1
夏書稱「西戎即序」，班固云：就而序之，非盛威武，致其貢物也。 漢氏初開西域，有三十六國。 其後分立五十五王，置校尉、都護以撫納之。 王莽篡位，西域遂絕。 至於後漢，班超所通者五十餘國，西至西海，東西萬里，皆來朝貢，復置都護、校尉以相統攝。 其後或絕或通，漢朝以為勞弊中國，其官時置時廢。 暨魏晉之後，互相吞滅，不可復詳記焉。
The Documents of Xia speaks of the Western barbarians being "brought into order," and Ban Gu explains that this meant arranging them in their places—not flaunting military power merely to extract tribute. When the Han dynasty first opened contact with the Western Regions, there were thirty-six kingdoms. Later the region was split among fifty-five rulers, and the court appointed colonels and protectors-general to win them over and keep them in line. After Wang Mang seized the throne, ties with the Western Regions were cut off. Under the Later Han, Ban Chao reconnected more than fifty states stretching west to the Western Sea—ten thousand li from east to west—all of which sent tribute. The court again appointed protectors-general and colonels to supervise them. Thereafter ties were intermittent; the Han court regarded the enterprise as a burden that wore down the empire, and the frontier offices were created and abolished by turns. After the Wei and Jin periods the states devoured one another until their history can no longer be traced in full.
2
太祖初，經營中原，未暇及於四表。 既而西戎之貢不至，有司奏依漢氏故事，請通西域，可以振威德於荒外，又可致奇貨於天府。 太祖曰：「漢氏不保境安人，乃遠開西域，使海內虛耗，何利之有？ 今若通之，前弊復加百姓矣。」 遂不從。 歷太宗世，竟不招納。
In the early years of Emperor Daowu, he was busy securing the Central Plains and had no time for the distant frontiers. When tribute from the western peoples stopped arriving, officials urged reopening the Western Regions along Han lines, arguing that it would project imperial prestige beyond the frontier and channel exotic goods into the state coffers. Emperor Daowu replied: "The Han failed to secure their borders and protect their people, yet still pushed into the distant west and emptied the empire—what good did that do? If we reopen those routes now, the same burdens will fall on the people again." He refused. Through Emperor Mingyuan's entire reign, the court never sought to bring them in.
3
太延中，魏德益以遠聞，西域龜茲、疏勒、烏孫、悅般、渴槃陁、鄯善、焉耆、車師、粟特諸國王始遣使來獻。 世祖以西域漢世雖通，有求則卑辭而來，無欲則驕慢王命，此其自知絕遠，大兵不可至故也。 若報使往來，終無所益，欲不遣使。 有司奏九國不憚遐嶮，遠貢方物，當與其進，安可豫抑後來，乃從之。 於是始遣行人王恩生、許綱等西使，恩生出流沙，為蠕蠕所執，竟不果達。 又遣散騎侍郎董琬、高明等多齎錦帛，出鄯善，招撫九國，厚賜之。 初，琬等受詔，便道之國可往赴之。 琬過九國，北行至烏孫國，其王得朝廷所賜，拜受甚悅，謂琬曰：「傳聞破洛那、者舌皆思魏德，欲稱臣致貢，但患其路無由耳。 今使君等既到此，可往二國，副其慕仰之誠。」 琬於是自向破洛那，遣明使者舌。 烏孫王為發導譯達二國，琬等宣詔慰賜之。 已而琬、明東還，烏孫、破洛那之屬遣使與琬俱來貢獻者十有六國。 自後相繼而來，不間于歲，國使亦數十輩矣。
During the Taiyan period, Wei prestige spread ever farther; rulers of Kucha, Kashgar, Wusun, Yueban, Khotan, Shanshan, Karashahr, Cheshi, Sogdiana, and other western states began sending embassies with tribute. Emperor Taiwu observed that even in Han times the western states came obsequiously when they wanted something and grew insolent toward imperial orders when they did not—knowing how remote they were and that no great army could reach them. Exchanging embassies would ultimately gain nothing, he thought, and he was inclined not to send any. Officials argued that the nine kingdoms had braved immense distances to offer tribute and deserved encouragement—not preemptive discouragement of others who might follow. He agreed. The court then dispatched Wang Ensheng, Xu Gang, and other envoys westward; beyond the desert sands Ensheng was captured by the Rouran and never reached his destination. He next sent Dong Wan, Gao Ming, and others of the scattered-cavalry staff with lavish silks, routing through Shanshan to court the nine states with rich rewards. Wan and his party had orders to take whatever routes would let them visit whichever states lay along the way. After crossing the nine states Wan traveled north to Wusun. The king, delighted with the imperial gifts, told him: "We hear that Ferghana and the lands beyond the Pamirs both admire Wei and wish to submit tribute—they only lack a road. Since you envoys have come this far, you might visit those two lands and answer their longing." Wan then went on to Ferghana himself and dispatched Ming toward the Pamir region. The Wusun king furnished guides and interpreters; Wan proclaimed the imperial edict, offered reassurance, and distributed gifts. When Wan and Ming returned eastward, envoys from Wusun, Ferghana, and related states accompanied them—sixteen kingdoms in all. After that embassies arrived year after year without interruption—dozens of missions in all.
4
初，世祖每遣使西域，常詔河西王沮渠牧犍令護送，至姑臧，牧犍恒發使導路出於流沙。 後使者自西域還，至武威，牧犍左右謂使者曰：「我君承蠕蠕吳提妄說，云：『去歲魏天子自來伐我，士馬疫死，大敗而還，我禽其長弟樂平王丕。』 我君大喜，宣言國中。」 又聞吳提遣使告西域諸國，稱：「魏已削弱，今天下唯我為強，若更有魏使，勿復恭奉。」 西域諸國亦有貳者。 牧犍事主稍以慢惰。 使還，具以狀聞，世祖遂議討牧犍。 涼州既平，鄯善國以為「脣亡齒寒，自然之道也，今武威為魏所滅，次及我也。 若通其使人，知我國事，取亡必近，不如絕之，可以支久」，乃斷塞行路，西域貢獻，歷年不入。 後平鄯善，行人復通。
Initially, whenever Emperor Taiwu sent missions westward, he ordered the Hexi king Juqu Mujian to escort them; at Guzang, Mujian routinely provided guides across the desert. When envoys returning from the west reached Wuwei, Mujian's attendants told them: "Our lord believes the Rouran khan Wuti's boast that last year the Wei emperor marched against him in person, that his army was ravaged by disease and routed, and that Wuti captured the emperor's brother, Prince Pi of Leping. Our lord was overjoyed and proclaimed it throughout his realm." They also heard that Wuti had told the western states: "Wei is weakened; I alone am supreme—if more Wei envoys come, do not defer to them again." Some western states wavered in their allegiance. Mujian's loyalty to the Wei court grew increasingly lax. The envoys reported everything on their return, and Emperor Taiwu resolved to punish Mujian. After Liangzhou fell, Shanshan concluded: "When the lips perish the teeth freeze—that is nature's law. Wuwei is gone; we are next. If we let their envoys through and they learn our weakness, ruin will come quickly. Better to cut the roads and hold out." They blocked the routes, and western tribute ceased for years." After Shanshan was subdued, diplomatic traffic resumed.
5
始琬等使還京師，具言凡所經見及傳聞傍國，云：西域自漢武時五十餘國，後稍相并。 至太延中，為十六國，分其地為四域。 自葱嶺以東，流沙以西為一域； 葱嶺以西，海曲以東為一域； 者舌以南，月氏以北為一域； 兩海之間，水澤以南為一域。 內諸小渠長蓋以百數。 其出西域本有二道，後更為四：出自玉門，渡流沙，西行二千里至鄯善為一道； 自玉門渡流沙，北行二千二百里至車師為一道； 從莎車西行一百里至葱嶺，葱嶺西一千三百里至伽倍為一道； 自莎車西南五百里葱嶺，西南一千三百里至波路為一道焉。 自琬所不傳而更有朝貢者，紀其名，不能具國俗也。 其與前使所異者錄之。
On returning to the capital, Wan's party described all they had seen and heard: in Han Wudi's day the west held more than fifty states, which later merged through conquest. By the Taiyan period only sixteen kingdoms remained, grouped into four regions. East of the Pamirs and west of the desert formed one region; west of the Pamirs and east of the sea's curve formed another; south of the Pamir passes and north of the Yuezhi formed a third; between the two seas, south of the lakes and marshes, formed the fourth. Petty chiefs within those regions likely numbered in the hundreds. Routes westward were originally two, later four: from Yumen Pass across the sands, two thousand li west to Shanshan was the first; from Yumen north across the sands, twenty-two hundred li to Cheshi was the second; from Shache west one hundred li to the Pamirs, then thirteen hundred li beyond to Kabadi was the third; from Shache southwest five hundred li to the Pamirs, then thirteen hundred li southwest to Bolu was the fourth. States that sent tribute but lay outside Wan's route are named here; their customs are not described in detail. Where their accounts differ from earlier missions, that is noted.
6
鄯善國，都扜泥城，[2]古樓蘭國也。 去代七千六百里，所都城方一里。 地多沙鹵，少水草，北即白龍堆路。 至太延初，始遣使來獻。 四年，遣其弟素延耆入侍。 及世祖平涼州，沮渠牧犍弟無諱走保敦煌。 無諱後謀渡流沙，遣其弟安周擊鄯善，王比龍恐懼欲降。 會魏使者自天竺、罽賓還，俱會鄯善，勸比龍拒之，遂與連戰，安周不能克，退保東城。 後比龍懼，率眾西奔且末，其世子乃應安周。 鄯善人頗剽劫之，[3]令不得通。 世祖詔散騎常侍、成周公萬度歸乘傳發涼州兵討之，度歸到敦煌，留輜重，以輕騎五千渡流沙，至其境。 時鄯善人眾布野，度歸敕吏卒不得有所侵掠，邊守感之，皆望旗稽服。 其王真達面縛出降，度歸釋其縛，留軍屯守，與真達詣京都。 世祖大悅，厚待之。 是歲，拜交趾公韓拔為假節、[4]征西將軍、領護西戎校尉、鄯善王以鎮之，賦役其人，比之郡縣。
The kingdom of Shanshan, capital at Qianni, is the old land of Loulan. It lies seventy-six hundred li from the Wei capital; its city walls enclose one square li. The soil is salty and barren, water and pasture scarce; to the north lies the White Dragon Mounds route. At the opening of the Taiyan era they first sent tribute missions. In the fourth year the king sent his brother Su Yanqi to serve at court. When Emperor Taiwu conquered Liangzhou, Juqu Mujian's brother Wuhui retreated to Dunhuang. Wuhui later planned to cross the desert and sent his brother Anzhou against Shanshan; King Bilong, terrified, was ready to submit. Wei envoys returning from India and Kashmir happened to arrive and urged Bilong to resist. After repeated battles Anzhou failed to take the city and fell back to the eastern quarter. Bilong later fled west to Qiemo with his followers; his crown prince then sided with Anzhou. Shanshan raiders harassed travelers until the routes were impassable. Emperor Taiwu ordered Wan Dugui, Duke of Cheng, to march Liangzhou troops against them. At Dunhuang he left his baggage and crossed the desert with five thousand light horse. Shanshan's people were scattered across the countryside; Dugui forbade looting, and the border garrisons, impressed, surrendered at sight of his banners. King Zhenda came out bound in surrender; Dugui freed him, left a garrison, and escorted him to the capital. Emperor Taiwu was delighted and received him with great honor. That year Han Ba was made acting commissioner, General Who Conquers the West, protector of the western peoples, and king of Shanshan to hold the region; its people were taxed and drafted like subjects of interior commanderies.
7
且末國，都且末城，在鄯善西，去代八千三百二十里。 真君三年，鄯善王比龍避沮渠安周之難，率國人之半奔且末，後役屬鄯善。 且末西北方流沙數百里，夏日有熱風為行旅之患。 風之所至，唯老駝豫知之，即鳴而聚立，埋其口鼻於沙中，人每以為候，亦即將氈擁蔽鼻口。 其風迅駛，斯須過盡，若不防者，必至危斃。
Qiemo, capital at Qiemo city, lies west of Shanshan, eighty-three hundred li from the Wei capital. In Zhenjun year three, fleeing Juqu Anzhou, King Bilong brought half his people to Qiemo; they later fell under Shanshan's control. Northwest of Qiemo lie hundreds of li of desert where summer brings scorching winds deadly to travelers. Only veteran camels sense the wind in advance; they bellow and cluster, burying their snouts in the sand. Travelers take this as warning and wrap felt over their faces. The gale passes in moments; without precautions, death is certain.
8
于闐國，在且末西北，葱嶺之北二百餘里。 東去鄯善千五百里，南去女國二千里，[5]西去朱俱波千里，[6]北去龜茲千四百里，去代九千八百里。 其地方亘千里，連山相次。 所都城方八九里，部內有大城五，小城數十。 于闐城東三十里有首拔河，中出玉石。 土宜五穀并桑麻，山多美玉，有好馬、駝、騾。 其刑法，殺人者死，餘罪各隨輕重懲罰之。 自外風俗物產與龜茲略同。 俗重佛法，寺塔僧尼甚眾，王尤信尚，每設齋日，必親自灑掃饋食焉。 城南五十里有贊摩寺，即昔羅漢比丘盧旃為其王造覆盆浮圖之所，[7]石上有辟支佛跣處，雙跡猶存。 于闐西五百里有比摩寺，[8]云是老子化胡成佛之所。 俗無禮義，多盜賊，淫縱。 自高昌以西，諸國人等深目高鼻，唯此一國，貌不甚胡，頗類華夏。 城東二十里有大水北流，號樹枝水，[9]即黃河也，一名計式水。 城西五十五里亦有大水，[10]名達利水，與樹枝水會，俱北流。
Khotan lies northwest of Qiemo, two hundred-odd li north of the Pamirs. It is fifteen hundred li east of Shanshan, two thousand li south of the Women's Kingdom, a thousand li west of Zhujubo, fourteen hundred li north of Kucha, and ninety-eight hundred li from the Wei capital. Its domain spans a thousand li, with mountain chains running in succession. The capital measures eight or nine li on a side; within the realm are five major towns and dozens of lesser ones. Thirty li east of Khotan runs the Shouba River, famed for its jade. The land grows grain, mulberry, and hemp; its mountains yield fine jade; it breeds excellent horses, camels, and mules. Murder is punished by death; lesser offenses by penalties suited to their gravity. Otherwise its customs and products resemble those of Kucha. Buddhism is deeply revered; monasteries, stupas, and clergy abound, and the king is a devoted patron who personally sweeps temples and offers food on fast days. Fifty li south stands Zanmo Temple, where the arhat Luzhan once built a stupa for the king; on the rock are a pratyekabuddha's footprints, still visible in pairs. Five hundred li west lies Bimo Temple, traditionally the site where Laozi converted the barbarians and attained Buddhahood. Morals are loose, banditry common, and conduct often dissolute. West of Gaochang the peoples have deep-set eyes and prominent noses; Khotan alone looks less foreign and more Chinese in appearance. Twenty li east a great river flows north—the Branching Waters, identified with the Yellow River and also called the Jishi. Fifty-five li west is another great stream, the Dali, which meets the Branching Waters and flows north with it.
9
真君中，世祖詔高涼王那擊吐谷渾慕利延，慕利延懼，驅其部落渡流沙。 那進軍急追之，慕利延遂西入于闐，殺其王，死者甚眾。 顯祖末，蠕蠕寇于闐，于闐患之，遣使素目伽上表曰：「西方諸國，今皆已屬蠕蠕，奴世奉大國，至今無異。 今蠕蠕軍馬到城下，奴聚兵自固，故遣使奉獻，延望救援。」 顯祖詔公卿議之，公卿奏曰：「于闐去京師幾萬里，蠕蠕之性，惟習野掠，不能攻城，若為所拒，當已旋矣。 雖欲遣師，勢無所及。」 顯祖以公卿議示其使者，亦以為然。 於是詔之曰：「朕承天理物，欲令萬方各安其所，應敕諸軍以拯汝難。 但去汝遐阻，雖復遣援，不救當時之急，已停師不行，汝宜知之。 朕今練甲養卒，一二歲間當躬率猛將，為汝除患，汝其謹警候以待大舉。」 先是，朝廷遣使者韓羊皮使波斯，波斯王遣使獻馴象及珍物。 經于闐，于闐中于王秋仁輒留之，[11]假言慮有寇不達。 羊皮言狀，顯祖怒，又遣羊皮奉詔責讓之，自後每使朝獻。
During Zhenjun, Emperor Taiwu sent Prince Na of Gaoliang against Tuyuhun's Muliyan, who fled with his tribes across the desert. Na pressed the pursuit; Muliyan drove west into Khotan, killed the king, and left many dead. Late in Emperor Xianwen's reign the Rouran attacked Khotan. The king sent Sumujia with a memorial: "The western states have all fallen to the Rouran, yet we have always served the great empire faithfully. The Rouran now besiege our walls. I have mustered our forces to defend the city and send this tribute in hope of aid." Emperor Xianwen consulted his ministers, who replied: "Khotan lies many thousands of li away. The Rouran raid the open country but cannot take walled cities; if resisted, they will withdraw. Even if we wished to send an army, we could not reach them in time." The emperor showed this reply to Khotan's envoy, who agreed it was true. He then told them: "I govern by Heaven's mandate and wish all lands peace; I should order the armies to relieve your distress. Yet you are too remote; reinforcements could not arrive in time. I have halted the march—you must understand. I am training troops now; within a year or two I shall lead my best generals in person to end your troubles. Stand ready for that day." Earlier the court had sent Han Yangpi to Persia; the Persian king returned envoys bearing tame elephants and rare goods. Passing through Khotan, the regent Qiuren detained them, claiming bandits blocked the road. Yangpi reported the affair; the emperor was furious and sent him back with a rebuke. Thereafter Khotan sent tribute with every embassy.
10
蒲山-悉居半-權於摩-渠莎
Pishan, Xijuban, Quyumo, Qusha (place-name entries).
11
蒲山國，故皮山國也。 居皮城，在于闐南，去代一萬二千里。 其國西南三里，有凍凌山。 後役屬于闐。
The kingdom of Pishan is the old state of Pishan. Its seat is Pi city, south of Khotan, twelve thousand li from the Wei capital. Three li southwest of the kingdom lies Mount Dongling. It later came under Khotan's control.
12
悉居半國，故西夜國也，一名子合。 其王號子，治呼犍。 [12]在于闐西，去代萬二千九百七十里。 太延初，遣使來獻，自後貢使不絕。
The kingdom of Xijuban is the former Western Yarkand, also called Zihe. Its king bears the title Zi and rules from Hujian. [12] It lies west of Khotan, twelve thousand nine hundred seventy li from the Wei capital. In the early Taiyan era it sent the first envoys with tribute; embassies thereafter never stopped coming.
13
權於摩國，故烏秅國也。 其王居烏秅城，在悉居半西南，去代一萬二千九百七十里。
The kingdom of Quyumo is the old state of Wunuo. Its king resides at Wunuo, southwest of Xijuban, twelve thousand nine hundred seventy li from the Wei capital.
14
渠莎國，居故莎車城，在子合西北，去代一萬二千九百八十里。
The kingdom of Qusha occupies old Yarkand (Shache), northwest of Zihe, twelve thousand nine hundred eighty li from Dai.
15
車師-且彌
Jushi and Qiemi (section entries).
16
車師國，一名前部。 其王居交河城。 去代萬五十里，其地北接蠕蠕。 本通使交易，世祖初，始遣使朝獻，詔行人王恩生、許綱等出使。 恩生等始度流沙，為蠕蠕所執。 恩生見蠕蠕吳提，持魏節不為之屈。 後世祖切讓吳提，吳提懼，乃遣恩生等歸。 許綱到敦煌，病死，朝廷壯其節，賜諡曰貞。 初，沮渠無諱兄弟之渡流沙也，鳩集遺人，破車師國。 真君十一年，車師王車夷落遣使琢進、薛直上書曰：「臣亡父僻處塞外，仰慕天子威德，遣使表獻，不空於歲。 天子降念，賜遺甚厚。 及臣繼立，亦不闕常貢，天子垂矜，亦不異前世。 敢緣至恩，輒陳私艱。 臣國自無諱所攻擊，經今八歲，人民饑荒，無以存活。 賊今攻臣甚急，臣不能自全，遂捨國東奔，三分免一，即日已到焉耆東界。 思歸天闕，幸垂賑救。」 於是下詔撫慰之，開焉耆倉給之。 正平初，遣子入侍，自後每使朝貢。
The kingdom of Jushi, also known as the Front Division. Its king resides at Jiaohe. It lies ten thousand fifty li from Dai; to the north it borders the Rouran. It had long traded through diplomatic contact; early in Emperor Taiwu's reign it first sent tribute missions, and the court dispatched the envoys Wang Ensheng and Xu Gang westward. Ensheng's party had barely crossed the desert when the Rouran captured them. Brought before the Rouran khan Wuti, Ensheng kept his Wei credential staff and refused to yield. Emperor Taiwu eventually rebuked Wuti sharply; frightened, the khan released Ensheng's party. Xu Gang died of illness at Dunhuang; the court honored his loyalty with the posthumous name Zhen. When Juqu Wuhui and his brothers crossed the desert, they mustered survivors and overran Jushi. In the eleventh year of Zhenjun, King Che Yiluo of Jushi sent Zhuojin and Xue Zhi with a memorial: "My late father, living beyond the frontier, revered the emperor's majesty and sent tribute every year without fail. The emperor in his kindness sent lavish gifts in return. When I succeeded him, I too kept up regular tribute, and the emperor's gracious treatment has been no less than before. Presuming on your boundless grace, I beg leave to speak of my own distress. Wuhui's assaults have continued for eight years; famine has left my people with no means to live. The enemy presses hard; unable to hold my kingdom, I fled east with only a third of my people—and we have already reached Karasahr's eastern frontier. Longing to return to your court, I pray you will grant us relief. The emperor then issued an edict of consolation and ordered Karasahr's granaries opened to feed them. In the early Zhengping era he sent his son as hostage; thereafter tribute came with every embassy.
17
且彌國，都天山東于大谷，在車師北，去代一萬五百七十里。 本役屬車師。
The kingdom of Qiemi has its seat at East Yudagu in the Tianshan range, north of Jushi, ten thousand five hundred seventy li from Dai. It originally came under Jushi's authority.
18
焉耆國，在車師南，都員渠城，白山南七十里，漢時舊國也。 去代一萬二百里。 其王姓龍，名鳩尸卑那，即前涼張軌所討龍熙之胤。 所都城方二里，國內凡有九城。 國小人貧，無綱紀法令。 兵有弓刀甲矟。 婚姻略同華夏。 死亡者皆焚而後葬，其服制滿七日則除之。 丈夫並翦髮以為首飾。 文字與婆羅門同。 俗事天神，並崇信佛法。 尤重二月八日、四月八日，是日也，其國咸依釋教，齋戒行道焉。 氣候寒，土田良沃，穀有稻粟菽麥，畜有駝馬。 養蠶不以為絲，唯充綿纊。 俗尚蒲萄酒，兼愛音樂。 南去海十餘里，有魚鹽蒲葦之饒。 東去高昌九百里； 西去龜茲九百里，皆沙磧； 東南去瓜州二千二百里。
Karasahr lies south of Jushi, with its capital at Yuanqu seventy li south of White Mountain; it is an ancient kingdom dating to Han times. It is ten thousand two hundred li from Dai. The king, surnamed Long and named Jiushibina, is a descendant of Long Xi, whom Zhang Gui of Former Liang had subjugated. The capital is two li square, and the realm contains nine walled towns in all. The kingdom is small and poor, with little organized government. Their soldiers carry bows, swords, armor, and spears. Marriage customs roughly follow Chinese practice. The dead are cremated before interment; mourning dress is laid aside after seven days. Men all crop their hair short as a head ornament. Their writing follows the Brahmi script. They worship heavenly deities and also honor Buddhism. They especially observe the eighth days of the second and fourth months, when the entire kingdom fasts and practices according to Buddhist rites. The climate is cold but the soil rich; they grow rice, millet, beans, and wheat, and raise camels and horses. They raise silkworms not for silk thread but for cotton padding. They favor grape wine and delight in music. A little over ten li to the south lies a lake rich in fish, salt, and reeds. Gaochang lies nine hundred li to the east; Kucha nine hundred li to the west, across sandy wastes; Guazhou is two thousand two hundred li to the southeast.
19
恃地多險，頗剽劫中國使。 世祖怒之，詔成周公萬度歸討之，約齎輕糧，取食路次。 度歸入焉耆東界，擊其邊守左回、尉犁二城拔之，進軍向員渠。 鳩尸卑那以四五萬人出城守險以拒。 度歸募壯勇，短兵直往衝，鳩尸卑那眾大潰，盡虜之，單騎走入山中。 度歸進屠其城，四鄙諸戎皆降服。 焉耆為國，斗絕一隅，不亂日久，獲其珍奇異玩殊方譎詭不識之物，橐駝馬牛雜畜巨萬。 時世祖幸陰山北宮，度歸破焉耆露板至，世祖省訖，賜司徒崔浩書曰：「萬度歸以五千騎經萬餘里，拔焉耆三城，獲其珍奇異物及諸委積不可勝數。 自古帝王雖云即序西戎，有如指注，不能控引也。 朕今手把而有之，如何？」 浩上書稱美，遂命度歸鎮撫其人。 初鳩尸卑那走山中，猶覬城不拔，得還其國。 既見盡為度歸所克，乃奔龜茲，龜茲以其壻，厚待之。
Secure in their rugged terrain, they frequently raided Wei envoys. Emperor Taiwu, enraged, ordered Wan Dugui, Duke of Cheng, to punish them, instructing him to travel light and live off the land. Dugui crossed Karasahr's eastern frontier, stormed the border towns of Zuohui and Yuli, and marched on Yuanqu. Jiushibina marched out with forty to fifty thousand men to hold the passes against him. Dugui picked his bravest men for a close assault; Jiushibina's army collapsed, his troops were taken wholesale, and he alone galloped into the hills. Dugui sacked the city; neighboring peoples submitted one after another. Long isolated and untroubled, Karasahr yielded exotic treasures and tens of thousands of camels, horses, and cattle. The emperor was at the Yinshan Northern Palace when Dugui's victory dispatch arrived. After reading it, he wrote to Cui Hao: "Wan Dugui led five thousand horse twelve thousand li, took three Karasahr cities, and seized treasures and stores beyond counting. Emperors since antiquity spoke of bringing the western peoples to order, but that was mere gesture—they could never truly command them. Now I hold them in my hand—what do you say to that?" Hao wrote back in praise, and the emperor ordered Dugui to garrison and pacify the region. When Jiushibina fled to the hills, he still hoped the city might hold and he could return. Finding all lost to Dugui, he fled to Kucha, where as the king's son-in-law he was warmly received.
20
龜茲國，在尉犂西北，白山之南一百七十里，都延城，漢時舊國也。 去代一萬二百八十里。 其王姓白，即後涼呂光所立白震之後。 其王頭繫綵帶，垂之於後，坐金師子牀。 所居城方五六里。 其刑法，殺人者死，劫賊則斷其一臂并刖一足。 稅賦準地徵租，無田者則稅銀錢。 風俗、婚姻、喪葬、物產與焉耆略同，唯氣候少溫為異。 又出細氈，饒銅、鐵、鉛、麖皮、氍毹、鐃沙、[13]鹽綠、雌黃、胡粉、安息香、良馬、犎牛等。 東有輪臺，即漢貳師將軍李廣利所屠者。 其南三百里有大河東流，號計式水，即黃河也。 東去焉耆九百里，南去于闐一千四百里，西去疏勒一千五百里，北去突厥牙帳六百餘里，東南去瓜州三千一百里。 [14]其東 〈闕〉 城戍。 [15]寇竊非一。 世祖詔萬度歸率騎一千以擊之，龜茲遣烏羯目提等領兵三千距戰，度歸擊走之，斬二百餘級，大獲駝馬而還。 俗性多淫，置女巿，收男子錢入官。 土多孔雀，羣飛山谷間，人取養而食之，孳乳如鷄鶩，其王家恒有千餘隻云。 其國西北大山中有如膏者流出成川，行數里入地，如䬾餬，甚臭，服之髮齒已落者能令更生，病人服之皆愈。 自後每使朝貢。
Kucha lies northwest of Yuli, one hundred seventy li south of White Mountain, with its capital at Yancheng; it is an ancient Han-era kingdom. It is ten thousand two hundred eighty li from Dai. The king, surnamed Bai, descends from Bai Zhen, whom Lü Guang of Later Liang had enthroned. The king wears a colored sash trailing behind his head and sits on a golden lion throne. The royal city measures five or six li on a side. Murder is punishable by death; robbery by severing one arm and one foot. Landholders pay rent by acre; the landless pay in silver coin. Customs, marriage, funerals, and produce resemble Karasahr's, except that the climate is somewhat warmer. It also exports fine felt and is rich in copper, iron, lead, musk-deer hide, carpets, bell sand, [13] salt-green, orpiment, lead white, benzoin, fine horses, and zebu cattle. Luntai lies to the east—the town Li Guangli of Han had destroyed. Three hundred li to the south a great river runs east—the Jishi River, a branch of the Yellow River. Karasahr is nine hundred li east, Khotan fourteen hundred li south, Kashgar fifteen hundred li west, the Turkish khan's camp six hundred-odd li north, and Guazhou thirty-one hundred li southeast. [14] To its east 〈Text missing.〉 Stand fortified garrison towns. [15] They had raided repeatedly. Emperor Taiwu sent Wan Dugui with a thousand horse; Kucha sent Wujiemuti with three thousand to meet him. Dugui routed them, took more than two hundred heads, and returned laden with camels and horses. Prostitution was widespread; licensed brothels paid their fees to the state. Peacocks swarm the valleys; people raise them for food as easily as chickens, and the royal household reputedly keeps over a thousand. Northwest in the mountains a greasy substance flows out in a stream that sinks underground after a few li. Foul as moist paste, it restores hair and teeth once lost, and cures the sick who drink it. Thereafter it sent tribute with every embassy.
21
姑默國，居南城，在龜茲西，去代一萬五百里。 役屬龜茲。
Gumo occupies South City, west of Kucha, ten thousand five hundred li from Dai. It is subject to Kucha.
22
溫宿國，居溫宿城，在姑默西北，去代一萬五百五十里。 役屬龜茲。
Wensu has its seat at Wensu, northwest of Gumo, ten thousand five hundred fifty li from Dai. It is subject to Kucha.
23
尉頭國，居尉頭城，在溫宿北，去代一萬六百五十里。 役屬龜茲。
Weitou occupies Weitou, north of Wensu, ten thousand six hundred fifty li from Dai. It is subject to Kucha.
24
烏孫-疏勒-悅般
Wusun, Kashgar, and Yueban (section entries).
25
烏孫國，居赤谷城，在龜茲西北，去代一萬八百里。 其國數為蠕蠕所侵，西徙葱嶺山中，無城郭，隨畜牧逐水草。 太延三年遣使者董琬等使其國，後每使朝貢。
Wusun has its capital at Chigu, northwest of Kucha, ten thousand eight hundred li from Dai. Repeated Rouran raids drove them west into the Pamirs; they have no fixed cities and follow their herds to pasture. In Taiyan 3 the court sent Dong Wan and others there; tribute missions followed thereafter.
26
疏勒國，在姑默西，白山南百餘里，漢時舊國也。 去代一萬一千二百五十里。 高宗末，其王遣使送釋迦牟尼佛袈裟一，長二丈餘。 高宗以審是佛衣，應有靈異，遂燒之以驗虛實，置於猛火之上，經日不然，觀者莫不悚駭，心形俱肅。 其王戴金師子冠。 土多稻、粟、麻、麥、銅、鐵、錫、雌黃、錦、綿，每歲常供送於突厥。 其都城方五里，國內有大城十二，小城數十。 人手足皆六指，產子非六指者即不育。 勝兵二千人。 南有黃河，西帶葱嶺，東去龜茲千五百里，西去鏺汗國千里，南去朱俱波八九百里，東北至突厥牙帳千餘里，東南去瓜州四千六百里。
Kashgar lies west of Gumo, a hundred-odd li south of White Mountain; it dates to Han times. It is eleven thousand two hundred fifty li from Dai. Near the end of Emperor Gaozong's reign, its king sent envoys bearing a kāṣāya of Śākyamuni Buddha over two zhang long. Convinced it was the Buddha's own robe and must hold miraculous power, Emperor Gaozong tested it in fierce fire—it would not burn for a full day. Witnesses were awestruck into reverent silence. Its king wears a golden lion crown. The land yields rice, millet, hemp, wheat, copper, iron, tin, orpiment, brocade, and cotton floss, which it sends annually to the Turks as tribute. The capital is five li square, with twelve major towns and dozens of lesser ones across the realm. Everyone has six fingers on hands and feet; infants born without six fingers are not raised. It could field two thousand soldiers. The Yellow River lies to the south and the Pamirs belt the west; Kucha is fifteen hundred li east, Bohann a thousand li west, Zhujubo eight or nine hundred li south, the Turkish khan's camp a thousand-odd li northeast, and Guazhou forty-six hundred li southeast.
27
悅般國，在烏孫西北，去代一萬九百三十里。 其先，匈奴北單于之部落也。 為漢車騎將軍竇憲所逐，北單于度金微山，西走康居，其羸弱不能去者住龜茲北。 地方數千里，眾可二十餘萬。 涼州人猶謂之「單于王」。 其風俗言語與高車同，而其人清潔於胡。 俗剪髮齊眉，以醍醐塗之，昱昱然光澤，日三澡漱，然後飲食。 其國南界有火山，山傍石皆燋鎔，流地數十里乃凝堅，人取為藥，即石流黃也。
Yueban lies northwest of Wusun, ten thousand nine hundred thirty li from the Wei capital. It descended from a tribe of the Xiongnu Northern Chanyu. When Han General Dou Xian drove them out, the Northern Chanyu crossed Mount Jinwei and fled west to Kangju; the weak who could not keep up settled north of Kucha. Its domain spans thousands of li with a population of some two hundred thousand. People in Liang Province still refer to its ruler as the "Chanyu King." Its customs and speech match the Gaoche, but its people are more fastidious than other steppe peoples. They crop their hair to the brows and coat it with ghee until it shines; they wash three times a day before every meal. A volcano marks their southern frontier; its rocks melt and flow for dozens of li before hardening. People gather it as medicine—native sulfur.
28
與蠕蠕結好，其王嘗將數千人入蠕蠕國，欲與大檀相見。 入其界百餘里，見其部人不浣衣，不絆髮，不洗手，婦人舌舐器物，王謂其從臣曰：「汝曹誑我入此狗國中！」 乃馳還。 大檀遣騎追之不及，自是相仇讎，數相征討。 真君九年，遣使朝獻。 并送幻人，稱能割人喉脉令斷，擊人頭令骨陷，皆血出或數升或盈斗，以草藥內其口中，令嚼咽之，須臾血止，養瘡一月復常，又無痕瘢。 世祖疑其虛，乃取死罪囚試之，皆驗。 云中國諸名山皆有此草，乃使人受其術而厚遇之。 又言其國有大術者，蠕蠕來抄掠，術人能作霖雨狂風大雪及行潦，蠕蠕凍死漂亡者十二三。 是歲再遣使朝貢，求與官軍東西齊契討蠕蠕。 世祖嘉其意，命中外諸軍戒嚴，以淮南王他為前鋒，襲蠕蠕。 仍詔有司以其鼓舞之節施於樂府。 自後每使貢獻。
Allied with the Rouran, their king once marched several thousand men into Rouran lands to meet Khan Datan. A hundred li inside the border he found people who never washed clothes or hair or hands, and women who licked their dishes clean. The king told his followers: "You tricked me into this dog of a kingdom! He wheeled around and galloped home. Datan sent riders after him but failed to catch up; thereafter the two became bitter foes and raided each other repeatedly. In the ninth year of Zhenjun (448), they sent tribute envoys to court. They also sent wonder-workers who could slash throats or crush skulls until blood ran by the pitcher; a chewed herbal remedy stopped the bleeding at once, and within a month wounds healed without a scar. Emperor Taiwu, doubting the claim, tested them on condemned prisoners—every demonstration worked. The herb also grew on famed mountains in Yunzhong; the emperor had men learn their methods and rewarded them richly. They also claimed a master in their land summoned torrential rains, gales, blizzards, and floods when the Rouran raided—killing or drowning two or three in ten. That year they sent tribute again, asking to coordinate with imperial forces east and west for a joint campaign against the Rouran. Emperor Taiwu welcomed the proposal, put all armies on alert, and sent Prince Huainan Ta as vanguard in a raid on the Rouran. He also had their drum-and-dance music added to the court repertoire. Thereafter they sent tribute with every embassy.
29
者至拔國，都者至拔城，在疏勒西，去代一萬一千六百二十里。 其國東有潘賀那山，出美鐵及師子。
Zhezhiba, capital Zhezhiba city, lies west of Kashgar, eleven thousand six hundred twenty li from the Wei capital. Mount Panhena east of the realm yields fine iron and lions.
30
迷密國，都迷密城，在者至拔西，去代一萬二千六百里。 正平元年，遣使獻一峯黑橐駝。 其國東有山，名郁悉滿，山出金玉，亦多鐵。
Mimi, seat at Mimi city, lies west of Zhezhiba, twelve thousand six hundred li from the Wei capital. In the first year of Zhengping (554), they sent a single-hump black camel as tribute. East lies Mount Yuximan, rich in gold, jade, and iron.
31
悉萬斤國，都悉萬斤城，在迷密西，[16]去代一萬二千七百二十里。 其國南有山，名伽色那，山出師子。 每使朝貢。
Samarkand, capital Samarkand city, lies west of Mimi, [16] twelve thousand seven hundred twenty li from the Wei capital. South stands Mount Gashna, home to lions. They sent tribute with every embassy.
32
忸密國，都忸密城，在悉萬斤西，去代二萬二千八百二十八里。
Wumi, capital Wumi city, lies west of Samarkand, twenty-two thousand eight hundred twenty-eight li from the Wei capital.
33
洛那國，[17]故大宛國也。 都貴山城，在疏勒西北，去代萬四千四百五十里。 太和三年，遣使獻汗血馬，[18]自此每使朝貢。
Luona, [17] formerly the kingdom of Dayuan (Ferghana). Its capital is Guishan city, northwest of Kashgar, fourteen thousand four hundred fifty li from the Wei capital. In the third year of Taihe (479), they sent Ferghana "blood-sweating" horses; [18] thereafter they tribute with every embassy.
34
粟特國，在葱嶺之西，古之奄蔡，一名溫那沙。 居於大澤，在康居西北，去代一萬六千里。 先是，匈奴殺其王而有其國，至王忽倪已三世矣。 其國商人先多詣涼土販貨，及克姑臧，悉見虜。 高宗初，粟特王遣使請贖之，詔聽焉。 自後無使朝獻。
Sogdiana lies west of the Pamirs; it is ancient Yancai (Alans), also known as Wennasha. It sits by a great lake northwest of Kangju, sixteen thousand li from the Wei capital. The Xiongnu had killed its king and seized the realm; King Hunige was already the third generation since. Its merchants had long traded in Liangzhou; when Guchang fell, they were all taken captive. Early in Emperor Gaozong's reign the Sogdian king sent envoys to ransom them, and the court agreed. After that, no further tribute missions came.
35
波斯國，都宿利城，在忸密西，古條支國也。 去代二萬四千二百二十八里。 城方十里，戶十餘萬，河經其城中南流。 土地平正，出金、銀、鍮石、珊瑚、琥珀、車渠、馬腦，多大真珠、頗梨、瑠璃、水精、瑟瑟、金剛、火齊、鑌鐵、銅、錫、朱砂、水銀、綾、錦、疊、毼、氍毹、毾㲪、赤麞皮，[19]及薰陸、鬱金、蘇合、青木等香，胡椒、畢撥、石蜜、千年棗、香附子、訶梨勒、無食子、鹽綠、雌黃等物。 氣候暑熱，家自藏冰。 地多沙磧，引水溉灌。 其五穀及鳥獸等與中夏略同，唯無稻及黍、稷。 土出名馬、大驢及駝，往往有日行七百里者。 富室至有數千頭。 又出白象、師子、大鳥卵。 有鳥形如橐駝，有兩翼，飛而不能高，食草與肉，亦能噉火。
Persia, capital at Suli city, lies west of Wumi; this is ancient Tiaozhi (Parthia/Persis). It is twenty-four thousand two hundred twenty-eight li from the Wei capital. The capital spans ten li square with more than a hundred thousand households; a river runs south through its center. The land is flat and rich: gold, silver, coral, amber, carnelian, agate, pearls, lapis lazuli, diamonds, iron, copper, and tin; fine gauzes, brocades, felts, and rugs; aromatics from storax and eaglewood to pepper and rock sugar; medicinal plants and dyes galore. [19] The climate is sweltering; families keep ice in store. Much of the land is sandy desert, irrigated by canal. Crops and fauna resemble China's, though rice, sorghum, and millet are absent. The land breeds renowned horses, great donkeys, and camels—some said to cover seven hundred li in a day. Wealthy households may own thousands of head. White elephants, lions, and ostrich eggs are also found here. A camel-shaped bird with wings flies low, eats plants and flesh, and—remarkably—can consume fire.
36
其王姓波氏，名斯。 坐金羊牀，戴金花冠，衣錦袍、織成帔，飾以真珠寶物。 其俗丈夫剪髮，戴白皮帽，貫頭衫，兩厢近下開之，亦有巾帔，緣以織成； 婦女服大衫，披大帔，其髮前為髻，後披之，飾以金銀花，仍貫五色珠，絡之於膊。 王於其國內，別有小牙十餘所，猶中國之離宮也。 每年四月出遊處之，十月乃還。 王即位以後，擇諸子內賢者，密書其名，封之於庫，諸子及大臣皆莫之知也。 王死，眾乃發書視之，其封內有名者，即立以為王，餘子出各就邊任，兄弟更不相見也。 國人號王曰「醫囋」，妃曰「防步率」，王之諸子曰「殺野」。 大官有摸胡壇，掌國內獄訟； 泥忽汗，掌庫藏開禁； [20]地卑，[21]掌文書及眾務； 次有遏羅訶地，掌王之內事； 薛波勃，掌四方兵馬。 其下皆有屬官，分統其事。 兵有甲矟圓排劍弩弓箭，戰兼乘象，百人隨之。 其刑法：重罪懸諸竿上，射殺之； 次則繫獄，新王立乃釋之； 輕罪則劓刖若髠，或剪半鬢，及繫牌於項，以為耻辱； 犯強盜者，繫之終身； 姦貴人妻者，男子流，婦人割其耳鼻。 賦稅則準地輸銀錢。
The king, surnamed Bo, is named Si (Peroz). He sits on a gilded couch, wears a gold floral crown, brocade robes and woven mantles studded with pearls and gems. Men cut their hair short and wear white felt caps and tunics that slip over the head, split low on both sides; some add scarves and mantles with woven borders; Women wear long tunics and flowing mantles, hair piled in front and loose behind, decorated with gold and silver flowers and five-colored beads strung on the arms. The king maintains a dozen or more minor courts across the realm, like China's detached palaces. Each year he tours these residences from the fourth month and returns in the tenth. On accession the king secretly writes the name of his worthiest son, seals the document in the treasury, and tells no one—not even the princes or ministers. At the king's death the sealed name is read aloud; that prince becomes king while the others depart for frontier posts, never to see each other again. Subjects call the king Yizha, the queen Fangbulü, and royal princes Shaye. The chief minister Mohutan handles prisons and lawsuits; Ni Huhan oversees the treasury and its seals; [20] Dibei [21] manages records and general administration; Eluhedi manages the royal household; Xuebobe commands armies on every frontier. Each office has subordinates overseeing its duties. Their forces carry armor, spears, round shields, swords, crossbows, and bows; in battle they also field war elephants, each attended by a hundred foot soldiers. Capital crimes: the condemned is hung from a pole and shot; Lesser felonies mean prison until a new king's accession; Petty offenses bring mutilation, shaving, half-cropped hair, or a placard hung on the neck in disgrace; Robbers are jailed for life; Adultery with a nobleman's wife: the man is exiled, the woman loses ears and nose. Taxes are assessed by land and paid in silver.
37
俗事火神、天神。 文字與胡書異。 多以姊妹為妻妾，自餘婚合，亦不擇尊卑，諸夷之中最為醜穢矣。 百姓女年十歲以上有姿貌者，王收養之，有功勳人即以分賜。 死者多棄屍於山，一月著服。 城外有人別居，唯知喪葬之事，號為不淨人，若入城巿，搖鈴自別。 以六月為歲首，尤重七月七日、十二月一日，其日人庶以上各相命召，設會作樂，以極歡娛。 又每年正月二十日，各祭其先死者。
They worship the gods of fire and heaven. Their script differs from steppe scripts. Sister marriage is common; otherwise they observe no rank in wedlock—the most abhorred custom among western peoples. The king gathers comely girls over ten from common families and bestows them on men of merit. Corpses are often left on mountains; mourners wear funeral garb for one month. Outcasts who handle only funeral rites live apart outside the walls; entering the market, they announce themselves with a bell. Their year begins in the sixth month; the seventh day of the seventh month and first day of the twelfth are grand festivals when everyone feasts and makes merry. On the twentieth day of the first month they honor their dead.
38
神龜中，其國遣使上書貢物，云：「大國天子，天之所生，願日出處常為漢中天子。 波斯國王居和多千萬敬拜。」 朝廷嘉納之。 自此每使朝獻。
During Shengui the Persians sent tribute with a letter: "Great Son of Heaven, born of heaven—may the land where the sun rises forever belong to the Han emperor. King Juheduo of Persia pays deepest homage." The court welcomed the message. Persia sent tribute with every embassy thereafter.
39
伏盧尼國，都伏盧尼城，在波斯國北，去代二萬七千三百二十里。 累石為城。 東有大河南流，中有鳥，其形似人，亦有如橐駝、馬者，皆有翼，常居水中，出水便死。 城北有云尼山，出銀、珊瑚、琥珀，多師子。
Volini, capital Volini city, lies north of Persia, twenty-seven thousand three hundred twenty li from the Wei capital. Its walls are stacked stone. A great river flows east; winged bird-creatures shaped like men, camels, or horses live in its water and perish if they emerge. Mount Yunni north of the capital yields silver, coral, and amber, and many lions.
40
色知顯國，都色知顯城，在悉萬斤西北，去代一萬二千九百四十里，土平，多五果。
Sezhixian, northwest of Samarkand and twelve thousand nine hundred forty li from the Wei capital, has level land rich in orchard fruits.
41
伽色尼國，都伽色尼城，在悉萬斤南，去代一萬二千九百里。 土出赤鹽，多五果。
Ghazni, capital Ghazni city, lies south of Samarkand, twelve thousand nine hundred li from the Wei capital. It yields red salt and abundant orchard fruit.
42
薄知國，都薄知城，在伽色尼南，去代一萬三千三百二十里。 多五果。
Bozhi, south of Ghazni, lies thirteen thousand three hundred twenty li from the Wei capital. Orchard fruits abound.
43
牟知國，都牟知城，在忸密西南，去代二萬二千九百二十里。 土平，禽獸草木類中國。
Muzhi, southwest of Wumi, is twenty-two thousand nine hundred twenty li from the Wei capital. Level land; its fauna and flora resemble China's.
44
阿弗太汗國，都阿弗太汗城，在忸密西，去代二萬三千七百二十里。 土平，多五果。
Afutaihan, west of Wumi, lies twenty-three thousand seven hundred twenty li from the Wei capital. Level land with abundant orchard fruit.
45
呼似密國，都呼似密城，在阿弗太汗西，去代二萬四千七百里。 土平，出銀、琥珀，有師子，多五果。
Husimi, capital at Husimi city, lies west of Afutaihan, twenty-four thousand seven hundred li from the Wei capital. Level land yields silver and amber; lions roam there, and orchard fruits abound.
46
諾色波羅國，都波羅城，在忸密南，去代二萬三千四百二十八里。 土平，宜稻麥，多五果。
Nosebolo, seat at Bolo city, lies south of Wumi, twenty-three thousand four hundred twenty-eight li from the Wei capital. Level land suited to rice and wheat, with abundant orchard fruit.
47
早伽至國，都早伽至城，在忸密西，去代二萬三千七百二十八里。 土平，少田植，取稻麥於隣國，有五果。
Zaojiazhi, capital at Zaojiazhi city, lies west of Wumi, twenty-three thousand seven hundred twenty-eight li from the Wei capital. The land is level but fields are sparse; grain comes from neighboring states, though orchard fruit is available.
48
伽不單國，都伽不單城，在悉萬斤西北，去代一萬二千七百八十里。 土平，宜稻麥，有五果。
Gabudan, northwest of Samarkand, lies twelve thousand seven hundred eighty li from the Wei capital. Level land suited to rice and wheat, with orchard fruits.
49
者舌國，故康居國，在破洛那西北，去代一萬五千四百五十里。 太延三年，遣使朝貢，自是不絕。
Zhe She, once the land of Kangju, lies northwest of Ferghana, fifteen thousand four hundred fifty li from the Wei capital. In Taiyan 3 they first sent tribute envoys; embassies never ceased thereafter.
50
伽倍國，故休密翕侯。 都和墨城，在莎車西，去代一萬三千里。 人居山谷間。
Jiabei, formerly the domain of the Xiumi chieftain. Capital at Hemo city, west of Yarkand, thirteen thousand li from the Wei capital. Its people live in mountain valleys.
51
折薛莫孫國，故雙靡翕侯。 都雙靡城，在伽倍西，去代一萬三千五百里。 人居山谷間。
Zhiexiemosun, formerly the domain of the Shuangmi chieftain. Seat at Shuangmi city, west of Jiabei, thirteen thousand five hundred li from the Wei capital. Its people live in mountain valleys.
52
鉗敦國，故貴霜翕侯。 都護澡城，在折薛莫孫西，去代一萬三千五百六十里。 人居山谷間。
Qiandun, formerly the domain of the Guishuang chieftain. Seat at Huzao city, west of Zhiexiemosun, thirteen thousand five hundred sixty li from the Wei capital. Its people live in mountain valleys.
53
弗敵沙國，故肸頓翕侯。 都薄茅城，在鉗敦西，去代一萬三千六百六十里。 居山谷間。
Fudisha, formerly the domain of the Xidun chieftain. Seat at Bomao city, west of Qiandun, thirteen thousand six hundred sixty li from the Wei capital. It lies in mountain valleys.
54
閻浮謁國，故高附翕侯。 都高附城，在弗敵沙南，去代一萬三千七百六十里。 居山谷間。
Yanfuye, formerly the domain of the Gaofu chieftain. Seat at Gaofu city, south of Fudisha, thirteen thousand seven hundred sixty li from the Wei capital. It lies in mountain valleys.
55
大月氏國，都盧監氏城，在弗敵沙西，去代一萬四千五百里。 北與蠕蠕接，數為所侵，遂西徙都薄羅城，去弗敵沙二千一百里。 其王寄多羅勇武，遂興師越大山，南侵北天竺，自乾陁羅以北五國盡役屬之。 世祖時，其國人商販京師，自云能鑄石為五色瑠璃，於是採礦山中，於京師鑄之。 既成，光澤乃美於西方來者。 乃詔為行殿，容百餘人，光色映徹，觀者見之，莫不驚駭，以為神明所作。 自此中國瑠璃遂賤，人不復珍之。
The Great Yuezhi, capital at Lujianshi, lies west of Fudisha, fourteen thousand five hundred li from the Wei capital. Bordering the Rouran to the north, it was repeatedly raided and eventually moved its capital west to Boluo—twenty-one hundred li from Fudisha. Its king Jiduoluo, a fierce warrior, marched his armies over the mountains into northern India and reduced five kingdoms north of Gandhara to tributary status. In Emperor Taiwu's reign, Yuezhi traders in the capital claimed they could smelt stone into colored glass; ore was mined and the work done in the capital itself. The finished glass outshone imports from the western lands. The court ordered a traveling pavilion built to hold over a hundred people; its radiance astonished all who saw it—they took it for divine craftsmanship. Thereafter domestic glass grew commonplace and lost its rarity.
56
安息國，在葱嶺西，都蔚搜城。 北與康居，西與波斯相接，在大月氏西北，去代二萬一千五百里。
Parthia, west of the Pamirs, has its capital at Weisou city. It borders Kangju to the north and Persia to the west, lying northwest of the Great Yuezhi and twenty-one thousand five hundred li from the Wei capital.
57
大秦國，一名黎軒，都安都城。 從條支西渡海曲一萬里，去代三萬九千四百里。 其海傍出，猶勃海也，而東西與勃海相望，蓋自然之理。 地方六千里，居兩海之間。 其地平正，人居星布。 其王都城分為五城，各方五里，周六十里。 王居中城。 城置八臣以主四方，而王城亦置八臣，分主四城。 若謀國事及四方有不決者，則四城之臣集議王所，王自聽之，然後施行。 王三年一出觀風化，人有冤枉詣王訴訟者，當方之臣小則讓責，大則黜退，令其舉賢人以代之。 其人端正長大，衣服車旗擬儀中國，故外域謂之大秦。 其土宜五穀桑麻，人務蠶田，多璆琳、琅玕、神龜、白馬朱鬣、明珠、夜光璧。 東南通交趾，又水道通益州永昌，郡多出異物。 大秦西海水之西有河，河西南流。 河西有南、北山，山西有赤水，西有白玉山。 玉山西有西王母山，玉為堂云。 從安息西界循海曲，亦至大秦，回萬餘里。 [22]於彼國觀日月星辰，無異中國，而前史云條支西行百里日入處，失之遠矣。
Daqin (Rome), also known as Li Xuan, has its capital at Antioch (Andu). Ten thousand li west from Tiaozhi across the sea's curve; thirty-nine thousand four hundred li from the Wei capital. Its sea branches off like the Bohai; yet it faces the eastern Bohai across the world—such is nature's symmetry, the text suggests. Its realm spans six thousand li, set between two seas. The land is flat; settlements are scattered like stars. The royal capital comprises five walled quarters, each five li square, sixty li around in total. The king resides in the central quarter. Each quarter has eight ministers overseeing the four directions; the central city likewise has eight, each administering one outer quarter. When state policy or regional disputes required judgment, ministers from all quarters met before the king; he heard their counsel personally before anything was done. Every third year the king toured his realm. Wronged subjects who brought suits to him could cost local officials a reprimand or outright dismissal, with orders to find worthy replacements. The people are tall and fine-featured; their dress, carriages, and banners echo Chinese court style—hence foreign lands call the realm Daqin, "Great China." Grain, mulberry, and hemp flourish; sericulture is the main livelihood. Treasures abound: fine jade, coral, sacred tortoises, white horses with crimson manes, luminous pearls, and night-shining jade disks. Southeast routes reach Jiaozhi; waterways also link Yizhou's Yongchang commandery, source of many exotic goods. West of the Western Sea beside Daqin runs a river flowing southwest. South and North mountains stand west of the river; beyond them lies the Red Waters, and farther west, White Jade Mountain. West of that mountain rises Mount Queen Mother of the West, where halls are said to be built of jade. From Parthia's western frontier along the coast one can also reach Daqin—a roundabout journey of over ten thousand li. [22] The heavens over Daqin match China's—the old claim that the sun sets a hundred li west of Tiaozhi falls far short of the truth.
58
阿鈎羌國，在莎車西南，去代一萬三千里。 國西有縣度山，其間四百里中，往往有棧道，下臨不測之淵，人行以繩索相持而度，因以名之。 土有五穀諸果。 巿用錢為貨。 居止立宮室。 有兵器。 土出金珠。
Agouqiang, southwest of Yarkand, lies thirteen thousand li from the Wei capital. Xiandu Mountain lies to the west; for four hundred li cliffside paths over bottomless gorges require travelers to cross on ropes—hence the name "Suspended Crossing." Grain and many fruits grow there. Markets trade in coin. They build permanent dwellings and halls. They maintain arms. Gold and pearls come from its soil.
59
波路國，在阿鈎羌西北，去代一萬三千九百里。 其地濕熱，有蜀馬，土平，物產國俗與阿鈎羌同。
Bolu, northwest of Agouqiang, lies thirteen thousand nine hundred li from the Wei capital. Humid and hot, with level land and Shu-bred horses; its products and customs match Agouqiang's.
60
小月氏國，都富樓沙城。 其王本大月氏王寄多羅子也。 寄多羅為匈奴所逐，[23]西徙後令其子守此城，因號小月氏焉。 在波路西南，去代一萬六千六百里。 先居西平、張掖之間，被服頗與羌同。 其俗以金銀錢為貨。 隨畜牧移徙，亦類匈奴。 其城東十里有佛塔，周三百五十步，高八十丈。 自佛塔初建，計至武定八年，八百四十二年，所謂「百丈佛圖」也。
The Lesser Yuezhi have their capital at Fulousha. Its king was a son of Jiduoluo, ruler of the Great Yuezhi. Driven out by the Xiongnu, [23] Jiduoluo moved west and left his son to hold this city—whence the name Lesser Yuezhi. Southwest of Bolu, sixteen thousand six hundred li from the Wei capital. They once lived between Xiping and Zhangye; their dress resembles the Qiang's. Gold and silver coin serve as currency. Pastoral nomads, their ways resemble the Xiongnu. Ten li east of the city stands a Buddhist pagoda three hundred fifty paces around and eighty zhang high. From its founding to Wuding 8 (550 CE) was eight hundred forty-two years—the famed "Hundred-Zhang Pagoda."
61
罽賓國，都善見城，在波路西南，去代一萬四千二百里。 居在四山中。 其地東西八百里，南北三百里。 地平溫和。 有苜蓿、雜草、奇木、檀、槐、梓、竹。 種五穀，糞園田。 地下濕，生稻。 冬食生菜。 其人工巧，雕文、刻鏤、織罽。 有金銀銅錫以為器物。 巿用錢。 他畜與諸國同。 每使朝獻。
Kashmir (Jibin), capital at Shanxian, lies southwest of Bolu, fourteen thousand two hundred li from the Wei capital. It lies enclosed by four mountain ranges. The realm measures eight hundred li east to west and three hundred north to south. Level terrain and a mild climate. Alfalfa and mixed pasture grow there, with sandalwood, locust, catalpa, bamboo, and other fine timber. They farm grain and fertilize their gardens. Damp soil supports rice cultivation. Raw greens are eaten even in winter. Craftsmen excel at carved ornament, inlay work, and felt weaving. Gold, silver, copper, and tin serve for utensils. Coin is the market currency. Other livestock match those of neighboring states. It sends tribute with every embassy.
62
吐呼羅國，去代一萬二千里。 東至范陽國，西至悉萬斤國，中間相去二千里； 南至連山，不知名； 北至波斯國，中間相去一萬里。 國中有薄提城，周帀六十里。 城南有西流大水，名漢樓河。 土宜五穀，有好馬、駝、騾。 其王曾遣使朝貢。
Tuhuoluo lies twelve thousand li from the Wei capital. Fanyang lies two thousand li to the east, Samarkand to the west; Unnamed mountain chains mark the southern border; Persia lies ten thousand li to the north. Its chief city Boti has walls sixty li around. A great river flowing west past the city's south is called the Hanlou. Grain thrives; fine horses, camels, and mules are raised. Its king has sent tribute missions.
63
副貨國，去代一萬七千里。 東至阿副使且國，西至沒誰國，中間相去一千里； 南有連山，不知名； 北至奇沙國，相去一千五百里。 國中有副貨城，周帀七十里。 宜五穀、萄桃，唯有馬、駝、騾。 國王有黃金殿，殿下金駝七頭，各高三尺。 其王遣使朝貢。
Fuhe lies seventeen thousand li from the Wei capital. Afushiqie lies a thousand li to the east, Meishui to the west; Unnamed ranges lie to the south; Qisha is fifteen hundred li to the north. Fuhe city within the realm has walls seventy li around. Grain and grapes grow there; horses, camels, and mules are its chief livestock. The king's golden hall stands flanked by seven gilded camels, each three feet tall. Its king has sent tribute envoys.
64
南天竺
South India.
65
南天竺國，去代三萬一千五百里。 有伏醜城，周帀十里，城中出摩尼珠、[24]珊瑚。 城東三百里有拔賴城，城中出黃金、白真檀、石蜜、蒲萄。 土宜五穀。 世宗時，其國王婆羅化遣使獻駿馬、金、銀，自此每使朝貢。
South India lies thirty-one thousand five hundred li from the Wei capital. Its Fuchou city, ten li around the walls, yields mani pearls, [24] coral, and other treasures. Three hundred li east stands Balai city, which produces gold, white sandalwood, rock honey, and grapes. Grain crops grow well there. Under Emperor Xiaowu its king Poluohua sent envoys with fine horses, gold, and silver; thereafter tribute missions arrived regularly.
66
疊伏羅國，去代三萬一千里。 國中有勿悉城。 城北有鹽奇水，西流。 有白象，并有阿末黎，木皮中織作布。 土宜五穀。 世宗時，其國王伏陀末多遣使獻方物，自是每使朝貢。
Diefuluo lies thirty-one thousand li from the Wei capital. The state contains Wuxi city. North of the city the Yanqi River runs westward. White elephants are found there, and the bark of the amali tree is woven into cloth. Grain crops grow well there. Under Emperor Xiaowu its king Fotuomoduo sent envoys with local goods, and tribute missions followed thereafter.
67
拔豆國，去代五萬一千里。 東至多勿當國，西至旃那國，中間相去七百五十里； 南至罽陵伽國，北至弗那伏且國，中間相去九百里。 國中出金、銀、雜寶、白象、水牛、氂牛、蒲萄、五果。 土宜五穀。
Badou lies fifty-one thousand li from the Wei capital. It extends seven hundred fifty li from Duobudang in the east to Zhanna in the west; and nine hundred li from Jilingjia in the south to Funafuqie in the north. The country yields gold, silver, mixed gems, white elephants, water buffalo, yaks, grapes, and many kinds of fruit. Grain crops grow well there.
68
嚈噠國，大月氏之種類也，亦曰高車之別種，其原出於塞北。 自金山而南，在于闐之西，都烏許水南二百餘里，[25]去長安一萬一百里。 其王都拔底延城，蓋王舍城也。 其城方十里餘，多寺塔，皆飾以金。 風俗與突厥略同。 其俗兄弟共一妻，夫無兄弟者其妻戴一角帽，若有兄弟者依其多少之數，更加角焉。 衣服類加以纓絡。 [26]頭皆剪髮。 其語與蠕蠕、高車及諸胡不同。 眾可十萬。 無城邑，依隨水草，以氈為屋，夏遷涼土，冬逐暖處。 分其諸妻，各在別所，相去或二百、三百里。 其王巡歷而行，每月一處，冬寒之時，三月不徙。 王位不必傳子，子弟堪任，死便授之。 其國無車有輿。 多駝馬。 用刑嚴急，偷盜無多少皆腰斬，盜一責十。 死者，富者累石為藏，貧者掘地而埋，隨身諸物，皆置冢內。 其人兇悍，能鬬戰。 西域康居、于闐、沙勒、安息及諸小國三十許皆役屬之，號為大國。 與蠕蠕婚姻。 自太安以後，每遣使朝貢。 正光末，遣使貢師子一，至高平，遇万俟醜奴反，因留之。 醜奴平，送京師。 永熙以後，朝獻遂絕。 其國南去漕國千五百里，東去瓜州六千五百里。 [27]
The Hephthalites were kin to the Great Yuezhi and are also described as an offshoot of the Gaoche, originating north of the frontier. South of Mount Jin and west of Khotan, their capital stood two hundred-odd li south of the Wuxu River, [25] ten thousand one hundred li from Chang'an. Their royal seat was Baditing city, thought to be the same as Rajagriha. The city measured somewhat more than ten li on a side, with many temples and pagodas gilded throughout. Their customs broadly resembled those of the Turks. Brothers shared one wife: a wife whose husband had no brothers wore a cap with a single horn, and one horn was added for each brother he had. Their dress was hung with tassels and chains. [26] They all wore their hair cropped short. Their language differed from Rouran, Gaoche, and the other western peoples. Their numbers ran to about one hundred thousand. They had no walled towns but followed pasture and water, living in felt tents and moving to cooler ground in summer and warmer ground in winter. His wives were kept apart in separate camps, sometimes two or three hundred li from one another. The king toured his realm, spending a month at each stop, and in the depth of winter he remained in one place for three months. The throne did not necessarily pass to a son: when the king died, it went to whichever relative was deemed capable. They had no wheeled carts but used palanquins. Camels and horses were plentiful. Their punishments were severe: any theft, however small, meant execution by cutting at the waist, and restitution at ten times the value. The rich built stone tombs for the dead and the poor buried them in the earth, placing all their personal belongings in the grave. They were a fierce people and skilled fighters. Some thirty states of the west, including Kangju, Khotan, Kashgar, and Parthia, were subject to them, and they were reckoned a great power. They intermarried with the Rouran. From the Tai'an era they sent regular tribute missions. Late in the Zhengguang era they sent a lion as tribute; at Gaoping they were caught up in Moqi Chounu's rebellion and detained. After Chounu was defeated, the lion was sent on to the capital. After the Yongxi era tribute missions ceased altogether. It lay fifteen hundred li south of Caoguo and sixty-five hundred li east of Guazhou. See editorial note [27].
69
初，熙平中，肅宗遣王伏子統宋雲、沙門法力等使西域，[28]訪求佛經。 時有沙門慧生者亦與俱行，正光中還。 慧生所經諸國，不能知其本末及山川里數，蓋舉其略云。
Earlier, in the Xiping era, Emperor Xiaoming dispatched Wang Fuzi to lead Song Yun, the monk Fali, and others westward [28] in search of Buddhist scriptures. The monk Huisheng traveled with them and returned in the Zhengguang era. For the countries Huisheng visited, the full history and exact distances cannot be known; what follows is only a summary of his account.
70
朱居國，[29]在于闐西。 其人山居。 有麥，多林果。 咸事佛。 語與于闐相類。 役屬嚈噠。
Zhuju, [29] lay west of Khotan. Its people lived in the mountains. Wheat was grown there, and forest fruits were plentiful. All were Buddhist. Their language resembled Khotan's. It was subject to the Hephthalites.
71
渴槃陁國，在葱嶺東，朱駒波西。 河經其國，東北流。 有高山，夏積霜雪。 亦事佛道。 附於嚈噠。
Kepantuo lay east of the Pamirs and west of Zhujubo. A river ran through the country and flowed northeast. High mountains there still held frost and snow even in summer. They too were Buddhist. They were attached to the Hephthalites.
72
鉢和國，在渴槃陁西。 其土尤寒，人畜同居，穴地而處。 又有大雪山，望若銀峯。 其人唯食餅麨，飲麥酒，服氊裘。 有二道，一道西行向嚈噠，一道西南趣烏萇。 亦為嚈噠所統。
Bohe lay west of Kepantuo. The land was bitterly cold; people and livestock shared underground dwellings dug into the earth. A great snow peak rose there, gleaming like silver from a distance. They lived on flatbread and roasted flour, drank barley wine, and wore felt furs. Two roads led out: one west toward the Hephthalites, another southwest toward Gandhara. It too was under Hephthalite rule.
73
波知國，在鉢和西南。 土狹人貧，依託山谷，其王不能總攝。 有三池，傳云大池有龍王，次者有龍婦，小者有龍子，行人經之，設祭乃得過，不祭多遇風雪之困。
Bozhi lay southwest of Bohe. The land was cramped and the people poor, clinging to mountain valleys beyond their king's full control. Three pools lay along the route; legend held that the largest held a dragon king, the next a dragon queen, and the smallest a dragon prince. Travelers had to make offerings to pass safely; without them they often met blizzards and hardship.
74
賒彌國，在波知之南。 山居。 不信佛法，專事諸神。 亦附嚈噠。 東有鉢盧勒國，[30]路嶮，緣鐵鎖而度，下不見底。 熙平中，宋雲等竟不能達。
Shemi lay south of Bozhi. Its people lived in the mountains. They did not follow Buddhism but worshipped their own gods. They too were attached to the Hephthalites. East lay Bolule, [30] where the road was treacherous: travelers crossed on iron chains with the abyss hidden below. In the Xiping era Song Yun's party never reached it.
75
烏萇國，在賒彌南。 北有葱嶺，南至天竺。 婆羅門胡為其上族。 婆羅門多解天文吉凶之數，其王動則訪決焉。 土多林果，引水灌田，豐稻麥。 事佛，多諸寺塔，事極華麗。 人有爭訴，服之以藥，曲者發狂，直者無恙。 為法不殺，犯死罪唯徙於靈山。 [31]西南有檀特山，山上立寺，以驢數頭運食，山下無人控御，自知往來也。
Gandhara lay south of Shemi. The Pamirs lay to the north and India to the south. Brahmins formed the ruling elite. The Brahmins were versed in astronomy and omens, and the king consulted them before any major move. Fruit trees were plentiful, fields were irrigated, and rice and wheat flourished. They were devout Buddhists, with many temples and pagodas of extraordinary splendor. Disputes were settled by ordeal: both parties took a drug, and the guilty went mad while the innocent suffered no harm. Their law forbade execution; capital offenders were banished to Ling Mountain. [31] Southwest stood Tante Mountain, with a temple on its summit where several donkeys carried provisions; though no one guided them from below, they came and went on their own.
76
乾陀國，在烏萇西，本名業波，為嚈噠所破，因改焉。 其王本是敕勒，臨國已二世矣。 [32]好征戰，與罽賓鬬，三年不罷，人怨苦之。 有鬬象七百頭，十人乘一象，皆執兵仗，象鼻縳刀以戰。 所都城東南七里有佛塔，高七十丈，周三百步，即所謂「雀離佛圖」也。
Gandhara lay west of Wuchang; formerly called Yabo, it was conquered by the Hephthalites and renamed. Its king was a Tiele by origin and had ruled for two generations. [32] He loved war and fought Kapisa for three unbroken years, to the people's bitter distress. He fielded seven hundred war elephants, ten men to each, all armed; blades were lashed to the elephants' trunks for combat. Seven li southeast of the capital stood a pagoda seventy zhang tall and three hundred paces around—the famed "Que-li" stupa.
77
康國者，康居之後也。 遷徙無常，不恒故地，自漢以來，相承不絕。 其王本姓溫，月氏人也。 舊居祁連山北昭武城，因被匈奴所破，西踰葱嶺，遂有其國。 枝庶各分王，故康國左右諸國，並以昭武為姓，示不忘本也。 王字世夫畢，為人寬厚，甚得眾心。 其妻突厥達度可汗女也。 都於薩寶水上阿祿迪城，多人居。 大臣三人共掌國事。 其王索髮，冠七寶金花，衣綾、羅、錦、繡、白疊； 其妻有髻，幪以皂巾。 丈夫翦髮，錦袍。 名為強國，西域諸國多歸之。 米國、史國、曹國、何國、安國、小安國、那色波國、烏那曷國、穆國皆歸附之。 有胡律，置於祅祠，將決罰，則取而斷之。 重者族，次罪者死，賊盜截其足。 人皆深目、高鼻、多髯。 善商賈，諸夷交易多湊其國。 有大小鼓、琵琶、五弦箜篌。 婚姻喪制與突厥同。 國立祖廟，以六月祭之，諸國皆助祭。 奉佛為胡書。 氣候溫，宜五穀，勤修園蔬，樹木滋茂。 出馬、駝、驢、犎牛、黃金、硇沙、[33]𧵊香、阿薛那香、瑟瑟、麞皮、氍毹、錦、疊。 多蒲萄酒，富家或致十石，連年不敗。 太延中，[34]始遣使貢方物，後遂絕焉。
Kang was the heir state of Kangju. It moved often and held no fixed territory, yet had endured in succession since Han times. The royal clan bore the surname Wen and were of Yuezhi descent. They once lived at Zhaowu city north of the Qilian range; driven out by the Xiongnu, they crossed the Pamirs westward and established their kingdom. Cadet branches ruled neighboring states, and the kingdoms around Kang all took Zhaowu as their surname to remember their origins. The king, styled Shifubi, was generous and won deep loyalty from his people. His queen was a daughter of the Turk khan Tardu. The capital was Aludi city on the Sabao River, thickly populated. Three chief ministers shared governance of the realm. The king wore his hair loose, a crown of seven-jeweled gold flowers, and robes of gauze, silk, brocade, embroidery, and white layered cloth; his queen wore a topknot veiled in black cloth. Men cropped their hair and wore brocade robes. It was reckoned a great power, and many western states acknowledged its sway. Mi, Shi, Cao, He, An, Lesser An, Nasabo, Wunahe, and Mu all came under its authority. Foreign laws were kept in the fire temple; when cases came to judgment, the priests took them out and pronounced sentence. Capital crimes brought extinction of the clan; lesser felonies meant death; thieves and robbers lost their feet. The people were deep-eyed, high-nosed, and bearded. They were adept merchants, and trade from many foreign peoples flowed through their kingdom. Music included large and small drums, pipa lutes, and five-stringed harps. Marriage customs and funeral rites matched those of the Turks. The realm maintained an ancestral temple, sacrificed in the sixth month, and other states sent offerings to join the rite. They were Buddhist and wrote in a foreign script. The climate was mild and good for grain; gardens were carefully tended and the trees grew thick. Exports included horses, camels, donkeys, and zebu; gold, sal ammoniac, [33] benzoin, ashina incense, and lapis lazuli; deer hides, carpets, brocades, and layered silks. Grape wine was plentiful; rich households sometimes laid down ten shi that would keep for years without turning. In the Taiyan period, [34] they first sent envoys with local tribute; thereafter the missions stopped.
78
史臣曰：西域雖通魏氏，而中原始平，天子方以混一為心，未遑征伐。 其信使往來，深得羇縻勿絕之道耳。
The historian writes: Though the western lands had ties with Wei, the heartland was still unsettled and the emperor's aim was unification, leaving no room for distant campaigns. Diplomatic exchange alone sufficed—the court had mastered the art of binding them without breaking the bond.
79
魏書卷一百二諸本目錄此卷注「闕」字，卷末有宋人校語 〈殿本入考證〉 云：「魏收書西域傳亡，此卷全寫北史西域傳 〈卷九七〉 ，而不錄安國以後。 案隋書西域傳 〈卷八三〉 云康國『大業中始遣使貢方物，後遂絕焉』，此改『大業』字為『太延』，蓋後 〈百衲本訛『行』〉 人妄改。」
Book of Wei, juan 102: various editions mark this fascicle "missing" in the table of contents; Song-dynasty collation notes appear at the end of the scroll 〈Palace Edition, entered into textual verification〉 It states, "Wei Shou's Western Regions Account was lost; this entire fascicle was copied from the History of the Northern Dynasties, Western Regions Account 〈juan 97〉 , and it omits everything after An State. On examination, the History of the Sui, Western Regions Account 〈juan 83〉 states that Kang "in the Daye era first sent envoys with local tribute, and thereafter the missions stopped"—here "Daye" was changed to "Taiyan," presumably by a later 〈Patchwork edition wrongly reads "xing" for the missing character〉 hand who altered it rashly."
80
鄯善國都扜泥城諸本及北史卷九七鄯善傳「扜」作「扞」，獨殿本作「扜」。 按漢書卷九六上西域傳上鄯善傳作「扜」，顏注：「扜，音一胡反。」 御覽卷七九二 〈三五一三頁〉 字訛「杆」，但注「音烏」，與顏注合。 知「扞」「杆」皆「扜」之訛，今從殿本。
Shanshan's capital was Wuni city. All editions and the History of the Northern Dynasties, juan 97, Shanshan Account write the cited text as the cited text; only the Palace Edition reads the cited text. On examination, the Book of Han, juan 96, part 1, Western Regions Account, Shanshan entry reads the cited text; Yan Shigu notes, "the cited text is pronounced yi hu fan." Imperial Overview, juan 792 〈Page 3513〉 miswrites the character as the cited text, but its gloss "pronounced wu" agrees with Yan's note. Both the cited text and the cited text are errors for the cited text; the text now follows the Palace Edition.
81
鄯善人頗剽劫之按此句與上文不相連屬，通志卷一九六鄯善條此句上有「其後魏遣使使西域，道出其國」十二字，與傳序所云鄯善「乃斷塞行路，西域貢獻歷年不入」語合，疑此傳脫去。
The Shanshan people often plundered them. Note: this sentence does not connect with what precedes; in the Comprehensive Treatises, juan 196, Shanshan entry, twelve characters appear above it—"Afterward Wei sent envoys to the Western Regions, passing through their state"—which matches the preface's remark that Shanshan "then blocked the road, and Western Regions tribute ceased for years." This account has likely lost text.
82
拜交趾公韓拔為假節諸本「拔」作「牧」，北史卷九七作「杖」。 按卷四下世祖紀下太平真君九年五月甲戌記此事作「韓拔」，韓拔又見卷七上高祖紀上延興二年正月乙卯、卷一０五之一天象志一。 「牧」「杖」皆「拔」之形訛，今改正。
Han Ba, Duke of Jiaozhi, was appointed acting commissioner. All editions write the cited text as the cited text; the History of the Northern Dynasties, juan 97, has the cited text. On examination, juan 4, part 2, Annals of Emperor Shizu, Taiping Zhenjun ninth year, fifth month, jiaxu day records this as Han Ba; Han Ba also appears in juan 7, part 1, Annals of Emperor Gaozu, Yanxing second year, first month, yimao, and juan 105, part 1, Treatise on Astronomy, part 1. Both the cited text and the cited text are graphic errors for the cited text; corrected here.
83
南去女國二千里北史卷九七、隋書卷八三、通志卷一九六于闐傳、冊府卷九五七 〈一一二六三頁〉 「二」都作「三」，這裏「二」字當是「三」之訛。
Two thousand li south to the Women's State. The History of the Northern Dynasties, juan 97; the History of the Sui, juan 83; the Comprehensive Treatises, juan 196, Khotan Account; and Cefu, juan 957 〈Page 11263〉 all read the cited text as the cited text; the cited text here should be an error for the cited text.
84
西去朱俱波千里諸本及北史卷九七無「西」字，隋書卷八三于闐傳、冊府 〈同上卷頁〉 有。 按朱俱波即下文之朱居國，云「在于闐西」，若無「西」字，便似與上女國同在南，且此傳記四至，不應西面獨缺，今據補。
One thousand li west to Zhujubo. All editions and the History of the Northern Dynasties, juan 97, lack the cited text; the History of the Sui, juan 83, Khotan Account, and Cefu 〈same juan, same page〉 have it. On examination, Zhujubo is Zhuju State below, which says it lies west of Khotan; without the cited text it would appear south like the Women's State above, and this account records all four directions-the west alone should not be missing; supplied here on that basis.
85
即昔羅漢比丘盧旃為其王造覆盆浮圖之所周書卷五０、隋書卷八三于闐傳「盧旃」上有「比」字。 按洛陽伽藍記卷五載宋雲行記作「毗盧旃」，知當有「比」字。 然御覽卷七九二 〈三五一三頁〉 引北史已無「比」字。
The place where the Han monk Luzhan once built an inverted-bowl pagoda for the king. The History of the Zhou, juan 50, and the History of the Sui, juan 83, Khotan Account place the cited text before the cited text. On examination, Luoyang qielan ji, juan 5, records Song Yun's travel account as Piluzhan; the cited text should be present. Yet Imperial Overview, juan 792 〈Page 3513〉 citing the History of the Northern Dynasties already omits the cited text.
86
于闐西五百里有比摩寺諸本無「百」字，北史卷九七、隋書卷八三、通志卷一九六于闐傳有。 按此卷以北史補，北史此條又採隋書，通志則錄北史，皆作「五百里」，知脫「百」字，今據補。
Five hundred li west of Khotan is the Bimo Temple. All editions lack the cited text; the History of the Northern Dynasties, juan 97; the History of the Sui, juan 83; and the Comprehensive Treatises, juan 196, Khotan Account have it. On examination, this fascicle is supplemented from the History of the Northern Dynasties; that entry also draws on the History of the Sui; the Comprehensive Treatises then records the Northern History-all read the cited text, showing the cited text was dropped; supplied here on that basis.
87
號樹枝水周書 〈三朝本〉 卷五０于闐傳作「拔」。 按通典卷一九二于闐條有注云：「名首拔河，亦名樹拔河。」 疑「枝」乃「拔」之形訛，但北史卷九七、冊府卷九五七 〈一一二六三頁〉 並作「枝」，今不改。 又「首拔」、「樹拔」是一河之異譯，周書有「樹拔」，無「首拔」，北史此傳前半當本魏書，已見「首拔河」，這裏則又採周書，以致複出。
Called the Branch River. The History of the Zhou 〈Three Dynasties edition〉 juan 50, Khotan Account reads the cited text. On examination, the Comprehensive Institutions, juan 192, Khotan entry notes, "Named the Shouba River, also called the Shuba River." the cited text may be a graphic error for the cited text; but the History of the Northern Dynasties, juan 97, and Cefu, juan 957 〈Page 11263〉 both read the cited text; no change made. Shouba and Shuba are variant names for one river; the History of the Zhou has Shuba but not Shouba; the first half of this account in the Northern History should follow the Book of Wei and already mentions the Shouba River—here it draws on the History of the Zhou again, causing duplication.
88
城西五十五里亦有大水北史卷九七、周書卷五０于闐傳作「十五里」。 疑上「五」字衍。
Fifty-five li west of the city there is also a great river. The History of the Northern Dynasties, juan 97, and the History of the Zhou, juan 50, Khotan Account read fifteen li. The initial the cited text is likely spurious.
89
經于闐于闐中于王秋仁輒留之按語不可解，疑當作「經于闐中，于闐王秋仁輒留之」。
Passing through Khotan, within Khotan, Khotan King Qiuren detained them. Note: the wording is unintelligible; it likely should read, "Passing within Khotan, Khotan King Qiuren detained them."
90
其王號子治呼犍按漢書卷九六上西域傳上云「西夜國，王號子合王，治呼犍谷」。 這裏「子」下當脫「合」字，但御覽卷七九六 〈三五三三頁〉 已同今本。
Its king's title was Zizhi Hujian. Note: the Book of Han, juan 96, part 1, Western Regions Account says, "Xiye State—the king's title is Zihe Wang; he rules Hujian Valley." Here the cited text is likely missing after the cited text; but Imperial Overview, juan 796 〈Page 3533〉 already agrees with the present text.
91
鐃沙諸本及北史卷九七無「鐃」字，周書卷五０、隋書卷八三龜茲傳有。 按通典卷一九一龜茲條注引隋西域圖稱白山「即是出碙沙之處」。 「碙」乃「硇」字訛，硇沙即鐃沙。 這裏脫「鐃」字，今據補。
Bell sand. All editions and the History of the Northern Dynasties, juan 97, lack the cited text; the History of the Zhou, juan 50, and the History of the Sui, juan 83, Kucha Account have it. On examination, the Comprehensive Institutions, juan 191, Kucha entry note citing the Sui Western Regions Map says Bai Mountain "is precisely where bell sand is produced." the cited text is an error for the cited text; sal ammoniac is bell sand. the cited text is missing here; supplied on that basis.
92
東南去瓜州三千一百里諸本及北史卷九七「三」下無「千一」二字，隋書卷八三龜茲傳有。 按上云「東去焉耆九百里」，焉耆傳云「西去龜茲九百里，皆沙磧； 東南去瓜州二千二百里」，合計正得三千一百里，知這裏脫「千一」二字，今據隋書補。
Three thousand one hundred li southeast of Guazhou. All editions and the History of the Northern Dynasties, juan 97, lack the cited text after the cited text; the History of the Sui, juan 83, Kucha Account has it. On examination, above it says "nine hundred li east to Yanqi"; the Yanqi account says "nine hundred li west to Kucha, all sandy desert; "two thousand two hundred li southeast of Guazhou"-together these exactly make three thousand one hundred li; the cited text is missing here and is supplied from the History of the Sui."
93
其東 〈闕〉 城戍諸本「闕」字作正文，北史卷九七訛作「關」。 按「闕」字指「東」下有闕文，本是旁注，誤作正文，今改正。
To its east 〈Missing text〉 is a fortified garrison. All editions treat the cited text as main text; the History of the Northern Dynasties, juan 97, wrongly reads it as the cited text. On examination, the cited text marks missing text after the cited text; it was originally a marginal note wrongly placed in the main text; corrected here.
94
在迷密西諸本及北史卷九七「迷」作「悉」，通志卷一九六作「迷」。 按上條即迷密國，這裏乃涉上兩「悉」字而訛，今據改。
West of Mimi. All editions and the History of the Northern Dynasties, juan 97, write the cited text as the cited text; the Comprehensive Treatises, juan 196, has the cited text. On examination, the entry above is Mimi State; here the text was corrupted by the two the cited text characters above; changed on that basis.
95
洛那國按傳序及下者舌傳並見「破洛那」，又見卷四上世祖紀上太延三年十一月甲申、卷五高宗紀和平六年四月。 「洛那」上當脫「破」字。
Luona State. Note: the preface and the Zheshe account below both read Poluona; it also appears in juan 4, part 1, Annals of Emperor Shizu, Taiyan third year, eleventh month, jiashen, and juan 5, Annals of Emperor Gaozong, Heping sixth year, fourth month. the cited text is missing before Luona.
96
太和三年遣使獻汗血馬按卷七上高祖紀上本年不記此事，而卷四上世祖紀上太延三年十一月甲申稱「破洛那、者舌國各獻汗血馬」。 且傳記通使之始，即使太和有此事，也不當捨「太延」而敍「太和」。 這裏「和」字當是「延」之訛。
In Taihe year 3 they sent envoys presenting blood-sweating horses. Note: juan 7, part 1, Annals of Emperor Gaozu does not record this for that year; but juan 4, part 1, Annals of Emperor Shizu, Taiyan third year, eleventh month, jiashen says, "Poluona and Zheshe each presented blood-sweating horses." Moreover, when recording the start of diplomatic contact, even if such an event occurred in Taihe, one should not skip Taiyan and narrate Taihe instead. Here the cited text should be an error for the cited text.
97
赤麞皮隋書卷八三、通典卷一九二、通志卷一九六波斯傳「麞」作「麖」。 按「麖」乃大鹿，上龜茲傳記土產也有「麖皮」，這裏疑亦作「麖」，後人改作「麞」。
Red antelope hide. The History of the Sui, juan 83; the Comprehensive Institutions, juan 192; and the Comprehensive Treatises, juan 196, Persia Account write the cited text as the cited text. On examination, the cited text denotes the great deer; the Kucha account above on local products also lists the cited text hide; this likely read the cited text as well, and later hands changed it to the cited text.
98
掌庫藏開禁周書卷五０波斯傳「開」作「關」。 按此謂掌庫藏及關禁，疑當作「關」。
In charge of treasuries and frontier passes. The History of the Zhou, juan 50, Persia Account writes the cited text as the cited text. On examination, this means oversight of treasuries and frontier controls; it likely should read the cited text.
99
地卑諸本及北史卷九七「卑」作「早」。 按周書卷五０作「地卑勃」，冊府卷九六二 〈一一三一八頁〉 作「地卑」。 北史採周書，冊府此條出北史，知北史本亦作「卑」，「早」字訛，今據改。
The land is low-lying. All editions and the History of the Northern Dynasties, juan 97, write the cited text as the cited text. On examination, the History of the Zhou, juan 50, reads the cited text; Cefu, juan 962 〈Page 11318〉 reads the cited text. The Northern History draws on the History of the Zhou; this Cefu entry comes from the Northern History; the Northern History originally read the cited text; the cited text is an error; changed on that basis.
100
回萬餘里諸本「回」作「四」。 據張元濟校勘記，百衲本的底本作「回」，影印時依殿本修。 按北史卷九七大秦傳作「迴」。 「回」或「迴」意為迂回，「四」字訛，今從百衲本的底本。
More than ten thousand li by a winding route. All editions write the cited text as the cited text. According to Zhang Yuanji's collation notes, the Patchwork edition's base text reads the cited text; the reprint was emended to follow the Palace Edition. On examination, the History of the Northern Dynasties, juan 97, Da Qin Account reads the cited text. the cited text or the cited text means winding or circuitous; the cited text is an error; the text now follows the Patchwork edition's base text.
101
寄多羅為匈奴所逐按大月氏為匈奴所逐，遠在西漢初，見漢書卷九六上西域傳上，這裏所說據上大月氏傳，乃是被「蠕蠕」所侵，才「西徙都薄羅城」。 「匈奴」應作「蠕蠕」。
Jiduoluo was driven out by the Xiongnu. Note: the Great Yuezhi were driven out by the Xiongnu as early as the Western Han—see the Book of Han, juan 96, part 1, Western Regions Account; what is meant here, drawing on the Great Yuezhi account above, is that they were invaded by the Rouran and only then "migrated west and established their capital at Boluo City." "Xiongnu" should read "Rouran."
102
城中出摩尼珠諸本「摩」訛「麾」，今據北史卷九七南天竺國傳、冊府卷九六０ 〈一一三０一頁〉 、御覽卷七九三 〈三五一五頁〉 改。
Mani pearls were produced within the city. All editions miswrite the cited text as the cited text; the text now follows the History of the Northern Dynasties, juan 97, South India Account, and Cefu, juan 960 〈Page 11301〉 , Imperial Overview, juan 793 〈Page 3515〉 Emended accordingly.
103
都烏許水南二百餘里諸本「烏」作「馬」。 按烏許、或烏滸水常見紀載，「馬」字顯訛，今據北史卷九七嚈噠傳、隋書卷八三挹怛傳、御覽卷七九三 〈三五二０頁〉 改。
The capital lies more than two hundred li south of the Wuxu River. All editions read the cited text as the cited text. Wuxu or Wuhu River is well attested; the cited text is clearly a corruption. The text is emended from the History of the Northern Dynasties, juan 97 (Hephthalite account), the Book of Sui, juan 83 (Yidan account), and the Imperial Readings, juan 793. 〈(p. 3520).〉 Emended accordingly.
104
衣服類加以纓絡通典卷一九三嚈噠條「類」下有「胡」字，疑當有此字。
Garments are adorned with tassels and chains. The Tongdian, juan 193 (Hephthalite entry), has the cited text after the cited text; that character is probably original.
105
其國南去漕國千五百里東去瓜州六千五百里此句諸本及北史卷九七都在下文「及山川里數蓋舉其略云」後。 按此句是說嚈噠方位，出隋書卷八三挹怛傳。 下文「朱居國」等都是「慧生所經諸國」，此句橫隔其間，不成文體，當是錯簡，今乙正。 又諸本脫「南」「東」二字，北史卷九七也脫「南」字，今據隋書挹怛傳補。
The state lies fifteen hundred li south of Cao and sixty-five hundred li east of Guazhou. In all editions and the History of the Northern Dynasties, juan 97, this sentence stands after the line "As for mountains, rivers, and distances, this gives only the outline." The line describes Hephthalite geography and derives from the Book of Sui, juan 83 (Yidan account). The entries below for Zhuju and the rest belong to "states Huisheng passed through"; this line interrupts them and is displaced text, now moved to its proper place. All editions omit the cited text and the cited text; the History of the Northern Dynasties, juan 97, also omits the cited text. Both are restored from the Book of Sui, Yidan account.
106
肅宗遣王伏子統宋雲沙門法力等使西域北史卷九七嚈噠傳「王」作「賸」。 按王或賸伏子統均不可解，當有訛脫。
Emperor Suzong dispatched Wang Fuzi to lead Song Yun's monk Fali and others westward. The History of the Northern Dynasties, juan 97 (Hephthalite account), reads the cited text as the cited text. Neither Wang nor Sheng Fuzi Tong makes sense; the name is corrupt or incomplete.
107
朱居國按上于闐傳、疏勒傳「朱居」作「朱俱波」，下渴槃陁傳作「朱駒波」，卷八世宗紀景明三年歲末、永平四年九月甲寅作「朱居槃」。 通典卷一九三朱俱波條云：「朱俱波，後魏時通焉，亦名朱居槃國。」 譯音出入，本不足怪，但一篇之中，甚至一行之隔，異名錯出，實由北史採取諸書，未加整齊。 「朱居槃」未見省稱「朱居」之例，當脫「槃」字。 又上文之「悉居半國」，亦即此「朱居槃」之異譯，則前據董琬等所說而此則轉錄宋雲行記，以致重出。
Zhuju State. Above, the Khotan and Kashgar accounts write the cited text; the Khotan account below has the cited text; juan 8, Annals of Emperor Shizong (end of Jingming 3 and Yongping 4.9 jiayin) has the cited text. The Tongdian, juan 193 (Zhujubo entry), states: "Zhujubo had contact in Later Wei times and was also called Zhujupan." Transliteration varies naturally, but alternate names appear even within a single line because the History of the Northern Dynasties compiled sources without harmonizing them. the cited text is never shortened to the cited text; the cited text has been dropped. Xijuban above is another form of Zhujupan—the earlier passage follows Dong Wan's report, this one Song Yun's travelogue, hence the duplication.
108
東有鉢盧勒國按「鉢盧勒」即上文之「波路」，此據行記。
Bolule lies to the east-the cited text is the Bolu of the earlier passage, following the travel record.
109
犯死罪唯徙於靈山洛陽伽藍記卷五載宋雲等行記「靈山」作「空山」。
Capital offenders are exiled to Spirit Mountain. The Record of Buddhist Monasteries of Luoyang, juan 5 (Song Yun's itinerary), reads the cited text as the cited text.
110
臨國已二世矣諸本「已」訛「民」，今據北史卷九七乾陀傳、伽藍記卷五載行記改。
The realm has seen two generations. All editions miswrite the cited text as the cited text; emended from the History of the Northern Dynasties, juan 97 (Gandhara account), and the Record of Buddhist Monasteries, juan 5 (travel record).
111
硇沙諸本「硇」作「碙」，北史卷九七康國傳百衲本作「𥐻」，北本、汲本作「硇」。 按「碙」乃「硇」之訛，今據北史北、汲本改。 參本卷校記 〈一三〉。
Nao sand. Most editions read the cited text as the cited text; the patchwork Beishi, juan 97 (Kang account), has the cited text; the Northern and Ji editions have the cited text. the cited text is a corruption of the cited text; emended from the Northern and Ji Beishi editions. See collation notes to this juan. 〈(note 13).〉
112
太延中此條全出北史，北史康國條又出隋書，「太延」本作「大業」，後人妄改。 宋人校語已指出。 參本卷校記 〈一〉。
In the Taiyan era. This entry is taken entirely from the History of the Northern Dynasties, whose Kang account derives from the Book of Sui; the cited text was originally the cited text and was wrongly altered by later editors. Song editors already noted this. See collation notes to this juan. 〈(note 1).〉