1
氐吐谷渾宕昌高昌鄧至蠻獠
The Di; Tuyuhun; Dangchang; Gaochang; Dengzhi; the Man; the Liao
2
氐者，西夷之別種，號曰白馬。 三代之際，蓋自有君長，而世一朝見，故詩稱「自彼氐羌，莫敢不來王」也。 秦漢以來，世居岐隴以南，漢川以西，自立豪帥。 漢武帝遣中郎將郭昌、衞廣滅之，以其地為武都郡。 自汧渭抵於巴蜀，種類實繁，或謂之白氐，或謂之故氐，各有侯王，受中國封拜。
The Di were a distinct branch of the Western barbarians, known as the White Horse Di. During the Three Dynasties they already had their own rulers and came to court once each generation, which is why the Book of Odes says, "From those Di and Qiang, who would not come to do homage?" From Qin and Han times onward they lived for generations south of the Qi-Long region and west of the Han River valley, with their own powerful chiefs. Emperor Wu of Han sent the palace attendant Guo Chang and Wei Guang to subdue them and organized their lands as Wudu Commandery. From the Qian and Wei rivers to Ba and Shu the Di clans were numerous; some were called the White Di, others the Old Di. Each group had its own lords and received titles from the Chinese court.
3
漢建安中，有楊騰者，為部落大帥。 騰勇健多計略，[2]始徙居仇池。 仇池方百頃，因以為號，四面斗絕，高七里餘，羊腸蟠道三十六回，其上有豐水泉，煮土成鹽。 騰後有名千万者，魏拜為百頃氐王。 千万孫名飛龍，漸強盛，晉武帝假平西將軍。 無子，養外甥令狐茂搜為子。 惠帝元康中，茂搜自號輔國將軍、右賢王，羣氐推以為主。 關中人士流移者多依之。 愍帝以為驃騎將軍、左賢王。 茂搜死，子難敵統位，與弟堅頭分部曲。 難敵自號左賢王，屯下辨； 堅頭號右賢王，屯河池。 難敵死，子毅立，自號使持節、龍驤將軍、左賢王、下辨公，以堅頭子盤為使持節、冠軍將軍、右賢王、河池公。 臣晉，晉以毅為征南將軍。 三年，[3]毅族兄初襲殺毅，并有其眾，自立為仇池公，臣於石虎，後稱藩於晉。 永和十年，改初為天水公。 十一年，毅小弟宋奴使姑子梁三王因侍直手刃殺初，初子國率左右誅三王及宋奴，復自立為仇池公。 桓溫表國為秦州刺史，國子安為武都太守。 十二年，國從叔俊復殺國自立。 國子安叛苻生，殺俊，復稱藩於晉。 安死，子世自立為仇池公。 [4]晉太和三年，以世為秦州刺史，弟統為武都太守。 世死，統廢世子纂自立。 統一名德。 纂聚黨襲殺統，自立為仇池公，遣使詣簡文帝，[5]以纂為秦州刺史。
During the Jian'an period of Han a man named Yang Teng rose to be the great chieftain of his tribe. Teng was bold, vigorous, and resourceful;[2] he was the first to relocate his people to Chouchi. Chouchi covered about a hundred qing of land, and he took that name for his domain. Cliffs rose on every side to a height of more than seven li, with a twisting goat-track of thirty-six switchbacks. Rich springs on the summit allowed them to boil earth and make salt. After Teng came a leader named Qianwan, whom Wei invested as King of the Hundred-Qing Di. Qianwan's grandson Feilong gradually grew in power, and Emperor Wu of Jin granted him the provisional title of General Who Pacifies the West. He had no sons and adopted his sister's son Linghu Maosou as his heir. In the Yuankang era of Emperor Hui, Maosou took the titles General Who Assists the State and Right Worthy King, and the Di clans acclaimed him as their leader. Many refugees from the Guanzhong region came to rely on him. Emperor Min appointed him General of Agile Cavalry and Left Worthy King. When Maosou died, his son Nandi took power and split the tribal forces with his younger brother Jiantou. Nandi styled himself Left Worthy King and encamped at Xiabian; Jiantou took the title Right Worthy King and encamped at Hechi. After Nandi's death his son Yi took power, taking the titles Bearer of the Staff, Dragon-Soaring General, Left Worthy King, and Duke of Xiabian, while appointing Jiantou's son Pan Bearer of the Staff, Champion General, Right Worthy King, and Duke of Hechi. He submitted to Jin, and Jin appointed Yi General Who Campaigns South. In the third year,[3] Yi's elder clansman Chu murdered Yi, absorbed his forces, and proclaimed himself Duke of Chouchi. He first submitted to Shi Hu and later acknowledged Jin as his suzerain. In the tenth year of Yonghe, Chu was enfeoffed as Duke of Tianshui. In the eleventh year Yi's younger brother Songnu had his brother-in-law Liang Sanwang kill Chu while on palace duty. Chu's son Guo then led his guards to execute Sanwang and Songnu and restored himself as Duke of Chouchi. Huan Wen recommended Guo for Inspector of Qin Province and Guo's son An for Administrator of Wudu. In the twelfth year Guo's younger cousin Jun murdered Guo and seized power for himself. Guo's son An rebelled against Fu Sheng, killed Jun, and once again submitted to Jin as a vassal. When An died, his son Shi proclaimed himself Duke of Chouchi. [4]In the third year of the Taihe era, Jin appointed Shi Inspector of Qin Province and his younger brother Tong Administrator of Wudu. When Shi died, Tong deposed the heir Zuan and took power himself. Tong also went by the name De. Zuan rallied supporters, attacked and killed Tong, and proclaimed himself Duke of Chouchi. He sent envoys to Emperor Jianwen,[5] who appointed Zuan Inspector of Qin Province.
4
晉咸安元年，苻堅遣楊安伐纂，克之，徙其民於關中，空百頃之地。 宋奴之死，二子佛奴、佛狗逃奔苻堅，堅以女妻佛奴子定，[6]拜為尚書、領軍。 苻堅之敗，關右擾亂，定盡力於堅。 堅死，乃率眾奔隴右。 徙治歷城，去仇池百二十里，置倉儲於百頃。 招夷夏得千餘家，自稱龍驤將軍、仇池公，稱藩於晉，孝武即以其自號假之，後以為秦州刺史。 登國四年，[7]遂有秦州之地，自號隴西王。 後為乞伏乾歸所殺，無子。 佛狗子盛，先為監國，守仇池，乃統事，自號征西將軍、秦州刺史、仇池公，諡定為武王。 分諸氐羌為二十部護軍，各為鎮戍，不置郡縣。 遂有漢中之地，仍稱藩于晉。 天興初，遣使朝貢，詔以盛為征南大將軍、仇池王。 隔礙姚興，不得歲通貢使。 盛以兄子撫為平南將軍、梁州刺史，守漢中。
In the first year of Xian'an, Fu Jian sent Yang An against Zuan, defeated him, relocated the population to Guanzhong, and left the hundred-qing region deserted. When Songnu died, his sons Fonu and Fogou fled to Fu Jian. Jian married his daughter to Fonu's son Ding[6] and appointed Ding Minister of the Masters of Writing and Director of the Guards. After Fu Jian's defeat threw the region west of the passes into turmoil, Ding did everything he could to support him. After Jian's death he led his followers west into Longyou. He moved his capital to Licheng, a hundred and twenty li from Chouchi, and established storehouses at the hundred-qing site. He gathered more than a thousand Yi and Chinese households, took the titles Dragon-Soaring General and Duke of Chouchi, and submitted to Jin. Emperor Xiaowu provisionally confirmed the titles Ding had chosen for himself and later appointed him Inspector of Qin Province. In the fourth year of Dengguo[7] he seized Qin Province and proclaimed himself King of Longxi. He was later killed by Qifu Gangui and left no heir. Fogou's son Sheng had earlier served as regent at Chouchi. He now took control, styled himself General Who Campaigns West, Inspector of Qin Province, and Duke of Chouchi, and gave Ding the posthumous title King Wu. He divided the Di and Qiang into twenty tribal guard units, each posted as a garrison, and did not set up regular commanderies or districts. He then took Hanzhong and continued to acknowledge Jin as his suzerain. Early in the Tianxing era he sent tribute envoys, and an imperial edict appointed Sheng General Who Campaigns South and King of Chouchi. Yao Xing's power blocked his route, so he could not send annual tribute missions. Sheng appointed his nephew Fu General Who Pacifies the South and Inspector of Liang Province to hold Hanzhong.
5
劉裕永初中，封盛為武都王。 盛死，私諡曰惠文王，子玄統位。 玄字黃眉，[8]號征西大將軍、開府儀同三司、秦州刺史、武都王，雖稱藩於劉義隆，仍奉晉義熙之號，[9]後始用義隆元嘉正朔。 初，盛謂玄曰：「吾年已老，當終為晉臣，汝善事宋帝，故玄奉焉。 玄善於待士，為流舊所懷。 始光四年，世祖遣大鴻臚公孫軌拜玄為征南大將軍、都督、梁州刺史、南秦王，玄上表請比內藩，許之。
In the Yongchu era Liu Yu enfeoffed Sheng as King of Wudu. When Sheng died he was given the private posthumous title King Wen the Kind, and his son Xuan succeeded him. Xuan, whose courtesy name was Huangmei,[8] took the titles General Who Campaigns West, Grand Prefect with ceremonial equal to the Three Excellencies, Inspector of Qin Province, and King of Wudu. Though he submitted to Liu Yilong, he still used Jin's Yixi reign era[9] and only later adopted Yilong's Yuanjia calendar. Earlier Sheng had told Xuan, "I am growing old and mean to remain a loyal subject of Jin to the end. You must serve the Song emperor well." That is why Xuan did so. Xuan treated scholars generously and won the loyalty of displaced men of standing. In the fourth year of Shiguang the Emperor sent Grand Herald Gongsun Gui to invest Xuan as General Who Campaigns South, area commander, Inspector of Liang Province, and King of Southern Qin. Xuan petitioned to be treated as an inner vassal, and his request was granted.
6
玄死，私諡孝昭王，子保宗統位。 初，玄臨終，謂弟難當曰：「今境候未寧，方須撫慰，保宗沖昧，吾授卿國事，其無墜先勳。」 難當固辭，請立保宗以輔之。 保宗既立，難當妻姚氏謂難當曰：「國險宜立長君，反事孺子，非久計。」 難當從之，廢保宗而自立，稱藩于劉義隆。 難當拜保宗為鎮南將軍，鎮石昌，[10]以次子順為鎮東將軍、秦州刺史，守上邽。 保宗謀襲難當，事泄被繫。
When Xuan died he received the private posthumous title King Xiao the Filial, and his son Baozong succeeded him. On his deathbed Xuan told his younger brother Nandang, "The frontier is still unsettled and needs steady hands. Baozong is young and inexperienced. I leave the government in your care—do not let our ancestors' achievements be lost." Nandang firmly refused and insisted that Baozong be enthroned so he could assist him. Once Baozong was enthroned, Nandang's wife of the Yao clan told him, "In such a dangerous realm we need a mature ruler. To serve a boy is no lasting policy." Nandang agreed, deposed Baozong, and took the throne himself, submitting to Liu Yilong as a vassal. Nandang appointed Baozong General Who Guards the South and posted him at Shichang,[10] while his second son Shun became General Who Guards the East and Inspector of Qin Province, holding Shanggui. Baozong plotted to attack Nandang, but the conspiracy was discovered and he was imprisoned.
7
先是，四方流人以仇池豐實，多往依附。 流人有許穆之、郝惔之二人投難當，並改姓為司馬，穆之自云名飛龍，惔之自云名康之，云是晉室近戚。 康之尋為人所殺。
For some time refugees from all directions had flocked to Chouchi because the region was prosperous and secure. Two refugees, Xu Muzhi and Hao Yinzi, joined Nandang and both took the surname Sima. Muzhi called himself Feilong and Yinzi Kangzhi, claiming to be near relatives of the Jin imperial house. Kangzhi was soon murdered.
8
時劉義隆梁州刺史甄法護刑政不理，義隆遣刺史蕭思話代任，難當以思話未至，遣將舉兵襲梁州，破白馬，遂有漢中之地。 尋而思話使其司馬蕭承之先驅進討，所向克捷，遂平梁州，因又附義隆。
Liu Yilong's Inspector of Liang Province, Zhen Fahu, governed badly. Yilong sent Xiao Sihua to replace him, but before Sihua arrived Nandang sent troops to invade Liang Province, broke through Baima, and seized Hanzhong. Soon afterward Sihua sent his major Xiao Chengzhi ahead with the vanguard. Chengzhi won every engagement, recovered Liang Province, and Nandang once again submitted to Yilong.
9
難當後釋保宗，遣鎮董亭。 保宗與兄保顯歸京師，世祖拜保宗征南大將軍、秦州牧、武都王，尚公主； 保顯為鎮西將軍、晉壽公。 後遣大鴻臚崔賾拜難當為征南大將軍、儀同三司、領護西羌校尉、秦梁二州牧、南秦王。 難當後自立為大秦王，號年曰建義，立妻為王后，世子為太子，置百官，具擬天朝。 然猶貢獻于劉義隆不絕。 尋而其國大旱，多災異，降大秦王復為武都王。 太延初，難當立鎮上邽，世祖遣車騎大將軍、樂平王丕等督河西高平諸軍取上邽，又詔諭難當，難當奉詔攝守。
Nandang later released Baozong and posted him to garrison Dongting. Baozong and his elder brother Baoxian went to the capital, where the Emperor appointed Baozong General Who Campaigns South, Governor of Qin Province, and King of Wudu and married him to an imperial princess; Baoxian was made General Who Guards the West and Duke of Jinshou. Later Grand Herald Cui Ze was dispatched to invest Nandang as General Who Campaigns South, with ceremonial equal to the Three Excellencies, Colonel Protecting the Western Qiang, Governor of Qin and Liang, and King of Southern Qin. Nandang later proclaimed himself Great King of Qin, adopted the era name Jianyi, made his wife queen and his heir crown prince, and created a full bureaucracy modeled on the imperial court. Even so he continued to send tribute to Liu Yilong without interruption. Soon his realm suffered severe drought and many omens, and he demoted himself from Great King of Qin back to King of Wudu. Early in the Taiyan era Nandang set up a garrison at Shanggui. The Emperor sent General of Chariots and Cavalry, Prince of Leping Pi, and others to command the Hexi and Gaoping armies and seize Shanggui, while also issuing instructions to Nandang, who complied and withdrew to a caretaker role.
10
尋而傾國南寇，規有蜀土，襲義隆益州，攻涪城，又伐巴西，獲雍州流人七千餘家還于仇池。 [11]義隆怒，遣將裴方明等伐之。 難當為方明所敗，棄仇池，與千餘騎奔上邽，世祖遣中山王辰迎之赴行宮。 方明既克仇池，以保宗弟保熾守之，河間公齊擊走之。
Soon he marched south with his whole kingdom, intent on seizing Shu. He invaded Yilong's Yizhou, attacked Fucheng, raided Baxi, and brought more than seven thousand refugee households from Yong Province back to Chouchi. [11]Enraged, Yilong sent generals such as Pei Fangming against him. Nandang was defeated by Fangming, abandoned Chouchi, and fled to Shanggui with a thousand horsemen. The Emperor sent Prince of Zhongshan Chen to escort him to the imperial camp. After Fangming captured Chouchi he left Baozong's younger brother Baochi to hold it, but Duke of Hejian Qi attacked and drove him out.
11
先是，詔保宗鎮上邽，又詔鎮駱谷，復其本國。 保宗弟文德先逃氐中，乃說保宗令叛，事泄，齊執保宗送京師，詔難當殺之。 氐羌立文德，屯于濁水。 文德自號征西將軍、秦河梁三州牧、仇池公，求援於義隆。 義隆封文德為武都王，遣偏將房亮之等助之。 齊逆擊，禽亮之。 文德奔守葭蘆，武都、陰平氐多歸之。 詔淮陽公皮豹子等率諸軍討之，文德走漢中，收其妻子僚屬資糧，及保宗妻公主送京師，賜死。 初，公主勸保宗反，人問曰：「背父母之邦若何？」 公主曰：「禮，婦人外成，因夫而榮，事立，據守一方，我亦一國之母，豈比小縣之主。」 以此得罪。
Earlier edicts had ordered Baozong to garrison Shanggui and Luogu and had restored his ancestral domain. Baozong's younger brother Wende had fled among the Di and persuaded Baozong to rebel. When the plot was exposed, Qi arrested Baozong and sent him to the capital, where an edict commanded Nandang to execute him. The Di and Qiang enthroned Wende and encamped at Zhuoshui. Wende styled himself General Who Campaigns West, Governor of Qin, He, and Liang, and Duke of Chouchi, and asked Yilong for help. Yilong enfeoffed Wende as King of Wudu and sent subordinate generals such as Fang Liangzhi to support him. Qi counterattacked and captured Liangzhi. Wende fled to hold Jialu, and many Di of Wudu and Yinping rallied to him. An edict ordered Duke of Huaiyang Pi Baozi and others to campaign against him. Wende fled to Hanzhong. The Wei forces seized his family, officials, and supplies, sent Baozong's wife the princess to the capital, and had her executed. Earlier the princess had urged Baozong to rebel. When someone asked how she could betray her parents' country, the princess replied, "By ritual a woman belongs to her husband's house and shares his glory. If the venture succeeds and we hold a territory, I shall be mother of a kingdom—how can that be compared with ruling some petty county?" It was for this that she was punished.
12
高宗時，拜難當營州刺史，還為外都大官。 卒，諡曰忠。 子和，隨父歸國，別賜爵仇池公。 子德襲難當爵，早卒。 子小眼襲，例降為公，拜天水太守，卒。 子大眼，別有傳。 小眼子公熙襲爵。 正光中，尚書右丞張普惠為行臺，送租於南秦、東益，普惠啟公熙俱行。 至南秦，以氐反不得進，遣公熙先慰氐。 東益州刺史魏子建以公熙險薄，密令訪察，公熙果有潛謀，將為叛亂。 子建仍報普惠，令其攝錄。 普惠急追，公熙竟不肯赴，東出漢中。 普惠表列其事，公熙大行賄賂，終得免罪。 後為假節、別將，與都督元志同守岐州，為秦賊莫折天生所虜，死於秦州。
Under Emperor Gaozong, Nandang was appointed Inspector of Ying Province and later served as Grand Officer of the Outer Court. When he died he was given the posthumous title Loyal. His son He accompanied his father back to their homeland and was separately enfeoffed as Duke of Chouchi. His son De inherited Nandang's rank but died young. His son Xiaoyan inherited the line, but by precedent the title was reduced to duke. He was appointed Administrator of Tianshui and died in office. His son Dayan is treated in a separate biography. Xiaoyan's son Gongxi inherited the title. During the Zhengguang era Right Assistant Minister Zhang Puhui served as mobile headquarters commander delivering tax grain to Southern Qin and Eastern Yi, and he requested that Gongxi accompany the mission. At Southern Qin a Di rebellion blocked their advance, so Puhui sent Gongxi ahead to pacify the Di. Eastern Yi Inspector Wei Zijian, finding Gongxi treacherous and unreliable, secretly ordered surveillance and discovered that Gongxi was indeed plotting rebellion. Zijian reported to Puhui and told him to arrest Gongxi. Puhui pursued him urgently, but Gongxi refused to submit and fled east into Hanzhong. Puhui submitted a detailed report, but Gongxi bribed his way free and ultimately escaped punishment. Later he served as Bearer of the Staff and separate commander. He and area commander Yuan Zhi defended Qi Province, were captured by the Qin rebel Mozhe Tiansheng, and Gongxi died in Qin Province.
13
文德後自漢中入統汧隴，[12]遂有陰平、武興之地，後為劉義隆荊州刺史劉義宣所殺。
Wende later marched from Hanzhong to take Qian and Long,[12] seized Yinping and Wuxing, and was eventually killed by Liu Yixuan, Liu Yilong's inspector of Jing Province.
14
保宗之執也，子元和奔義隆，以為武都、白水太守。 元和據城歸順，高宗嘉之，拜征南大將軍、武都王，內徙京師。 元和從叔僧嗣復自稱武都王於葭蘆。 僧嗣死，從弟文度自立為武興王，遣使歸順，顯祖授文度武興鎮將。 既而復叛。 高祖初，征西將軍皮歡喜攻葭蘆破之，斬文度首。
When Baozong was captured, his son Yuanhe fled to Yilong, who appointed him administrator of Wudu and Baishui. Yuanhe surrendered the city. Emperor Gaozong praised his submission, made him General Who Campaigns South and King of Wudu, and resettled him in the capital. Yuanhe's uncle Sengsi once more proclaimed himself King of Wudu at Jialu. After Sengsi died, his cousin Wendu declared himself King of Wuxing and sent envoys to submit. Emperor Xianzu appointed Wendu garrison commander of Wuxing. Before long he rebelled again. Early in Emperor Xiaowen's reign, General Who Campaigns West Pi Huanxi stormed Jialu, defeated Wendu, and took his head.
15
文度弟弘，小名鼠，犯顯祖廟諱，以小名稱。 鼠自為武興王，遣使奉表謝罪，貢其方物，高祖納之。 鼠遣子苟奴入侍，拜鼠都督、南秦州刺史、征西將軍、西戎校尉、武都王。 鼠死，從子後起統任，高祖復以鼠爵授之。
Wendu's younger brother Hong, nicknamed Shu, bore a name that violated Emperor Xianzu's taboo and was known only by that nickname. Shu proclaimed himself King of Wuxing, sent envoys to beg forgiveness and offer tribute, and Emperor Xiaowen received him back. Shu sent his son Gounu to the court as a hostage and was invested area commander, inspector of Southern Qin, general who campaigns west, colonel of the Western Rong, and King of Wudu. After Shu died, his cousin Houqi succeeded him, and Emperor Xiaowen confirmed him in Shu's titles.
16
鼠子集始為白水太守，後起死，以集始為征西將軍、武都王。 集始後朝于京師，拜都督、南秦州刺史、安南大將軍、領護南蠻校尉、漢中郡侯、武興王，賜以車旗戎馬錦綵繒纊等。 尋還武興，進號鎮南將軍，加督寧、湘等五州諸軍事。 後仇池鎮將楊靈珍襲破武興，集始遂入蕭賾。 [13]
Shu's son Jishi had been administrator of Baishui. When Houqi died, Jishi was appointed General Who Campaigns West and King of Wudu. Jishi later visited the capital and received the titles area commander, inspector of Southern Qin, general who pacifies the south, colonel protecting the southern Man, marquis of Hanzhong, and King of Wuxing, along with chariots, banners, horses, brocades, silks, and felt. He soon returned to Wuxing, was promoted to General Who Guards the South, and was given supervisory authority over military affairs in Ning, Xiang, and five other provinces. Later Yang Lingzhen, the Chouchi garrison commander, attacked and overran Wuxing, and Jishi fled into Xiao Ze's territory. Editorial note 13.
17
景明初，集始來降，還授爵位，歸守武興。 死，子紹先立，拜都督、南秦州刺史、征虜將軍、漢中郡公、武興王； 贈集始車騎大將軍、開府儀同三司，諡安王。 紹先年幼，委事二叔集起、集義。 夏侯道遷以漢中歸順也，蕭衍白馬戍主尹天保率眾圍之。 道遷求援於集起、集義，二人貪保邊藩，不欲救之，唯集始弟集朗心願立功，率眾破天保，全漢川，集朗之力也。 集義見梁益既定，恐武興不得久為外藩，遂扇動諸氐，推紹先僭稱大號，集起、集義並稱王，外引蕭衍為援。 安西將軍邢巒遣建武將軍傅竪眼攻武興，克之，執紹先送于京師，遂滅其國，以為武興鎮，復改鎮為東益州。 前後鎮將唐法樂，刺史杜纂、邢豹，以威惠失衷，氐豪仇石柱等相率反叛。 朝廷以西南為憂。 正光中，詔魏子建為刺史，以恩信招撫，風化大行，遠近款附，如內地焉。 後唐永代子建為州，未幾，氐人悉反，永棄城東走，自此復為氐地。 其後，紹先奔還武興，復自立為王。
Early in the Jingming era Jishi submitted again, had his titles restored, and returned to hold Wuxing. After his death his son Shaoxian succeeded and was made area commander, inspector of Southern Qin, general who captures the barbarians, duke of Hanzhong, and King of Wuxing; Jishi was posthumously honored as General of Chariots and Cavalry and grand commander with ceremonial equal to the Three Excellencies, with the posthumous title King An. Shaoxian was still a boy and left government to his uncles Jiqie and Jiyi. When Xiahou Daoyian surrendered Hanzhong, Yin Tianbao, the commandant of Baima under Xiao Yan, marched to besiege him. Daoyian asked Jiqie and Jiyi for help, but they wanted only to hold their frontier domain and refused to march. Jishi's brother Jilang alone wished to earn glory, routed Tianbao, and saved the Han River region—credit belonged to Jilang. Seeing Liang and Yi firmly under Wei control, Jiyi feared Wuxing could not remain a frontier kingdom. He incited the Di, had Shaoxian proclaim himself emperor, and he and Jiqie both took royal titles while calling on Xiao Yan for support. General Who Pacifies the West Xing Luan sent Fu Shuyan to storm Wuxing, captured Shaoxian and sent him to the capital, and destroyed the kingdom. The territory became the Wuxing garrison and was later reorganized as Eastern Yi Province. The garrison commanders Tang Fale and the inspectors Du Zuan and Xing Bao governed with uneven severity and kindness, and Di leaders including Qiu Shizhu rose in rebellion one after another. The court grew anxious about the southwest. During Zhenguang an edict appointed Wei Zijian inspector. He won people with kindness and trust until his influence reached far and wide, and the region submitted as peacefully as the heartland. Tang Yong later replaced Zijian as inspector, but soon every Di clan revolted. Yong abandoned the city and fled eastward, and the region once again became Di land. Shaoxian later escaped back to Wuxing and proclaimed himself king again.
18
吐谷渾，本遼東鮮卑徒河涉歸子也。 涉歸一名弈洛韓，有二子，庶長曰吐谷渾，少曰若洛廆。 涉歸死，若洛廆代統部落，別為慕容氏。 涉歸之存也，分戶七百以給吐谷渾。 吐谷渾與若洛廆二部馬鬬相傷，若洛廆怒，遣人謂吐谷渾曰：「先公處分，與兄異部，何不相遠，而馬鬬相傷！」 吐谷渾曰：「馬是畜耳，食草飲水，春氣發動，所以鬬。 鬬在馬而怒及人，乖別甚易，今當去汝萬里之外。」 若洛廆悔，遣舊老及長史七那樓追謝留之。 [14]吐谷渾曰：「我乃祖以來，樹德遼右，先公之世，卜筮之言，云有二子當享福祚，並流子孫。 我是卑庶，理無並大，今以馬致乖，殆天所啟。 諸君試驅馬令東，馬若還東，我當隨去。」 即令從騎擁馬令回，數百步，欻然悲鳴，突走而西，聲若頹山，如是者十餘輩，一回一迷。 [15]樓力屈，乃跪曰：「可汗，此非復人事。」 渾謂其部落曰：「我兄弟子孫並應昌盛，廆當傳子及曾玄孫，其間可百餘年，我及玄孫間始當顯耳。」 於是遂西附陰山，後假道上隴。 若洛廆追思吐谷渾，作阿干歌，徒河以兄為阿干也。 [16]子孫僭號，以此歌為輦後鼓吹大曲。
Tuyuhun was originally the son of Shegui, a Xianbei chieftain of Tuhe in Liaodong. Shegui, also known as Yiluohan, had two sons—the elder, born to a concubine, was Tuyuhun, and the younger was Murong Hui. After Shegui died, Murong Hui took command of the tribe and founded the separate Murong line. During Shegui's lifetime he assigned seven hundred households to Tuyuhun. Stallions from Tuyuhun's and Murong Hui's camps brawled and wounded one another. Murong Hui flew into a rage and sent a messenger to Tuyuhun: "Our father split our herds and set you apart—why do you not keep your distance instead of letting the horses fight!" Tuyuhun replied: "Horses are animals—they graze and drink, and when spring stirs them they fight. The quarrel belongs to the horses, yet wrath falls on men. Parting is easy enough; I shall now take my people ten thousand li away from you." Murong Hui repented and sent elder clansmen and his chief clerk Qina Lou to overtake him, apologize, and ask him to stay. [14]Tuyuhun answered: "Since our forefathers we have built merit in eastern Liaodong. In our father's day the oracle promised two sons who would flourish and leave fortune to their descendants. I am the younger son and by right cannot share equal greatness. If a horse fight drives us apart, perhaps Heaven itself has opened the way. Try driving the herds east—if they turn back east, I will follow you home." He had his riders herd the horses around, but after a few hundred paces they suddenly whinnied in grief, bolted westward with a sound like falling mountains, and did so more than ten times—each attempt ending in chaos. [15]Qina Lou was overcome and knelt, saying: "Khan, this is no longer within men's power." Tuyuhun told his people: "Both our lines are destined to prosper. Hui's house will reign for more than a hundred years through son and great-great-grandson, while my line will not shine until the time of my distant heirs." With that he moved west to Yin Mountain and later passed through Long by borrowed routes. Murong Hui, longing for Tuyuhun, composed the A'gan Song—in Tuhe speech an elder brother is called a'gan. [16]Later rulers who took royal titles made the song the grand processional music played behind the imperial carriage.
19
吐谷渾遂徙上隴，止於枹罕暨甘松，南界昂城、龍涸，從洮水西南極白蘭數千里中，逐水草，廬帳而居，以肉酪為糧。 西北諸種謂之阿柴虜。
Tuyuhun then migrated onto Long, settling at Baohan and Gansong with southern borders at Angcheng and Longhu. For thousands of li from the Tao River southwest to Bailan they followed pasture and water, lived in felt tents, and lived on meat and curds. Northwestern peoples called them the Achai barbarians.
20
吐谷渾死，有子六十人。 長子吐延，身長七尺八寸，勇力過人，性刻暴，為昂城羌酋姜聰所刺。 劍猶在體，呼子葉延，語其大將紇拔埿曰：「吾氣絕，棺斂訖，便速去保白蘭，地既險遠，又土俗懦弱，易控御。 葉延小兒，欲授餘人，恐倉卒終不能相制。 今以葉延付汝，竭股肱之力以輔之。 孺子得立，吾無恨也。」 抽劍而死。 有子十二人。
Tuyuhun left sixty sons at his death. His eldest son Tuyan stood seven feet eight inches tall, excelled in courage and strength, and was fierce and brutal by nature. He was assassinated by Jiang Cong, chieftain of the Angcheng Qiang. With the blade still in him he summoned his son Yeyan and told his great general Heba Kun: "When I die, seal my coffin and at once withdraw to hold Bailan. The place is rugged and far away, and the people there are timid and easy to rule. Yeyan is only a boy. If I handed power to someone else, I fear no one could keep control in a crisis. I now place Yeyan in your hands—give him the full strength of your service. If the boy can hold the throne, I will die content." He pulled free the sword and died. Twelve sons survived him.
21
葉延少而勇果，年十歲，縛草為人，號曰姜聰，每旦輒射之，射中則嘷叫泣涕。 其母曰：「讎賊諸將已屠膾之，汝年小，何煩朝朝自苦。」 葉延嗚咽若不自勝，答母曰：「誠知無益，然罔極之心，不勝其痛。」 性至孝，母病三日不食，葉延亦不食。 頗視書傳，自謂曾祖弈洛韓始封昌黎公，吾為公孫之子，案禮，公孫之子得以王父字為氏，遂以吐谷渾為氏焉。
Yeyan was young but bold and resolute. At ten he fashioned a straw figure named Jiang Cong and shot at it each morning; whenever he hit the mark he wailed and wept. His mother said: "The enemy leaders have already cut Jiang Cong to pieces. You are only a child—why torment yourself every morning?" Yeyan wept as though crushed and answered: "I know it does no good, but grief for my father is more than I can bear." He was profoundly filial: when his mother fell ill and fasted for three days, Yeyan fasted with her. He read books and concluded that his great-grandfather Yiluohan had first been enfeoffed as Duke of Changli. As a grandson of that house, he held that ritual allowed him to take his grandfather's name as a clan—and so he adopted Tuyuhun as his surname.
22
葉延死，子碎奚立，性淳謹，三弟專權，碎奚不能制，諸大將共誅之。 奚憂哀不復攝事，遂立子視連為世子，委之事，號曰「莫賀郎」，華言父也。 碎奚遂以憂死。 視連立，以父憂思，不遊娛酣宴。 十五年，死，弟視羆立。 [17]死，子樹洛干等並幼，弟烏紇提立而妻樹洛干母，生二子慕璝、利延。 [18]烏紇提一名大孩，死，樹洛干立，自號車騎將軍，是歲晉義熙初也。 樹洛干死，弟阿豺立，自號驃騎將軍、沙州刺史。 部內有黃沙，周回數百里，不生草木，因號「沙州」。
When Yeyan died his son Suixi succeeded. Suixi was honest and cautious, but three younger brothers seized power and he could not restrain them, so the senior commanders put the three to death together. Overcome by grief, Suixi ceased to govern and installed his son Shilian as heir, handing him the reins and calling him Mohelang—"father" in their tongue. Suixi soon died of sorrow. Once Shilian took power he shunned pleasure and banquets out of mourning for his father. He died in the fifteenth year of his reign, and his brother Shipi succeeded him. [17]After his death Shuluogan and the other sons were still children. His brother Wuheti took the throne and married Shuluogan's mother, fathering Murong Gui and Liyan. [18]Wuheti, also known as Daha, died, and Shuluogan succeeded, taking the title General of Chariots and Cavalry—in the first year of Jin's Yixi era. After Shuluogan died his brother Ache took power, styling himself General of Agile Cavalry and inspector of Sha Province. A belt of yellow sand hundreds of li across where nothing grew gave the region the name Sha Province.
23
阿豺兼并羌氐，地方數千里，號為強國。 田于西強山，觀墊江源，問於羣臣曰：「此水東流，有何名？ 由何郡國入何水也？」 其長史曾和曰：「此水經仇池，過晉壽，出宕渠，號墊江，至巴郡入江，度廣陵會於海。」 阿豺曰：「水尚知有歸，吾雖塞表小國，而獨無所歸乎？」 遣使通劉義符，獻其方物，義符封為澆河公。 未及拜受，劉義隆元嘉三年又加除命。 又將遣使朝貢，會暴病，臨死召諸子弟告之曰：「先公車騎捨其子虔以大業屬吾，吾豈敢忘先公之舉而私於緯代，其以慕璝繼事。」 阿豺有子二十人，緯代，長子也。 阿豺又謂曰：「汝等各奉吾一隻箭，折之地下。」 [19]俄而命母弟慕利延曰：「汝取一隻箭折之。」 慕利延折之。 又曰：「汝取十九隻箭折之。」 延不能折。 阿豺曰：「汝曹知否？ 單者易折，眾則難摧，戮力一心，然後社稷可固。」 言終而死。 兄子慕璝立。
Ache absorbed Qiang and Di peoples and ruled several thousand li of land, becoming a powerful kingdom. While hunting on Xiqiang Mountain he looked upon the source of the Dian River and asked his ministers: "This stream runs east—what is it called? Through which commanderies and kingdoms does it flow, and into what river does it empty?" Chief clerk Zeng He answered: "It passes Chouchi, crosses Jinsou, leaves Dangqu as the Dian River, reaches Ba Commandery and joins the Yangzi, then passes Guangling and reaches the sea." Ache said: "If even a river knows its way home, can a small frontier kingdom like ours have nowhere to belong?" He sent envoys to Liu Yifu with tribute, and Yifu enfeoffed him as Duke of Jiaohe. Before he could receive the title, Liu Yilong added new honors in the third year of Yuanjia. He was preparing another tribute mission when he fell suddenly ill. Dying, he gathered his sons and brothers and said: "General of Chariots and Cavalry passed over his son Qian and gave me the realm—I cannot betray that choice for Weidai's sake. Let Murong Gui succeed." Ache fathered twenty sons; Weidai, the eldest, stood first among them. Ache also told them: "Each of you, take one of my arrows and break it against the ground." [19]Then he told his uterine brother Muliyan: "You—take one arrow and break it." Muliyan snapped it. He then said: "Now take nineteen arrows and break them together." Muliyan could not snap them. Ache asked: "Do you see? One arrow breaks easily; many resist breaking. Only if you stand together can the realm endure." With those words he died. His nephew Murong Gui succeeded him.
24
先是阿豺時，劉義隆命竟未至而死，慕璝又奉表通義隆，義隆又授隴西公。 慕璝招集秦涼亡業之人及羌戎雜夷眾至五六百落，南通蜀漢，北交涼州、赫連，部眾轉盛。
During Ache's reign Liu Yilong's patent had not arrived before he died. Murong Gui sent another memorial to Yilong, who enfeoffed him Duke of Longxi. Murong Gui gathered refugees from Qin and Liang and Qiang and Rong tribes into five or six hundred settlements, opened ties south to Shu and Han and north to Liang Province and Helian, and his power steadily grew.
25
世祖時，慕璝始遣其侍郎謝大寧奉表歸國，尋討禽赫連定，送之京師。 世祖嘉之，遣使者策拜慕璝為大將軍、西秦王。 慕璝表曰：「臣誠庸弱，敢竭情款，俘禽僭逆，獻捷王府。 爵秩雖崇而土不增廓，車旗既飾而財不周賞，願垂鑒察，亮其單款。 臣頃接寇逆，疆境之人，為賊所抄，流轉東下，今皇化混一，求還鄉土。 乞佛日連、[20]窟略寒、張華等三人家弱在此，分乖可愍，願并敕遣使，恩洽遐荒，存亡感戴。」
Under Emperor Shizu, Murong Gui first sent his gentleman of the palace Xie Daning with a memorial of submission and soon captured Helian Ding and sent him to the capital. Emperor Shizu praised him and dispatched an envoy to invest Murong Gui as great general and King of Western Qin. Murong Gui wrote: "I am unworthy, yet I have done my utmost in loyalty, captured a rebel pretender, and offer this victory to the throne. My titles are grand but my lands have not grown; my honors are splendid but I lack wealth to reward my men. I beg Your Majesty to see the sincerity behind my plea. When rebels struck my borders, many frontier people were seized and driven east. Now that the empire is united, they wish to go home. Qifo Rilian,[20] Kuluehan, Zhang Hua, and three other families have vulnerable kin stranded here, torn from their people—a separation that moves pity. I ask that envoys be sent to reunite them; mercy reaching the remotest lands would win gratitude from the living and the dead alike."
26
世祖詔公卿朝會議答施行。 太尉長孫嵩及議郎、博士二百七十九人議曰：「前者有司處以為秦王荒外之君，本非政教所及，來則受之，去則不禁。 皇威遠被，西秦王慕義畏威，稱臣納貢，求受爵號。 議者以為古者要荒之君，雖人土眾廣，而爵不擬華夏。 陛下加寵王官，及越常分，容飾車旗，班同上國。 至於繒絮多少，舊典所無，皆當臨時以制豐寡。 自漢魏以來，撫接荒遐，頗有故事。 呂后遺單于御車二乘、馬二駟，單于答馬千匹； 其後匈奴和親，敵國遺繒絮不過數百； 呼韓邪稱臣，身自入朝，始至萬匹。 [21]今西秦王若以土無桑蠶，便當上請，不得言『財不周賞』。 昔周室衰微，齊侯小白一匡天下，有賜胙之命，無益土之賞； 晉侯重耳破楚城濮，唯受南陽之田為朝宿之邑。 西秦所致，唯定而已。 塞外之人，因時乘便，侵入秦涼，未有經略拓境之勳，爵登上國，統秦、涼、河、沙四州之地，而云『土不增廓』。 比聖朝於弱周，而自同於五霸，無厭之情，其可極乎？ 西秦王忠款於朝廷，原其本情，必不至此，或左右不敏，因致斯累。 檢西秦流人賊時所抄，悉在蒲坂，今既稱藩，四海咸泰，天下一家，可敕秦州送詣京師，隨後遣還。 所請乞佛三人，昔為賓國之使，來在王庭，國破家遷，即為臣妾，可勿聽許。」 制曰：「公卿之議，未為失體。 西秦王所收金城、枹罕、隴西之地，彼自取之，朕即與之，便是裂土，何須復廓。 西秦款至，綿絹隨使疏數增益之，非一匹而已。」 自是慕璝貢獻頗簡，又通于劉義隆，義隆封為隴西王。
Emperor Shizu ordered the chief ministers to convene, draft a reply, and put it into effect. Grand Commandant Zhangsun Song and two hundred seventy-nine deliberating officials and academicians reported: "Earlier the ministry held that as a king beyond the frontier he lay outside normal governance—if he came he was welcomed; if he left he was not stopped. Now imperial power reaches far abroad. Murong Gui, King of Western Qin, admiring our virtue and awed by our might, has submitted, sent tribute, and asked for titles. Counselors argued that in antiquity even powerful lords of the outer marches received ranks below those of the Central States. Your Majesty has lavished princely honors upon him, gone beyond ordinary provision, allowed full chariot and banner insignia, and ranked him with the foremost realms. The amount of silk floss owed is nowhere fixed in ancient precedent; such gifts should be adjusted as circumstances warrant. Since Han and Wei times, the court's dealings with distant frontier peoples have followed many established precedents. Empress Lü sent the Chanyu two royal chariots and eight horses; the Chanyu returned the gift with a thousand horses; Later, when the Xiongnu made marriage alliances, gifts of silk floss between equal powers rarely exceeded a few hundred rolls; Only when Huhanye submitted in person and came to court did the tribute reach ten thousand rolls. [21] If the King of Western Qin claims his land lacks mulberry and silkworms, he should say so in a formal petition—not plead that his wealth falls short of rewarding his men. When Zhou weakened, Duke Huan of Qi restored order to the realm. He received the right to share the royal sacrifice—but no grant of new territory; Duke Wen of Jin crushed Chu at Chengpu and received only the fields of Nanyang as lodging for court visits. All Western Qin offered was the capture of Helian Ding—nothing else. A frontier chieftain seized an opening to raid Qin and Liang, yet has won no great merit in conquering new lands. He holds princely rank over Qin, Liang, He, and Sha—and still complains that his territory has not grown. He likens our dynasty to feeble Zhou while placing himself among the Five Hegemons. Can such boundless greed ever be satisfied? The King of Western Qin is genuinely loyal; he would never mean this himself. Likely unwise advisers have led him astray. Refugees from Western Qin seized in the raids are held at Puban. Now that he submits as a vassal and the empire is at peace, Qin Province should send them to the capital and then home again. As for the three Qifo men he requests: they came once as envoys from Bin, stayed at court, and when their state fell became servants here. His request should be refused." The emperor replied: "Your counsel is not improper. The King of Western Qin took Jincheng, Fuhan, and Longxi by his own effort, and I confirmed those gains. That is already a territorial grant—why must his borders grow further? Whenever Western Qin sends tribute, we increase the silk and gauze with each mission—far more than a single roll. Thereafter Murong Gui's tribute grew sparse, and he also opened ties with Liu Yilong, who enfeoffed him King of Longxi.
27
太延二年，慕璝死，弟慕利延立，詔遣使者策諡慕璝曰惠王。 後拜慕利延鎮西大將軍、儀同三司，改封西平王； 以慕璝子元緒為撫軍將軍。 時慕利延又通劉義隆，義隆封為河南王。 世祖征涼州，慕利延懼，遂率其部人西遁沙漠。 世祖以慕利延兄有禽赫連定之功，遣使宣喻之，乃還。 後慕利延遣使表謝，書奏，乃下詔褒奬之。 慕利延兄子緯代懼慕利延害己，與使者謀欲歸國，慕利延覺而殺之。 緯代弟叱力延等八人逃歸京師，請兵討慕利延。 世祖拜叱力延歸義王，詔晉王伏羅率諸將討之。 軍至大母橋，慕利延兄子拾寅走河西，伏羅遣將追擊之，斬首五千餘級。 慕利延走白蘭。 慕利延從弟伏念、長史䳕鳩黎、部大崇娥等率眾一萬三千落歸降。 後復遣征西將軍、高涼王那等討之於白蘭，慕利延遂入于闐國，殺其王，死者數萬人。 南征罽賓。 遣使通劉義隆求援，獻烏丸帽、女國金酒器、胡王金釧等物，義隆賜以牽車。 七年，遂還舊土。
In the second year of Taiyan, Murong Gui died and his younger brother Muliyan succeeded him. The court sent envoys to posthumously ennoble Murong Gui as King Hui. Later Muliyan was appointed general who pacifies the west with ceremonial parity to the Three Excellencies, and his title was changed to King of Xiping; Murong Gui's son Yuanxu was appointed general who pacifies the army. Muliyan again communicated with Liu Yilong, who enfeoffed him King of Henan. When Emperor Shizu marched on Liang Province, Muliyan in fear led his people west into the desert. Because Muliyan's elder brother had captured Helian Ding, Emperor Shizu sent envoys to summon him back, and he returned. Later Muliyan sent envoys with a memorial of apology; the emperor accepted it and issued an edict praising him. Weidai, a nephew of Muliyan, fearing Muliyan would kill him, plotted with the envoy to defect to the Wei court. Muliyan discovered the plot and executed him. Weidai's younger brother Chilijyan and seven others fled to the capital and asked for troops to attack Muliyan. Emperor Shizu enfeoffed Chilijyan as prince of Guyi and ordered Prince of Jin Fulu to lead the generals against Muliyan. At Damuqiao, Muliyan's nephew Shiyin fled to Hexi. Fulu sent generals in pursuit and took more than five thousand heads. Muliyan fled to Bailan. Muliyan's cousin Funian, chief clerk Wanjiu Li, tribal elder Chong'e, and others led thirteen thousand settlements in surrender. The court again sent General Who Campaigns West Prince of Gaoliang Na and others against him at Bailan. Muliyan then invaded Khotan, killed its king, and left tens of thousands dead. He marched south against Kapisa. He sent envoys to Liu Yilong seeking aid, offering a Wuhuan cap, golden wine vessels from the Land of Women, a Hu king's golden armlet, and other gifts; Yilong rewarded him with an imperial carriage. In the seventh year he returned to his former territory.
28
慕利延死，樹洛干子拾寅立，始邑於伏羅川，其居止出入竊擬王者。 拾寅奉修貢職，受朝廷正朔，又受劉義隆封爵，號河南王。 世祖遣使拜為鎮西大將軍、沙州刺史、西平王。 後拾寅自恃險遠，頗不恭命，通使于劉彧，獻善馬、四角羊，彧加之官號。 [22]高宗時，定陽侯曹安表拾寅今保白蘭，多有金銀牛馬，若擊之，可以大獲。 議者咸以先帝忿拾寅兄弟不穆，使晉王伏羅、高涼王那再征之，竟不能克。 拾寅雖復遠遁，軍亦疲勞。 今在白蘭，不犯王塞，不為人患，非國家之所急也。 若遣使招慰，必求為臣妾，可不勞而定也。 王者之於四荒，羈縻而已，何必屠其國有其地。 安曰：「臣昔為澆河戍將，與之相近，明其意勢。 若分軍出其左右，拾寅必走保南山，不過十日，牛馬草盡，人無所食，眾必潰叛，可一舉而定也。」 從之，詔陽平王新成、建安王穆六頭等出南道，南郡公李惠、給事中公孫拔及安出北道以討之。 拾寅走南山，諸軍濟河追之。 時軍多病，諸將議賊已遠遁，軍容已振，今驅疲病之卒，要難冀之功，不亦過乎。 眾以為然，乃引還，獲駝馬二十餘萬。 顯祖復詔上黨王長孫觀等率州郡兵討拾寅。 軍至曼頭山，拾寅來逆戰，觀等縱兵擊敗之，拾寅宵遁。 於是思悔，復修藩職，遣別駕康盤龍奉表朝貢。 顯祖幽之，不報其使。 拾寅部落大饑，屢寇澆河，詔平西將軍、廣川公皮歡喜率敦煌、枹罕、高平諸軍為前鋒，司空、上黨王長孫觀為大都督以討之。 觀等軍入拾寅境，芻其秋稼，拾寅窘怖，遣子詣軍，表求改過。 觀等以聞，顯祖以重勞將士，乃下詔切責之，徵其任子。 拾寅遣子斤入侍，顯祖尋遣斤還。 拾寅後復擾掠邊人，遣其將良利守洮陽、枹罕所統，枹罕鎮將、西郡公楊鍾葵貽拾寅書以責之。 拾寅表曰：「奉詔聽臣還舊土，故遣良利守洮陽，若不追前恩，求令洮陽貢其土物。」 辭旨懇切，顯祖許之。 自是歲修職貢。
When Muliyan died, Shuluogan's son Shiyin succeeded him and first established his capital at Fuluochuan. In his residence and daily conduct he quietly imitated a sovereign. Shiyin fulfilled tribute obligations, accepted the Wei calendar, and also received titles from Liu Yilong as King of Henan. Emperor Shizu sent envoys to appoint him general who pacifies the west, inspector of Sha Province, and King of Xiping. Later Shiyin, trusting in his remote stronghold, grew insubordinate, sent envoys to Liu Yu, and offered fine horses and four-horned sheep; Yu added further titles. [22] Under Emperor Gaozong, Marquis of Dingyang Cao An reported that Shiyin held Bailan with abundant gold, silver, cattle, and horses—a strike there could yield great spoils. Counselors argued that the late emperor, angered by Shiyin and his brothers' disloyalty, had sent Prince of Jin Fulu and Prince of Gaoliang Na against them twice without success. Though Shiyin fled far away again, the army was exhausted as well. Now at Bailan he does not threaten the frontier and poses no danger; this is not an urgent concern for the state. If envoys are sent to win him over, he will surely submit as a vassal—and the matter can be settled without war. A sovereign's dealings with distant peoples need only loose reins—why slaughter their state and seize their land? Cao An said: "I was once garrison commander at Jiaohe, near their territory, and I know their situation well. Split the army to flank him on both sides and Shiyin will flee into the southern mountains. Within ten days his herds will strip the pasture bare, his people will starve, his followers will break—and he can be taken in one stroke. The court agreed and ordered Prince of Yangping Xincheng and Prince of Jian'an Muliutou south, while Duke of Nanjun Li Hui, Attendant-in-Ordinary Gongsun Ba, and Cao An marched north against Shiyin. Shiyin fled into the southern mountains and the armies crossed the river in pursuit. The army was rife with sickness. The generals argued that the enemy had fled far and morale was already high—driving exhausted, sick troops after a doubtful victory would be going too far. They agreed and turned back, capturing more than two hundred thousand camels and horses. Emperor Xianzu again ordered Prince of Shangdang Zhangsun Guan and others to lead regional troops against Shiyin. At Mantou Mountain, Shiyin met them in battle. Guan routed his forces and Shiyin fled by night. Shiyin repented and resumed vassal obligations, sending Vice Director Kang Panlong with tribute to court. Emperor Xianzu held him and gave no answer to his envoy. Shiyin's tribes suffered famine and repeatedly raided Jiaohe. The court ordered General Who Pacifies the West Duke of Guangchuan Pi Huanxi to lead Dunhuang, Fuhan, and Gaoping troops as vanguard, with Minister of Works Prince of Shangdang Zhangsun Guan as supreme commander. Guan's army entered Shiyin's territory and destroyed his autumn harvest. Cornered, Shiyin sent his son with a memorial pleading to mend his ways. Guan reported this to court. Emperor Xianzu, mindful of the army's heavy labors, issued a stern rebuke and demanded a hostage. Shiyin sent his son Jin to serve at court; Emperor Xianzu soon sent Jin home again. Shiyin again raided the frontier and sent his general Liangli to hold Taoyang and Fuhan. Yang Zhongkui, garrison commander of Fuhan and Duke of Xijun, wrote to rebuke him. Shiyin wrote: "By your edict permitting my return to our former lands, I sent Liangli to hold Taoyang. If you will not press old grievances, I ask that Taoyang be allowed to send local tribute. His plea was earnest, and Emperor Xianzu agreed. Thereafter he sent tribute every year.
29
太和五年，拾寅死，子度易侯立，遣其侍郎時真貢方物，提上表稱嗣事。 [23]後度易侯伐宕昌，詔讓之，賜錦綵一百二十匹，喻令悛改，所掠宕昌口累部送時還。 易侯並奉詔。 死，子伏連籌立。 高祖欲令入朝，表稱疾病，輒修洮陽、泥和城而置戍焉。 文明太后崩，使人告凶，伏連籌拜命不恭，有司請伐之，高祖不許。 羣臣以其受詔不敬，不宜納所獻。 高祖曰：「拜受失禮，乃可加以告責，[24]所獻土毛，乃是臣之常道，杜棄所獻，便是絕之，縱欲改悔，其路無由矣。」 詔曰：「朕在哀疚之中，未有征討，而去春枹罕表，取其洮陽、泥和二戍。 時以此既邊將之常，即便聽許。 及偏師致討，二戍望風請降，執訊二千餘人，又得婦女九百口。 子婦可悉還之。」 伏連籌乃遣世子賀魯頭朝于京師，禮錫有加，拜伏連籌使持節、都督西垂諸軍事、征西將軍、領護西戎中郎將、西海郡開國公、吐谷渾王，麾旗章綬之飾皆備給之。 後遣兼員外散騎常侍張禮使於伏連籌，伏連籌謂禮曰：「昔與宕昌通和，恒見稱大王，己則自名，今忽名僕而拘執此使，將命偏師往問其意。」 禮曰：「君與宕昌並為魏藩，而比輒有興動，殊違臣節。 當發之日，宰輔以為君若反迷知罪，則克保藩業，脫守愚不改，則禍難將至。」 伏連籌遂默然。 及高祖崩，遣使赴哀，盡其誠敬。
In the fifth year of Taihe, Shiyin died. His son Duyihou succeeded, sent Gentleman of the Palace Shizhen with tribute, and memorialized to announce his succession. [23] Later Duyihou attacked Chouchi. The court rebuked him, granted a hundred and twenty rolls of brocade and silk, urged repentance, and ordered the Chouchi captives and livestock returned at once. Duyihou obeyed both commands. At his death his son Fulianchou succeeded him. Emperor Gaozu wanted him to come to court, but he pleaded illness and at once fortified Taoyang and Nihe and posted garrisons there. When Empress Dowager Wenming died, the court sent envoys to announce the mourning. Fulianchou received the news disrespectfully; officials urged an attack, but Emperor Gaozu refused. Ministers argued that because he had been disrespectful in receiving the edict, his tribute should be refused. Emperor Gaozu said: "Improper mourning etiquette deserves rebuke,[24] but tribute of local goods is a vassal's ordinary duty. To reject it is to sever ties—and then even repentance would have no avenue. An edict declared: "While I am still in mourning and have not yet marched to war, last spring the Fuhan garrison reported that he had retaken the garrisons at Taoyang and Nihe. At the time this was treated as routine frontier business, and permission was granted. When a punitive force was sent, both garrisons surrendered at once. More than two thousand captives were taken, along with nine hundred women. The daughters-in-law among them may all be sent home. Fulianchou then sent his heir Helutou to court. The emperor honored him with rich gifts and invested Fulianchou as bearer of the staff, commander of all military affairs on the western march, general who campaigns west, chief protector of the western Rong, Duke of Xihai, and King of Tuyuhun—with full insignia of banners, seals, and cords. Later Assistant Supernumerary Palace Attendant Zhang Li was sent to Fulianchou, who told him: "When I was at peace with Chouchi, you always called me great king while I used my own name. Now you suddenly call me servant and detain this envoy—I will send a force to ask your meaning. Li replied: "You and Chouchi are both Wei frontier vassals, yet you keep stirring trouble—this is a grave breach of subjecthood. On the day he left, the chief ministers judged that if Fulianchou recognized his fault he could keep his realm—but if he persisted in folly, disaster would follow. Fulianchou said nothing more. When Emperor Gaozu died, he sent envoys to mourn with full sincerity and respect.
30
伏連籌內修職貢，外并戎狄，塞表之中，號為強富。 準擬天朝，樹置官司，稱制諸國，以自誇大。 世宗初，詔責之曰：「梁州表送卿報宕昌書，梁彌邕與卿並為邊附，語其國則隣藩，論其位則同列，而稱書為表，名報為旨，有司以國有常刑，殷勤請討。 朕慮險遠多虞，輕相構惑，故先宣此意，善自三思。」 伏連籌上表自申，辭誠懇至。 終世宗世至于正光，犛牛蜀馬及西南之珍無歲不至。
Fulianchou maintained tribute at home and conquered neighboring Rong and Di tribes; on the frontier he was accounted powerful and wealthy. He modeled his court on the imperial government, set up offices, and claimed dominion over neighboring states to aggrandize himself. Early in Emperor Shizong's reign an edict rebuked him: "Liang Province has forwarded your letter to Chouchi. You and Liang Miyou are both frontier vassals—neighbors in status and equals in rank—yet you style your letter a memorial and your reply an instruction. Officials, citing the law, urgently recommend an attack. I fear that in such remote country small provocations could spiral out of control, so I warn you first—think hard before you act. Fulianchou submitted a memorial in his own defense, earnest and sincere. From Emperor Shizong's reign through Zhengguang, yaks, Shu horses, and treasures of the southwest arrived every year without fail.
31
後秦州城人莫折念生反，河西路絕，涼州城人萬于菩提等東應念生，[25]囚刺史宋穎。 穎密遣求援於伏連籌，伏連籌親率大眾救之，遂獲保全。 自爾以後，關徼不通，貢獻路絕。
Later Mo Zheniansheng rebelled in Qin Province and cut the Hexi route. Wan Yu Puti and other men of Liang Province city joined Niansheng in the east,[25] imprisoning Inspector Song Ying. Song Ying secretly appealed to Fulianchou, who led a large force in person to rescue him and preserved the province. After that the frontier passes closed and tribute ceased.
32
伏連籌死，子夸呂立，始自號為可汗，居伏俟城，在青海西十五里，雖有城郭而不居，恒處穹廬，隨水草畜牧。 其地東西三千里，南北千餘里。 官有王公、僕射、尚書及郎將、將軍之號。 夸呂椎髻毦珠，以皂為帽，坐金師子牀。 號其妻為「恪尊」，衣織成裙，披錦大袍，辮髮於後，首戴金花冠。 其俗：丈夫衣服略同於華夏，多以羅冪為冠，亦以繒為帽； 婦人皆貫珠貝，束髮，以多為貴。 兵器有弓刀甲矟。 國無常賦，須則稅富室商人以充用焉。 其刑罰：殺人及盜馬者死，餘則徵物以贖罪，亦量事決杖； 刑人，必以氈蒙頭，持石從高擊之。 父兄死，妻後母及嫂等，與突厥俗同。 至于婚，貧不能備財者，輒盜女去。 死者亦皆埋殯。 其服制，葬訖則除之。 性貪婪，忍於殺害。 好射獵，以肉酪為糧。 亦知種田，大麥、粟、豆，然其北界氣候多寒，唯得蕪菁、大麥，故其俗貧多富少。 青海周回千餘里，海內有小山，每冬冰合後，以良牝馬置此山，至來春收之，馬皆有孕，所生得駒，號為龍種，必多駿異。 吐谷渾嘗得波斯草馬，放入海，因生驄駒，能日行千里，世傳青海驄者是也。 土出犛牛、馬，多鸚鵡，饒銅、鐵、朱沙。 地兼鄯善、且末。
When Fulianchou died, his son Kuailü succeeded and first took the title khan, establishing himself at Fuhou City fifteen li west of Qinghai. Though he had walled towns he did not live in them, always dwelling in felt tents and moving with pasture and water. His domain stretched three thousand li east to west and more than a thousand li north to south. His offices included princes, vice directors, secretaries, and ranks such as commandants and generals. Kuailü wore a topknot adorned with yak-tail beads, a black cap, and sat on a golden lion throne. He addressed his wife as 'Kezun.' She wore woven skirts and a brocade great robe, braided her hair behind, and crowned herself with a golden flower diadem. In custom, men's dress resembled that of Huaxia; many wore gauze veils as caps, and some wore silk caps; Women strung pearls and shells in their hair; the more they wore, the higher their status. Their arms were bows, swords, armor, and spears. The state levied no fixed taxes; when funds were needed it taxed wealthy households and merchants. Their legal code prescribed death for murder and horse theft; lesser offenses could be redeemed with goods, and corporal punishment was meted out according to the severity of the crime. When executing a criminal, they always covered his head with felt and crushed it with a stone dropped from a height. After a father or elder brother died, they married their stepmother or sisters-in-law—a custom shared with the Turks. As for marriage, men too poor to assemble bride-price simply abducted girls. They buried and coffined their dead like settled peoples. Mourning dress was worn only until the burial was complete, then discarded. They were greedy by nature and callous about killing. They loved hunting on horseback and lived on meat and fermented milk. They also cultivated barley, millet, and beans, but the northern frontier was too cold for most crops; only turnips and barley would grow, leaving most of the people poor and only a few wealthy. Qinghai Lake measures over a thousand li around. There is a small islet in the lake: each winter, once the ice had frozen solid, they would leave choice mares on it, and when they collected them in spring every mare was in foal. The colts born there were called "dragon stock," and they were almost always fine and exceptional beasts. The Tuyuhun once obtained steppe horses from Persia and turned them loose on the lake, producing piebald colts famed for running a thousand li in a day—the legendary Qinghai piebald. The region yielded yaks and horses and teemed with parrots; copper, iron, and cinnabar were abundant. Their lands incorporated the former kingdoms of Shanshan and Qiemo.
33
興和中，齊獻武王作相，招懷荒遠，蠕蠕既附於國，夸呂遣使致敬。 獻武王喻以大義，徵其朝貢，夸呂乃遣使人趙吐骨真假道蠕蠕頻來，又薦其從妹，靜帝納以為嬪。 遣員外散騎常侍傅靈㯹使於其國。 夸呂又請婚，乃以濟南王匡孫女為廣樂公主以妻之。 此後朝貢不絕。
During the Xinghe era, Prince Xianwu of Qi took power as chief minister and courted far-flung peoples. After the Rouran submitted to the Wei, Kouelü sent envoys to pay homage. Prince Xianwu lectured Kouelü on imperial duty and demanded tribute. Kouelü then sent an envoy, Zhao Tugujia, via Rouran territory on repeated missions, and offered his cousin in marriage; Emperor Jing took her as a palace consort. Wei sent the Attendant Within and Outside the Palace, Fu Linggui, as envoy to Tuyuhun. When Kouelü asked for another marriage alliance, the Wei bestowed a granddaughter of Prince Kuang of Jinan as Princess Guangyue and sent her as his bride. Tribute missions continued without interruption thereafter.
34
吐谷渾北有乙弗勿敵國。 俗風與吐谷渾同。 不識五穀，唯食魚及蘇子。 蘇子狀若中國苟𣏌子。
North of Tuyuhun lay the land of the Yifu Wudi. Their customs matched those of the Tuyuhun. They knew nothing of grain agriculture and subsisted on fish and Perilla seeds. Perilla seeds looked much like the hemp seeds grown in China.
35
北又有阿蘭國。 與鳥獸同，不知鬬戰，忽見異人，舉國便走。 土無所出，大養羣畜。 體輕工走，逐之不可得。
Farther north lay the country of the Alans. They lived like wild animals and knew nothing of warfare; at the first sight of strangers the entire people would flee. The soil yielded almost nothing; they lived by pasturing vast herds. They were light-footed runners whom pursuers could never overtake.
36
北又有女王國。 以女為主，人所不至，其傳云然。
Farther north still lay a women's kingdom. It was ruled by women and lay beyond human reach—or so legend had it.
37
宕昌羌者，其先蓋三苗之胤，周時與庸、蜀、微、盧等八國從武王滅商，漢有先零、燒當等，世為邊患。 其地東接中華，西通西域，南北數千里，姓別自為部落，酋帥皆有地分，不相統攝，宕昌即其一也。 俗皆土著，居有屋宇，其屋織犛牛尾及羖羊毛覆之。 國無法令，又無徭賦。 惟戰伐之時，乃相屯聚，不然則各事生業，不相往來。 皆衣裘褐。 牧養犛牛、羊、豕以供其食。 [26]父子、伯叔、兄弟死者，即以繼母、世叔母及嫂、弟婦等為妻。 [27]俗無文字，但候草木榮落，記其歲時。 三年一相聚，殺牛羊以祭天。
The Dangchang Qiang traced their origins to the Three Miao. In Zhou times they were among eight tribes—along with Yong, Shu, Wei, and Lu—that joined King Wu's campaign against the Shang. Han records mention the Xianling and Shaodang clans, who had been frontier troublemakers for generations. Their lands stretched from the Chinese frontier west to the Western Regions, several thousand li north to south. Each clan formed its own tribe under chiefs who held separate territories without a common overlord; Dangchang was one such group. They were settled agriculturalists who lived in permanent dwellings roofed with woven yak hair and wool. The community had neither written law nor regular taxation. Only in wartime did they mass together; in peacetime each household tended its own affairs in isolation. Everyone dressed in furs and homespun wool. They raised yaks, sheep, and pigs for food. [26] When a father, uncle, or brother died, his widow—whether stepmother, aunt by marriage, sister-in-law, or sister of a deceased younger brother—might be taken as wife. [27] They had no written language and reckoned the year by watching when plants bloomed and faded. Once every three years they assembled to slaughter cattle and sheep in sacrifice to Heaven.
38
有梁懃者，世為酋帥，得羌豪心，乃自稱王焉。 懃孫彌忽，世祖初，遣子彌黃奉表求內附，世祖嘉之，遣使拜彌忽為宕昌王，賜彌黃爵甘松侯。 彌忽死，孫虎子立。 其地自仇池以西，東西千里，席水以南，[28]南北八百里，地多山阜，人二萬餘落。 世修職貢，頗為吐谷渾所斷絕。 虎子死，彌治立。 虎子弟羊子先奔吐谷渾，吐谷渾遣兵送羊子，欲奪彌治位。 彌治遣使請救，顯祖詔武都鎮將宇文生救之，羊子退走。 彌治死，子彌機立，遣其司馬利住奉表貢方物。 楊文度之叛，圍武都，彌機遣其二兄率眾救武都，破走文度。 高祖時，遣使子橋表貢朱沙、雌黃、白石膽各一百斤。 自此後，歲以為常，朝貢相繼。 後高祖遣鴻臚劉歸、謁者張察拜彌機征南大將軍、西戎校尉、梁益二州牧、河南公、宕昌王。 後朝于京師，殊無風禮。 朝罷，高祖顧謂左右曰：「『夷狄之有君，不如諸夏之亡也』。 宕昌王雖為邊方之主，乃不如中國一吏。」 於是改授領護西戎校尉、靈州刺史，王如故，賜以車騎、戎馬、錦綵等，遣還國。
A chieftain named Liang Qin, whose family had long led the tribe, won over the Qiang nobles and declared himself king. Qin's grandson Mihuo submitted early in Emperor Shizu's reign, sending his son Mihuang with a petition to join the Wei. Shizu was pleased: he enfeoffed Mihuo as King of Dangchang and gave Mihuang the title Marquis of Gansong. When Mihuo died, his grandson Huzi took the throne. Their domain ran a thousand li east to west from Chou Pool and eight hundred li north to south below the Xi River, [28] a country of hills supporting more than twenty thousand households. They had long sent tribute to the court, though Tuyuhun frequently blocked their missions. When Huzi died, Mizhi came to power. Huzi's cousin Yangzi had fled to Tuyuhun, which now sent troops to escort him home and wrest the throne from Mizhi. Mizhi appealed for help, and Emperor Xianzu ordered Yuwen Sheng, the commander at Wudu, to intervene; Yangzi retreated in defeat. After Mizhi's death his son Miji took over and sent Chief Clerk Lizhu with tribute goods and a letter of loyalty. During Yang Wendu's rebellion, when he besieged Wudu, Miji sent his two elder brothers with an army to relieve the city and drive Wendu off. Under Emperor Gaozu they sent Ziqiao to present a hundred jin each of cinnabar, orpiment, and white copper sulfate. Thereafter tribute became an annual obligation, sent year after year without fail. Later Emperor Gaozu dispatched Liu Gui of the Grand Herald's office and Usher Zhang Cha to appoint Miji General Who Conquers the South, Western Rong Commandant, governor of Liang and Yi provinces, Duke of Henan, and King of Dangchang. When he later visited the capital, he showed almost no understanding of court etiquette. After the audience ended, Emperor Gaozu turned to those beside him and said: "'Barbarians who keep their rulers are still not the equal of the Central Lands without them. Though he ruled a border kingdom, the King of Dangchang was less polished than a single petty clerk of China." Accordingly, Miji was given a new appointment as Protector Commandant of the Western Rong and Inspector of Ling Province while retaining his royal title. He received chariots, horses, war mounts, and brocades as gifts, then was sent home.
39
高昌者，車師前王之故地，漢之前部地也。 東西二千里，南北五百里，四面多大山。 或云昔漢武遣兵西討，師旅頓弊其中，尤困者因住焉。 地勢高敞，人庶昌盛，因云「高昌」。 亦云其地有漢時高昌壘，故以為國號。 東去長安四千九百里，漢西域長史、戊己校尉並居於此。 晉以其地為高昌郡，張軌、呂光、沮渠蒙遜據河西，皆置太守以統之。 去敦煌十三日行。 國有八城，皆有華人。 地多石磧。 氣候溫暖，厥土良沃，穀麥一歲再熟，宜蠶，多五果，又饒漆。 有草名羊刺，其上生蜜而味甚佳。 引水溉田。 出赤鹽，其味甚美。 復有白鹽，其形如玉，高昌人取以為枕，貢之中國。 多蒲萄酒。 俗事天神，兼信佛法。 國中羊馬，牧在隱僻處以避寇，非貴人不知其處。 北有赤石山。 七十里有貪汗山，[29]夏有積雪，此山北鐵勒界也。
Gaochang occupied the old domain of the Front Cheshi kingdom, what Han sources called the "Eastern Division" territory. It stretched two thousand li east to west and five hundred li north to south, ringed by high mountains on every side. Some say that when Emperor Wu sent his armies west, exhausted troops stranded there gave up the campaign and settled for good. The land was high and open and its people thrived, which is why it was called Gaochang—"Lofty and Flourishing." Others say the name came from a Han-period fortress called Gaochang that once stood there. It lay forty-nine hundred li east of Chang'an, where Han stationed both the Chief Commandant for the Western Regions and the Wuji Colonel. The Jin organized the area as Gaochang Commandery, and successive rulers of Hexi—Zhang Gui, Lü Guang, and Juqu Mengxun among them—appointed governors to control it. It was thirteen days' travel from Dunhuang. The kingdom comprised eight walled towns, each with a Chinese population. Much of the terrain was gravelly wasteland. Despite the stony ground, the climate was mild and the soil fertile: grain ripened twice a year, silk could be raised, orchards flourished, and lacquer trees were plentiful. A plant called "sheep thorn" bore a honey-like substance of excellent flavor. Irrigation channeled water to the fields. The region yielded red salt prized for its flavor. White salt, translucent as jade, was carved into pillows the Gaochang people sent as tribute to China. Grape wine was abundant. They worshipped Heaven while also practicing Buddhism. Livestock were hidden in secluded pastures to evade raiders; only the elite knew where they were kept. To the north stood Red Stone Mountain. Seventy li distant loomed Greedy Sweat Mountain, [29] snow-clad even in summer; beyond it lay Tiele territory.
40
世祖時，有闞爽者，自為高昌太守。 太延中，遣散騎侍郎王恩生等使高昌，為蠕蠕所執。 真君中，爽為沮渠無諱所襲，奪據之。 無諱死，弟安周代立，和平元年，為蠕蠕所并。 蠕蠕以闞伯周為高昌王，其稱王自此始也。 太和初，伯周死，子義成立，歲餘，為其兄首歸所殺，自立為高昌王。
Under Emperor Shizu a local leader named Kan Shuang installed himself as prefect of Gaochang. In the Taiyan era Wei sent Wang Ensheng, Attendant Gentleman of the Secretariat, to Gaochang, but Rouran forces captured the party en route. During the Zhenjun era Juqu Wuhui attacked Kan Shuang and took Gaochang. When Wuhui died his brother Anzhou succeeded, but in the first year of Heping the Rouran absorbed the kingdom entirely. The Rouran enthroned Kan Bozhou as King of Gaochang—the first time the state had a sovereign who bore that title. Early in the Taihe era Bozhou died and his son Yicheng reigned, but little over a year later his elder brother Shougui murdered him and took the throne as King of Gaochang.
41
五年，高車王可至羅殺首歸兄弟，[30]以敦煌人張孟明為王。 後為國人所殺，立馬儒為王，以鞏顧禮、麴嘉為左右長史。 二十一年，遣司馬王體玄奉表朝貢，請師迎接，求舉國內徙。 高祖納之，遣明威將軍韓安保率騎千餘赴之，割伊吾五百里，以儒居之。 至羊榛水，儒遣禮、嘉率步騎一千五百迎安保，去高昌四百里而安保不至。 禮等還高昌，安保亦還伊吾。 安保遣使韓興安等十二人使高昌，儒復遣顧禮將其世子義舒迎安保。 至白棘城，去高昌百六十里，而高昌舊人情戀本土，不願東遷，相與殺儒而立麴嘉為王。
In the fifth year the Gaoche king Kebuolo slew Shougui and his kin [30] and installed Zhang Mengming of Dunhuang as king. The locals soon killed Zhang Mengming and made Ma Ru king, appointing Gong Guli and Qu Jia as his chief ministers. In the twenty-first year Chief Commander Wang Tixuan came with a petition offering tribute and begging Wei to send troops to resettle the entire kingdom within the empire. Emperor Gaozu agreed and sent Bright Might General Han Anbao with a thousand cavalry, setting aside five hundred li of Yiwu territory for Ma Ru and his people. When Ma Ru reached Sheep Hazel Creek he dispatched Guli and Jia with fifteen hundred troops to meet Han Anbao, but though they marched four hundred li from Gaochang, the Wei force never appeared. Guli and his party turned back to Gaochang, and Anbao retreated to Yiwu. Han Anbao then sent twelve envoys led by Han Xing'an to Gaochang, and Ma Ru responded by dispatching Guli with his heir Yishu to greet the relief column once more. At White Thorn Fort, still one hundred sixty li from Gaochang, the local people—unwilling to abandon their homeland for an eastern resettlement—rose up, killed Ma Ru, and enthroned Qu Jia instead.
42
嘉字靈鳳，金城榆中人。 既立，又臣于蠕蠕那蓋。 顧禮與義舒隨安保至洛陽。 及蠕蠕主伏圖為高車所殺，嘉又臣高車。 初前部胡人悉為高車所徙，入於焉耆，焉耆又為嚈噠所破滅，國人分散，眾不自立，請王於嘉。 嘉遣第二子為焉耆王以主之。 永平元年，[31]嘉遣兄子私署左衞將軍、田地太守孝亮朝京師，仍求內徙，乞軍迎援。 於是遣龍驤將軍孟威發涼州兵三千人迎之，至伊吾，失期而反。 於後十餘遣使，獻珠像、白黑貂裘、名馬、鹽枕等，款誠備至，惟賜優旨，卒不重迎。 三年，嘉遣使朝貢，世宗又遣孟威使詔勞之。 延昌中，以嘉為持節、平西將軍、瓜州刺史、泰臨縣開國伯，私署王如故。 熙平初，遣使朝獻。 詔曰：「卿地隔關山，境接荒漠，頻請朝援，徙國內遷。 雖來誠可嘉，即於理未帖。 何者？ 彼之甿庶，是漢魏遺黎，自晉氏不綱，因難播越，成家立國，世積已久。 惡徙重遷，人懷戀舊，今若動之，恐異同之變，爰在肘腋，不得便如來表。」 神龜元年冬，孝亮復表求援內徙，朝廷不許。 正光元年，肅宗遣假員外將軍趙義等使於嘉。 嘉朝貢不絕。 又遣使奉表，自以邊遐，不習典誥，求借五經、諸史，并請國子助教劉變以為博士，[32]肅宗許之。
Qu Jia, courtesy name Lingfeng, was a native of Yuzhong in Jincheng commandery. Once enthroned, he submitted to the Rouran leader Nagai. Gong Guli and Yishu accompanied Han Anbao to Luoyang. After the Rouran chief Futu was killed by the Gaoche, Qu Jia transferred his allegiance to them. Earlier the Gaoche had relocated the Front Cheshi population into Karasahr; when the Hephthalites destroyed Karasahr the people were scattered and leaderless, and they asked Qu Jia to send a king. Qu Jia sent his second son to rule Karasahr as its king. In the first year of Yongping, [31] Qu Jia sent his nephew Xiaoliang—who held the titles Left Guard General and Prefect of Tiandi—to court with another plea for resettlement and a request for military escort. The court responded by sending Dragon Quelling General Meng Wei with three thousand Liangzhou troops, but he reached only as far as Yiwu before giving up and returning without them. Over the next dozen missions his envoys brought pearl images, sable furs, fine horses, and salt pillows, each delegation more earnest than the last—but the court replied only with kind words and never sent another escort. In the third year Qu Jia sent tribute again, and Emperor Shizong once more sent Meng Wei with imperial commendations. During the Yan-chang era the court appointed Qu Jia Staff Bearer, Pacifier of the West General, governor of Guazhou, and Baron of Tailin, while allowing him to retain his unofficial royal title. Early in the Xiping era he sent envoys to pay tribute at court. The emperor replied: "Your territory lies beyond the mountain passes, bordering barren desert; you have repeatedly asked for imperial aid in resettling your people inland. Your earnestness is admirable, but the request itself is not sound policy. Why? Your people are descendants of Han and Wei refugees who, after the Jin dynasty fell into disorder, fled hardship and settled there; they have built homes and founded a state over many generations. People resist uprooting and yearn for their old home; forced relocation could spark unrest right at our frontier. We cannot grant your request as written." That winter in the first year of Shengui, Xiaoliang petitioned again for escort to resettle inland, and the court again refused. In the first year of Zhengguang, Emperor Suzong dispatched Acting Irregular Attendant General Zhao Yi and others as envoys to Qu Jia. Qu Jia's tribute missions never ceased. He sent another embassy explaining that, isolated on the frontier, he lacked familiarity with classical court usage and asked to borrow the Five Classics and standard histories—and also requested Imperial University instructor Liu Bian as a teaching master. [32] Emperor Suzong approved.
43
嘉死，贈鎮西將軍、涼州刺史，子堅立。 於後，關中賊亂，使命遂絕。 普泰初，堅遣使朝貢，除平西將軍、瓜州刺史、泰臨縣伯，王如故，又加衞將軍。 至永熙中，特除儀同三司，進為郡公。 後遂隔絕。
When Qu Jia died the court posthumously granted him the title Enfeoffed West General and inspector of Liang Province; his son Jian succeeded him. Soon after, rebellion swept Guanzhong and communication with the court broke off entirely. At the beginning of Putai, Jian resumed tribute missions; the court appointed him Pacifier of the West General, governor of Guazhou, and Baron of Tailin while confirming his royal rank and adding the title Guardian General. During the Yongxi era he was specially promoted to Three Excellencies of Identical Rank and raised to commandery duke. Contact with the court was lost after that.
44
鄧至者，白水羌也，世為羌豪，因地名號，自稱鄧至。 其地自亭街以東，平武以西，汶嶺以北，宕昌以南。 土風習俗，亦與宕昌同。 其王像舒治遣使內附，高祖拜龍驤將軍、鄧至王，[33]遣貢不絕。
The Dengzhi were a branch of the White Water Qiang; for generations they had been Qiang chieftains and took their name from their homeland. Their territory extended east to Ting Street, west to Pingwu, north to Wen Ridge, and south to Dangchang. Their customs closely matched those of Dangchang. Their king Xiang Shuzhi sent envoys to submit; Emperor Gaozu made him Dragon Quelling General and King of Dengzhi, [33] and tribute missions continued without interruption.
45
鄧至之西有赫羊等二十國，時遣使朝貢，朝廷皆授以雜號將軍、子男、渠帥之名。
West of Dengzhi lay Heyang and some twenty other states that periodically sent tribute; the court responded by granting them assorted military titles and ranks from viscount to chieftain.
46
蠻之種類，蓋盤瓠之後，其來自久。 習俗叛服，前史具之。 在江淮之間，依託險阻，部落滋蔓，布於數州，東連壽春，西通上洛，北接汝潁，往往有焉。 其於魏氏之時，不甚為患，至晉之末，稍以繁昌，漸為寇暴矣。 自劉石亂後，諸蠻無所忌憚，故其族類，漸得北遷，陸渾以南，滿於山谷，宛洛蕭條，略為丘墟矣。
The Man peoples were said to be descendants of Panhu and had dwelt in the region since ancient times. Their pattern of alternating rebellion and submission is fully recorded in earlier histories. Between the Yangtze and Huai they exploited rugged terrain; their clans multiplied across several provinces from Shouchun in the east to Shangluo in the west and the Ru and Ying rivers in the north. Under the Wei dynasty they had not been a major threat, but by the end of Jin they grew more numerous and began raiding in earnest. After the chaos of the Liu and Shi dynasties the Man no longer had reason to hold back; they drifted northward until the hills south of Luhun teemed with their settlements, while Wan and Luoyang lay nearly in ruins.
47
太祖既定中山，聲教被于河表。 泰常八年，蠻王梅安率渠帥數千朝京師，求留質子以表忠款。 始光中，拜安侍子豹為安遠將軍、江州刺史、順陽公。 興光中，蠻王文武龍請降，詔褒慰之，拜南雍州刺史、魯陽侯。
After the Grand Ancestor conquered Zhongshan, imperial authority reached the lands south of the Yellow River. In the eighth year of Taichang the Man king Mei'an brought several thousand chieftains to the capital and offered hostages to prove his loyalty. During the Shiguang era the court appointed Mei'an's son Bao—who had served as his attendant—Pacifier of the Distance General, inspector of Jiang Province, and Duke of Shunyang. During Xingguang another Man king, Wenwu Long, submitted; the court praised him and named him inspector of South Yong Province and Marquis of Luyang.
48
延興中，大陽蠻酋桓誕擁沔水以北，滍葉以南八萬餘落，遣使內屬。 高祖嘉之，拜誕征南將軍、東荊州刺史、襄陽王，聽自選郡縣。 誕字天生，桓玄之子也。 初玄西奔至枚回洲，被殺，誕時年數歲，流竄大陽蠻中，遂習其俗。 及長，多智謀，為羣蠻所歸。 誕既內屬，治於朗陵。 太和四年，王師南伐，誕請為前驅，乃授使持節、南征西道大都督，討義陽，不果而還。 十年，移居潁陽。 十六年，依例降王為公。 十七年，加征南將軍、中道大都督，征竟陵，遇遷洛，師停。 是時蕭賾征虜將軍，直閤將軍蠻酋田益宗率部曲四千餘戶內屬。 襄陽酋雷婆思等十一人率戶千餘內徙，求居大和川，詔給廩食。 後開南陽，令有沔北之地。 蠻人安堵，不為寇賊。 十八年，誕入朝，賞遇隆厚。 卒，諡曰剛。 子暉，字道進，位龍驤將軍、東荊州刺史，襲爵。
During Yanxing the Dayang chieftain Huan Dan controlled more than eighty thousand households north of the Mian River and south of the Zhi and Ye and sent envoys to submit. Emperor Gaozu welcomed the submission and made Huan Dan Conqueror of the South General, inspector of East Jing Province, and King of Xiangyang, allowing him to choose his own administrative districts. Huan Dan, courtesy name Tiansheng, was a son of Huan Xuan. When Huan Xuan fled west to Meihui Isle and was killed, Dan was still a small child and took refuge among the Dayang Man, where he grew up in their ways. As an adult he proved shrewd and capable, and the Man tribes rallied to him. After submitting to Wei he established his seat at Langling. In the fourth year of Taihe, when the imperial army marched south, Dan volunteered as vanguard and was made Bearer of the Staff and supreme commander of the western column; he attacked Yiyang but withdrew without success. In the tenth year he relocated his seat to Yingyang. In the sixteenth year his royal title was reduced to duke per standard practice. In the seventeenth year he was further named Conqueror of the South General and commander of the central column for a campaign against Jingling, but operations halted when the court moved the capital to Luoyang. At this time the Liang general Tian Yizong, a Man chieftain serving as Direct Retinue General under Xiao Ze, brought more than four thousand households over to Wei. Eleven Xiangyang chieftains led by Lei Posi brought more than a thousand households inland and asked to settle on the Dahe River; the court granted them grain rations. Later the court opened South Yang and granted him territory north of the Mian River. The Man lived in peace and no longer raided. In the eighteenth year Huan Dan visited the capital and received lavish honors. When he died he was given the posthumous name Gang, "Resolute." His son Hui, courtesy name Daojin, held the posts of Dragon Quelling General and inspector of East Jing Province and inherited his father's rank.
49
正光中，叔興擁所部南叛。 蠻首成龍強率戶數千內附，拜為刺史。 蠻帥田午生率戶二千內徙揚州，拜為郡守。 蕭衍義州刺史、邊城王文僧明，鐵騎將軍、邊城太守田官德等率戶萬餘舉州內屬，拜僧明平南將軍、西豫州刺史，封開封侯； 官德龍驤將軍、義州刺史； 自餘封授各有差。 僧明、官德並入朝，蠻出山至邊城、建安者八九千戶。 義州尋為蕭衍將裴邃所陷。 衍定州刺史田超秀亦遣使求附，請援歷年，朝廷恐輕致邊役，未之許。 會超秀死，其部曲相率內附，徙之六鎮、秦隴，所在反叛。 二荊、西郢，蠻大擾動，斷三鵶路，殺都督，寇盜至於襄城、汝水，百姓多被其害。 蕭衍遣將圍廣陵，樊城諸蠻並為前驅，[37]自汝水以南，處處鈔劫，恣其暴掠。 連年攻討，散而復合，其暴滋甚。
During Zhengguang his relative Shuxing led their followers south in revolt. The Man chieftain Cheng Longqiang brought several thousand households over and was appointed inspector. The Man leader Tian Wusheng resettled two thousand households in Yang Province and was made a commandery governor. Wensengming, king of Bian-cheng and inspector of Yi under Xiao Yan, and Tian Guande, Iron Cavalry General and prefect of Bian-cheng, led more than ten thousand households and surrendered their whole province; Wensengming was made Pacifier of the South General and inspector of West Yu Province and enfeoffed as Marquis of Kaifeng; Guande was named Dragon Quelling General and inspector of Yi Province; The others received titles and posts of varying rank. Wensengming and Guande both came to court, while eight or nine thousand Man households emerged from the hills to settle at Bian-cheng and Jian'an. Yi Province was soon recaptured by Xiao Yan's general Pei Sui. Tian Chaoxiu, Xiao Yan's inspector of Ding Province, also sent envoys offering submission and pleading for support year after year, but the court worried about triggering border warfare and refused. When Chaoxiu died his followers surrendered en masse and were resettled in the Six Garrisons and the Qin-Long region, where they rose in rebellion wherever they were sent. In East and West Jing and West Ying the Man rose on a vast scale, severed the Three Geese Road, killed frontier commanders, and raided as far as Xiangcheng and the Ru River, inflicting great harm on the populace. Xiao Yan sent troops to besiege Guangling with the Fancheng Man as their vanguard; [37] from the Ru River southward they plundered at will. Year after year the court campaigned against them, but they dispersed and regrouped, and their predations only grew worse.
50
又有冉氏、向氏者，陬落尤盛，餘則大者萬家，小者千戶，更相崇僭，稱王侯，屯據三峽，斷遏水路，荊、蜀行人至有假道者。
The Ran and Xiang clans were especially powerful; other groups ranged from ten thousand households down to a thousand, each lorded over by self-styled kings and marquises who held the Three Gorges and choked off river traffic, forcing travelers between Jing and Shu to seek alternate routes.
51
獠者，蓋南蠻之別種，自漢中達于卭笮川洞之間，所在皆有。 種類甚多，散居山谷，略無氏族之別。 又無名字，所生男女，唯以長幼次第呼之。 其丈夫稱阿謩、阿段，婦人阿夷、阿等之類，皆語之次第稱謂也。 依樹積木，以居其上，名曰「干蘭」，干蘭大小，隨其家口之數。 往往推一長者為王，亦不能遠相統攝。 父死則子繼，若中國之貴族也。 [38]獠王各有鼓角一雙，使其子弟自吹擊之。 好相殺害，多不敢遠行。 [39]能臥水底，持刀刺魚。 其口嚼食並鼻飲。 死者豎棺而埋之。 性同禽獸，至於忿怒，父子不相避，惟手有兵刃者先殺之。 若殺其父，走避，[40]求得一狗以謝其母，母得狗謝，不復嫌恨。 若報怨相攻擊，必殺而食之。 平常劫掠，賣取猪狗而已。 親戚比隣，指授相賣，被賣者號哭不服，逃竄避之，乃將買人捕逐，指若亡叛，獲便縛之。 但經被縛者，即服為賤隸，不敢稱良矣。 亡失兒女，一哭便止，不復追思。 惟執盾持矛，不識弓矢。 用竹為簧，羣聚鼓之，以為音節。 能為細布，色至鮮凈。 大狗一頭，買一生口。 其俗畏鬼神，尤尚淫祀。 所殺之人，美鬢髯者必剝其面皮，籠之於竹，及燥，號之曰「鬼」，鼓舞祀之，以求福利。 至有賣其昆季妻奴盡者，乃自賣以供祭焉。 鑄銅為器，大口寬腹，名曰銅爨，既薄且輕，易於熟食。
The Liao were a southern offshoot of the Man, found everywhere from Hanzhong to the Qiong-Ze river country. Their clans were many and scattered through the hills with little sense of lineage or surname. They had no personal names at all; children were addressed simply by birth order. Men might be called A-mo or A-duan, women A-yi or A-deng—terms that simply marked order of birth. They built stilt houses from timber erected against trees—these "gan lan" varied in size according to family size. They sometimes recognized an elder as king, but no one could rule effectively over distant groups. Succession passed from father to son much like Chinese aristocratic families. [38] Each Liao chieftain kept a drum and horn pair for his sons to play. They were prone to feuding and rarely ventured far from home. [39] They could swim underwater and spear fish with a blade. They ate with their mouths and drank through their noses. They buried the dead in upright coffins. Their tempers were savage; in rage a father and son would not hold back, and whoever held a weapon struck first. A parricide would flee, [40] then offer a dog to appease his mother; once she accepted the dog, her anger ceased. When feuding they killed enemies and ate the flesh. Ordinary raids yielded little beyond pigs and dogs for sale. Relatives and neighbors sold one another into bondage; captives wept and fled, but buyers hunted them down like runaway fugitives and bound them on capture. Once bound, a captive accepted servile status and no longer claimed to be free. When children were lost they cried once and then ceased to mourn them. They fought with shields and spears but did not use bows. They made bamboo reed pipes and drummed them together for music. They wove fine cloth of vivid, immaculate color. A large dog could buy one captive. They feared spirits and practiced elaborate, often immoderate rites. They flayed the faces of bearded victims, dried them in bamboo cages, called them "ghosts," and danced before them seeking good fortune. Some sold siblings, wives, and slaves and even themselves to fund sacrifices. They cast thin, light copper cauldrons with wide mouths and bellies, ideal for quick cooking.
52
建國中，李勢在蜀，諸獠始出巴西、渠川、廣漢、陽安、資中，攻破郡縣，為益州大患。 勢內外受敵，所以亡也。 自桓溫破蜀之後，力不能制，又蜀人東流，山險之地多空，獠遂挾山傍谷。 與夏人參居者頗輸租賦，在深山者仍不為編戶。 蕭衍梁益二州歲歲伐獠以自裨潤，公私頗藉為利。
During the Jianguo era, while Li Shi held Shu, Liao bands from Baxi, Quchuan, Guanghan, Yang'an, and Zizhong overran commanderies and counties and became a major scourge in Yi Province. Beset by enemies at home and abroad, Li Shi fell—which is why his state collapsed. After Huan Wen conquered Shu the court lacked the strength to control them; as Sichuan refugees drifted east, mountain valleys emptied and the Liao settled along the ridges. Liao living among Chinese subjects often paid taxes, while those deep in the mountains remained outside the household registers. Under Xiao Yan the Liang and Yi provinces raided the Liao annually for plunder, and both officials and private parties profited from it.
53
正始中，夏侯道遷舉漢中內附，世宗遣尚書邢巒為梁益二州刺史以鎮之，近夏人者安堵樂業，在山谷者不敢為寇。 後以羊祉為梁州，傅豎眼為益州。 祉性酷虐，不得物情。 蕭衍輔國將軍范季旭與獠王趙清荊率眾屯孝子谷，祉遣統軍魏胡擊走之。 後蕭衍寧朔將軍姜白復擁夷獠入屯南城，梁州人王法慶與之通謀，眾屯於固門川，祉遣征虜將軍囗囗討破之。 豎眼施恩布信，大得獠和。 後以元法僧代傅豎眼為益州，法僧在任貪殘，獠遂反叛，勾引蕭衍軍圍逼晉壽。 朝廷憂之，以豎眼先得物情，復令乘傳往撫。 獠聞豎眼至，莫不欣然，拜迎道路，於是而定。 及元恒、元子真相繼為梁州，並無德績，諸獠苦之。
During Zhengshi Xiahou Daqian brought Hanzhong over to Wei; Emperor Shizong sent Minister Xing Luan to govern Liang and Yi, and while Liao near Chinese settlements lived peacefully, those in the hills ceased raiding. Later Yang Zhi was appointed to Liang Province and Fu Shuyan to Yi Province. Yang Zhi was cruel and won no sympathy from the people. Fan Jixu, Xiao Yan's Assistant State General, and the Liao king Zhao Qingjing camped at Xiaozi Valley until Yang Zhi sent Commander Wei Hu to drive them out. Later Jiang Bai, Xiao Yan's Pacifier of the North General, again led Yi and Liao forces to South City, where they conspired with Liangzhou native Wang Faqing and encamped at Gumen River; Yang Zhi sent General Who Conquers Captives [name lost in text] to defeat them. Fu Shuyan won the Liao over through kindness and good faith. Later Yuan Faseng replaced Fu Shuyan in Yi Province; his greed and cruelty provoked Liao rebellion and brought Xiao Yan's forces to besiege Jingshou. Alarmed, the court turned again to Fu Shuyan—who had already won local trust—and sent him posthaste to restore order. When word spread that Fu Shuyan was coming, the Liao turned out in joy to greet him along the roads, and order was restored. After Yuan Heng and Yuan Zizhen served in turn as governor of Liang Province, both without merit or virtue, the Liao endured their rule with hardship.
54
其後朝廷以梁益二州控攝險遠，乃立巴州以統諸獠，後以巴酋嚴始欣為刺史。 又立隆城鎮，所綰獠二十萬戶，彼謂北獠，歲輸租布，又與外人交通貿易。 巴州生獠並皆不順，其諸頭王每於時節謁見刺史而已。 孝昌初，諸獠以始欣貪暴，相率反叛，攻圍巴州。 山南行臺勉諭，[41]即時散罷。 自是獠諸頭王相率詣行臺者相繼，子建厚勞賚之。 始欣見中國多事，又失彼心，慮獲罪譴。 時蕭衍南梁州刺史陰子春扇惑邊陲，始欣謀將南叛。 始欣族子愷時為隆城鎮將，密知之，嚴設邏候，遂禽蕭衍使人，并封始欣詔書、鐵券、刀劍、衣冠之屬，表送行臺。 子建乃啟以鎮為南梁州，愷為刺史，發使執始欣，囚於南鄭。 遇子建見代，梁州刺史傅豎眼仍為行臺。 豎眼久病，其子敬紹納始欣重賂，使得還州。 始欣乃起眾攻愷，屠滅之，據城南叛，蕭衍將蕭玩率眾援接。 時梁益二州並遣將討之，攻陷巴州，執始欣，遂大破玩軍。 及斬玩，以傅曇表為刺史。 後元羅在梁州，為所陷，[42]自此遂絕。
The court then created Ba Prefecture to govern the Liao, finding Liang and Yi too distant and rugged to control directly, and later appointed the Ba chieftain Yan Shixin as its inspector. A garrison was also set up at Longcheng over two hundred thousand Liao households—the so-called Northern Liao—who paid annual taxes in cloth and traded with outsiders. The unassimilated Liao of Ba Prefecture remained restive; their chieftains paid the inspector only seasonal courtesy visits. Early in the Xiaochang era the Liao rose together against Yan Shixin's greed and cruelty and besieged Ba Prefecture. The Southern Mountain circuit intendant counseled them, [41] and the rebels dispersed at once. Thereafter Liao chieftains came in steady succession to the circuit intendant, and Zijian rewarded them generously. Shixin saw the realm in turmoil, knew he had lost the people's trust, and feared imperial punishment. Yin Zichun, Xiao Yan's inspector of Southern Liang, was stirring the frontier, and Shixin plotted to defect south. Kai, Shixin's kinsman and commander at Longcheng, learned of the plot in secret, tightened patrols, seized Xiao Yan's envoy, and sent the court a sealed packet of Shixin's edicts, iron bonds, arms, and regalia. Zijian petitioned to elevate the garrison to Southern Liang Province with Kai as governor, then sent men to seize Shixin and hold him at Nanzheng. When Zijian was replaced, Fu Shuyan of Liang Province took over as circuit intendant. Shuyan had been ill for some time; his son Jingshao accepted heavy bribes from Shixin and secured his release back to office. Shixin raised troops, slaughtered Kai, seized the city, and defected south; Xiao Yan's general Xiao Wan marched to his aid. Forces from Liang and Yi provinces then marched against them, retook Ba Prefecture, captured Shixin, and routed Xiao Wan's army. After Xiao Wan was executed, Fu Tanbiao was appointed inspector. Later, when Yuan Luo governed Liang Province, he was brought down by them, [42] and the account ends here.
55
史臣曰：氐、羌、蠻、獠，風俗各異，嗜欲不同，言語不通，聖人因時設教，所以達其志而通其俗也。 然而外寧必有內憂，覽之者不可不誡慎也。
The historian writes: The Di, Qiang, Man, and Liao each had distinct customs, desires, and languages; the sage ruler adapts instruction to the times so that their aims may be understood and their ways accommodated. Yet outward calm always harbors inner peril—readers must take this as a warning.
56
魏書卷一百一諸本目錄此卷注「闕」字，卷末有宋人校語 〈殿本入考證〉 云：「魏收書列傳第八十九亡，史臣論蓋略北史。」 錢氏考異卷二八氐傳條據此篇用東晉年號，不斥晉帝姓名，以為「蓋非魏收書之舊」。 其實此卷諸傳都以北史相同諸傳補而刪去魏以後事。
Book of Wei, juan 101: various editions mark this fascicle as defective in their tables of contents, and Song-dynasty collation notes appear at its end. 〈Palace Edition, entered into textual verification〉 It states, "Wei Shou's original Biography 89 is lost; the historian's appraisal was largely drawn from the History of the Northern Dynasties." Qian Daxin, Kaoyi juan 28, Di biography entry, notes that because this text uses Eastern Jin era names without naming Jin emperors, it is "likely not Wei Shou's original." In fact every biography in this fascicle was patched from the corresponding Northern Dynasties accounts, with post-Wei material removed.
57
騰勇健多計略按宋書卷九八氐胡傳「騰」下有「子駒」二字。 徙居仇池者始於駒，周書卷四九氐傳、通典卷一八九氐條同，這裏「騰」下當脫「子駒」二字。
Teng was brave and resourceful. Note: Song shu juan 98, Di and Hu biography, reads "zi Ju" after "Teng." Settlement at Chouchi began with Ju; Zhou shu juan 49 and Tongdian juan 189 agree. Here "zi Ju" is missing after "Teng."
58
國子安叛苻生殺俊復稱藩於晉安死子世自立為仇池公冊府卷九六六 〈一一三六一頁〉 「叛」作「奢」，「安死」作「及死」。 按宋書卷九八作「安奔苻生，俊遣使歸藩。 〈中略〉 俊卒，子世立」。 考楊安在苻堅時屢任將帥，見晉書卷一一三苻堅載記。 並無「叛」苻生，歸晉之事。 且此傳先沒有說他歸苻生，何以忽言其「叛」？ 知這裏「叛」乃「奔」之訛，冊府已訛「奢」，尚存痕跡，當是後人以不可解，妄改為「叛」。 楊俊也非為安所殺，世乃俊子。 「殺」字當涉上「殺國自立」而衍。 「安死」本作「及死」，承上文指俊死，冊府不誤。 原文當作「國子安奔苻生，俊復稱藩於晉，及死，子世自立為仇池公」。 與宋書合。
Guo's son An rebelled against Fu Sheng, killed Jun, and renewed vassalage to Jin; when An died, son Shi declared himself Duke of Chouchi. Cefu juan 966 〈p. 11361〉 "Rebel" appears as "she"; "An died" appears as "when he died." Song shu juan 98 reads, "An fled to Fu Sheng; Jun sent envoys to renew vassalage. 〈omitted〉 When Jun died, son Shi succeeded." Yang An repeatedly held command under Fu Jian; see Jin shu juan 113, Annals of Fu Jian. There is no record of his rebelling against Fu Sheng or returning to Jin. Moreover the biography never said he had submitted to Fu Sheng—why suddenly call it a "rebellion"? Here "rebel" is a corruption of "flee"; Cefu's "she" still preserves the trace. Later copyists, finding the passage unintelligible, wrongly emended it to "rebel." Yang Jun was not killed by An; Shi was Jun's son. The word "killed" was likely interpolated from the earlier phrase "killed the ruler and seized power." "An died" originally read "when he died," referring to Jun's death above; Cefu is correct. The original should read: "Guo's son An fled to Fu Sheng; Jun renewed vassalage to Jin; when he died, son Shi declared himself Duke of Chouchi." This agrees with the Song shu.
59
遣使詣簡文帝冊府 〈同上卷頁〉 「詣」下有「闕」字，按文理當有此字。 「簡文帝」三字屬下讀。 通志卷一九五氐傳「闕」字作「建康」，當是鄭樵所見本已脫此字，以意增。
Envoys were sent to call on Emperor Jianwen. Cefu 〈same volume and page〉 After "call on" the text marks a lacuna; context requires a word there. "Emperor Jianwen" belongs with the following clause. Tongzhi juan 195, Di biography, supplies "Jiankang" for the lacuna—Zheng Qiao's edition had already lost the word and he supplied it by conjecture.
60
堅以女妻佛奴子定諸本脫「女」字，今據北史卷九六、冊府 〈同上卷頁〉 及宋書卷九八補。
Jian gave his daughter in marriage to Fonu's son Ding. Various editions omit "daughter"; restored per Bei shi juan 96 and Cefu 〈same volume and page〉 and Song shu juan 98.
61
登國四年按宋書卷九八事在太元十五年 〈三九０〉 ，當魏登國五年，「四」字應作「五」。
Dengguo, year 4. Note: Song shu juan 98 places the event in the fifteenth year of Taiyuan 〈p. 390〉 —corresponding to Wei Dengguo year 5; "four" should read "five."
62
玄字黃眉諸本及北史卷九六「字」作「子」。 宋書卷九八、通志卷一九五作「字」。 按下文所敍均玄事，不及「黃眉」，知作「字」是，今據改。
Xuan, styled Huangmei. Various editions and Bei shi juan 96 mistakenly read "styled" as "son." Song shu juan 98 and Tongzhi juan 195 read "style name." The narrative below concerns Xuan alone, not Huangmei; "style name" is correct and is adopted here.
63
仍奉晉義熙之號諸本及北史卷九六「義熙」作「永熙」，晉無此年號，今據宋書卷九八改。
Still upheld Jin's Yixi era name. Various editions and Bei shi juan 96 read "Yongxi," but Jin had no such era; emended per Song shu juan 98.
64
鎮石昌宋書卷九八「石」作「宕」。 按「石昌」不見他處，但宕昌乃羌族居地，自有王，下宕昌傳也沒有說曾為楊氏占領，亦可疑，今仍之。
Garrisoned Shichang. Song shu juan 98 reads "Shi" as "Dang." "Shichang" appears nowhere else; Dangchang was Qiang territory with its own king, and the Dangchang biography does not record Yang occupation—doubtful, but the text is retained.
65
獲雍州流人七千餘家還于仇池諸本及北史卷九六「雍」作「維」，當時無此州名。 按卷四上世祖紀上延和三年正月記「楊難當克漢中，送雍州流民七千家於長安」，即此掠獲之戶，「維」乃「雍」之訛，今改正。
Captured more than seven thousand refugee households from Yong Province and resettled them at Chouchi. Various editions and Bei shi juan 96 read "Yong" as "Wei," but no such province existed. Annals of Shizu, Yanhe year 3, records Yang Nandang capturing Hanzhong and sending seven thousand Yong Province refugees to Chang'an—the same households; "Wei" is a corruption of "Yong" and is corrected.
66
文德後自漢中入統汧隴按宋書卷九八作「率軍自漢中西入，搖動汧隴」。 據宋書卷九五索虜傳，乃元嘉二十七年伐魏詔書中語詔作 〈「震盪汧隴」〉 ，本非實事，下文說文德「有陰平、武興之地」，距汧隴尚遠，談不上「入統」。 北史殿本「統」作「絕」，當是以意改，然「統」字必誤。
After Wende, from Hanzhong he entered and unified Qian and Long. Song shu juan 98 reads, "led his army west from Hanzhong and stirred Qian and Long." Song shu juan 95, Suolu biography, shows this comes from the Yuanjia year 27 edict for war against Wei, which reads 〈"to shake Qian and Long"〉 —rhetoric, not fact. Below, Wende is said to hold Yinping and Wuxing, far from Qian and Long; "entering and unifying" them is impossible. The Bei shi Palace Edition reads "unify" as "cut off"—a conjectural emendation—but "unify" is certainly wrong.
67
集始遂入蕭賾張森楷云：「楊靈珍襲武興，據齊書氐傳 〈卷五九〉 在建武世，則是蕭鸞，非蕭賾也。」 按張說是。 北史卷九六作「入齊」。 魏書照例不稱南朝國號，直稱帝名，補此傳者也改從此例，却未考年月，以致誤「鸞」為「賾」。
Jishi then entered Xiao Ze. Zhang Senkai notes: "Yang Lingzhen attacked Wuxing; according to Qi shu, Di biography 〈vol. 59〉 this occurred in the Jianwu era—it was Xiao Luan, not Xiao Ze." Zhang is correct. The Bei shi juan 96 version reads "entered Qi." The Book of Wei normally names Southern emperors rather than their dynasties; the supplementer followed that convention but failed to check dates, mistaking Luan for Ze.
68
遣舊老及長史七那樓追謝留之晉書卷九七吐谷渾傳「七那樓」作「史那樓馮」，宋書卷九六吐谷渾傳作「乙那樓」。 疑「七」字訛，晉書「史」字亦涉上「長史」而訛，作「乙」是。
He sent elders and chief clerk Qinalou to pursue, apologize, and detain him. Jin shu juan 97 reads "Shinalou Feng"; Song shu juan 96 reads "Yinalou." "Qi" is likely corrupt; Jin shu's "shi" was probably distorted by the preceding "chief clerk"; "Yi" is correct.
69
一回一迷按宋書卷九六作「一向一遠」。 上云「擁馬令回」，作「回」是，「迷」字疑當作「遠」。
One turn, one lost. Song shu juan 96 reads "one direction, one distant." Above reads "hold the horse and turn it back"—"turn back" is correct; "lost" should probably read "distant."
70
作阿干歌徒河以兄為阿干也諸本及北史卷九六、宋書卷九六「干」並作「于」。 殿本考證云「『于』應作『干』，晉書 〈卷九七〉 鮮卑謂兄曰『阿干』是也」。 按通志卷一九五吐谷渾傳也作「干」。 我國東北諸族及蒙古語稱兄音近「阿干」，知「于」字訛，今據晉書、通志改。
He composed the Agan song Tuohe, using agan for "elder brother." Various editions, Bei shi juan 96, and Song shu juan 96 read "gan" as "yu." The Palace Edition textual verification says "'yu' should read 'gan'; Jin shu 〈vol. 97〉 the Xianbei word for elder brother is 'agan.'" Tongzhi juan 195, Tuyuhun biography, also reads "gan." Northeastern peoples and Mongolian use a word near "agan" for elder brother; "yu" is corrupt and is emended per Jin shu and Tongzhi.
71
弟視羆立按晉書卷九七、宋書卷九六並云視連二子，長曰視羆，少曰烏紇提。 這裏「弟」當作「子」。
Younger brother Shirpi succeeded. Jin shu juan 97 and Song shu juan 96 both say Shirilian had two sons: the elder Shirpi and the younger Wugeti. "Younger brother" here should be emended to "son."
72
生二子慕璝利延按下文「利延」都作「慕利延」，宋書卷九六作「慕延」，省「利」字。 這裏「慕」字不宜省，當是脫文。
He had two sons, Mugui and Liyan. Below, "Liyan" always appears as "Muliyan"; Song shu juan 96 reads "Muyan," omitting "li." The "Mu" here should not be dropped; text is missing.
73
汝等各奉吾一隻箭折之地下北史卷九六、冊府卷九六七 〈一一三六七頁〉 「折」作「將玩」二字。 按下文稱「命母弟慕利延曰：『汝取一隻箭折之』。」 若諸子先已各折一箭，何須慕利延更試？ 這裏「折」字本當作「將玩」，因下「折之」字適在次行相並處而訛。
Each of you take one of my arrows and break it on the ground. Bei shi juan 96, Cefu juan 967 〈p. 11367〉 "Break" appears as "take and play with." Below it reads, "He told his younger brother Muliyan, 'Take one arrow and break it.'" If each son had already broken an arrow, why would Muliyan need to test again? Here "break" originally read "take and play with"; it was corrupted because "break it" appeared on the next line.
74
乞佛日連諸本「佛」作「拂」，北史卷九六作「佛」。 按「拂」「佛」譯音無定字，但此傳下文載羣臣議也作「佛」，一篇之中，不應歧異，今據北史改。
Qifo Rilian. Various editions write "fu" for "fo"; Bei shi juan 96 preserves "fo." Transliteration of "fu" and "fo" varies, but the ministers' deliberation below also reads "fo"; the text should not differ within one biography and is emended per Bei shi.
75
始至萬匹諸本「萬匹」作「方伯」，北史卷九六作「万匹」。 按上文是說漢遺匈奴繒絮事，呼韓邪入朝，初次賜錦繡綺縠雜物八千匹，絮六千斤； 弟二次是錦帛九千匹，絮八千斤 〈見漢書卷九四下匈奴傳下〉 ，約計為萬匹。 作「方伯」與上文不相連，且漢也未命呼韓邪為方伯。 今據改。
The first gifts totaled ten thousand bolts. Various editions corrupt this to "regional lord"; Bei shi juan 96 correctly reads "ten thousand bolts." Above describes Han gifts of silk and floss to the Xiongnu: when Huhanye first came to court he received eight thousand bolts of brocade, embroidery, and fine silk plus six thousand jin of floss; the second time, nine thousand bolts of silk and eight thousand jin of floss 〈see Han shu juan 94B, Xiongnu biography〉 —roughly ten thousand bolts in all. "Regional lord" does not fit the context, and Han never made Huhanye a regional lord. Emended accordingly.
76
通使于劉彧獻善馬四角羊彧加之官號百衲、南、北、汲四本兩「彧」字都作「或」，殿、局二本作「彧」。 殿本考證云：「兩『彧』字監本俱誤作『或』，北史 〈卷九六〉 云：『通使於宋，獻善馬四角羊，宋文 〈按本作「明」〉 帝加之官號』。 『彧』，文 〈明〉 帝諱也，今改正。」 按考證說是，今從作「彧」。 然檢宋書，獻馬羊在世祖劉駿大明五年，加官在太宗劉彧 〈即明帝〉 泰始三年，本非同時事。 北史刪簡宋書，前稱「宋」，後稱「明帝」本不誤，補此傳者依魏書例改稱宋帝名，則「通使於宋」，當作「通使於劉駿」，却因後有「明帝」字，也一概改作「彧」，殊謬。 又宋書作「獻善舞馬」，又稱「皇太子、王公以下上舞馬歌二十七首」，這裏「馬」上當脫「舞」字。
"They sent envoys to Liu Yu, presented fine horses and four-horned sheep, and Yu conferred official titles." In the Bai Na, Nan, Bei, and Ji editions both instances of "Yu" are wrongly written "huo"; the Dian and Ju editions read "Yu." The Dian edition's Textual Verification notes: "Both instances of 'Yu' are incorrectly written 'huo' in the Jian edition. Bei shi 〈vol. 96〉 reads: 'They sent envoys to Song, presented fine horses and four-horned sheep; Emperor Wen of Song 〈this edition reads "Ming"〉 conferred official titles on them.' 'Yu' refers to Wen 〈Emperor Ming〉 the taboo name of Emperor Ming, and has been emended." The verification is sound; the text now follows it with "Yu." Yet Song shu shows the horse and sheep tribute in the fifth year of Daming under Shizu Liu Jun, while titles were granted under Taizong Liu Yu 〈Emperor Ming〉 in the third year of Taishi—these were not the same events. Bei shi condenses Song shu and is not wrong to say "Song" first and "Emperor Ming" later. Whoever supplemented this biography followed Wei shu practice and substituted the Song emperors' personal names—so "sent envoys to Song" should become "sent envoys to Liu Jun"—yet because "Emperor Ming" appears later, both were changed to "Yu," which is absurd. Song shu reads "presented fine dancing horses" and mentions "twenty-seven dancing-horse songs submitted by the Crown Prince, kings, and dukes." The character "dance" has dropped out before "horse" here.
77
遣其侍郎時真貢方物提上表稱嗣事按「提」字不可解，通志卷一九五吐谷渾傳作「併」，恐也是以意改。
"They sent Attendant-in-Ordinary Shi Zhen to bring tribute and submit a memorial claiming succession." The character "ti" makes no sense; Tong zhi juan 195, Tuyuhun biography, has "bing" instead—likely another arbitrary emendation.
78
乃可加以告責北史卷九六「告」作「詰」，是。 但作「告」亦可通，今不改。
"Then one may rebuke and censure them." Bei shi juan 96 reads "jie" for "gao," which is correct. "Gao" is still intelligible; left unchanged.
79
涼州城人萬于菩提等東應念生卷九肅宗紀正光五年七月記此事作「于菩提」。 按卷一一三官氏志「勿忸于氏後改為于氏」，廣韵十虞引作「万忸于」。 這裏「萬」當作「万」，「万于」即「万忸于」之省。
"The Liangzhou townsman Wan Yu Puti and others joined Niansheng in the east." Juan 9 of the Suzong annals, seventh month of the fifth year of Zhengguang, records this as "Yu Puti." Juan 113, Clans and Surnames, says the Wuniu-yu clan later became the Yu clan; the Guang yun, Rhyme Yu, cites "Wanniu-yu." Here the character written as "ten thousand" should be read as the clan name Wan, not as the numeral; "Wan Yu" abbreviates "Wanniu-yu."
80
牧養犛牛羊豕以供其食諸本及北史卷九六「牧」訛「收」，今據冊府卷九六一 〈一一三０五頁〉 、周書卷四九宕昌傳、通典卷一九０宕昌條改。
"They herd yaks, cattle, sheep, and pigs for food." Various editions and Bei shi juan 96 wrongly read "shou" for "mu"; emended per Cefu juan 961 〈p. 11305〉 , Zhou shu juan 49 (Dangchang), and Tong dian juan 190 (Dangchang section).
81
父子伯叔兄弟死者即以繼母世叔母及嫂弟婦等為妻諸本「叔母」上脫「世」字，今據北史卷九六、冊府卷九六一 〈一一三０五頁〉 、周書卷四九補。
"When a father, son, uncle, or brother dies, they marry the stepmother, father's younger brother's wife, sister-in-law, and so on." Various editions drop "shi" before "younger uncle's wife"; supplied per Bei shi juan 96 and Cefu juan 961 〈p. 11305〉 , and Zhou shu juan 49.
82
席水以南諸本及北史卷九六、周書卷四九「席」都作「廗」，通典卷一九０作「席」，注云：「席水在今天水上邽縣。」 按本書卷一０六下地形志下天水上封 〈即上邽〉 縣下云「有席水」。 「廗」字訛，今據改。
"South of the Xi River." Various editions, Bei shi juan 96, and Zhou shu juan 49 all write "dai" for "Xi"; Tong dian juan 190 has "Xi" and notes: "The Xi River is in Shanggui county, Tianshui, today." According to juan 106B of this work, Geography, Tianshui commandery, Shang 〈Shanggui〉 gui county notes "there is a Xi River." "Dai" is a scribal error; emended accordingly.
83
七十里有貪汗山諸本「汗」訛「汙」，今據北史卷九七高昌傳、通典卷一九一高昌條改。
"Seventy li away is Tanhan Mountain." Various editions wrongly read "wu" for "han"; emended per Bei shi juan 97 (Gaochang) and Tong dian juan 191 (Gaochang).
84
高車王可至羅殺首歸兄弟冊府卷九六六 〈一一三六四頁〉 、隋書卷八三高昌傳、通典卷一九一車師條「可至羅」作「阿伏至羅」。 按「阿伏至羅」見卷一０三高車傳，這裏「可」當是「阿」之訛，省「伏」字。
"Gaoche King Kezhiluo killed Shougui and his brothers." Cefu juan 966 〈p. 11364〉 , Sui shu juan 83 (Gaochang), and Tong dian juan 191 (Cheshi section) read "Afuzhiluo" for "Kezhiluo." "Afuzhiluo" appears in juan 103, Gaoche biography; "Ke" here is a corruption of "A," with "fu" dropped.
85
永平元年諸本及北史卷九七「永」作「熙」。 張森楷云：「通鑑 〈卷一四七、四五八九頁〉 置此於永平元年 〈梁天監七年〉 ，據下文有『延昌』，又有『熙平』，則此『熙』字誤也。」 按事見卷八世宗紀永平元年歲末，張說是，今據紀改。
"First year of Yongping." Various editions and Bei shi juan 97 read "Xi" for "Yong." Zhang Senkai writes: "Tong jian 〈juan 147, p. 4589〉 dates this to the first year of Yongping 〈Liang Tianjian 7〉 ; given 'Yanchang' below and also 'Xiping,' the 'Xi' here is wrong." The event appears at year-end, first year of Yongping, juan 8, Shizong annals. Zhang is right; emended per the annals.
86
并請國子助教劉變以為博士北史卷九七「變」作「爕」，疑「變」字訛。
"They also asked that National University Assistant Instructor Liu Bian be made an Erudite." Bei shi juan 97 reads "Xie" for "Bian"; "Bian" may be corrupt.
87
其王像舒治遣使內附高祖拜龍驤將軍鄧至王按通典卷一九０鄧至條云：「自舒理 〈即舒治，避唐諱改〉 至十代孫舒彭附於後魏。」 本書卷七下高祖紀下太和十七年九月乙亥記鄧至王像舒彭遣子舊詣闕朝貢，并奉表求以位授舊。」 舒彭受封當更在前，據紀十五年已記鄧至國「朝貢」。 據此，元宏時遣使並受封者乃像舒彭，通典當本魏書原文，這裏「像舒治」下有脫文。
"King Xiang Shu-zhi sent envoys to submit; Emperor Gaozu made him Dragon-Soaring General and King of Dengzhi." Tong dian juan 190, Dengzhi section, says: "From Shu-li 〈Shu-zhi, altered to avoid Tang taboo〉 down to the tenth-generation descendant Shu Peng, who submitted to Later Wei." Juan 7B, Gaozu annals, records that on yihai day, ninth month, seventeenth year of Taihe, King of Dengzhi Xiang Shu Peng sent his son Jiu to court with tribute and asked to transfer the throne to him." Shu Peng's enfeoffment must be earlier; the annals already record Dengzhi "paying tribute" in the fifteenth year. Envoys and enfeoffment under Yuan Hong belong to Xiang Shu Peng, which matches Tong dian's Wei shu source. Text is missing after "Xiang Shu-zhi" here.
88
戶萬九千遣使內附卷八世宗紀正始二年八月記此事「萬九千」作「萬九十」。
"Nineteen thousand households sent envoys to submit." Juan 8, Shizong annals, eighth month, second year of Zhengshi, reads "ten thousand ninety."
89
叔興給一統并威儀按語晦澀費解，其意當是給叔興一統帥名義并威儀，疑有訛脫。
"Shuxing was given one command and regalia." The phrasing is obscure; it likely means Shuxing was granted a commander's title and ceremonial regalia—probably corrupt or incomplete.
90
蠻酋衍龍驤將軍楚石廉叛衍來請援北史卷九五蠻傳「楚」作「樊」。 按樊是蠻族大姓，「楚」當是「樊」之訛。
"Man chieftain Yan's Dragon-Soaring General Chu Shilian rebelled against Yan and asked for aid." Bei shi juan 95, Man biography, reads "Fan" for "Chu." Fan is a major Man surname; "Chu" is likely a mistake for "Fan."
91
蕭衍遣將圍廣陵樊城諸蠻並為前驅北史卷九五「樊」作「楚」。 按楚城是西楚州治所 〈今河南信陽附近〉 ，與廣陵 〈西豫州治所今河南息縣〉 鄰接，樊城相距尚遠，疑「樊」是「楚」之訛。
"Xiao Yan sent generals to besiege Guangling and Fancheng; the Man tribes served as vanguard." Bei shi juan 95 reads "Chu" for "Fan." Chucheng was the seat of West Chu province 〈near present-day Xinyang, Henan〉 , adjacent to Guangling 〈seat of West Yu province, present Xixian, Henan〉 but Fancheng lies much farther away; "Fan" is probably a mistake for "Chu."
92
若中國之貴族也御覽卷七九六 〈三五三四頁〉 「貴」作「黨」，疑「貴」字訛。
"Like the nobility of the Middle Kingdom." Taiping yulan juan 796 〈p. 3534〉 reads "faction" for "noble"; "noble" may be corrupt.
93
好相殺害多不敢遠行北史卷九五僚傳「多」下有「死」字。 按御覽卷七六三 〈三五三四頁〉 「多」下有「仇怨」二字，北史「怨」字訛「死」，又脫「仇」字，補此傳者遂併刪「死」字。
"They often kill one another and many dare not travel far." Bei shi juan 95, Liao biography, has "die" after "many." Taiping yulan juan 763 〈p. 3534〉 adds "chou yuan" (feud) after "many"; Bei shi corrupts "yuan" to "si" and drops "chou"; whoever patched this biography deleted "si" entirely.
94
走避北史卷九五「走避」下有「外」字。 按御覽卷七九六 〈三五三四頁〉 有「於外」二字，當是魏書原文，此傳以北史補，當脫「外」字。 御覽先引後魏書，後引北史，似據魏書原文，但更簡略，必經刪節，亦無多異文。
"They flee and hide." Bei shi juan 95 adds "wai" (outside) after "zou bi." Taiping yulan juan 796 〈p. 3534〉 has "yu wai" (outside); likely the Wei shu original. This passage was patched from Bei shi and has dropped "wai." Taiping yulan cites Later Wei shu first and Bei shi later—closer to Wei shu but briefer and clearly abridged, with few variant readings.
95
山南行臺勉諭通志卷一九七「行臺」下有「魏子建」三字。 按魏子建為「山南行臺」，見卷九肅宗紀正光五年十二月，卷一０四自序也說「詔子建兼尚書，為行臺。」 這裏當脫「魏子建」三字，致下文忽稱「子建厚勞賚之」，不知「子建」為何人。
"The South-of-Mountains Branch Secretariat admonished them." Tong zhi juan 197 adds "Wei Zijian" after "Branch Secretariat." Wei Zijian held the South-of-Mountains post (juan 9, Suzong annals, twelfth month, fifth year of Zhengguang); juan 104, Author's Preface, records: "Zijian was ordered to serve concurrently as Minister of the Secretariat and head the Branch Secretariat." The name "Wei Zijian" is missing here, so when the text later says "Zijian generously rewarded them," readers cannot tell who Zijian is.
96
後元羅在梁州為所陷諸本「所」訛「使」，不可通，今據北史卷九五改。
"Later Yuan Luo in Liang province fell into an ambush." Various editions corrupt "suo" to "shi," which makes no sense; emended per Bei shi juan 95.