother Qiangui assumed leadership. He styled himself Grand Commander-in-Chief, Grand General, Grand Chanyu, and King of Henan, adopted the era name Taichu, and established a full court. Midway through the Dengguo reign he relocated his capital to Jincheng. When the southern gate collapsed on its own, Qiangui took it as a bad omen and moved his seat to Yuanchuan. He was soon defeated by Yao Xing, fled to Fuhan, and submitted. Yao Xing appointed him Inspector of He Province and enfeoffed him as Marquis of Guiyi. Before long he returned to Yuanchuan. Qiangui then broke with Yao Xing, declared himself King of Qin, established a full court, and adopted the era name Gengshi. He sent envoys to request aid, and Emperor Taizong agreed to help. Later, while Qiangui was hunting at Wuxi, owls alighted on his hands—an ill omen. Before long his nephew Gongfu killed him. His son Chipan killed Gongfu and took the throne.
19
熾磐，自稱大將軍、河南王，改年為永康。 後襲禿髮傉檀於樂都，滅之，乃私署秦王，置百官，改年為建洪。 [4]後遣其尚書郎莫胡、[5]積射將軍乞伏又寅等貢黃金二百斤，請伐赫連昌，世祖許之。 及世祖平統萬，熾磐乃遣其叔平遠將軍泥頭、弟安遠將軍度質於京師，又使其中書侍郎王愷、丞相從事中郎烏訥闐奉表貢其方物。 熾磐死，子暮末統任。
Chipan styled himself Grand General and King of Henan and adopted the era name Yongkang. He later attacked Tufa Rutan at Ledu and destroyed his state, then styled himself King of Qin, established a full court, and adopted the era name Jianhong. [4] He later sent his Master of Writing Attendant Mo Hu, [5] General of Accumulated Archers Qifu Youyin, and others with two hundred jin of gold, asking permission to attack Helian Chang; Emperor Shizu agreed. After Emperor Shizu pacified Tongwan, Chipan sent his uncle Nitu, General Who Pacifies the Distance, and his younger brother Duzhi, General Who Pacifies from Afar, to the capital, along with Secretariat Attendant Wang Kai and Attendant Gentleman of the Chancellor Wune Tian bearing tribute and a memorial. After Chipan's death, his son Mumo took the throne.
20
暮末，字安石跋。 既立，改年為永洪。 其尚書隴西辛進曾隨熾磐遊於後園，進彈鳥丸，誤傷暮末母面，至是殺進五族二十七人。 暮末弟殊羅蒸熾磐左夫人禿髮氏，暮末知而禁之。 殊羅懼，與叔父什夤謀殺暮末。 禿髮氏盜門鑰於內，鑰誤，門者告暮末，收其黨與盡殺之。 欲鞭什夤，什夤曰：「我負汝死，不負汝鞭。」 暮末怒，刳其腹，投屍於河。 什夤母弟白養及去列頗有怨言，又殺之。 政刑酷濫，內外崩離，部民多叛，人思亂矣。 後為赫連定所逼，遣王愷、烏訥闐請迎於世祖，世祖許以安定以西、平涼以東封之。 暮末乃焚城邑，毀寶器，率戶萬五千至高田谷，為赫連定所拒，遂保南安。 世祖遣使迎之，暮末衞將軍吉毗固諫，以為不宜內徙，暮末從之。 赫連定遣其北平公韋伐率眾一萬攻南安，城內大饑，人相食。 神䴥四年，暮末及宗族五百餘人出降，送於上邽。
Mumo, whose style was Anshiba. Upon taking the throne, he adopted the era name Yonghong. His Master of Writing, Xin Jin of Longxi, had once joined Chipan on a stroll in the rear garden and, shooting a pellet, accidentally struck Mumo's mother in the face. Mumo now executed Jin and twenty-seven members of five clans. Mumo's younger brother Shuluo attempted to steam Chipan's left consort, Lady Tufa; when Mumo found out, he forbade it. Fearing punishment, Shuluo conspired with his uncle Shiyin to assassinate Mumo. Lady Tufa stole a gate key from inside the palace, but it was the wrong one; the gatekeeper alerted Mumo, who arrested the conspirators and had them all killed. Mumo wanted to flog Shiyin, who said: "I would rather die for you than endure your whip." Enraged, Mumo disemboweled him and threw his body into the river. Shiyin's younger maternal brother Baiyang and Qulie murmured against him, and Mumo killed them too. His government grew cruel and arbitrary; the realm fractured within and without; tribesmen rebelled in numbers, and the people hungered for upheaval. Later, hard pressed by Helian Ding, he sent Wang Kai and Wune Tian to ask Emperor Shizu to receive him; the emperor promised to enfeoff him with the lands west of Anding and east of Pingliang. Mumo burned his cities, destroyed his treasures, and led fifteen thousand households to Gaotian Valley; when Helian Ding blocked his path, he withdrew to defend Nan'an. Emperor Shizu sent envoys to welcome him, but Mumo's Guard General Ji Pi strongly advised against moving inland, and Mumo heeded him. Helian Ding dispatched his Duke of Beiping, Wei Fa, with ten thousand troops against Nan'an. Famine gripped the city, and people resorted to cannibalism. In the fourth year of Shenju, Mumo and more than five hundred of his clansmen surrendered and were sent to Shanggui.
21
鮮卑禿髮烏孤，八世祖匹孤自塞北遷于河西。 其地東至麥田、牽屯，西至濕羅，南至澆河，北接大漠。 匹孤死，子壽闐統任。 初母孕壽闐，因寢產於被中，乃名禿髮，其俗為被覆之義。 五世祖樹機能壯果多謀略，晉泰始中，殺秦州刺史胡烈於萬斛堆，[6]敗涼州刺史蘇愉于金山。 咸寧中，又斬涼州刺史楊欣於丹嶺，盡有涼州之地。 後為部民沒骨所殺，從弟務丸統任。 務丸曾孫思復犍，部眾稍盛，即烏孤父也。
Tufa Wugu of the Xianbei traced his line to Pigu, who eight generations earlier had migrated from the northern frontier to Hexi. Their lands stretched east to Maitian and Qiantun, west to Shiruo, south to the Jiao River, and north to the great desert. After Pigu's death, his son Shoutian took over leadership of the tribe. When his mother was pregnant with Shoutian, she gave birth in her sleep, still wrapped in the bedding—hence the name Tufa, which in their custom meant 'covered by a quilt.' His fifth-generation ancestor Shujineng was a formidable and cunning warrior. During the Jin Taishi era he killed Hu Lie, Inspector of Qin Province, at Wandudui, [6] and routed Su Yu, Inspector of Liang Province, at Jinshan. During the Xianning era he beheaded Yang Xin, Inspector of Liang Province, at Danling and seized all of Liangzhou. He was later killed by the tribesman Moguh, and his second cousin Wuyuan took over leadership. Wuyuan's great-grandson Sifujian steadily expanded the tribal following; he was Wugu's father.
22
思復犍死，烏孤統任。 皇始初，呂光拜烏孤益州牧、左賢王。 烏孤私署大都督、大將軍、大單于、西平王，年號太初。 天興初，烏孤又稱武威王，徙治樂都，置車騎將軍已下，分立郡縣。 烏孤因酒走馬，馬倒傷脅，笑曰：「幾為呂光父子所喜。」 既而遂死。
After Sifujian's death, Wugu took over leadership of the tribe. At the start of the Huangshi era, Lu Guang appointed Wugu Governor of Yizhou and Left Worthy King. Wugu styled himself Grand Commander-in-Chief, Grand General, Grand Chanyu, and King of Xiping, adopting the era name Taichu. At the start of the Tianxing era, Wugu styled himself King of Wuwei, moved his capital to Ledu, appointed officials down to General of Chariots and Cavalry, and established commanderies and counties. While drunk, Wugu galloped his horse; it stumbled and injured his flank. He laughed and said: "I nearly gave Lu Guang and his son reason to rejoice." Soon afterward he died.
23
弟涼州牧、西平公利鹿孤統任，徙治西平，改年建和。 使使朝貢。 遣弟車騎將軍傉檀拒呂纂，纂士馬精銳，軍人大懼，傉檀下馬據胡牀，以安眾情。 乃貫甲交戰，破纂軍，斬二千餘級。 [7]利鹿孤私署百官，自丞相以下。
His younger brother Lilugu, Governor of Liangzhou and Duke of Xiping, took over leadership, moved the capital to Xiping, and adopted the era name Jianhe. He sent envoys to pay tribute at court. He dispatched his younger brother Rutan, General of Chariots and Cavalry, to resist Lu Zuan. Zuan's forces were crack troops, and the army was terrified. Rutan dismounted and seated himself on a folding camp chair to calm them. They then fought in full armor, routed Zuan's army, and killed more than two thousand men. [7] Lilugu established his own bureaucracy, appointing officials from the Chancellor on down.
24
利鹿孤死，傉檀統任，私署涼王。 還居樂都，年號洪昌。 遣使朝貢。
After Lilugu's death, Rutan took over leadership and styled himself King of Liang. He moved back to Ledu and adopted the era name Hongchang. He sent envoys to pay tribute at court.
25
天賜中，傉檀詐降姚興，興以傉檀為涼州刺史，遂據姑臧。 與沮渠蒙遜戰於均石，為蒙遜所敗。 傉檀又為赫連屈丐所破於陽武，以數千騎奔南山，幾為追騎所得。 懼東西寇至，乃徙三百里內民於姑臧。 姚興乘釁遣將姚弼等至於城下，傉檀驅牛羊於野，弼眾採掠，傉檀因分擊大破之，弼乃退還。 傉檀又自署涼王，署百官，改號嘉平。 永興中，盡眾伐沮渠蒙遜，為蒙遜所敗於窮泉，單馬歸姑臧。 懼為蒙遜所滅，[8]乃遷于樂都。 蒙遜以兵圍之，築室反耕，為持久之計。 傉檀以子保周為質於蒙遜，蒙遜乃還。
During the Tianci era, Rutan feigned submission to Yao Xing, who appointed him Inspector of Liangzhou; Rutan then seized Guzang. He fought Juqu Mengxun at Junshi and was defeated. Rutan was defeated again by Helian Quke at Yangwu and fled south with several thousand horsemen, barely escaping the pursuing cavalry. Fearing attack from both east and west, he relocated the population within three hundred li into Guzang. Yao Xing seized the moment and sent Yao Bi and others to the city walls. Rutan drove cattle and sheep into the open fields; when Bi's men went out to plunder, Rutan divided his forces, struck, and routed them; Bi then withdrew. Rutan again styled himself King of Liang, established a full court, and adopted the reign title Jiaping. During the Yongxing era he marched against Juqu Mengxun with his full army, was defeated at Qiongquan, and rode back to Guzang alone. Fearing annihilation by Mengxun, [8] he relocated to Ledu. Mengxun besieged the city, built houses, and planted fields—preparing for a long campaign. Rutan sent his son Baozhou as a hostage to Mengxun, who then withdrew.
26
神瑞初，傉檀率騎擊乙弗虜，大有擒獲，而乞伏熾磐乘虛襲樂都克之，執傉檀子虎臺以下。 傉檀聞之曰：「若歸熾磐，便為奴僕，豈忍見妻子在他懷中也！」 引眾而西，眾皆離散。 傉檀曰：「蒙遜、熾磐昔皆委質於吾，今而歸之，不亦鄙哉！ 四海之廣，無所容身，何其痛乎！」 既乃歎曰：「吾老矣，寧見妻子而死。」 遂降熾磐，熾磐待以上賓之禮，用為驃騎大將軍，封左南公。 歲餘，鴆殺之。 傉檀少子賀，後來奔，自有傳。
At the start of the Shenrui era, Rutan led cavalry against the Yifu tribes and took many captives; meanwhile Qifu Chipan seized the moment, struck Ledu, captured it, and took Rutan's son Hutai and his household. When Rutan heard the news he said: "If I submit to Chipan I become a slave—how could I bear to see my wife and children in another man's arms!" He led his followers westward, but they all deserted him. Rutan said: "Mengxun and Chipan both once sent hostages to me—how shameful to submit to them now! All the world is wide, yet nowhere will have me—how bitter!" He sighed and said: "I am old—I would rather see my wife and children one last time and die." He then submitted to Chipan, who received him with the honors due a distinguished guest, appointed him General of Agile Cavalry, and enfeoffed him as Duke of Zuonan. A little over a year later, Chipan had him poisoned. Rutan's youngest son, He, later came and submitted; his biography is given separately.
27
李暠，字玄盛，小字長生，隴西狄道人也，漢前將軍廣之後。 曾祖柔，晉相國從事中郎、北地太守。 祖太，[9]張祚武衞將軍。 父昶，早卒，暠，遺腹子也。 皇始中，呂光建康太守段業自稱涼州牧，以敦煌太守孟敏為沙州刺史，暠為效穀令。 敏死，敦煌護軍郭謙等推暠為寧朔將軍、敦煌太守。 業私稱涼王，暠詐臣於業，業以暠為鎮西將軍。 天興中，暠私署大都督、大將軍、護羌校尉、秦涼二州牧、涼公，年號庚子，居敦煌，遣使朝貢。 天賜中，改年建初，遷於酒泉，歲修職貢。 暠死，子歆統任。
Li Gao, styled Xuansheng and known in youth as Changsheng, was a native of Didao in Longxi and a descendant of Li Guang, Han's General of the Vanguard. His great-grandfather Rou served Jin as Attendant Officer in the Chancellor's Office and as Administrator of Beidi. His grandfather Tai [9] served as General of Martial Guard under Zhang Zuo. His father Chang died young, and Gao was born after his death. During the Huangshi reign, Duan Ye, Administrator of Jiankang under Lü Guang, proclaimed himself Governor of Liangzhou, appointed Meng Min of Dunhuang as Inspector of Shazhou, and made Gao magistrate of Xiaogu. After Min's death, Guo Qian and other officers of the Dunhuang Protectorate installed Gao as General Who Pacifies the North and Administrator of Dunhuang. When Duan Ye took the title King of Liang on his own authority, Gao feigned allegiance to him and was appointed General Who Guards the West. During the Tianxing reign, Gao took the titles Grand Commander, Grand General, Protector of the Qiang, Governor of Qin and Liang, and Duke of Liang; he adopted the reign era Gengzi, made Dunhuang his seat, and sent tribute missions to court. During Tianci he changed his era name to Jianchu, moved his capital to Jiuquan, and continued to send annual tribute. When Li Gao died, his son Xin succeeded him.
28
歆，字士業，自稱大都督、大將軍、護羌校尉、涼州牧、涼公，號年嘉興元年。 大破沮渠蒙遜於鮮支澗，[10]獲七千餘級。 遣使朝貢。 歆聞蒙遜南伐乞伏，乃起兵攻張掖。 其母尹氏謂歆曰：「汝新造之國，地狹民希，蒙遜驍武，汝非其敵。 吾觀其數年以來，經謀規略，有兼并之志，且天時人事，似欲歸之。 度德量力，春秋之義。 先王遺令『深慎兵戰，保境寧民，俟時而動』，言猶在耳，奈何忘之。 汝必行也，非唯師敗，國亦亡矣。」 歆不從，遂率步騎三萬東伐，次于都瀆澗。 蒙遜自浩舋拒歆，戰于懷城，為蒙遜所敗。 左右勸歆還酒泉，歆曰：「吾違太后明敕，遠取敗辱，不殺此胡，復何面目見吾母也！」 勒眾復戰，敗于蓼泉，為蒙遜所殺，蒙遜遂克酒泉。 歆之未敗，有一大蛇從南門而入，至歆恭德殿前，有雙雉飛出； 宮內通街大樹上有烏鵲爭巢，鵲為烏所殺。 敦煌父老令狐熾夢一白頭公帢衣，而謂曰：「南風動，吹長木。 胡桐椎，不中轂。」 言訖，忽然不見。 歆小字桐椎，至是而亡。
Xin, styled Shuye, assumed the titles Grand Commander, Grand General, Protector of the Qiang, Governor of Liangzhou, and Duke of Liang, and proclaimed the first year of his Jiaxing era. He won a crushing victory over Juqu Mengxun at Xianzhi Stream [10], taking more than seven thousand heads. He dispatched envoys with tribute to the court. Learning that Mengxun had marched south against the Qifu, Xin mobilized an army to strike at Zhangye. His mother, Lady Yin, warned Xin: "You have only just established your realm—small in land and thin in population. Mengxun is a formidable warrior, and you cannot stand against him. I have watched him for years—every plan he makes aims at conquest, and both Heaven and men seem ready to rally to him. To weigh one's virtue against another's and measure one's strength against his—that is the teaching of the Spring and Autumn Annals. Your father's last injunction—"be deeply cautious of war, keep the realm peaceful, and act only when the time is ripe"—still rings in my ears. How can you cast it aside? If you go through with this, you will not merely lose the battle—you will lose the kingdom." Xin would not be persuaded. He led thirty thousand foot and horse eastward and halted at Dudugou Stream. Mengxun marched from Haofan to meet him. They fought at Huaicheng, and Xin was routed. His attendants urged him to fall back to Jiuquan, but Xin said: "I ignored my mother's wise counsel and came to grief in this distant field. If I do not kill that barbarian, how can I face my mother again?" He rallied his men for another fight, was defeated at Liaoyuan, and was killed by Mengxun, who then took Jiuquan. Before Xin fell, an enormous serpent slithered in through the south gate as far as the Gongde Hall, and two pheasants flew out from within. On a large tree in the palace avenue, crows and magpies fought over a nest, and the crows killed the magpies. Linghu Chi, a leading citizen of Dunhuang, dreamed of a white-haired old man in cap and robe who said to him: "When the south wind rises, it will blow down the tall tree. The barbarian and Tongzhui—the axle hub itself will not be spared." When he had finished speaking, the figure vanished without warning. Xin's childhood name was Tongzhui—and at this time he met his end, just as the prophecy foretold.
29
歆弟敦煌太守恂復自立于敦煌，稱冠軍將軍、涼州刺史。 蒙遜攻恂于敦煌，三面起堤，以水灌城。 恂請降，不許。 城陷，恂自殺，蒙遜克敦煌。 恂兄翻子寶後入國，自有傳。
Xin's younger brother Xun, who held Dunhuang, set himself up there again as General Who Crowns the Army and Inspector of Liangzhou. Mengxun besieged Xun at Dunhuang, building embankments on three sides to inundate the city. Xun offered to surrender, but Mengxun refused. When the city fell, Xun took his own life, and Mengxun seized Dunhuang. Bao, nephew of Xun through his elder brother Fan, later came to the Northern Wei court; his biography is given separately.
30
永興中，蒙遜克姑臧，遷居之。 改號玄始元年，自稱河西王，置百官丞郎以下，頻遣使朝貢。 蒙遜寢於新臺，閹人王懷祖斫蒙遜傷足，蒙遜妻孟氏擒懷祖斬之。 蒙遜聞劉裕滅姚泓，怒甚，有校書郎言事於蒙遜，蒙遜曰：「汝聞劉裕入關，敢妍妍然也！」 遂殺之，其峻暴如此。 泰常中，蒙遜克李歆，尋滅敦煌。 後改年承玄。
During Yongxing, Mengxun took Guzang and transferred his capital there. He proclaimed the Xuanshi era, took the title King of Hexi, installed a full court down to assistant clerks, and sent tribute missions again and again. While Mengxun slept on the New Terrace, the eunuch Wang Huaizu struck at him and wounded his foot. Mengxun's wife Lady Meng seized the assailant and had him executed. When Mengxun learned that Liu Yu had overthrown Yao Hong, he flew into a rage. A collation secretary spoke to him on some matter, and Mengxun snapped: "You heard Liu Yu enter the Pass—and you still prattle on as if pleased about it!" He had the man killed on the spot—such was his savage temper. During Taichang, Mengxun defeated Li Xin and soon afterward extinguished Dunhuang. He later adopted the Chengxuan era.
31
神䴥中，遣尚書郎宗舒、左常侍高猛朝貢，上表曰：「伏惟陛下天縱叡聖，德超百王，陶育齊於二儀，洪基隆於三代。 然鍾運多難，九服紛擾，神旗暫擁，車書未同。 上靈降祐，祚歸有道，純風一鼓，殊方革面。 羣生幸甚，率土齊欣。 臣誠弱才，效無可錄，幸遇重光，思竭力命。 自欣投老，得覩盛化； 冀終餘年，憑倚皇極。 前後奉表，貢使相望，去者杳然，寂無旋返。 未審津塗寇險，竟不仰達，為天朝高遠，未蒙齒錄？ 屏營戰灼，無地自措。 往年侍郎郭祇等還，奉被詔書，三接之恩始隆，萬里之心有賴。 今極難之餘，開泰唯始，誘勸既加，引納彌篤。 老臣見存，遐外無棄，仰荷愷悌之仁，俯蹈康哉之詠。 然商胡後至，奉公卿書，援引歷數安危之機，厲以竇融知命之美。 顧惟情願，實深悚惕。 何者？ 臣不自揆，遠託大蔭，庶微誠上宣，天鑒下降。 若萬國來庭，百辟陛賀，高蹈先至之端，獨步知機之首。 但世難尚殷，情願未遂，章表頻修，滯懷不暢，許身於國，款誠莫表。 致惑羣后，貽慮公卿，辭旨紛紜，抑引重沓，不在同奬之例，未達拱辰之心，延首一隅，低回四極。 臣歷觀符瑞，候察天時，未有過於皇魏，踰於陛下。 加以靈啟聖姿，幼登天位，美詠侔於成康，道化踰於文景。 方將振神綱以掩六合，灑玄澤以潤八荒。 況在秦隴荼炭之餘，直是老臣盡效之會。」
During Shenjuan, he dispatched Zong Shu of the Secretariat and Gao Meng, Left Attendant-in-Ordinary, with tribute; their memorial read: "We bow before Your Majesty—endowed by Heaven with sagely wisdom, your virtue exceeds that of the hundred kings; your nurturing reach matches heaven and earth, and your foundation towers above the Three Dynasties. Yet the times were vexed by manifold disasters; all under heaven was in disorder; though the banner of rule was raised, the realm had not yet been brought under one chariot and one script. The divine powers bestowed their blessing; the mandate fell to the rightful ruler; at a single breath of upright governance, distant lands turned their faces toward the center. All creatures were blessed; the whole empire rejoiced as one. Your subject is truly without ability, his deeds unworthy of note—yet now that enlightened rule has returned, he wishes to give his utmost. In my declining years I rejoice to have witnessed this age of flourishing rule; and I hope to spend my last years under the shelter of the imperial throne. Memorial after memorial we have sent; tribute missions went out one after another—yet those who departed disappeared into the distance, and not one returned. We cannot tell whether brigands blocked the roads and our words never reached you, or whether the Celestial Court, so far away, has simply not deigned to acknowledge us. We tremble with anxiety and burn with shame, with nowhere to hide our faces. When Vice Minister Guo Qi and his party returned last year bearing your edict, the grace of repeated audiences restored our hope, and hearts ten thousand leagues distant finally had something to hold to. Now, with the worst behind us and a new age opening, your encouragement grows ever warmer and your welcome ever more generous. That you have kept this old minister alive and not abandoned us at the frontier's edge—we bear your generous kindness aloft and humbly echo the hymn "How glorious is your rule!" Then a western merchant arrived with a letter from your ministers, invoking the turning points of dynastic fortune and urging us to follow the example of Dou Rong, who knew when to align with the rightful power. Yet as I weigh my own heartfelt wish, I am deeply apprehensive. Why is this? Without presuming on my own worth, I have from afar placed myself under your great protection, hoping my humble sincerity might reach you and Heaven's judgment might look upon me with favor. When all states come to court and all ministers offer congratulations, I would be the first to arrive and foremost among those who know when the moment has come. But troubles still abound, my wish remains unfulfilled, and though I send memorial after memorial my pent-up feelings cannot be released—I would give myself wholly to the state, yet have no way to show my full sincerity. This has puzzled the feudal lords and troubled your ministers—the wording ambiguous, praise and restraint piled upon one another. I have not received the same rewards as others, nor have I fulfilled the duty of circling the polestar. I crane my neck from my remote corner and gaze longingly in every direction toward the center. I have watched the portents and read the signs of Heaven, and I find none greater than the Northern Wei—none greater than Your Majesty. Endowed with sage wisdom, you ascended the throne while still young—your praise equals that of Kings Cheng and Kang, and your transforming influence surpasses Emperors Wen and Jing of Han. You are about to extend the divine net over all six directions and pour forth your grace to enrich the farthest reaches of the earth. And here in Qin and Long, lands still scarred by fire and sword, this is precisely the moment for an old minister like me to give everything he has."
32
後蒙遜遣子安周內侍，世祖遣兼太常李順持節拜蒙遜為假節，加侍中，都督涼州、西域羌戎諸軍事，太傅，行征西大將軍，涼州牧，涼王。 冊曰：「昔我皇祖冑自黃軒，總御羣才，攝服戎夏，疊曜重光，不殞其舊。 逮于太祖，應期協運，大業唯新，奄有區宇，受命作魏。 降及太宗，廣闢崇基，政和民阜。 朕承天緒，思廓宇縣，然時運或否，雰霧四張，赫連跋扈於關西，大檀陸梁於漠北，戎夷負阻，江淮未賓，是用自東徂西，戎軒屢駕。 賴宗廟靈長，將士宣力，克翦兇渠，震服強獷，四方漸泰，表裏無塵。 王先識機運，經略深遠，與朕協同，厥功洪茂。 當今運鍾時季，僭逆憑陵，有土者莫不跨峙一隅，有民者莫不榮其私號，不遵眾星拱極之道，不慕細流歸海之義。 而王深悟大體，率由典章，任土貢珍，愛子入侍。 勳義著焉，道業存焉。 惟王乃祖乃父有土有民，論功德則無二於當時，言氏族則始因於世爵。 古先帝王褒賢賞德，莫不胙土分民，建為藩輔，是以周成命太公以表東海，襄王錫晉文大啟南陽。 是用割涼州之武威、張掖、敦煌、酒泉、西海、金城、西平七郡封王為涼王。 受茲素土，苴以白茅，用建冢社，為魏室藩輔，盛衰存亡，與魏升降。 夫功高則爵尊，德厚則任重，又加命王入贊百揆，謀謨幃幄，出征不懷，登攝侯伯。 其以太傅行征西大將軍，仗鉞秉旄，鷹揚河右，遠祛王略，懷柔荒隅，北盡于窮髮，南極於庸岷，西被于崐嶺，東至于河曲，王實征之，以夾輔皇室。 又命王建國：署將相羣卿百官，承制假授，除文官刺史以還、武官撫軍以下； 建天子旌旗，出入警蹕，如漢初諸侯王故事。 欽哉惟時，往踐乃職，祗服朕命，協亮天工，俾九德咸事，無忝庶官，用終爾顯德，對揚我皇祖之休烈。」 崔浩之辭也。
Later Mengxun sent his son Anzhou to serve at court as a hostage, and Emperor Shizu dispatched Li Shun, Acting Grand Minister of Ceremonies, with credentials of authority to invest Mengxun as King of Liang—with concurrent appointments as Acting Bearer of the Staff of Authority, Attendant-in-Chief, Commander of military affairs in Liangzhou, the Western Regions, and the Qiang and Rong territories, Grand Preceptor, Acting Grand General Who Expands the West, and Governor of Liangzhou. The investiture edict read: "From the Yellow Emperor our royal line descended; our forebears gathered all worthy men, subdued barbarian and Chinese alike, and passed down layered glory without end. When the Grand Ancestor rose, he matched the age and answered Heaven's call, renewing the great enterprise, taking all within the four seas, and receiving the mandate to found Wei. The Grand Emperor broadened and deepened that foundation until governance was harmonious and the people flourished. We have inherited Heaven's mandate and seek to bring all under heaven to order, yet fortune has not always favored us—mists rose on every side. Helian Bao ran rampant in Guanxi, Datan stirred trouble on the northern steppe, barbarians held the passes, and the Yangtze and Huai still held aloof. That is why We have driven Our war chariot again and again from east to west. By the enduring blessing of our ancestors and the exertions of our officers and men, We cut down the wicked and awed the fierce into submission. Gradually the four quarters grew peaceful, and within and without all was calm. You, O King, read the turning of fortune early and plotted with far-sighted strategy. Acting in concert with Us, your achievements have been great indeed. The times are troubled: rebels and usurpers press their advantage. Every lord who holds land fortifies his corner; every ruler who commands men honors his own title—forgetting that stars must revolve around the pole and streams must flow back to the sea. Yet you, O King, have grasped the larger truth, followed our laws and precedents, sent tribute according to your land's produce, and offered your beloved son for service at court. Thus your merit and loyalty are made manifest, and the Way is upheld through your deeds. Your forebears held land and commanded men; in merit none rivalled them in their day, and your house's standing began with a hereditary noble title. From antiquity, emperors and kings who honored worth and rewarded virtue have granted lands and subjects and installed such men as frontier bulwarks—King Cheng of Zhou enfeoffed the Grand Duke on the Eastern Sea, and King Xiang of Zhou granted Duke Wen of Jin the great domain of Nanyang. Therefore We carve out from Liangzhou the seven commanderies of Wuwei, Zhangye, Dunhuang, Jiuquan, Xihai, Jincheng, and Xiping and enfeoff you as King of Liang. Receive this sacred earth bound with white thatch, establish your ancestral shrine, and serve as a bulwark of the Wei house—your fortunes to rise and fall with Wei's own. Great merit earns exalted rank; deep virtue carries heavy responsibility. We further appoint you to assist in state affairs, to counsel within the inner circle, to march without hesitation, and to oversee the frontier lords. As Grand Preceptor and Acting Grand General Who Expands the West, bear the battle-axe and commander's banner and sweep like a hawk over the lands west of the River. Extend the royal design to distant borders and win over the wild frontiers—north to Qiongfa, south to Yong and Min, west to the Kunlun ranges, east to the River's bend. There you shall campaign in earnest to support the throne from the flank. We further authorize you to establish your own state, appointing generals, ministers, and all officials, and to grant provisional appointments on Our authority—for civil ranks from Inspector down and military ranks from General Who Pacifies the Army down. You may raise imperial banners and receive the road-clearing honors of the throne, as the feudal kings did in the early Han. Reverence this charge. Go now and fulfill your duties. Obey Our command, aid Heaven's work in harmony, let all nine virtues be realized, disgrace none of your many offices, and so crown your noble virtue—proclaiming the glorious deeds of our imperial forebears." The edict was composed by Cui Hao.
33
蒙遜又改稱義和元年。 延和二年四月，蒙遜死，遣使監護喪事，諡曰武宣王。 蒙遜性淫忌，忍於刑戮，閨庭之中，略無風禮。
Mengxun next proclaimed the first year of the Yihe era. In the fourth month of Yanhe 2, Mengxun died. The court sent envoys to supervise the funeral and granted him the posthumous title King Wu-Xuan. Mengxun was licentious and jealous by nature, merciless in punishment, and utterly devoid of decorum even within his own household.
34
第三子牧犍統任，自稱河西王，遣使請朝命。
His third son Mujian succeeded him, took the title King of Hexi, and sent envoys to request formal recognition from the court.
35
太延五年，世祖遣尚書賀多羅使涼州，且觀虛實。 以牧犍雖稱蕃致貢，而內多乖悖，於是親征之。 詔公卿為書讓之曰：「王外從正朔，內不捨僭，罪一也。 民籍地圖不登公府，任土作貢，不入司農，罪二也。 既荷王爵，又受偽官，取兩端之榮，邀不二之寵，罪三也。 知朝廷志在懷遠，固違聖略，切稅商胡，以斷行旅，罪四也。 揚言西戎，高自驕大，罪五也。 坐自封殖，不欲入朝，罪六也。 北託叛虜，南引仇池，憑援谷軍，[12]提挈為姦，罪七也。 承敕過限，輒假征、鎮，罪八也。 欣敵之全，幸我之敗，侮慢王人，供不以禮，罪九也。 既婚帝室，寵踰功舊，方恣慾情，蒸淫其嫂，罪十也。 既違伉儷之體，不篤婚姻之義，公行酖毒，規害公主，罪十一也。 備防王人，候守關要，有如寇讎，罪十二也。 為臣如是，其可恕乎！ 先令後誅，王者之典也。 若親率羣臣，委贄郊迎，謁拜馬首，上策也； 六軍既臨，面縛輿櫬，又其次也。 如其守迷窮城，不時悛悟，身死族滅，為世大戮。 宜思厥中，自求多福也。」
In Taiyan 5, Emperor Shizu sent Minister He Duoluo to Liangzhou to reconnoiter conditions there. Though Mujian professed vassalage and sent tribute, his conduct was deeply disloyal, and the Emperor marched against him in person. The Emperor ordered his ministers to draw up a letter of rebuke: "You outwardly observe Our calendar yet inwardly cling to your usurped titles—this is your first offense. You have not submitted household registers and territorial maps to the imperial offices, nor sent tribute to the Ministry of Revenue as required—this is your second offense. Having received a royal enfeoffment from Us, you also accept offices from pretenders—seeking honor from both sides and undivided favor from two masters—this is your third offense. Knowing the court seeks to embrace distant peoples, you defy imperial policy, impose heavy levies on foreign merchants, and obstruct the roads—this is your fourth offense. You boast to the western tribes and hold yourself insufferably proud—this is your fifth offense. Secure in your self-made domain, you refuse to attend court—this is your sixth offense. To the north you lean on rebel barbarians; to the south you court allies from Chouchi; you collude with Gujun [12] in treacherous schemes—this is your seventh offense. Beyond what Our edicts permit, you presumptuously appoint expeditionary and garrison commanders—this is your eighth offense. You rejoice when enemies prosper, pray for Our defeat, insult Our envoys, and treat them without due ceremony—this is your ninth offense. Having married into the imperial clan, you enjoyed favor beyond what meritorious elders received; you gave free rein to your passions and committed incest with your sister-in-law—this is your tenth offense. You violated the bond of marriage and betrayed its obligations, openly used poison, and plotted against the Princess—this is your eleventh offense. You fortified your defenses against Our envoys and manned the strategic passes as though We were invaders—this is your twelfth offense. Can such conduct from a vassal be forgiven! To issue warning before meting punishment is the sovereign's way. If you come in person at the head of your ministers, submit your credentials in ritual welcome outside the city, and bow before Our horse—this is the best course; If Our six armies are already at your gates, binding yourself in surrender and bearing the coffin wood—this is the next best. If you cling obstinately to your doomed city and fail to repent in time, you and your clan will be destroyed and become a byword for generations. Consider your course carefully, and may you find your own salvation."
36
官軍濟河，牧犍曰：「何故爾也！」 用其左丞姚定國計，不肯出迎，求救於蠕蠕，又遣弟董來率兵萬餘人拒官軍於城南，戰退。 車駕至姑臧，遣使喻牧犍令出。 牧犍聞蠕蠕內侵於善無，幸車駕返斾，遂嬰城自守。 牧犍兄子祖踰城出降，具知其情，世祖乃引諸軍進攻。 牧犍兄子萬年率麾下又來降。 城拔，牧犍與左右文武面縛請罪，詔釋其縛。 徙涼州民三萬餘家于京師。
When the imperial army crossed the river, Mujian exclaimed, "What does this mean! He followed the advice of his Left Chancellor Yao Dingguo, refused to come out to welcome the army, appealed to the Rouran for aid, and sent his younger brother Donglai with more than ten thousand men to resist the imperial forces south of the city. They were defeated and driven back. When the Emperor reached Guzang, he sent envoys ordering Mujian to surrender. Hearing that the Rouran had launched an invasion at Shanwu, Mujian hoped the Emperor would turn back—and barricaded himself inside the city. Mujian's nephew Zu climbed over the wall to surrender, reporting everything he knew; Emperor Shizu then ordered a full assault. Mujian's nephew Wannian also defected with his followers. When the city fell, Mujian and his officials bound themselves in surrender and pleaded for mercy; the Emperor ordered their bonds cut. More than thirty thousand Liangzhou households were resettled in the capital.
37
初，太延中，有一父老投書於敦煌城東門，忽然不見，其書一紙八字，文曰：「涼王三十年，若七年。」 又於震電之所得石，丹書曰：「河西、河西三十年，破帶石，樂七年。」 帶石，山名，在姑臧南山祀傍，泥陷不通。 牧犍征南大將軍董來曰：「祀豈有知乎！」 遂毀祀伐木，通道而行。 牧犍立，果七年而滅，如其言。 牧犍淫嫂李氏，兄弟三人傳嬖之。 李與牧犍姊共毒公主，上遣解毒醫乘傳救公主得愈。 上徵李氏，牧犍不遣，厚送居於酒泉，上大怒。 既克，猶以妹壻待之。 其母死，以王太妃禮葬焉。 又為蒙遜置守墓三十家。 改授牧犍征西大將軍、王如故。
Earlier, during the Taiyan era, an old man left a letter at Dunhuang's east gate and vanished without a trace. The single sheet bore eight characters: "Thirty years for the King of Liang—or seven." Later, during a thunderstorm, a stone was found inscribed in cinnabar: "Hexi, Hexi—thirty years; break Daisi, Le seven years. Daisi was a mountain south of Guzang, near a local shrine, blocked by mud and impassable. Mujian's Grand General Who Conquers the South, Donglai, said, "What does a shrine know! They demolished the shrine, cut down the trees, cleared a road, and passed through. Mujian's reign lasted exactly seven years before destruction—just as the prophecy foretold. Mujian took his sister-in-law Lady Li as lover, and all three brothers shared her by turns. Lady Li and Mujian's sister conspired to poison the Princess; the Emperor sent a physician by urgent relay, and the Princess recovered. When the Emperor demanded Lady Li, Mujian refused to send her and instead richly escorted her to Jiuquan; the Emperor was furious. Even after the conquest, the Emperor still treated him as a brother-in-law. When his mother died, he had her buried with the honors due a royal princess-consort. He also assigned thirty households to tend Mengxun's tomb. Mujian was reappointed Grand General Who Conquers the West, retaining his royal title.
38
初，官軍未入之間，牧犍使人斫開府庫，取金銀珠玉及珍奇器物，不更封閉。 小民因之入盜，巨細蕩盡。 有司求賊不得。 真君八年，其所親人及守藏者告之，上乃窮竟其事，搜其家中，悉得所藏器物。 又告牧犍父子多畜毒藥，前後隱竊殺人乃有百數； 姊妹皆為左道，朋行淫佚，曾無愧顏。 始罽賓沙門曰曇無讖，東入鄯善，自云「能使鬼治病，令婦人多子」，與鄯善王妹曼頭陀林私通。 發覺，亡奔涼州。 蒙遜寵之，號曰「聖人」。 曇無讖以男女交接之術教授婦人，蒙遜諸女、子婦皆往受法。 世祖聞諸行人，言曇無讖之術，乃召曇無讖。 蒙遜不遣，遂發露其事，拷訊殺之。 至此，帝知之，於是賜昭儀沮渠氏死，誅其宗族，唯萬年及祖以前先降得免。 是年，人又告牧犍猶與故臣民交通謀反，詔司徒崔浩就公主第賜牧犍死。 牧犍與主訣，良久乃自裁，葬以王禮，諡曰哀王。 及公主薨，詔與牧犍合葬。 公主無男，有女，以國甥親寵，得襲母爵為武威公主。
Before the imperial army entered the city, Mujian had the treasury broken open and its gold, silver, gems, and treasures looted without being resealed. Commoners rushed in to loot as well, until nothing large or small remained. Officials searched for the culprits in vain. In Zhenjun 8, Mujian's confidants and treasury keepers came forward; the Emperor investigated thoroughly, searched their homes, and recovered all the stolen goods. Informants also reported that Mujian and his sons hoarded poisons and had secretly killed as many as a hundred people; His sisters all practiced forbidden rites and consorted in debauchery without a trace of shame. A Buddhist monk from Kashmir named Tan Wuchen had traveled east to Shanshan, proclaiming that he could summon spirits to heal the sick and bless women with many sons. He had an affair with the Shanshan king's sister, Mantuotuolin. When this was discovered, he fled to Liangzhou. Mengxun took him under his patronage and called him "the Sage." Tan Wuchen taught women techniques of sexual union, and Mengxun's daughters and daughters-in-law all came to receive instruction. Emperor Shizu heard travelers' accounts of Tan Wuchen's practices and summoned him to court. Mengxun refused to send him; instead he exposed the scandal, had Tan Wuchen tortured, and executed him. When the Emperor learned the full extent of it, he ordered Imperial Concubine Lady Juqu to take her own life and executed her entire clan. Only Wannian and Zu were spared, having defected earlier. That same year, informants reported that Mujian was still conspiring with his former subjects. An edict sent Minister of Education Cui Hao to the Princess's residence to order Mujian's death. Mujian bid farewell to the Princess and, after a long silence, took his own life. He was buried with royal honors and posthumously titled King Ai. When the Princess died, an edict ordered that she be buried alongside Mujian. The Princess had no sons but a daughter, who as the Emperor's favored niece inherited her mother's title as Princess Wuwei.
39
蒙遜子秉，字季義。 世祖以其父故，拜東雍州刺史。 險詖多端，真君中，遂與河東蜀薛安都謀逆。 至京師，[13]付其兄弟扼而殺之。
Mengxun's son Bing, courtesy name Jiyi. Out of regard for his father, Emperor Shizu appointed him Governor of Eastern Yongzhou. Treacherous and scheming, he eventually conspired with Xue Andu of Shu in Hedong to rebel during the Zhenjun era. When he reached the capital, [13] he was handed to his brothers, who strangled him.
40
萬年、祖並以先降，萬年拜安西將軍、張掖王，祖為廣武公。 萬年後為冀定二州刺史，復坐謀逆，與祖俱死。
Wannian and Zu were rewarded for their early defection: Wannian was made General Who Pacifies the West and King of Zhangye, and Zu was enfeoffed as Duke of Guangwu. Wannian later served as Governor of Ji and Ding, but was again convicted of conspiracy and executed alongside Zu.
41
初，牧犍之敗也，弟樂都太守安周南奔吐谷渾，世祖遣鎮南將軍奚眷討之。 牧犍弟酒泉太守無諱奔晉昌，乃使弋陽公元絜守酒泉。 真君初，無諱圍酒泉，絜輕之，出城與語，為無諱所執。 絜所部相率固守，無諱仍圍之，糧盡為無諱所陷。 無諱又圍張掖，不能克，退保臨松，遂還。 世祖下詔喻之。 時永昌王健鎮涼州，無諱使其中尉梁偉詣健，求奉酒泉，又送絜及統帥兵士于健軍。 二年春，世祖遣兼鴻臚持節策拜無諱為征西大將軍、涼州牧、酒泉王。 尋以無諱復規叛逆，復遣鎮南將軍、南陽公奚眷討酒泉，克之。
When Mujian fell, his younger brother Anzhou, Administrator of Ledu, fled south to Tuyuhun; Emperor Shizu sent General Who Guards the South Xi Juan against him. Mujian's brother Wujie, Administrator of Jiuquan, fled to Jinchang; the Emperor dispatched Prince of Yiyang Yuan Jie to hold Jiuquan. In early Zhenjun, Wujie besieged Jiuquan; Yuan Jie underestimated him, ventured out to parley, and was captured. Yuan Jie's troops held the city, but Wujie maintained the siege until provisions ran out and the city fell. Wujie next besieged Zhangye but failed to capture it; he withdrew to Linxiang and returned. Emperor Shizu issued an edict admonishing him. Wang Jian of Yongchang was then commanding Liangzhou; Wujie sent his Central Commandant Liang Wei to offer submission of Jiuquan and delivered Yuan Jie and the garrison troops to Wang Jian's command. In the spring of the second year, the Emperor sent an Acting Grand Master of Ceremonies with credentials to invest Wujie as Grand General Who Conquers the West, Governor of Liangzhou, and King of Jiuquan. Before long Wujie was again plotting rebellion; the Emperor sent General Who Guards the South, Duke of Nanyang Xi Juan, to seize Jiuquan.
42
無諱遂謀渡流沙，遣安周西擊鄯善。 鄯善王恐懼欲降，會魏使者勸令拒守。 安周遂與連戰，不能克，退保東城。 三年春，鄯善王比龍西奔且末，其世子乃從安周，鄯善大亂。 無諱遂渡流沙，士卒渴死者太半，仍據鄯善。
Wujie then planned to flee across the desert; he sent Anzhou west to attack Shanshan. The king of Shanshan, terrified, was about to surrender when a Wei envoy arrived and persuaded him to hold out. Anzhou fought repeated engagements but could not prevail and withdrew to hold the eastern city. In the spring of the third year, King Bilong of Shanshan fled west to Qiemo while his crown prince sided with Anzhou; Shanshan plunged into chaos. Wujie crossed the desert, losing more than half his army to thirst, but still secured Shanshan.
43
先是，高昌太守闞爽為李寶舅唐契所攻，聞無諱至鄯善，遣使詐降，欲令無諱與唐契相擊。 無諱留安周住鄯善，從焉耆東北趣高昌。 會蠕蠕殺唐契，爽拒無諱，無諱將衞興奴詐誘爽，遂屠其城，爽奔蠕蠕。 無諱因留高昌。 五年夏，無諱病死，安周代立。 後為蠕蠕國所并。
Earlier, Kan Shuang, Administrator of Gaochang, was under attack by Tang Qi, uncle of Li Bao. Hearing that Wujie had reached Shanshan, he feigned surrender, hoping to set Wujie against Tang Qi. Wujie left Anzhou in Shanshan and marched on Gaochang from the northeast via Yanqi. The Rouran killed Tang Qi, and when Kan Shuang refused to submit, Wujie's general Wei Xingnu lured him by deceit, sacked the city, and sent Shuang fleeing to the Rouran. Wujie then made Gaochang his base. In the summer of the fifth year, Wujie died of illness, and Anzhou succeeded him. Later their realm was absorbed by the Rouran.
44
史臣曰：周德之衰，七雄競跱，咸分割神州，睥睨尊極。 至是，張寔等介在人外，地實戎墟，大爭鵄張，[14]潛懷不遜，其不知量固為甚矣。 蛇虺相噬，終為擒滅，宜哉。
The historian writes: When Zhou virtue waned, the seven warring states vied for power, each carving up the realm and reaching for the throne. By then Zhang Shi and his like held only marginal ground in a land that was barely more than barbarian waste. They strutted like owls on the wing, [14] nursed secret defiance, and grossly misjudged their own strength. Serpents devouring one another—they were captured and destroyed in the end. It was only fitting.
45
校勘記
Collation notes
46
茂妻弟賈模兄弟謀害茂殿本考證云：「按晉書張茂傳 〈卷八六〉 云：『涼州大姓賈摹，寔之妻弟也。』 此以為茂之妻弟，與晉書異。 又按茂傳有『手莫頭，圖涼州』之謠，則字當從『手』上『莫』。」
Mao's wife's younger brother Jia Mo and his brothers plotted to harm Mao. The Palace edition textual notes say: "According to the Jin Shu biography of Zhang Mao 〈Volume 86〉 it says: 'The great Liangzhou clan of Jia Mo was Shi's wife's younger brother.' Here the text treats him as Mao's wife's younger brother, which differs from the Jin Shu. Further, Mao's biography records the rhyme 'Shou Motou, plotting Liangzhou,' so the character should be 'mo' following 'shou.'"
47
興晉金城諸本「興晉、金城」作「金興晉城」。 按晉書卷一四地理志上作「興晉、金城」。 這裏誤倒，今乙正。
Xingjin and Jincheng. The various editions read "Jinxing Jincheng" for "Xingjin and Jincheng." Jin Shu, volume 14, Geography Monograph A, has "Xingjin and Jincheng." The order here was reversed in error and has now been corrected.
48
西平公諸本「西平」作「平西」，晉書卷八六張軌傳作「西平」。 按自張軌封西平公之後，子孫繼位之初，自稱或受晉封都是「西平公」。 這裏「平西」乃誤倒，今乙正。
Duke of Xiping. The various editions read "Pingxi" for "Xiping"; Jin Shu, volume 86, biography of Zhang Gui, has "Xiping." From Zhang Gui's enfeoffment as Duke of Xiping onward, each successor at the start of his reign styled himself or received Jin investiture as "Duke of Xiping." "Pingxi" here is a reversed error and has now been corrected.
49
改年為建洪北史卷九三「洪」作「弘」，當是魏收避魏諱改「洪」，下慕末改年永洪，北史也作「永弘」。 不再出校記。
Changed the era name to Jianhong. Beishi, volume 93, uses a different homophone for hong—likely Wei Shou avoiding a taboo character under Wei naming conventions. Below, Mumo later changed the era to Yonghong; Beishi likewise uses the alternate form. No further collation notes are given.
50
後遣其尚書郎莫胡北史卷九三西秦傳「莫」下有「者」字。 按「莫者」是複姓，見元和姓纂卷一四、廣韵卷九鐸韵、通志氏族略，這裏當脫「者」字。
Later sent his Secretariat Gentleman Mo Hu. Beishi, volume 93, Western Qin biography, has the character "zhe" after "Mo." "Mozhe" is a compound surname attested in Yuanhe Xingzuan, volume 14; Guangyun, volume 9, Duo rhyme; and Tongzhi, Clans Summary. The character "zhe" is missing here.
51
殺秦州刺史胡烈於萬斛堆諸本「萬」作「高」，晉書卷一二六禿髮烏孤載記作「萬」。 按晉書卷三武帝紀泰始六年六月、卷五七胡奮傳附見胡烈都作「萬斛堆」。 「高」乃「萬」字形近而訛，今據改。
Killed Qinzhou Inspector Hu Lie at Wandudui. The various editions read "gao" for "wan"; Jin Shu, volume 126, annals of Tufa Wugu, has "wan." Jin Shu, volume 3, Annals of Emperor Wu, sixth month of the sixth year of Taishi, and volume 57, biography of Hu Fen with appended mention of Hu Lie, all have "Wandudui." "Gao" is a graphic confusion for "wan" and has now been emended accordingly.
52
斬二千餘級諸本無「斬」字，於文理不洽，今據晉書卷一二六補。
Slew more than two thousand heads. The various editions lack the character "zhan," leaving the sense incomplete; it is now supplied from Jin Shu, volume 126.
53
懼為蒙遜所滅諸本脫「為」字，於文理不洽，今據晉書卷一二六補。
Feared being destroyed by Mengxun. The various editions omit the character "wei," leaving the sense incomplete; it is now supplied from Jin Shu, volume 126.
54
祖太按晉書卷八七涼武昭王傳、北史卷一００自序、御覽卷一二四 〈六０一頁〉 引十六國春秋前涼錄都作「弇」，御覽且注「音掩」。 疑「太」字訛。
Zu Tai. According to Jin Shu, volume 87, biography of the Martial and Illustrious King of Liang; Beishi, volume 100, author's preface; and Yulan, volume 124 〈Page 601〉 The Former Liang Record in the Sixteen Kingdoms Spring and Autumn consistently gives Yan, and the Imperial Digest glosses the pronunciation as yan. The character tai is probably a scribal error.
55
大破沮渠蒙遜於鮮支澗諸本「鮮」作「解」。 按晉書卷一０安帝紀義熙十三年夏作「鮮」，卷一二九沮渠蒙遜載記作「解」。 檢宋書卷九八沮渠蒙遜傳作「西」，「鮮」「西」音近，知晉書載記及此傳「解」並是「鮮」字形訛，今據晉書安帝紀改。
He routed Juqu Mengxun at Xianzhi Stream; various editions read jie for xian. Jin Shu, volume 10 (Annals of Emperor An), summer of Yixi 13, has xian; volume 129 (Record of Juqu Mengxun) has jie. Song Shu, volume 98, reads xi; since xian and xi are phonetically close, jie in the Jin Shu record and this biography are both corrupt forms of xian—the text is emended to match the Jin Shu Annals of Emperor An.
56
請為安西太守晉書卷一二九沮渠蒙遜載記「安西」作「西安」。 按載記上文稱「業作西安城，以其將臧莫孩為太守」，晉書卷一二二呂光載記見「光西安太守石元良」。 當時呂光有西安郡，段業既反光自立，別築城以立郡，亦名「西安」。 「安西」不見載記，當是誤倒。
He requested appointment as governor of Anxi; Jin Shu, volume 129, reads Xi'an instead of Anxi. The record above states that Ye built Xi'an city and appointed his general Zang Mohai governor; Jin Shu, volume 122, mentions Lü Guang's governor of Xi'an, Shi Yuanliang. Lü Guang then held Xi'an commandery; when Duan Ye broke away and declared independence, he founded a new city as a commandery seat, likewise called Xi'an. Anxi does not occur in the record and is presumably a transposed reading.
57
憑援谷軍「谷軍」不可解，「谷」字當訛。
He relied on the Gujun forces; the term gujun is unintelligible and the character gu is probably corrupt.
58
至京師北史卷九三北涼傳「至」上有「召」字。 按此字不宜省，當是脫文。
He arrived at the capital; Beishi, volume 93, has the character zhao ('summoned') before zhi ('arrived'). This character ought not to be omitted; the text has probably dropped it.
59
大爭鵄張「大爭」疑是「犬爭」之訛。
Great strife, owls abroad—the reading da zheng is probably a corruption of quan zheng ('dogs at strife').