Volume 100: Goguryeo, Baekje, Wuji, Shiwei, Doumolou, Didouyu, Kumo Xi, Khitan, Wuluohou

高句麗百濟勿吉失韋豆莫婁地豆于庫莫奚契丹烏洛侯

Goguryeo, Baekje, Wuji, Shiwei, Doumolou, Didouyu, Kumo Xi, Khitan, and Wuluohou

高句麗者，出於夫餘，自言先祖朱蒙。朱蒙母河伯女，為夫餘王閉於室中，為日所照，引身避之，日影又逐。既而有孕，生一卵，大如五升。夫餘王棄之與犬，犬不食；棄之與豕，豕又不食；棄之於路，牛馬避之；後棄之野，眾鳥以毛茹之。夫餘王割剖之，不能破，遂還其母。其母以物裹之，置於暖處，有一男破殼而出。及其長也，字之曰朱蒙，其俗言「朱蒙」者，善射也。夫餘人以朱蒙非人所生，將有異志，請除之，王不聽，命之養馬。朱蒙每私試，知有善惡，駿者減食令瘦，駑者善養令肥。夫餘王以肥者自乘，以瘦者給朱蒙。後狩于田，以朱蒙善射，限之一矢。朱蒙雖矢少，殪獸甚多。夫餘之臣又謀殺之。朱蒙母陰知，告朱蒙曰：「國將害汝，以汝才略，宜遠適四方。」朱蒙乃與烏引、烏違等二人，棄夫餘，東南走。中道遇一大水，欲濟無梁，夫餘人追之甚急。朱蒙告水曰：「我是日子，河伯外孫，今日逃走，追兵垂及，如何得濟？」於是魚鼈並浮，為之成橋，朱蒙得渡，魚鼈乃解，追騎不得渡。朱蒙遂至普述水，遇見三人，其一人著麻衣，一人著納衣，一人著水藻衣，與朱蒙至紇升骨城，遂居焉，號曰高句麗，因以為氏焉。

The people of Goguryeo traced their origin to Buyeo and claimed Jumong as their founding ancestor. Jumong's mother was said to be a daughter of the River Lord. The king of Buyeo had shut her in a chamber, where sunlight fell upon her; she turned away to escape it, yet the sun's shadow followed her still. She soon conceived and bore an egg as large as a five-sheng measure. The king of Buyeo cast it out for the dogs, but they would not touch it; he gave it to pigs, and they too refused it; he left it on the road, and cattle and horses shunned it; finally he abandoned it in the wild, where flocks of birds warmed it with their down. The king tried to cut the egg open but could not break it, and so returned it to the mother. She wrapped it in cloth and set it in a warm spot until a boy hatched from the shell. When he came of age they styled him Jumong, which in their tongue meant 'skilled archer.' The Buyeo believed that Jumong, not born of ordinary men, would prove dangerous, and urged the king to kill him; the king refused and set him to tend horses instead. Jumong secretly tested the herds and could tell the good from the bad: he cut the rations of swift horses to keep them lean, while he fattened the slow ones with generous feed. The king kept the fat horses for himself and gave Jumong only the lean ones. Later, on a hunt, because Jumong was so fine an archer, they allowed him only a single arrow. With that one shaft he nevertheless brought down a great many animals. The ministers of Buyeo again conspired to kill him. Jumong's mother learned of the plot in secret and warned him: 'The realm means to destroy you. With your gifts, you should flee far beyond these borders.' So Jumong left Buyeo with Wuyin, Wuwei, and two companions and fled southeast. Midway they reached a broad river with no bridge, while Buyeo pursuers pressed hard behind them. Jumong cried to the river: 'I am the child of the sun and grandson of the River Lord. I flee for my life and the pursuers are upon me—how am I to cross?' Fish and turtles then rose and formed a living bridge; Jumong crossed safely, the creatures sank away, and the horsemen could not follow. Jumong came to the Puyeo River and met three men—one in hemp, one in coarse cloth, one in waterweed—and with them he reached Keshenggu, made it his seat, and took the name Goguryeo, which became their clan designation.

初，朱蒙在夫餘時，妻懷孕，朱蒙逃後生一子，字始閭諧。及長，知朱蒙為國主，即與母亡而歸之，名之曰閭達，委之國事。朱蒙死，閭達代立。閭達死，子如栗代立。如栗死，子莫來代立，乃征夫餘，夫餘大敗，遂統屬焉。莫來子孫相傳，至裔孫宮，生而開目能視，國人惡之。及長凶虐，國以殘破。宮曾孫位宮亦生而視，人以其似曾祖宮，故名為位宮，高句麗呼相似為「位」。位宮亦有勇力，便弓馬。魏正始中，入寇遼西安平，[1]為幽州刺史毋丘儉所破。其玄孫乙弗利，利子釗，烈帝時與慕容氏相攻擊。建國四年，慕容元真率眾伐之，入自南陝，戰於木底，大破釗軍，乘勝長驅，遂入丸都，釗單馬奔竄。元真掘釗父墓，載其屍，并掠其母妻、珍寶、男女五萬餘口，焚其宮室，毀丸都城而還。自後釗遣使來朝，阻隔寇讎，不能自達。釗後為百濟所殺。

While Jumong was still in Buyeo his wife had been with child; after his flight she bore a son styled Yuri. When the boy grew up and learned that Jumong ruled a kingdom, he went with his mother to join him; Jumong called him Yuri-da and placed the government in his hands. After Jumong's death, Yuri-da took the throne. Yuri-da was succeeded by his son Yuryu. Yuryu's son Mare came then reigned, marched against Buyeo, routed it utterly, and brought the kingdom under his sway. Mare's line held the throne until a distant descendant, Gong, was born with his eyes already open; the people loathed him. He grew vicious and cruel, and the realm was brought to ruin. Gong's great-grandson too was born with open eyes; because he seemed to mirror his forebear Gong, he was called Weigong, for in Goguryeo wei means 'to resemble.' Weigong was likewise bold and strong, expert with bow and horse. During Wei's Zhengshi reign he raided Liaoxi and Anping[1] but was crushed by Muqiu Jian, inspector of Youzhou. A distant descendant, Isagoru, was followed by his son Chao, who in the reign of Emperor Lie waged war back and forth with the Murong. In the fourth year of Jianguo, Murong Yuansun marched against him by way of Nanyang, defeated him at Mudi, swept on in pursuit, and entered Wandu while Chao fled alone on horseback. Yuansun opened Chao's father's tomb and carried off the corpse, together with Chao's mother and wife, his treasures, and more than fifty thousand captives; he burned the palaces, razed Wandu, and withdrew. Thereafter Chao sent envoys to court, but enemies and feuds barred the way and his missions could not reach us. Chao was later killed by Baekje.

世祖時，釗曾孫璉始遣使者安東奉表貢方物，并請國諱。世祖嘉其誠款，詔下帝系名諱於其國，遣員外散騎侍郎李敖拜璉為都督遼海諸軍事、征東將軍、領護東夷中郎將、遼東郡開國公、高句麗王。敖至其所居平壤城，訪其方事，云：遼東南一千餘里，東至柵城，南至小海，北至舊夫餘，民戶參倍於前。魏時，其地東西二千里，南北一千餘里。民皆土著，隨山谷而居，衣布帛及皮。土田薄塉，蠶農不足以自供，故其人節飲食。其俗淫，好歌舞，夜則男女羣聚而戲，無貴賤之節，然潔淨自喜。其王好治宮室。其官名有謁奢、太奢、大兄、小兄之號。頭著折風，其形如弁，旁插鳥羽，貴賤有差。立則反拱，跪拜曳一脚，行步如走。常以十月祭天，國中大會。其公會，衣服皆錦繡，金銀以為飾。好蹲踞。食用俎几。出三尺馬，云本朱蒙所乘，馬種即果下也。後貢使相尋，歲致黃金二百斤，白銀四百斤。

Under Emperor Shizu, Chao's great-grandson Lian first sent the envoy Andong with tribute and a request for the imperial taboo names. The emperor welcomed his loyalty, sent down the imperial genealogy and taboo names, and dispatched Li Ao, supernumerary gentleman of the palace attendant, to invest Lian as commander of all Liaohai forces, general who conquers the east, leader for pacifying the eastern Yi, duke who opens Liaodong commandery, and king of Goguryeo. Ao reached their seat at Pyongyang and asked about their domain: more than a thousand li southeast of Liaodong, east to Chasung, south to the lesser sea, north to old Buyeo, with households several times greater than before. In Wei times their land stretched two thousand li east to west and more than a thousand li north to south. The people were all native to the soil, dwelling along the valleys, and dressed in cloth, silk, and fur. The land was thin and poor; silk and grain could not fully sustain them, so they were frugal in eating and drinking. Their customs were loose; they loved song and dance, and at night men and women mingled without regard to rank, though they took pride in cleanliness. Their king delighted in building palaces. Their offices bore such titles as yecha, taisha, da xiong, and xiao xiong. On their heads they wore the zhefeng, shaped like a cap with bird feathers at the sides, varied according to rank. Standing, they bowed with hands clasped behind; kneeling, they dragged one foot; walking, they moved as if in a hurry. Each year in the tenth month they worshipped Heaven in a great national assembly. At their public gatherings all wore brocade and embroidery adorned with gold and silver. They were fond of squatting on their heels. They ate from tables and stands. They bred horses only three feet high, said to be the strain Jumong once rode—the guoxia, or 'dwarf' horse. Later their envoys came in steady succession, each year bringing two hundred jin of gold and four hundred jin of silver.

時馮文通率眾奔之，世祖遣散騎常侍封撥詔璉令送文通，璉上書稱當與文通俱奉王化，竟不送。世祖怒，欲往討之，樂平王丕等議待後舉，世祖乃止，而文通亦尋為璉所殺。

When Feng Wentong fled to them with his followers, Emperor Shizu sent Feng Bo with orders to hand him over; Lian replied that he and Wen Tong would together accept royal rule, yet in the end he did not surrender him. The emperor was furious and meant to march against them, but the Prince of Leping and others urged delay, and he desisted; before long Lian had Wen Tong killed as well.

後文明太后以顯祖六宮未備，敕璉令薦其女。璉奉表，云女已出嫁，求以弟女應旨，朝廷許焉，乃遣安樂王真、尚書李敷等至境送幣。璉惑其左右之說，云朝廷昔與馮氏婚姻，未幾而滅其國，殷鑒不遠，宜以方便辭之。璉遂上書妄稱女死。朝廷疑其矯詐，又遣假散騎常侍程駿切責之，若女審死者，聽更選宗淑。璉云：「若天子恕其前愆，謹當奉詔。」會顯祖崩，乃止。

Later, because Emperor Xianzu's inner palaces were not yet filled, Empress Dowager Wenming ordered Lian to present his daughter. Lian reported that his daughter was already married and offered his younger brother's daughter instead; the court agreed and sent the Prince of Anle and Minister Li Fu to the border with betrothal gifts. Lian was persuaded by his advisers that when the court had once married a Feng princess, that house was soon destroyed—a lesson not far in the past—and that he should find some polite excuse to refuse. Lian then falsely reported that the girl had died. The court suspected fraud and sent Acting Regular Attendant Cheng Jun to rebuke him sharply, adding that if she were truly dead they might choose another noble clanswoman. Lian replied: 'If the Son of Heaven will forgive my earlier offense, I shall respectfully obey.' But Emperor Xianzu died just then, and the matter came to nothing.

至高祖時，璉貢獻倍前，其報賜亦稍加焉。時光州於海中得璉所遣詣蕭道成使餘奴等送闕，高祖詔責璉曰：「道成親殺其君，竊號江左，朕方欲興滅國於舊邦，繼絕世於劉氏，而卿越境外交，遠通篡賊，豈是藩臣守節之義！今不以一過掩卿舊款，即送還藩，其感恕思愆，祗承明憲，輯寧所部，動靜以聞。」

Under Emperor Gaozu, Lian's tribute doubled, and the gifts returned to him were increased as well. Guang Province then seized at sea envoys Lian had sent to Xiao Daocheng, including Yu Nu, and sent them to court. Emperor Gaozu rebuked Lian: 'Daocheng murdered his own ruler and usurped the throne south of the river. I mean to restore a fallen state and continue the Liu line—yet you traffic across borders with a distant rebel. Is this how a frontier vassal should keep faith? I will not let this one lapse efface your former loyalty. Return at once to your fief, be grateful for forgiveness, ponder your fault, obey the imperial statutes, keep your domain in order, and report all you do.'

太和十五年，璉死，年百餘歲。高祖舉哀於東郊，遣謁者僕射李安上策贈車騎大將軍、太傅、遼東郡開國公、高句麗王，諡曰康。又遣大鴻臚拜璉孫雲使持節、都督遼海諸軍事、征東將軍、領護東夷中郎將、遼東郡開國公、高句麗王，賜衣冠服物車旗之飾，又詔雲遣世子入朝，令及郊丘之禮。雲上書辭疾，惟遣其從叔升于隨使詣闕，嚴責之。自此歲常貢獻。正始中，世宗於東堂引見其使芮悉弗，[2]悉弗進曰：「高麗係誠天極，累葉純誠，地產土毛，無愆王貢。但黃金出自夫餘，珂則涉羅所產。今夫餘為勿吉所逐，涉羅為百濟所并，國王臣雲惟繼絕之義，悉遷于境內。二品所以不登王府，實兩賊是為。」世宗曰：「高麗世荷上將，專制海外，九夷黠虜，實得征之。瓶罄罍耻，誰之咎也？昔方貢之愆，責在連率。卿宜宣朕旨於卿主，務盡威懷之略，揃披害羣，輯寧東裔，使二邑還復舊墟，土毛無失常貢也。」

In the fifteenth year of Taihe, Lian died at more than a hundred years of age. Emperor Gaozu mourned him in the eastern suburb and sent Li An, director of court gentlemen, with funeral gifts conferring grand general of chariots and cavalry, grand tutor, duke who opens Liaodong, and king of Goguryeo, with the posthumous name Kang. He also sent the grand herald to invest Lian's grandson Yun with the same ranks and insignia, and ordered Yun to send his heir to court for the suburban and mound ceremonies. Yun pleaded illness and sent only his cousin Shengyu with the embassy; the court rebuked him sharply. From then on tribute came every year without fail. During Zhengshi, Emperor Shizong received their envoy Ruixifu in the eastern hall.[2] Ruixifu said: 'Goryeo has bound its loyalty to the throne for generations; our land yields its native goods and we have never failed in tribute. Yet our gold came from Buyeo and our ke shells from Sheluo. Buyeo has now been driven out by Wuji and Sheluo swallowed by Baekje; our king Yun, honoring the duty to preserve fallen lines, has taken them all within our borders. It is solely because of these two foes that second-grade tribute no longer reaches the imperial treasury.' The emperor replied: 'Goryeo has long borne imperial commission and ruled the eastern seas; among the nine Yi and cunning tribes you may indeed chastise them. When the lesser vessel is empty, the greater is shamed—whose fault is that? In former days, when regional tribute fell short, the fault lay with the regional commander. Proclaim my will to your king: use both force and kindness, clear away those who harm the people, bring peace to the eastern lands, restore the two territories to their old seats, and see that tribute flows as before.'

神龜中，雲死，靈太后為舉哀於東堂，遣使策贈車騎大將軍、領護東夷校尉、遼東郡開國公、高句麗王。又拜其世子安為安東將軍、領護東夷校尉、遼東郡開國公、高句麗王。正光初，光州又於海中執得蕭衍所授安寧東將軍衣冠劍佩，及使人江法盛等，送於京師。安死，子延立。出帝初，詔加延使持節、散騎常侍、車騎大將軍、領護東夷校尉、遼東郡開國公、高句麗王，賜衣冠服物車旗之飾。天平中，詔加延侍中、驃騎大將軍，餘悉如故。延死，子成立。訖於武定末，其貢使無歲不至。

During Shengui, Yun died; Empress Ling mourned him in the eastern hall and sent funeral gifts conferring grand general of chariots and cavalry, leader for pacifying the eastern Yi, duke who opens Liaodong, and king of Goguryeo. She also invested his heir An as general of pacifying the east, leader for pacifying the eastern Yi, duke who opens Liaodong, and king of Goguryeo. Early in Zhenguang, Guang Province again seized at sea the robes, sword, and belt that Xiao Yan had granted An as general of pacifying the east, together with the envoy Jiang Fasheng and others, and sent them to the capital. When An died, his son Yan succeeded him. Early in the reign of Emperor Chu, Yan was further invested as bearer of the staff, regular attendant, grand general of chariots and cavalry, leader for pacifying the eastern Yi, duke who opens Liaodong, and king of Goguryeo, with robes, insignia, chariots, and banners. During Tianping he was further made attendant-in-chief and general of agile cavalry, his other titles remaining as before. When Yan died, his son Cheng succeeded him. Down to the end of Wuding their envoys came every year without exception.

百濟國，其先出自夫餘。其國北去高句麗千餘里，處小海之南。其民土著，地多下濕，率皆山居。有五穀，其衣服飲食與高句麗同。

The kingdom of Baekje likewise traced its origin to Buyeo. Its realm lay more than a thousand li south of Goguryeo, on the southern shore of the lesser sea. Its people were native to the soil; the land was low and damp, and they mostly lived in the hills. They grew the five grains, and their dress and diet were the same as Goguryeo's.

延興二年，其王餘慶始遣使上表曰：「臣建國東極，豺狼隔路，雖世承靈化，莫由奉藩，瞻望雲闕，馳情罔極。涼風微應，伏惟皇帝陛下協和天休，不勝係仰之情，謹遣私署冠軍將軍、駙馬都尉弗斯侯，長史餘禮，龍驤將軍、帶方太守、司馬張茂等投舫波阻，搜徑玄津，託命自然之運，遣進萬一之誠。冀神祇垂感，皇靈洪覆，克達天庭，宣暢臣志，雖旦聞夕沒，永無餘恨。」又云：「臣與高句麗源出夫餘，先世之時，篤崇舊款。其祖釗輕廢隣好，親率士眾，陵踐臣境。臣祖須整旅電邁，應機馳擊，矢石暫交，梟斬釗首。自爾已來，莫敢南顧。自馮氏數終，餘燼奔竄，醜類漸盛，遂見陵逼，構怨連禍，三十餘載，財殫力竭，轉自孱踧。若天慈曲矜，遠及無外，速遣一將，來救臣國，當奉送鄙女，執掃後宮，并遣子弟，牧圉外廐。尺壤匹夫不敢自有。」又云：「今璉有罪，國自魚肉，大臣強族，戮殺無已，罪盈惡積，民庶崩離。是滅亡之期，假手之秋也。且馮族士馬，有鳥畜之戀；樂浪諸郡，懷首丘之心。天威一舉，有征無戰。臣雖不敏，志效畢力，當率所統，承風響應。且高麗不義，逆詐非一，外慕隗囂藩卑之辭，內懷兇禍豕突之行。或南通劉氏，或北約蠕蠕，共相脣齒，謀陵王略。昔唐堯至聖，致罰丹水；孟常稱仁，不捨塗詈。涓流之水，宜早壅塞，今若不取，將貽後悔。去庚辰年後，臣西界小石山北國海中見屍十餘，并得衣器鞍勒，視之非高麗之物，後聞乃是王人來降臣國。長蛇隔路，以沉于海，雖未委當，深懷憤恚。昔宋戮申舟，楚莊徒跣；鷂撮放鳩，信陵不食。克敵建名，美隆無已。夫以區區偏鄙，猶慕萬代之信，況陛下合氣天地，勢傾山海，豈令小竪，跨塞天逵。今上所得鞍一，以為實驗。」

In the second year of Yanxing their king Yu Qing first sent envoys with a memorial: 'Your servant has built a realm at the eastern edge of the world; wolves and jackals bar the road. Though we have long received your transforming grace, we have had no way to serve as vassals. Gazing toward the clouded gate, our longing knows no bound. As the autumn wind stirs, may Your Majesty harmonize with heaven's favor. Unable to contain our reverence, I send my general Fusi Hou, chief clerk Yu Li, and marshal Zhang Mao, governor of Daifang, to cast their boats upon the waves, thread the dark straits, trust to heaven's fortune, and offer this ten-thousandth part of our loyalty. May the spirits look with favor and imperial grace cover us, that we may reach your court and declare our will—even if we hear your reply at dawn and die at dusk, we shall have no regret.' He added: 'Goguryeo and we both spring from Buyeo; in former ages we held fast to old friendship. Their ancestor Chao lightly cast aside neighborly ties and led his army in person to trample our borders. My ancestor Xu gathered his troops like lightning, struck when the moment allowed, and after a brief clash took Chao's head and displayed it. Since then none has dared turn south against us. Since the fall of the Feng house their remnants fled to us; vile enemies grew strong and pressed upon us. For more than thirty years grievance piled on calamity until our wealth and strength were spent and we grew ever weaker. If Heaven's mercy bends to pity all within the four seas, send a general at once to save my kingdom. I shall offer my humble daughters to serve in the inner palace and send my sons and younger kin to care for your outer stables. Not a foot of ground nor a single subject would I hold for myself.' He added: 'King Lian is now guilty of crimes. The kingdom is being carved up like fish on a board; powerful ministers and great clans slaughter without cease. His crimes overflow and his wickedness piles high, and the common people are breaking away. This is the hour of their destruction—the moment to strike through another's hand. Moreover, the Feng clan's soldiers and horses still yearn for their homeland like caged birds and penned beasts; the old Lelang commanderies still yearn for their ancestral home. Once your celestial might moves, you shall campaign without needing to fight. Though I am not clever, I am resolved to give all my strength and to lead my forces to follow your banner. Goguryeo is faithless, and their treachery knows no end. Outwardly they mimic Kui Xiao's humble words of submission; inwardly they nurse violent schemes like a boar charging its pen. They traffic south with the Liu house and north with the Rouran, each other's lip to tooth, plotting to violate imperial sway. Even Tang Yao in his supreme sagacity punished the Dan River people; Mencius was praised for humanity yet did not spare the insulter on the highway. A trickle ought to be dammed early; fail to act now and regret will follow. After the gengchen year, on the northern sea off my western border at Little Stone Mountain we found more than a dozen corpses along with clothing, gear, and saddlery that were plainly not Goguryeo goods. We later learned they were your envoys seeking refuge in my kingdom. That long serpent barred their way and drowned them in the sea. Though the facts are not yet settled, my anger runs deep. When Song killed Shen Zhou, King Zhuang of Chu went barefoot in grief; when an osprey seized a dove, Lord Xinling would not eat—for he had shown mercy. To defeat the foe and win a name is glory that knows no end. If even our poor remote corner still hopes for a promise to last ten thousand generations, how much more should you, who unite your breath with heaven and earth and whose might overtops mountains and seas, suffer a petty rogue to block the road to the throne? The saddle we now present is offered as proof.'

顯祖以其僻遠，冒險朝獻，禮遇優厚，遣使者邵安與其使俱還。詔曰：「得表聞之，無恙甚善。卿在東隅，處五服之外，不遠山海，歸誠魏闕，欣嘉至意，用戢于懷。朕承萬世之業，君臨四海，統御羣生。今宇內清一，八表歸義，襁負而至者不可稱數，風俗之和，士馬之盛，皆餘禮等親所聞見。卿與高麗不穆，屢致陵犯，苟能順義，守之以仁，亦何憂於寇讎也。前所遣使，浮海以撫荒外之國，從來積年，往而不返，存亡達否，未能審悉。卿所送鞍，比校舊乘，非中國之物。不可以疑似之事，以生必然之過。經略權要，已具別旨。」又詔曰：「知高麗阻強，侵軼卿土，修先君之舊怨，棄息民之大德，兵交累載，難結荒邊。使兼申胥之誠，國有楚越之急，乃應展義扶微，乘機電舉。但以高麗稱藩先朝，供職日久，於彼雖有自昔之釁，於國未有犯令之愆。卿使命始通，便求致伐，尋討事會，理亦未周。故往年遣禮等至平壤，欲驗其由狀。然高麗奏請頻煩，辭理俱詣，行人不能抑其請，司法無以成其責，故聽其所啟，詔禮等還。若今復違旨，則過咎益露，後雖自陳，無所逃罪，然後興師討之，於義為得。九夷之國，世居海外，道暢則奉藩，惠戢則保境，故羈縻著於前典，楛貢曠於歲時。卿備陳強弱之形，具列往代之迹，俗殊事異，擬貺乖衷，洪規大略，其致猶在。今中夏平一，宇內無虞，每欲陵威東極，懸旌域表，拯荒黎於偏方，舒皇風於遠服。良由高麗即敍，未及卜征。今若不從詔旨，則卿之來謀，載協朕意，元戎啟行，將不云遠。便可豫率同興，具以待事，時遣報使，速究彼情。師舉之日，卿為鄉導之首，大捷之後，又受元功之賞，不亦善乎。所獻錦布海物雖不悉達，明卿至心。今賜雜物如別。」又詔璉護送安等。

Emperor Xianzu, moved by their distant realm and the risks they took to present tribute, received them with exceptional courtesy and sent the envoy Shao An to escort their party home. An edict said: 'I have received your memorial and am glad to learn that you are well. You stand at the eastern edge, beyond the five zones, yet not far from mountain and sea you have turned in loyalty to the Wei court. I rejoice in your utmost sincerity and hold it close in my heart. I have inherited an empire meant to last ten thousand generations, rule over the four seas, and govern all living things. Today the realm is united and the eight directions submit; envoys arrive in numbers beyond count. Yu Li and his companions have themselves witnessed the peace of our customs and the strength of our armies. You and Goguryeo are at odds and they have repeatedly encroached upon you; if you uphold righteousness and govern with humanity, what need have you to fear your enemies? The envoys I once sent across the sea to reach the outer lands have been gone for years without return, and I have been unable to learn whether they live or die, or whether they ever arrived. The saddle you sent, when compared with our usual tack, is plainly not of Central States manufacture. One must not turn suspicion alone into a settled charge of guilt. The essentials of strategy have been set forth in separate instructions.' A further edict said: 'I know that Goguryeo blocks your way with force, raids your territory, nurses old feuds from former kings, and abandons the great virtue of giving the people peace. Years of fighting have made the frontier hard to settle. Your plight is like Wu Zixu's loyalty or the urgency of Chu and Yue; it would be right to extend righteousness, aid the weak, and strike like lightning when the moment comes. Yet Goguryeo has long called itself a vassal of the former court and performed its duties. Though you have old grievances against them, they have committed no breach of imperial orders. Your envoys have only just opened relations, yet you already ask for an expedition. On reflection, the matter is not yet ripe. That is why I sent Yu Li and his party to Pyongyang last year to verify the facts. But Goguryeo petitioned repeatedly with polished arguments; our envoys could not refuse their pleas, and the judicial office could not fix guilt upon them. I therefore accepted their account and ordered Yu Li's party to return. If they now defy the edict again, their guilt will stand revealed; even if they plead later, they cannot escape punishment. Then to raise an army against them will be justified. The peoples of the nine yi have always lived beyond the sea: when the Way prevails they submit as vassals; when grace rests upon them they guard their borders. Hence the classics record them under restraint-and-attachment, and their tribute of huo-arrows may lapse for years. You have fully described their strength and weakness and traced the record of past ages. Customs differ and circumstances differ, so some of your comparisons miss the mark—yet the broad outline of the grand design still holds. Now the Central Lands are united and the realm is at peace. I have long wished to extend my majesty to the eastern edge, plant my banners beyond the borders, rescue the wild peoples of remote corners, and spread imperial grace over distant lands. Only because Goguryeo has lately kept the peace have I not yet chosen a day for campaign. If they now disobey the edict, your proposal will fully accord with my intent, and the main army will march—not far off. You may then muster your forces in advance, make ready for action, and send envoys from time to time to report swiftly on their conduct. When the army marches, you shall lead the guides; after a great victory you shall receive the highest reward. Would that not be well? Though not all the brocade, cloth, and sea-products you sent have reached us, your utmost sincerity is clear. Gifts of various goods are now bestowed as set forth in the accompanying list.' The court also ordered King Lian to escort Shao An and his party.

安等至高句麗，璉稱昔與餘慶有讎，不令東過，安等於是皆還。乃下詔切責之。五年，使安等從東萊浮海，賜餘慶璽書，褒其誠節。安等至海濱，遇風飄蕩，竟不達而還。

When Shao An and his party reached Goguryeo, King Lian claimed an old feud with Yu Qing and refused to let them pass eastward. Shao An and the others therefore all turned back. The emperor then issued an edict sternly rebuking him. In the fifth year he sent Shao An and his party by sea from Donglai, bestowing on Yu Qing an imperial letter of credence and praising his loyalty. Shao An and his party reached the coast, were blown about by storms, and in the end failed to arrive and turned back.

勿吉國，在高句麗北，舊肅慎國也。邑落各自有長，不相總一。其人勁悍，於東夷最強。言語獨異。常輕豆莫婁等國，諸國亦患之。去洛五千里。自和龍北二百餘里有善玉山，山北行十三日至祁黎山，又北行七日至如洛瓌水，水廣里餘，又北行十五日至太魯水，又東北行十八日到其國。國有大水，闊三里餘，名速末水。其地下濕，築城穴居，屋形似塚，開口於上，以梯出入。其國無牛，有車馬，佃則偶耕，車則步推。有粟及麥穄，菜則有葵。水氣醎凝，鹽生樹上，亦有鹽池。多猪無羊。嚼米醞酒，飲能至醉。婦人則布裙，男子猪犬皮裘。初婚之夕，男就女家執女乳而罷，便以為定，仍為夫婦。俗以人溺洗手面。頭插虎豹尾。善射獵，弓長三尺，箭長尺二寸，以石為鏃。其父母春夏死，立埋之，冢上作屋，不令雨濕；若秋冬，以其屍捕貂，貂食其肉，多得之。常七八月造毒藥傅箭鏃，射禽獸，中者便死，煮藥毒氣亦能殺人。國南有徒太山，魏言「大白」，有虎豹羆狼害人，人不得山上溲汙，行逕山者，皆以物盛。

The state of Wuji lay north of Goguryeo; it was the old land of Sushen. Each settlement had its own chief and they were not united under a single ruler. Its people were fierce and stalwart—the strongest among the Eastern Yi. Their language was wholly distinct. They constantly looked down on Doumolou and other states, and those states likewise feared them. It lay five thousand li from Luoyang. Some two hundred li north of Helong stood Mount Shanyu; thirteen days' march north of it brought one to Mount Qili, and seven days further north to the Ruluogui River, over a li wide. Fifteen days north lay the Tailu River, and eighteen days northeast brought one to their country. Within the country ran a great river more than three li across, called the Summo River. The land was low and damp; they built walled pit dwellings whose roofs resembled burial mounds, with openings above and ladders for entry and exit. They had no cattle but did have carts and horses; they plowed in pairs, and pushed their carts by hand. They grew millet and wheat, and among vegetables they had mallow. Brine condensed from the damp air; salt formed on trees, and there were salt ponds as well. They kept many pigs but had no sheep. They chewed rice to brew wine, and a draught of it could bring intoxication. Women wore cloth skirts; men wore coats of pig and dog hide. On the wedding night the man went to the woman's house, took her breast in his hand, and with that the marriage was fixed and they became husband and wife. It was their custom to wash hands and face with human urine. They wore tiger and leopard tails in their hair. They were skilled archers and hunters; their bows were three feet long, their arrows a foot and two inches, with stone points. When parents died in spring or summer they buried them at once, built a shelter over the mound, and kept the rain off; if in autumn or winter they used the corpse to trap sable—the sable ate the flesh and they caught many. Each seventh or eighth month they made poison, smeared it on arrowheads, and shot game; whatever was struck died at once, and the fumes from boiling the poison could kill a man. South of the country stood Mount Taitai—'Great White' in Wei speech—where tigers, leopards, bears, and wolves harmed people. No one might relieve himself on the mountain; travelers carried vessels for that purpose.

去延興中，遣使乙力支朝獻。太和初，又貢馬五百匹。乙力支稱：初發其國，乘船泝難河西上，至太𣳅河，沉船於水，南出陸行，渡洛孤水，從契丹西界達和龍。自云其國先破高句麗十落，密共百濟謀從水道并力取高句麗，遣乙力支奉使大國，請其可否。詔敕三國同是藩附，宜共和順，勿相侵擾。乙力支乃還。從其來道，取得本船，汎達其國。九年，復遣使侯尼支朝獻。明年復入貢。

During the Yanxing era they sent the envoy Yili Zhi to present tribute at court. At the opening of the Taihe reign they again presented five hundred horses as tribute. Yili Zhi reported: 'When we first left our country we sailed up the Nahan River westward to the Tailu River, scuttled our boats, marched south overland, crossed the Luogu River, and reached Helong by way of the Khitan western frontier.' He said their state had already overrun ten Goguryeo settlements and had secretly joined Baekje in a plan to strike Goguryeo by sea; Yili Zhi had been sent to the great state to ask whether this might be done. An edict replied that all three states were imperial vassals and should live in harmony and not attack one another. Yili Zhi then returned home. He retraced his route, recovered their original boats, and sailed back to his country. In the ninth year they again sent the envoy Houni Zhi to present tribute. The following year they sent tribute again.

其傍有大莫盧國、覆鍾國、莫多回國、庫婁國、素和國、具弗伏國、[3]匹黎尒國、拔大何國、[4]郁羽陵國、庫伏真國、魯婁國、羽真侯國，前後各遣使朝獻。

Nearby lay the states of Damolu, Fuzhong, Moduohui, Kulou, Suhe, Jufufu, Pilier, Badah, Yuyuling, Kufuzhen, Lulou, and Yuzhenhou, each of which sent envoys to court with tribute in its turn.

太和十二年，勿吉復遣使貢楛矢方物於京師。十七年，又遣使人婆非等五百餘人朝獻。景明四年，復遣使俟力歸等朝貢。自此迄于正光，貢使相尋。爾後，中國紛擾，頗或不至。興和二年六月，遣使石久云等貢方物，至於武定不絕。

In the twelfth year of Taihe Wuji again sent envoys to the capital with huo-arrows and local products. In the seventeenth year they sent the envoy Ren Pofei and more than five hundred others to present tribute. In the fourth year of Jingming they again sent the envoy Houligui and others with tribute. From then until the Zhengguang era, tribute envoys came in an unbroken stream. Afterward China fell into turmoil and their missions often failed to arrive. In the sixth month of the second year of Xinghe they sent envoys led by Shi Jiuyun with local products, and tribute continued without break until the Wuding era.

失韋國，在勿吉北千里，去洛六千里。路出和龍北千餘里，入契丹國，又北行十日至啜水，又北行三日有蓋水，又北行三日有犢了山，其山高大，周回三百餘里，又北行三日有大水名屈利，又北行三日至刃水，又北行五日到其國。有大水從北而來，廣四里餘，名㮈水。國土下濕。語與庫莫奚、契丹、豆莫婁國同。頗有粟麥及穄，唯食猪魚，養牛馬，俗又無羊。夏則城居，冬逐水草。亦多貂皮。丈夫索髮。用角弓，其箭尤長。女婦束髮，作叉手髻。其國少竊盜，盜一徵三，殺人者責馬三百匹。男女悉衣白鹿皮襦袴。有麴釀酒。俗愛赤珠，為婦人飾，穿挂於頸，以多為貴，女不得此，乃至不嫁。父母死，男女眾哭三年，屍則置於林樹之上。武定二年四月，始遣使張焉豆伐等獻其方物，迄武定末，貢使相尋。

The state of Shiwei lay a thousand li north of Wuji and six thousand li from Luoyang. The road ran more than a thousand li north of Helong into Khitan country, then ten days north to the Chuo River, three days north to the Gai River, and three days north to lofty Mount Duliao, which circled more than three hundred li. Three days north lay the great Quli River, three days further north the Ren River, and five days north brought one to Shiwei. A great river flowed down from the north, more than four li across, called the Na River. The land was low and damp. Their language was the same as that of the Kumo Xi, Khitan, and Doumolou. They grew millet, wheat, and kaoliang, ate chiefly pork and fish, and raised cattle and horses; like Wuji, they kept no sheep. In summer they lived in walled settlements; in winter they followed the pastures. They also had many sable pelts. Men wore their hair loose. They used horn bows, and their arrows were especially long. Women bound their hair and wore it in the crossed-hands bun. Theft was rare in their country; a single theft drew a threefold penalty, and murder carried a fine of three hundred horses. Men and women alike dressed in jackets and trousers of white deerskin. They brewed wine from grain mash. They prized red pearls as women's ornaments, strung about the neck—the more the better—and a woman without them might not marry at all. When parents died, men and women wailed together for three years, then set the body on the forest trees. In the fourth month of the second year of Wuding they first sent envoys such as Zhang Yandoufa with local products; tribute missions continued without break until the end of the Wuding era.

豆莫婁國，在勿吉國北千里，去洛六千里，舊北扶餘也。在失韋之東，東至於海，方二千里。其人土著，有宮室倉庫。多山陵廣澤，於東夷之域最為平敞。地宜五穀，不生五果。其人長大，性強勇，謹厚，不寇抄。其君長皆以六畜名官，邑落有豪帥。飲食亦用俎豆。有麻布衣，制類高麗而幅大，其國大人，以金銀飾之。用刑嚴急，殺人者死，沒其家人為奴婢。俗淫，尤惡妬婦，妬者殺之，尸其國南山上至腐。女家欲得，輸牛馬乃與之。或言本穢貊之地也。

Doumolou lay a thousand li north of Wuji and six thousand li from Luoyang; it had once been Northern Buyeo. It lay east of Shiwei, extending east to the sea, about two thousand li on a side. The people were sedentary and had dwellings and storehouses. The land had many hills and broad marshes, yet among the Eastern Yi it was the most level and open. The soil supported the five grains but not orchard fruits. They were tall and sturdy, brave yet sober and honest, and did not raid their neighbors. Their chiefs named offices after the six kinds of livestock, and each settlement had its powerful headmen. They ate with stands and platters as well. They wove hemp cloth in a Goguryeo style but wider in the bolt, and their leading men trimmed it with gold and silver. Punishment was harsh: murderers were put to death and their families enslaved. Lust ran deep in their customs, and jealous wives were especially hated—they were executed and left on the southern hill until the flesh rotted away. The bride's family demanded cattle and horses before the match was granted. Some held that this had been Yemaek territory in antiquity.

地豆于國，[5]在失韋西千餘里。多牛羊，出名馬，皮為衣服，無五穀，惟食肉酪。延興二年八月，遣使朝貢，至于太和六年，貢使不絕。十四年，頻來犯塞，高祖詔征西大將軍、陽平王頤擊走之。自後時朝京師，迄武定末，貢使不絕。

Didouyu lay more than a thousand li west of Shiwei. They kept great herds and famed horses, dressed in hides, grew no grain, and lived on meat and dairy. In the eighth month of the second year of Yanching they first sent tribute envoys, and missions continued until the sixth year of Taihe. In the fourteenth year they raided the frontier repeatedly, until Emperor Gaozu ordered the Prince of Yangping, Yi, general who conquers the west, to drive them away. Thereafter they periodically appeared at court, and tribute missions continued until the end of Wuding.

庫莫奚國之先，東部宇文之別種也。初為慕容元真所破，遺落者竄匿松漠之間。其民不潔淨，而善射獵，好為寇鈔。登國三年，太祖親自出討，至弱洛水南，大破之，獲其四部落，馬牛羊豕十餘萬。帝曰：「此羣狄諸種不識德義，互相侵盜，有犯王略，故往征之。且鼠竊狗盜，何足為患。今中州大亂，吾先平之，然後張其威懷，則無所不服矣。」既而車駕南還雲中，懷服燕趙。十數年間，諸種與庫莫奚亦皆滋盛。及開遼海，置戍和龍，諸夷震懼，各獻方物。高宗、顯祖世，庫莫奚歲致名馬文皮。高祖初，遣使朝貢。太和四年，輒入塞內，辭以畏地豆于鈔掠，詔書切責之。二十二年，入寇安州，營燕幽三州兵數千人擊走之。後復款附，每求入塞，與民交易。世宗詔曰：「庫莫奚去太和二十一年以前，與安營二州邊民參居，交易往來，並無疑貳。至二十二年叛逆以來，遂爾遠竄。今雖款附，猶在塞表，每請入塞與民交易。若抑而不許，乖其歸向之心；聽而不虞，或有萬一之警。不容依先任其交易，事宜限節，交市之日，州遣上佐監之。」自是已後，歲常朝獻，至於武定末不絕。

The Kumo Xi were originally a branch of the Yuwen of the eastern regions. They were first shattered by Murong Yuansun, and survivors hid in the Pine Desert. The people cared little for cleanliness, were skilled hunters and archers, and delighted in raiding. In the third year of Dengguo Emperor Taizu marched in person to the south bank of the Ruoluo River and crushed them, taking four tribes and more than a hundred thousand head of livestock. The emperor said, "These barbarian peoples know neither virtue nor duty; they prey on one another, and when they offend against the realm, I must campaign against them. Mere rat-and-dog pilfering is scarcely worth a full campaign. The Central Plain is in turmoil; I shall settle that first, then extend authority and grace—and nothing will remain unsubdued. Thereupon the emperor returned south to Yunzhong, and Yan and Zhao submitted in heart. Within a dozen years the frontier peoples, Kumo Xi among them, all grew strong again. When the Liao coast was opened and garrisons placed at Helong, the tribes were awed and sent their tribute. Under Emperors Gaozong and Xianzu the Kumo Xi presented famous horses and fine furs annually. In the early years of Emperor Gaozu they sent tribute missions. In the fourth year of Taihe they entered the borders, pleading fear of Didouyu raids; the court answered with a sharp reprimand. In the twenty-second year they raided Anzhou until several thousand troops from Ying, Yan, and You drove them off. They later submitted again and repeatedly asked to enter the borders to trade with Chinese settlers. Emperor Shizong decreed: "Before the twenty-first year of Taihe the Kumo Xi mingled with settlers on the An and Ying frontiers and traded freely, without any breach of trust. Since their rebellion in the twenty-second year they have fled far away. Though they have submitted again, they remain beyond the passes and repeatedly ask to enter and trade with our people. To refuse them outright would alienate their goodwill; yet to allow them without precaution might invite trouble. They may no longer trade as freely as before: markets shall be regulated, and on trading days each prefecture shall send a senior official to supervise." Thereafter they sent annual tribute without break until the end of Wuding.

契丹國，在庫莫奚東，異種同類，俱竄於松漠之間。登國中，國軍大破之，遂逃迸，與庫莫奚分背。經數十年，稍滋蔓，有部落，於和龍之北數百里，多為寇盜。真君以來，求朝獻，歲貢名馬。顯祖時，使莫弗紇何辰奉獻，得班饗於諸國之末。歸而相謂，言國家之美，心皆忻慕，於是東北羣狄聞之，莫不思服。悉萬丹部、何大何部、伏弗郁部、羽陵部、[6]日連部、匹絜部、黎部、[7]吐六于部等，[8]各以其名馬文皮入獻天府，遂求為常。皆得交市於和龍、密雲之間，貢獻不絕。太和三年，高句麗竊與蠕蠕謀，欲取地豆于以分之。契丹懼其侵軼，其莫弗賀勿于率其部落車三千乘、眾萬餘口，驅徙雜畜，求入內附，止於白狼水東。自此歲常朝貢。後告饑，高祖矜之，聽其入關市糴。及世宗、肅宗時，恒遣使貢方物。熙平中，契丹使人祖真等三十人還，靈太后以其俗嫁娶之際，以青氊為上服，人給青氊兩匹，賞其誠款之心，餘依舊式。朝貢至齊受禪常不絕。

The Khitan state lay east of the Kumo Xi; though a distinct people, they were kin, and both had taken refuge in the Pine Desert. During the Dengguo era the imperial army crushed them, and they fled, separating from the Kumo Xi. Within a few decades they grew again into tribes several hundred li north of Helong and largely took to raiding. From the Zhenjun era onward they sought audience at court and sent famous horses each year. Under Emperor Xianzu the envoy Mohefu He Chen brought tribute and was seated at the feast among the tributary states, though in the lowest place. On their return they spoke among themselves of the splendor of the realm, and every heart was filled with longing; when word spread among the northeastern tribes, all wished to submit. The Xiwan Dan, He Dahe, Fufu Yu, Yuling, Rilian, Pijie, Li, Tuliuyu, and other branches each sent famous horses and fine furs to the imperial treasury and asked to do so regularly. They were allowed to trade between Helong and Miyun, and their tribute never ceased. In the third year of Taihe Goguryeo secretly conspired with the Rouran to seize Didouyu and divide it between them. Fearing attack, the Khitan chief He Wuyu led his people—three thousand carts and more than ten thousand souls—with their herds to seek refuge within the borders, settling east of the White Wolf River. From then on they sent tribute every year. When famine was reported later, Emperor Gaozu took pity and allowed them to enter the passes to buy grain. Under Emperors Shizong and Suzong they regularly sent envoys with local products. During the Xiping era, when thirty Khitan envoys led by Zu Zhen were returning home, Empress Dowager Ling—knowing that blue felt was their finest dress for weddings—gave each man two bolts of blue felt to honor their loyalty; other gifts followed the usual scale. Their tribute missions continued without break even through Qi's accession to the throne.

烏洛侯國，在地豆于之北，去代都四千五百餘里。其土下濕，多霧氣而寒，民冬則穿地為室，夏則隨原阜畜牧。多豕，有穀麥。無大君長，部落莫弗皆世為之。其俗繩髮，皮服，以珠為飾。民尚勇，不為姦竊，故慢藏野積而無寇盜。好獵射。樂有箜篌，木槽革面而施九弦。其國西北有完水，東北流合于難水，其地小水皆注於難，東入于海。又西北二十日行有于巳尼大水，所謂北海也。世祖真君四年來朝，稱其國西北有國家先帝舊墟，石室南北九十步，東西四十步，高七十尺，室有神靈，民多祈請。世祖遣中書侍郎李敞告祭焉，刊祝文於室之壁而還。

Wuluohou lay north of Didouyu, more than four thousand five hundred li from the capital at Dai. The land was low and damp, misty and cold; in winter the people dug pit dwellings, and in summer they grazed their herds on the uplands. They kept many pigs and grew grain and wheat. They had no paramount chief; each tribe's Mohefu held office by hereditary succession. They bound their hair with cord, dressed in hides, and adorned themselves with pearls. The people valued courage and did not steal, so goods were left piled in the open without fear of bandits. They were fond of hunting and archery. Their music included the konghou harp, with a wooden frame, leather sounding board, and nine strings. Northwest of their country lay the Wan River, which flowed northeast to join the Nan; lesser streams all fed the Nan and ran east to the sea. Twenty days' journey northwest lay the great Yusini waters—the Northern Sea. In the fourth year of Zhenjun they came to court and reported that northwest of their land stood a stone hall on the site of an ancient imperial sanctuary—ninety paces north to south, forty east to west, seventy chi high—a place of numinous power where the people often prayed. Emperor Shizu sent Vice Director of the Secretariat Li Chang to offer sacrifice there, inscribed a prayer on the chamber wall, and returned.

史臣曰：夷狄之於中國，羈縻而已。高麗歲修貢職，東藩之冠，榮哀之禮，致自天朝，亦為優矣。其他碌碌，咸知款貢，豈牛馬內向，東風入律者也。

The historiographer writes: Toward China the barbarian peoples were to be held only by loose reins. Goguryeo alone paid tribute yearly and stood first among the eastern vassals; that the court itself sent honors and condolences was a mark of exceptional favor. The rest were lesser peoples who knew only to offer tribute; theirs was not the turning of herds homeward nor the east wind harmonizing with the pitch-pipes of civilization.

魏正始中入寇遼西安平三國魏志卷三０東夷傳、隋書卷八一高麗傳「遼西安平」作「西安平」。按後漢書郡國志二安平國屬冀州，志五，西安平屬幽州遼東郡。遼西郡沒有安平或西安平縣。這裏「遼」字衍，或「遼」下脫「東」字。

In the Zhengshi period of Wei they invaded Liao-xi Anping: the Dongyi zhuan in juan 30 of the Wei zhi in Sanguo zhi and the Gaolizhuan in juan 81 of Suishu read "Anping" for "Liao-xi Anping." According to Hou Hanshu, Junguo zhi 2, Anping State belonged to Jizhou; zhi 5, Xi'anping belonged to Liaodong commandery in Youzhou. Liaoxi commandery had no counties named Anping or Xi'anping. Here the character "Liao" is superfluous, or the character "dong" has dropped out after "Liao."

正始中世宗於東堂引見其使芮悉弗諸本「宗」作「祖」，北史卷九四高麗傳作「宣武」。按上稱「正始」年號，自當作「世宗」，北史例稱帝號。今改正。

In the Zhengshi era Emperor Shizong received their envoy Ruisifu at the Eastern Hall: various editions read "zu" for "zong"; Beishi, juan 94, Gaolizhuan, reads "Xuanwu." Since the passage above cites the Zhengshi era, the text should read "Shizong"; Beishi regularly uses imperial titles. It is corrected accordingly.

具弗伏國按卷六顯祖紀皇興元年二月、二年四月兩見此部，都作「具伏弗」。下契丹傳有「伏弗郁部」，上脫「具」字，又「郁」「部」二字倒誤，但也可證這裏「弗伏」當作「伏弗」。

Jufufu State: according to juan 6 of the Xianzu ji, in the second month of Huangxing 1 and the fourth month of Huangxing 2, this tribe appears twice, both times as "Jufufu." The Khitan account below has the Fufu Yu tribe; here the character ju is missing and yu and bu are transposed—all of which confirms that fufu here should read Fufu.

拔大何國按下契丹傳有「何大何部」，卷六顯祖紀皇興二年四月作「阿大何」。這裏「拔」字當是「何」或「阿」之訛。

Ba Dahe State: the Khitan account below has "He Dahe tribe"; juan 6 of the Xianzu ji, fourth month of Huangxing 2, reads "A Dahe." Here "ba" is a corruption of "he" or "a."

地豆于國北史卷九四「于」作「干」。按本書他處也多作「地豆于」，間亦作「干」，北史則多作「干」，間作「于」，今仍之。

Didouyu State: Beishi, juan 94, reads "gan" for "yu." Elsewhere in this book the name usually appears as Didouyu, sometimes as Didougan; Beishi usually has Didougan, sometimes Didouyu—the text is left as it stands.

伏弗郁部羽陵部按上勿吉傳見「具弗伏國」、「郁羽陵國」，卷六顯祖紀皇興元年二月、二年四月並見「具伏弗、郁羽陵」，這裏「伏弗」上當脫「具」字，「郁」「部」誤倒，當作「具伏弗部、郁羽陵部」。

Fufu Yu tribe, Yuling tribe: the Wuji account above has "Jufufu State" and "Yu Yuling State," and juan 6 of the Xianzu ji (Huangxing 1.2 and 2.4) has "Jufufu, Yu Yuling"—here "ju" is missing before "Fufu" and "yu" and "bu" are transposed; the text should read "Jufufu tribe, Yu Yuling tribe."

匹絜部黎部按上勿吉傳及卷六顯祖紀皇興元年、二年並見「匹黎尒部」，通典卷二００契丹條作「匹黎部」。疑這裏「匹絜」下衍「部」字，本作「匹絜黎部」，誤分二部。

Pijie tribe, Li tribe: the Wuji account and juan 6 of the Xianzu ji (Huangxing 1 and 2) all have "Pili'er tribe"; Tongdian, juan 200, Khitan entry, reads "Pili tribe." The character bu after "Pijie" is probably superfluous; the original was a single "Pijie Li tribe," wrongly split into two.

吐六于部北史卷九四契丹傳「于」作「干」，卷六顯祖紀皇興二年四月作「叱六手」，通典卷二００作「比六干」。疑「吐」「比」皆「叱」字之訛。「手」顯訛，「于」「干」不知孰是。

Tuliuyu tribe: Beishi, juan 94, Khitan zhuan, reads "gan" for "yu"; juan 6 of the Xianzu ji, fourth month of Huangxing 2, reads "Chiliushou"; Tongdian, juan 200, reads "Biliugan." Both "tu" and "bi" are probably corruptions of "chi." "Shou" is clearly erroneous; whether "yu" or "gan" is correct cannot be determined.

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