Volume 103: Rouran, Yuwen Mohuai, Duanliu Liujuan, Gaoche

蠕蠕匈奴宇文莫槐徒何段就六眷高車

Rouran; Yuwen Mohuai of the Xiongnu; Duan Jiu Liujuan of the Tuohe; Gaoche

蠕蠕，東胡之苗裔也，姓郁久閭氏。始神元之末，掠騎有得一奴，髮始齊眉，忘本姓名，其主字之曰木骨閭。「木骨閭」者，首禿也。木骨閭與郁久閭聲相近，故後子孫因以為氏。木骨閭既壯，免奴為騎卒。穆帝時，坐後期當斬，亡匿廣漠谿谷間，收合逋逃得百餘人，依紇突隣部。 [2]木骨閭死，子車鹿會雄健，始有部眾，自號柔然，而役屬於國。後世祖以其無知，狀類於蟲，故改其號為蠕蠕。 [3]

The Rouran were a branch of the Eastern Hu and bore the clan name Yujiulü. Near the end of the Shenyuan reign, a raiding party took a slave whose hair had only reached his brows; he no longer remembered his birth name, and his master styled him Mugulü. The name Mugulü means "bald head." Because Mugulü sounded close to Yujiulü, later generations adopted the latter as their clan name. Once Mugulü had grown to manhood, he was manumitted and enrolled as a mounted trooper. Under Emperor Mu he was condemned to death for tardiness, fled into the gullies of the great desert, rallied more than a hundred runaways, and took refuge with the Hetulin clan. [2] After Mugulü's death his son Cheluhui, a formidable warrior, first mustered a following, took the title Rouran, and submitted to service under the Wei state. Later Emperor Taiwu, deeming them dull and wormlike in their ways, renamed them Ruru ("wriggling worms"). [Scholarly note 3: Manuscripts disagree on whether the text reads the cited text or the cited text in the account of Taiwu's insulting rename the cited text ("wriggling worms"), distinct from their own name the cited text (Rouran).]

車鹿會既為部帥，歲貢馬畜、貂豽皮，冬則徙度漠南，夏則還居漠北。車鹿會死，子吐奴傀立。吐奴傀死，子跋提立。跋提死，子地粟袁立。地粟袁死，其部分為二，地粟袁長子匹候跋繼父居東邊，次子縕紇提別居西邊。及昭成崩，縕紇提附衞辰而貳於我。登國中討之，蠕蠕移部遁走，追之，及於大磧南牀山下，大破之，虜其半部。匹候跋及部帥屋擊各收餘落遁走，遣長孫嵩及長孫肥追之，渡磧。嵩至平望川，大破屋擊，禽之，斬以徇。肥至涿邪山，及匹候跋，跋舉落請降。獲縕紇提子曷多汗及曷多汗兄詰歸之、社崘、斛律等并宗黨數百人，分配諸部。縕紇提西遁，將歸衞辰，太祖追之，至跋那山，縕紇提復降，太祖撫慰如舊。

After Cheluhui became chief, his people sent yearly tribute of horses, herds, and furs; they wintered south of the Gobi and summered north of it. When Cheluhui died, his son Tunugui took his place. Tunugui was succeeded by his son Bati. Bati died and was followed by his son Disuyuan. After Disuyuan's death the tribe divided: his eldest son Pihouba held the eastern lands his father had ruled, and his younger son Wennihedi established himself in the west. After Emperor Zhaocheng's death, Wennihedi allied with Weichen and rebelled against Wei. During the Dengguo reign we marched against them; the Rouran shifted camp and fled, but our pursuit overtook them south of the great desert at Mount Chuang, where we routed them and took half the tribe captive. Pihouba and the chief Wuji rallied the survivors and escaped; Changsun Song and Changsun Fei were dispatched in pursuit across the desert. Song reached the Pingwang River, crushed Wuji's force, took him prisoner, and beheaded him before the army. Fei came to Zhuoye Mountain, caught Pihouba, and Pihouba brought his whole following to submit. Heduo Han, son of Wennihedi, was taken, together with his brothers Jieguizhi, Shelun, Hulu, and several hundred kinsmen, who were parcelled out among our tribes. Wennihedi fled west toward Weichen, but Emperor Daowu pursued him to Bana Mountain, where he surrendered once more and was received with the same favor as before.

九年，曷多汗與社崘率部眾棄其父西走，長孫肥輕騎追之，至上郡跋那山，斬曷多汗，盡殪其眾。社崘與數百人奔匹候跋，匹候跋處之南鄙，去其庭五百里，令其子四人監之。既而社崘率其私屬執匹候跋四子而叛，襲匹候跋。諸子收餘眾，亡依高車斛律部。社崘兇狡有權變，月餘，乃釋匹候跋，歸其諸子，欲聚而殲之。密舉兵襲匹候跋，殺匹候跋。子啟拔、吳頡等十五人歸于太祖。社崘既殺匹候跋，懼王師討之，乃掠五原以西諸部，北度大漠。太祖以拔、頡為安遠將軍、平棘侯。 [4]社崘與姚興和親。太祖遣材官將軍和突襲黜弗、素古延諸部，社崘遣騎救素古延，突逆擊破之。

In the ninth year Heduo Han and Shelun deserted their father and fled west with their people; Changsun Fei's light horse overtook them at Bana Mountain in Shang Commandery, killed Heduo Han, and annihilated his band. Shelun reached Pihouba with a few hundred followers; Pihouba placed them on his southern frontier, five hundred li from his headquarters, under watch of his four sons. Soon Shelun turned on his hosts: with his own men he seized Pihouba's four sons, rose in revolt, and struck at Pihouba. The sons rallied what was left of their following and fled to the Gaoche under Hulu. Shelun was brutal and full of stratagems; after a month he freed Pihouba and sent back his sons, planning to lure them in and wipe them out. He then struck in secret and slew Pihouba. Fifteen of Pihouba's kin, including Qiba and Wu'er, defected to Emperor Daowu. Once Shelun had killed Pihouba, he feared a punitive expedition, plundered the tribes west of Wuyuan, and fled north across the Gobi. Emperor Daowu made Ba and Er General Who Pacifies the Distance and Marquis of Pingji. [4] Shelun allied himself by marriage with Yao Xing of Later Qin. Emperor Daowu sent Artisan-General He Tu against the Chufu and Suguyan tribes; Shelun sent horsemen to relieve Suguyan, but Tu met them head-on and broke their force.

社崘遠遁漠北，侵高車，深入其地，遂并諸部，凶勢益振。北徙弱洛水，始立軍法：千人為軍，軍置將一人，百人為幢，幢置帥一人；先登者賜以虜獲，退懦者以石擊首殺之，或臨時捶撻。無文記，將帥以羊屎粗計兵數，後頗知刻木為記。其西北有匈奴餘種，國尤富強，部帥曰拔也稽，舉兵擊社崘，社崘逆戰於頞根河，大破之，後盡為社崘所并。號為強盛。隨水草畜牧，其西則焉耆之地，東則朝鮮之地，北則渡沙漠，窮瀚海，南則臨大磧。其常所會庭則敦煌、張掖之北。小國皆苦其寇抄，羈縻附之，於是自號丘豆伐可汗。「丘豆伐」猶魏言駕馭開張也，「可汗」猶魏言皇帝也。蠕蠕之俗，君及大臣因其行能即為稱號，若中國立諡，既死之後，不復追稱。太祖謂尚書崔玄伯曰：「蠕蠕之人，昔來號為頑嚚，每來抄掠，駕牸牛奔遁，驅犍牛隨之，牸牛伏不能前。異部人有教其以犍牛易之者，蠕蠕曰『其母尚不能行，而況其子』，終於不易，遂為敵所虜。今社崘學中國，立法置戰陳，卒成邊害。道家言聖人生，大盜起，信矣。」

Shelun withdrew deep into the northern steppe, invaded the Gaoche heartland, absorbed tribe after tribe, and his power swelled. Moving north to the Ruoluo River, he instituted military organization: units of a thousand men, each under a general; companies of a hundred, each under a commander; the first to scale the enemy were rewarded with plunder; cowards who hung back were stoned to death or flogged where they stood. They had no writing; commanders roughly tallied strength with sheep dung, and only later learned to keep count by notching wood. Northwest lay a wealthy remnant Xiongnu state under the chief Bayeji, who marched against Shelun; Shelun met him on the Egen River, crushed him, and eventually absorbed his people entirely. They were accounted a great power on the steppe. They ranged with their flocks after grass and water: Yanqi lay to the west, Korea to the east, beyond the desert and Hanhai to the north, and the great Gobi to the south. Their habitual gathering place was north of Dunhuang and Zhangye. Lesser states groaned under his raids and submitted; he then took the title Khagan Qiudoufa. Qiudoufa means, in Wei parlance, "to drive and expand"; khagan means "emperor." Rouran custom gave the ruler and his ministers living epithets based on their deeds, much like Chinese posthumous titles, but no new title was added after death. Emperor Daowu told Minister Cui Xuanbo: "The Rouran were always called dull and brutal. When they raided and fled, they drove cows while bullocks followed behind; the cows would drop and refuse to move. Someone from another tribe urged them to leave the bullocks and take only the cows. They replied, 'If the mother cannot walk, how can the sons?' They would not abandon the bullocks and were taken captive. Now Shelun has taken lessons from China, framed laws, and drilled armies—and has become a lasting scourge on our frontier. The Daoists say that when a sage appears, great robbers arise. How true that is."

天興五年，社崘聞太祖征姚興，遂犯塞，入參合陂，南至豺山及善無北澤。時遣常山王遵以萬騎追之，不及。天賜中，社崘從弟悅代、大那等謀殺社崘而立大那，發覺，大那等來奔。以大那為冠軍將軍、西平侯，悅代為越騎校尉、易陽子。三年夏，社崘寇邊，永興元年冬，又犯塞。二年，太宗討之，社崘遁走，道死。其子度拔年少，未能御眾，部落立社崘弟斛律，號藹苦蓋可汗，魏言姿質美好也。

In Tianxing year 5, learning that Emperor Daowu was away fighting Yao Xing, Shelun raided the border, pushed to Canhe Marsh, and south as far as Mount Chai and the northern lakes of Shanyu. Prince Changshan Zun was sent after him with ten thousand horse but could not catch up. In the Tianci era Shelun's cousin Yuedai, Dana, and others conspired to kill Shelun and put Dana on the throne; exposed, Dana and his fellows fled to Wei. Dana was appointed General Who Conquers the Champions and Marquis of Xiping; Yuedai became Colonel of the Rapid Cavalry and Baron of Yiyang. In summer of year 3 Shelun raided the frontier; in winter of Yongxing year 1 he struck the border again. In year 2 Emperor Mingyuan marched against him; Shelun fled and died on the way. His son Dubo was too young to lead; the tribes raised Shelun's brother Hulu as Khagan Aikugai—"comely in bearing," in Wei parlance.

斛律北并賀術也骨國，東破譬曆辰部落。三年，斛律宗人悅侯咄觝干等數百人來降。斛律畏威自守，不敢南侵，北邊安靜。神瑞元年，與馮跋和親，跋聘斛律女為妻，將為交婚。斛律長兄子步鹿真謂斛律曰：「女小遠適，憂思生疾，可遣大臣樹黎、勿地延等女為媵。」斛律不許。步鹿真出，謂樹黎等曰：「斛律欲令汝女為媵，遠至他國。」黎遂共結謀，令勇士夜就斛律穹廬，候伺其出執之，與女俱嬪于和龍。乃立步鹿真。

Hulu absorbed the Heshiye Gu state in the north and broke the Pilichen tribe in the east. In year 3 several hundred of Hulu's kinsmen, including Yuehou and Duogangan, defected to Wei. Hulu, in awe of Wei power, held his own and did not raid south; the north remained quiet. In the first year of Shenrui he allied by marriage with Feng Ba of Northern Yan, who sought Hulu's daughter and was to seal the bond with a reciprocal match. Buluzhen, nephew of Hulu's elder brother, urged him: "She is young and going far abroad; homesickness may make her ill. Send the daughters of ministers Shuli and Wudiyan as her attendants." Hulu refused. Buluzhen left and told Shuli and the rest: "Hulu means to send your daughters as attendants to a foreign land." Shuli and his allies then conspired: at night warriors surrounded Hulu's tent, seized him when he emerged, and sent him and his daughter to Helong as bride-gifts. They then raised Buluzhen to the throne.

步鹿真立，委政樹黎。初，高車叱洛侯者叛其渠帥，導社崘破諸部落，社崘德之，以為大人。步鹿真與社崘子社拔共至叱洛侯家，淫其少妻。妻告步鹿真，叱洛侯欲舉大檀為主，遺大檀金馬勒為信。步鹿真聞之，歸發八千騎往圍叱洛侯，叱洛侯焚其珍寶，自刎而死。步鹿真遂掩大檀，大檀發軍執步鹿真及社拔，絞殺之，乃自立。

Buluzhen handed the reins of power to Shuli. Earlier the Gaoche leader Chiluohou had turned against his chief and helped Shelun smash rival tribes; Shelun rewarded him with the rank of great chief. Buluzhen and Shelun's son Sheba visited Chiluohou's home and assaulted his young wife. She told Buluzhen that Chiluohou meant to make Datan chief and had sent him a golden bridle as pledge. Buluzhen rode back with eight thousand horse, besieged Chiluohou, who burned his valuables and killed himself. Buluzhen then struck at Datan, who mobilized, captured Buluzhen and Sheba, strangled them, and took power himself.

大檀者，社崘季父僕渾之子，先統別部，鎮於西界，能得眾心，國人推戴之，號牟汗紇升蓋可汗，魏言制勝也。斛律父子既至和龍，馮跋封為上谷侯。大檀率眾南徙犯塞，太宗親討之，大檀懼而遁走。遣山陽侯奚斤等追之，遇寒雪，士眾凍死墮指者十二三。及太宗崩，世祖即位，大檀聞而大喜，始光元年秋，乃寇雲中。世祖親討之，三日二夜至雲中。大檀騎圍世祖五十餘重，騎逼馬首，相次如堵焉。士卒大懼，世祖顏色自若，眾情乃安。先是，大檀弟大那與社崘爭國，敗而來奔。大檀以大那子於陟斤為部帥，軍士射於陟斤殺之，大檀恐，乃還。二年，世祖大舉征之，東西五道並進：平陽王長孫翰等從黑漠，汝陰公長孫道生從白黑兩漠間，車駕從中道，東平公娥清次西從粟園，宜城王奚斤、將軍安原等西道從爾寒山。諸軍至漠南，舍輜重，輕騎齎十五日糧，絕漠討之，大檀部落駭驚北走。神䴥元年八月，大檀遣子將騎萬餘人入塞，殺掠邊人而走。附國高車追擊破之。自廣寧還，[5]追之不及。

Datan, son of Shelun's cousin Puhun, had long led a separate division on the western frontier and won the people's loyalty; they acclaimed him Khagan Mouhanheshengai—"he who prevails," in Wei terms. When Hulu and his son reached Helong, Feng Ba made them Marquises of Shanggu. Datan shifted south and raided the border; Emperor Mingyuan marched in person, and Datan fled in fear. Xi Jin, Marquis of Shanyang, and others pursued him through blizzards; a tenth or more of the army froze to death or lost fingers to frostbite. When Emperor Mingyuan died and Emperor Taiwu took the throne, Datan rejoiced; in autumn of Shiguang year 1 he attacked Yunzhong. Emperor Taiwu marched against him and reached Yunzhong in three days and two nights. Datan's cavalry ringed the emperor in fifty-odd lines, horsemen pressing nose to bridle in ranks dense as a wall. The troops were terrified, but the emperor's face stayed calm and the army steadied. Earlier Datan's brother Dana had lost a struggle with Shelun for power and fled to Wei. Datan had installed Dana's son Yuzhijin as a tribal chief, but Wei soldiers shot Yuzhijin dead; Datan took fright and retreated. In year 2 Emperor Taiwu mounted a major expedition on five columns: Changsun Han from the Black Desert, Changsun Daosheng through the belt between the White and Black Deserts, the emperor on the center, E Qing west from Suyuan, and Xi Jin and Anyuan from Erhan Mountain in the west. The armies reached the southern Gobi, left their baggage train, and with light horse carrying fifteen days' grain crossed the desert; Datan's people fled north in panic. In the eighth month of Shenlu year 1 Datan's son led ten thousand horse into the border, killed and looted, and escaped. Subject Gaoche forces pursued and routed them. On the return from Guangning, [5] pursuers failed to catch them.

二年四月，世祖練兵于南郊，將襲大檀。公卿大臣皆不願行，術士張淵、徐辯以天文說止世祖，世祖從崔浩計而行。會江南使還，稱劉義隆欲犯河南，謂行人曰：「汝疾還告魏主，歸我河南地，即當罷兵，不然盡我將士之力。」世祖聞而大笑，告公卿曰：「龜鼈小竪，自救不暇，何能為也。就使能來，若不先滅蠕蠕，便是坐待寇至，腹背受敵，非上策也。吾行決矣。」於是車駕出東道向黑山，平陽王長孫翰從西道向大娥山，同會賊庭。五月，次于沙漠南，舍輜重輕襲之，至栗水，大檀眾西奔。弟匹黎先典東落，將赴大檀，遇翰軍，翰縱騎擊之，殺其大人數百。大檀聞之震怖，將其族黨，焚燒廬舍，絕跡西走，莫知所至。於是國落四散，竄伏山谷，畜產布野，無人收視。世祖緣栗水西行，過漢將竇憲故壘。六月，車駕次於兔園水，去平城三千七百里。分軍搜討，東至瀚海，西接張掖水，北渡燕然山，東西五千餘里，南北三千里。高車諸部殺大檀種類，前後歸降三十餘萬，俘獲首虜及戎馬百餘萬匹。八月，世祖聞東部高車屯巳尼陂，人畜甚眾，去官軍千餘里。遂遣左僕射安原等往討之。暨巳尼陂，高車諸部望軍降者數十萬。

In the fourth month of year 2 the emperor drilled at the southern suburb, preparing to strike Datan. Ministers urged against the campaign; diviners Zhang Yuan and Xu Bian cited the stars to dissuade him, but he followed Cui Hao's advice and marched. Envoys from the south reported that Liu Yilong of Song meant to attack Henan and told our envoy: "Hurry back and tell the Wei emperor: return our lands south of the Yellow River and we will stand down—or we will throw our full strength against you." The emperor laughed and told his ministers: "That turtle of a boy can barely save himself—what threat is he? Even if he did come, failing to crush the Rouran first would leave us caught between two foes—that is no sound plan. I am going." The emperor took the eastern road toward Black Mountain while Changsun Han marched west toward Great E Mountain to rendezvous at the enemy camp. In the fifth month he camped south of the desert, left the baggage train for a swift strike, reached the Li River, and Datan's host fled west. Datan's brother Pili, who held the eastern tribes, was marching to join him when he met Han's force; Han charged and killed hundreds of their chiefs. Datan was terrified; he burned his camps and vanished west with his kin—no one knew where he had gone. Tribes scattered into the hills; herds roamed the steppe untended. The emperor marched west along the Li River, passing the old camp of the Han general Dou Xian. In the sixth month the court camped at Tuyuan River, thirty-seven hundred li from the capital. Columns swept the steppe from the Hanhai in the east to the Zhangye River in the west and Mount Yanran in the north—a front of five thousand li by three thousand. Gaoche tribes slew Datan's kin; more than three hundred thousand submitted in all, with over a million heads of captives and horses taken. In the eighth month Emperor Taiwu learned that eastern Gaoche tribes were camped at Sini Po with vast herds and households, over a thousand li from his army. He then dispatched Left Vice Director Anyuan and others to subdue them. When the army reached Sini Po, Gaoche tribes who sighted the columns and surrendered numbered in the hundreds of thousands.

大檀部落衰弱，因發疾而死，子吳提立，號敕連可汗，魏言神聖也。四年，遣使朝獻。先是，北鄙候騎獲吳提南偏邏者二十餘人，世祖賜之衣服，遣歸。吳提上下感德，故朝貢焉。世祖厚賓其使而遣之。延和三年二月，以吳提尚西海公主，又遣使人納吳提妹為夫人，又進為左昭儀。吳提遣其兄禿鹿傀及左右數百人來朝，獻馬二千匹，世祖大悅，班賜甚厚。至太延二年，乃絕和犯塞。四年，車駕幸五原，遂征之。樂平王丕、河東公賀多羅督十五將出東道，永昌王健、宜都王穆壽督十五將出西道，車駕出中道。至浚稽山，分中道復為二道，陳留王崇從大澤向涿邪山，車駕從浚稽北向天山。西登白阜，刻石記行，不見蠕蠕而還。時漠北大旱，無水草，軍馬多死。五年，車駕西伐沮渠牧犍，宜都王穆壽輔景穆居守，長樂王嵇敬、建寧王崇二萬人鎮漠南，以備蠕蠕。吳提果犯塞，壽素不設備，賊至七介山，京邑大駭，爭奔中城。司空長孫道生拒之於吐頹山。吳提之寇也，留其兄乞列歸與北鎮諸軍相守，敬、崇等破乞列歸于陰山之北，獲之。乞列歸歎曰：「沮渠陷我也。」獲其伯父他吾無鹿胡及其將帥五百人，斬首萬餘級。吳提聞而遁走，道生追之，至于漠南而還。真君四年，車駕幸漠南，分四道：樂安王範、建寧王崇各統十五將出東道，樂平王督十五將出西道，[6]車駕出中道，中山王辰領十五將為中軍後繼。車駕至鹿渾谷，與賊將遇，吳提遁走，追至頞根河，擊破之。車駕至石水而還。五年，復幸漠南，欲襲吳提，吳提遠遁，乃還。

Datan's power had waned; he died of illness, and his son Wuti took the throne as Khagan Chilian—"sacred," in Wei parlance. In year four they sent envoys to court with tribute. Earlier, frontier scouts on the northern marches had seized more than twenty of Wuti's southern patrolmen; Emperor Taiwu clothed them and sent them home. Wuti and his followers were touched by this kindness, and so they sent tribute. Emperor Taiwu lavished gifts on the envoys and dismissed them. In the second month of Yanhe year three Wuti wed the Princess of Xihai; Wei envoys also received his sister as consort, later promoting her to Left Brilliant Consort. Wuti sent his brother Tuluigui with several hundred retainers to court, offering two thousand horses; Emperor Taiwu was delighted and rewarded them lavishly. By Taiyan year two they broke relations and raided the border. In year four the emperor went to Wuyuan and marched against them. Prince of Le Ping Pi and Duke of Hedong Heduoluo led fifteen generals east; Prince of Yongchang Wang Jian and Prince of Yidu Mu Shou led fifteen west; the emperor took the center. At Mount Xunji the center force split again: Prince of Chenliu Chong marched from the Great Marsh toward Mount Zhuoye while the emperor turned north from Xunji toward Heavenly Mountain. They climbed Mount Baifu in the west, carved an inscription of the march, found no Rouran, and withdrew. The northern steppe was gripped by drought; water and fodder failed, and countless army horses perished. In year five the emperor marched west against Juqu Mujian; Prince of Yidu Mu Shou aided Crown Prince Jingmu in the capital while Prince of Changle Ji Jing and Prince of Jianning Chong held the southern desert with twenty thousand men against Rouran. Wuti struck the border as expected; Mu Shou had made no defense—when raiders reached Mount Qijie the capital panicked and crowds fled into the inner citadel. Minister of Works Changsun Daosheng met them at Mount Tuhui and held them off. During Wuti's invasion he left his brother Qiliegui to face the northern garrisons; Ji Jing and Chong routed Qiliegui north of Yin Mountain and took him captive. Qiliegui lamented, "The Juqu have undone me." They seized his uncle Tawuwuluhu and over five hundred commanders, and took more than ten thousand heads. Wuti fled on the news; Daosheng pursued him to the southern desert and then withdrew. In Zhenjun year four the emperor went to the southern desert in four columns: Princes of Le'an Fan and Jianning Chong each led fifteen generals east; the Prince of Le Ping led fifteen west; [6] the emperor took the center, with Prince of Zhongshan Chen and fifteen generals as central reserve. At Luhun Valley the emperor met enemy leaders; Wuti fled, was chased to the Ergen River, and was broken. The emperor advanced to Shishui and turned back. In year five he again went to the southern desert to ambush Wuti, but Wuti had fled deep into the steppe, so he withdrew.

吳提死，子吐賀真立，號處可汗，魏言唯也。十年正月，車駕北伐，高涼王那出東道，[7]略陽王羯兒出西道，車駕與景穆自中道出涿邪山。吐賀真別部帥尒綿他拔等率千餘家來降。是時，軍行數千里，吐賀真新立，恐懼遠遁。九月，車駕北伐，高涼王那出東道，略陽王羯兒出中道，與諸軍期會於地弗池。吐賀真悉國精銳，軍資甚盛，圍那數十重，那掘長圍堅守，相持數日。吐賀真數挑戰，輒不利，以那眾少而固，疑大軍將至，解圍夜遁。那引軍追之，九日九夜，吐賀真益懼，棄輜重，踰穹隆嶺遠遁。那收其輜重，引軍還，與車駕會於廣澤。略陽王羯兒盡收其人戶畜產百餘萬。自是吐賀真遂單弱，遠竄，邊疆息警矣。太安四年，車駕北征，騎十萬，車十五萬兩，旌旗千里，遂渡大漠。吐賀真遠遁，其莫弗烏朱駕頹率眾數千落來降，乃刊石記功而還。世祖征伐之後，[8]意存休息，蠕蠕亦怖威北竄，不敢復南。

Wuti died and his son Tuhezhen became Khagan Chu—"sole," in Wei terms. In the first month of year ten the emperor marched north: Prince of Gaoliang Na on the east, [7] Prince of Lueyang Jie'er on the west, while the emperor and Crown Prince Jingmu advanced through the center from Mount Zhuoye. Tuhezhen subordinate chiefs including Ermiantaba brought over a thousand households to surrender. The army had marched thousands of li; Tuhezhen, newly enthroned, fled in terror. In the ninth month the emperor marched north again: Na east, Jie'er in the center, all to meet at Difu Pool. Tuhezhen threw his best troops and stores against Na, encircling him layer upon layer; Na threw up a deep ring of defenses and held for days. Tuhezhen attacked again and again without success; seeing Na's small but stubborn force, he feared the main army was near, broke the siege, and slipped away by night. Na pursued nine days and nights; Tuhezhen, in growing panic, abandoned his train, crossed Qionglong Ridge, and vanished. Na gathered the abandoned stores and rejoined the emperor at Guangze. Prince of Lueyang Jie'er took more than a million people and animals. Tuhezhen was left isolated and driven far north; the border knew peace. In Tai'an year four the emperor marched north with a hundred thousand cavalry and a hundred fifty thousand wagons, banners filling the horizon for a thousand li, and crossed the great Gobi. Tuhezhen fled; his minister Wuzhu Jiatui surrendered with several thousand clans; the army carved a victory inscription and withdrew. After Emperor Taiwu's wars, [8] he sought repose; the Rouran, cowed by his power, fled north and no longer dared raid the south.

和平五年，吐賀真死，子予成立，號受羅部真可汗，魏言惠也。自稱永康元年，率部侵塞，北鎮遊軍大破其眾。皇興四年，予成犯塞，車駕北討。京兆王子推、東陽公元丕督諸軍出西道，任城王雲等督軍出東道，汝陰王賜、濟南公羅烏拔督軍為前鋒，隴西王源賀督諸軍為後繼。諸將會車駕于女水之濱，顯祖親誓眾，詔諸將曰：「用兵在奇不在眾也，卿等為朕力戰，方略已在朕心。」乃選精兵五千人挑戰，多設奇兵以惑之。虜眾奔潰，逐北三十餘里，斬首五萬級，降者萬餘人，戎馬器械不可稱計。旬有九日，往返六千餘里，改女水曰武川，遂作北征頌，刊石紀功。

In Heping year five Tuhezhen died; his son Yucheng became Khagan Shouluobuzhen—"benevolent," in Wei parlance. He proclaimed Yongkang year one, raided the border with his tribes, and northern patrols routed his army. In Huangxing year four Yucheng struck the border; the emperor marched north against him. Prince of Jingzhao Zitui and Prince of Dongyang Yuan Pi led the western wing; Prince of Rencheng Yun led the east; Princes of Runan Ci and Duke of Jinan Luo Wuba formed the van; Prince of Longxi Yuan He commanded the rear. The commanders joined the emperor on the Nü River; Emperor Xianzu took the oath himself and told them, "Victory lies in surprise, not numbers—you shall fight for me with all you have; the plan is already set." He then sent five thousand picked men to provoke battle while spreading decoys to bewilder the foe. The barbarians collapsed; the pursuit ran thirty li north, taking fifty thousand heads and ten thousand surrenders, with horses and gear beyond tally. Nineteen days and six thousand li there and back; the Nü River was renamed Wuchuan, a northern campaign hymn written, and victory carved in stone.

延興五年，予成求通婚娉，有司以予成數犯邊塞，請絕其使，發兵討之。顯祖曰：「蠕蠕譬若禽獸，貪而亡義，朕要當以信誠待物，不可抑絕也。予成知悔前非，遣使請和，求結姻援，安可孤其款意？」乃詔報曰：「所論婚事，今始一反，尋覽事理，未允厥中。夫男而下女，爻象所明，初婚之吉，敦崇禮娉，君子所以重人倫之本。不敬其初，令終難矣。」予成每懷譎詐，終顯祖世，更不求婚。太和元年四月，遣莫何去汾比拔等來獻良馬、貂裘，比拔等稱伏承天朝珍寶華麗甚積，求一觀之。乃敕有司出御府珍玩金玉、文繡器物，御廐文馬、奇禽、異獸，及人間所宜用者列之京肆，令其歷觀焉。比拔見之，自相謂曰：「大國富麗，一生所未見也。」二年二月，又遣比拔等朝貢，尋復請婚焉。高祖志存招納，許之。予成雖歲貢不絕，而款約不著，婚事亦停。

In Yanxing year five Yucheng asked to marry; officials, citing his repeated border raids, urged rejecting his envoys and marching against him. Emperor Xianzu declared, "The Rouran are no better than beasts: greedy and faithless. Yet I mean to meet every people with sincerity and trust; their overtures cannot simply be refused. Yucheng has recognized his past misdeeds and sent envoys suing for peace, asking for a marriage tie—how could we spurn such a sincere approach?" He then issued a reply: "The marriage you propose has only this moment been broached; weighing the circumstances, it still falls short of what is fitting. A husband takes a wife and does not rank her above him—the hexagrams make this clear. The blessing of a first marriage rests on honoring betrothal rites; that is how gentlemen uphold the foundations of kinship. Disrespect at the outset makes a sound outcome all but impossible." Yucheng continued to scheme deceitfully, and for the rest of Emperor Xianzu's reign never again asked for a marriage. In the fourth month of the first Taihe year (477) the Rouran sent Mohequfen Biba and others with fine horses and sable pelts. Biba's party declared themselves awed by the Son of Heaven's store of treasures and begged a single viewing. The court ordered the ministries to display in the capital markets treasures from the imperial vaults—gold, jade, brocades, painted mounts from the imperial studs, exotic birds and beasts, and ordinary goods fit for trade—and let the envoys tour the showcase. Biba and his companions marveled among themselves: "This great realm is staggeringly rich—nothing in our lives has prepared us for the sight." The following year, in the second month, Biba and his party returned with tribute, and soon pressed the marriage request again. Emperor Xiaowen, determined to win them to allegiance, granted his consent. Yucheng kept sending annual tribute, but no binding pact was concluded and the marriage plans came to nothing.

九年，予成死，子豆崘立，號伏古敦可汗，[9]魏言恒也。自稱太平元年。豆崘性殘暴好殺，其臣侯醫垔、石洛候數以忠言諫之，又勸與國通和，勿侵中國。豆崘怒，誣石洛候謀反，殺之，夷其三族。十六年八月，高祖遣陽平王頤、左僕射陸叡並為都督，領軍斛律桓等十二將七萬騎討豆崘。部內高車阿伏至羅率眾十餘萬落西走，自立為主。豆崘與叔父那蓋為二道追之，豆崘出自浚稽山北而西，那蓋出自金山。豆崘頻為阿伏至羅所敗，那蓋累有勝捷。國人咸以那蓋為天所助，欲推那蓋為主。那蓋不從，眾強之，那蓋曰：「我為臣不可，焉能為主！」眾乃殺豆崘母子，以屍示那蓋，那蓋乃襲位。

In the ninth year Yucheng died and Douluon succeeded as khan, styled Fugudun ([9] collation: the Cefuyuanguo and Zizhi Tongjian read the cited text "Fumindun," as in Wei Shou per Hu Sansheng-the cited text's the cited text is probably a corruption of the cited text), glossed in Wei parlance as "constancy." He adopted the era name Taiping ("Great Peace"), year one. Douluon was brutal and bloodthirsty. His ministers Hou Yiai and Shiluohou pled with him to keep faith with the court and cease raiding China. Enraged, Douluon charged Shiluohou with treason, executed him, and wiped out three degrees of kin. In the eighth month of the sixteenth year (492) Emperor Xiaowen dispatched Prince Yangping Yi and Left Vice-Director Lu Rui as joint commanders, with Hulu Huan and twelve generals leading seventy thousand cavalry against Douluon. The Gaoche leader Avozhiluo led a hundred thousand tents west in revolt and proclaimed himself ruler. Douluon and his uncle Nagai gave chase on two routes: Douluon northwest of the Xunji range, Nagai from Mount Jin. Avozhiluo routed Douluon again and again while Nagai piled up successes. Throughout the confederation men said Heaven favoured Nagai and urged him to take the throne. Nagai refused. When the tribes pressed him he protested, "I am a subject—how dare I become khan!" The tribes then slew Douluon and his mother, displayed the bodies before Nagai, and only then did Nagai accept the throne.

那蓋號候其伏代庫者可汗，魏言悅樂也。自稱太安元年。那蓋死，子伏圖立，號他汗可汗，魏言緒也。自稱始平元年。正始三年，伏圖遣使紇奚勿六跋朝獻，請求通和。世宗不報其使，詔有司敕勿六跋曰：「蠕蠕遠祖社崘是大魏叛臣，往者包容，暫時通使。今蠕蠕衰微，有損疇日，大魏之德，方隆周漢，跨據中原，指清八表。正以江南未平，權寬北掠，通和之事，未容相許。若修藩禮，款誠昭著者，當不孤爾也。」永平元年，伏圖又遣勿六跋奉函書一封，并獻貂裘，世宗不納，依前喻遣。

Nagai took the title Khan Houqifudaike—"delight" in Wei speech. He proclaimed the Tai'an era, year one. Nagai's son Futu succeeded, styling himself Khan Tahhan—"origins" in Wei parlance. He adopted the era name Shiping ("Beginning Peace"), year one. In the third Zhengshi year (506) Futu dispatched Hexi Wuliuoba with tribute and a plea for peace. Emperor Xuanwu ignored the embassy and instructed Wuliuoba: "Your distant forebear Shelun was Great Wei's rebel. We indulged you for a time and allowed occasional envoys. Today the Rouran have waned from their former might, while Great Wei's virtue ascends like the Zhou and Han—our dominion holds the Central Plain and points toward pacifying the world. Only because the south remains unconquered do we temporarily overlook your northern raids; a general peace cannot yet be granted. Restore proper vassal decorum and show sincere subjecthood clearly, and we shall not fail to reward you." In Yongping year one (508) Futu again sent Wuliuoba with a letter and sable tribute; Emperor Xuanwu refused both and dismissed him with the same admonition.

伏圖西征高車，為高車王彌俄突所殺，子醜奴立，號豆羅伏跋豆伐可汗，魏言彰制也。自稱建昌元年。永平四年九月，醜奴遣沙門洪宣奉獻珠像。延昌三年冬，世宗遣驍騎將軍馬義舒使於醜奴，未發而崩，事遂停寢。醜奴壯健，善用兵。四年，遣使俟斤尉比建朝貢。 [10]熙平元年，西征高車大破之，禽其王彌俄突，殺之，盡并叛者，國遂強盛。二年，又遣俟斤尉比建、紇奚勿六跋、鞏顧禮等朝貢。神龜元年二月，肅宗臨顯陽殿，引顧禮等二十人於殿下，遣中書舍人徐紇宣詔，讓以蠕蠕藩禮不備之意。

Futu campaigned west against the Gaoche and was killed by their king Mietuo. His son Chounu succeeded as Khan Douluofubadoufa—"manifest regulation" in Wei speech. He proclaimed the Jianchang era, year one. In the ninth month of Yongping four (511) Chounu sent the monk Hong Xuan with a jeweled Buddha image. In the winter of Yanchang three (512) Emperor Xuanwu appointed Ma Yishu envoy to Chounu, but the emperor died before he departed and the embassy lapsed. Chounu was powerfully built and a capable commander. In the fourth year of his reign he sent the yijin Weibijian with tribute. [10] In the first Xiping year (516), Chounu campaigned west against the Gaoche, shattered them, seized King Mietuo and executed him, absorbed the rebel bands, and his realm grew strong once more. The following year Weibijian, Wuliuoba, Gong Guli, and others came again with tribute. In the second month of Shengui one (518) Emperor Xiaozong held audience at Xianyang Hall, summoned Gong Guli and twenty companions below the steps, and had Secretariat Gentleman Xu He read an edict faulting their failure in Rouran vassal ritual.

初，豆崘之死也，那蓋為主，伏圖納豆崘之妻候呂陵氏，[11]生醜奴、阿那瓌等六人。醜奴立後，忽亡一子，字祖惠，求募不能得。有屋引副升牟妻是豆渾地萬、年二十許，為醫巫，假託神鬼，先常為醜奴所信，出入去來，乃言此兒今在天上，我能呼得。醜奴母子欣悅，後歲仲秋，在大澤中施帳屋，齋潔七日，祈請天上。經一宿，祖惠忽在帳中，自云恒在天上。醜奴母子抱之悲喜，大會國人，號地萬為聖女，納為可賀敦，授夫副升牟爵位，賜牛馬羊三千頭。地萬既挾左道，亦有姿色，醜奴甚加重愛，信用其言，亂其國政。如是積歲，祖惠年長，其母問之，祖惠言：「我恒在地萬家，不嘗上天，上天者地萬教也。」其母具以狀告醜奴，醜奴言：「地萬懸鑒遠事，不可不信，勿用讒言也。」既而地萬恐懼，譖祖惠於醜奴，醜奴陰殺之。

When Douluon died Nagai took the throne, and Futu married his widow Lady Hou Luling ([11] Tongzhi and the Gaoche clan record read the cited text for the cited text-the graphs the cited text/the cited text are near in sound and the cited text is likely corrupt). She bore Chounu, Anagui, and four more sons-six in all. Once Chounu was khan a son vanished—Zuhui by courtesy name—and searches with rewards failed to find him. A shamanka named Diwan, wife of Fushengmou of the Wuyin clan and some twenty years of age, had long enjoyed Chounu's trust. Feigning communion with spirits, she announced that the lost boy was in Heaven and that she could summon him back. Chounu and his mother rejoiced. The next year's mid-autumn they pitched tents in the great marsh, fasted in ritual purity for seven days, and prayed Heavenward. After a single night Zuhui appeared in the tent, claiming he had all along dwelt in Heaven. Chounu and his mother clasped him, laughing and weeping by turns. The tribes assembled; Diwan was hailed Holy Woman and made kehunden (chief consort); Fushengmou received a noble title and three thousand head of livestock. Diwan wielded sorcery and beauty alike; Chounu doted on her counsel until state affairs fell into chaos. Years passed. When Zuhui came of age his mother pressed him, and he confessed, "I never left Diwan's household—Heaven was her invention." His mother told Chounu everything. Chounu replied, "Diwan sees what happens far away; you must trust her. Pay no heed to malicious talk." Soon afterward Diwan, afraid of exposure, denounced Zuhui to Chounu, who had him killed in secret.

正光初，醜奴母遣莫何去汾李具列等絞殺地萬，醜奴怒，欲誅具列等。又阿至羅侵醜奴，醜奴擊之，軍敗。還，為母與其大臣所殺，立醜奴弟阿那瓌。立經十日，其族兄俟力發示發率眾數萬以伐阿那瓌，阿那瓌戰敗，將弟乙居伐輕騎南走歸國。阿那瓌母候呂陵氏及其二弟尋為示發所殺，而阿那瓌未之知也。

Early in the Zhenguang reign, Chounu's mother sent Mohe with Fen Li Julie and others to strangle Diwan. Chounu flew into a rage and meant to put Julie and his party to death. Azhiluo then raided Chounu's territory. Chounu counterattacked and was routed. When he came back, his mother and the chief ministers killed him and set up Chounu's younger brother Anagui as ruler. Only ten days after Anagui took the throne, his kinsman Yifulü Shifa marched against him with tens of thousands of men. Defeated in battle, Anagui fled south to the Wei court with his brother Yijulü and a light cavalry escort. Shifa soon killed Anagui's mother, Lady Hou of the Lüling clan, together with two of his younger brothers—news Anagui had not yet received.

九月，阿那瓌將至，肅宗遣兼侍中陸希道為使主，兼散騎常侍孟威為使副，迎勞近畿；使司空公、京兆王繼至北中，侍中崔光、黃門郎元纂在近郊，並申宴勞，引至門闕下。十月，肅宗臨顯陽殿，引從五品以上清官、皇宗、藩國使客等列於殿庭，王公以下及阿那瓌等入，就庭中北面。位定，謁者引王公以下升殿，阿那瓌位於藩王之下，又引將命之官及阿那瓌弟并二叔位於羣官之下。遣中書舍人曹道宣詔勞問，阿那瓌啟云：「陛下優隆，命臣弟叔等升殿預會，但臣有從兄，在北之日，官高於二叔，乞命升殿。」詔聽之，乃位於阿那瓌弟之下，二叔之上。宴將罷，阿那瓌執啟立於座後，詔遣舍人常景問所欲言，阿那瓌求詣殿前，詔引之。阿那瓌再拜跽曰：「臣先世源由，出於大魏。」詔曰：「朕已具之。」阿那瓌起而言曰：「臣之先，逐草放牧，遂居漠北。」詔曰：「卿言未盡，可具陳之。」阿那瓌又言曰：「臣先祖以來，世居北土，雖復隔越山津，而乃心慕化；未能時宣者，正以高車悖逆，臣國擾攘，不暇遣使以宣遠誠。自頃年以前，漸定高車。及臣兄為主，故遣鞏顧禮等使來大魏，實欲虔修藩禮，是以曹道芝北使之日，[12]臣與主兄即遣大臣五人拜受詔命。臣兄弟本心未及上徹。但高車從而侵暴，中有姦臣，因亂作逆，殺臣兄，立臣為主。裁過旬日，臣以陛下恩慈如天，是故倉卒輕身投國，歸命陛下。」詔曰：「具卿所陳，理猶未盡，可更言之。」阿那瓌再拜受詔，起而言曰：「臣以家難，輕來投闕，老母在彼，萬里分張，本國臣民，皆已迸散。陛下隆恩，有過天地，求乞兵馬，還向本國，誅翦叛逆，收集亡散。陛下慈念，賜借兵馬。老母若在，得生相見，以申母子之恩；如其死也，即得報讎，以雪大耻。臣當統臨餘人，奉事陛下，四時之貢，不敢闕絕。陛下聖顏難覩，敢有披陳，但所欲言者口不能盡言，別有辭啟，謹以仰呈，願垂昭覽。」仍以啟付舍人常景，具以奏聞。尋封阿那瓌朔方郡公、蠕蠕王，賜以衣冕，加之軺蓋，祿從、[13]儀衞，同于戚藩。

In the ninth month, with Anagui nearing the capital, Emperor Xiaozong dispatched Lu Xidao, acting attendant-in-chief, as chief envoy and Meng Wei, acting palace attendant, as his deputy to greet and entertain him in the suburbs. The Duke of the Realm, Prince Ji of Jingzhao, went out to Beizhong; Cui Guang, attendant-in-chief, and Yuan Zuan, yellow gate gentleman, received him nearer the city. Each hosted a feast in his honor before escorting him to the palace gates. In the tenth month the emperor took his seat in the Xianyang Hall. Officials of the fifth rank and above, members of the imperial clan, and foreign envoys lined the courtyard. Anagui and the other guests entered with the princes and dukes and stood facing north in the court. Once order was set, ushers led the princes and dukes up the steps. Anagui was seated below the feudatory kings; his envoys, his younger brother, and two uncles were placed still lower among the officials. Cao Daoxuan of the Secretariat was sent to convey the emperor's greetings. Anagui submitted, "Your Majesty has honored my brother, uncles, and kin with seats in the hall. Yet I have a cousin who, when we were still in the north, outranked both uncles. I beg leave for him to join us on the dais." The emperor assented, and the cousin was seated below Anagui's brother but above the two uncles. Near the end of the feast Anagui rose behind his seat with a memorial in hand. The emperor sent Chang Jing to ask his request. Anagui asked to speak before the throne and was summoned forward. Anagui bowed twice and spoke from his knees: "My clan's roots lie in Great Wei." The emperor replied, "I am already well informed." Anagui rose and continued, "Our forefathers followed the pastures and came to live on the northern steppe." "You have not finished," said the emperor. "Speak plainly and at length." Anagui went on, "Since the first generations we have lived in the north. Mountains and rivers lay between us, yet our hearts turned toward your civilization. We could not show that loyalty in good time only because the Gaoche rebelled, our realm fell into turmoil, and we had no peace in which to send envoys bearing our homage from afar. Only in recent years have we slowly brought the Gaoche under control. After my brother took the throne we sent Gong Gulü and others to Great Wei in earnest observance of vassal duty. On the day of Cao Daozhi's mission north (note 12: elsewhere the envoy is named Cao Dao alone, probably a shortened form; records in juan 75 never add zhi), my brother and I immediately dispatched five senior ministers to receive your edict with full ceremony. Our loyal intent had not yet reached Your Majesty's ears. Then the Gaoche pressed their attacks. Treacherous ministers seized the chaos, rebelled, murdered my brother, and set me on the throne. Barely ten days later, knowing Your Majesty's mercy to be as vast as heaven, I fled my realm in haste and came to lay my life in your hands." "What you have said is still not enough," the emperor replied. "Continue." Anagui bowed again, accepted the command, and rose. "Family disaster drove me to throw myself on your mercy. My aged mother is still there, ten thousand li away; the people of my land have fled in every direction. Your grace exceeds heaven and earth itself. I beg troops and horses to return home, punish the rebels, and gather my scattered people. In your compassion, grant me an army. If my mother still lives, I may see her again and fulfill a son's duty. If she is dead, I may still avenge her and wipe away this grievous disgrace. I shall rule what subjects remain and serve Your Majesty without fail, offering tribute each season as long as I draw breath. Before your sacred presence I dare speak plainly, yet words fail me. I have set the rest in a written memorial, which I humbly submit for your gracious reading." He gave the memorial to Chang Jing, who presented it in full to the emperor. Shortly afterward Anagui was made Duke of Shuofang and King of Rouran. He received court robes and insignia, a state carriage with canopy, salary and attendants, and a guard of honor matching those of the emperor's own kin (the received text has a lacuna at note 13).

十二月，肅宗以阿那瓌國無定主，思還綏集，啟請切至，詔議之。時朝臣意有同異，或言聽還，或言不可。領軍元叉為宰相，阿那瓌私以金百斤貨之，遂歸北。二年正月，阿那瓌等五十四人請辭，肅宗臨西堂，引見阿那瓌及其伯叔兄弟五人，升階賜坐，遣中書舍人穆弼宣勞。阿那瓌等拜辭，詔賜阿那瓌細明光人馬鎧二具，鐵人馬鎧六具；露絲銀纏槊二張并白眊，赤漆槊十張并白眊，黑漆槊十張并幡；露絲弓二張并箭，朱漆柘弓六張并箭，黑漆弓十張并箭；赤漆盾六幡并刀，黑漆盾六幡并刀；赤漆鼓角二十具；五色錦被二領，黃紬被褥三十具；私府繡袍一領并帽，內者緋納襖一領；緋袍二十領并帽，內者雜綵千段；緋納小口袴褶一具，內中宛具；紫納大口袴褶一具，內中宛具；百子帳十八具，黃布幕六張；新乾飯一百石，麥麨八石，榛麨五石；銅烏錥四枚，柔鐵烏錥二枚，各受二斛；黑漆竹榼四枚，各受二升；婢二口；父草馬五百匹，駝百二十頭，㹀牛一百頭，羊五千口；朱畫盤器十合；粟二十萬石。至鎮給之。詔侍中崔光、黃門元纂郭外勞遣。

In the twelfth month Emperor Xiaozong, seeing Anagui's homeland left without a settled ruler and eager to return and restore order, took his urgent petitions to court for debate. The ministers were divided: some urged letting him go back, others insisted he must not. Yuan Cha, general-in-chief and chief minister, was privately paid a hundred jin of gold by Anagui and thereafter allowed him to return north. In the first month of the following year fifty-four men, Anagui among them, asked leave to depart. The emperor received them in the West Hall, called in Anagui with five uncles and brothers, had them ascend and be seated, and sent Mu Bi of the Secretariat to convey his parting regards. After they bowed their farewells, the emperor granted Anagui two sets of fine mingguang armor for rider and horse and six sets of iron mail for both. two silver-bound spears with openwork silk wrapping and white pennons; ten red-lacquered spears with white pennons; ten black-lacquered spears with streamers. two bows wrapped in openwork silk with arrows; six red-lacquered mulberry-wood bows with arrows; ten black-lacquered bows with arrows. six red-lacquered shields with pennants and swords; six black-lacquered shields with pennants and swords. He also gave him twenty red-lacquered field drums and horns. two brocade quilts in five colors and thirty sets of yellow silk bedding. one embroidered robe from the imperial wardrobe with its cap, and one scarlet lined jacket for wear beneath. twenty scarlet robes with caps and a thousand bolts of assorted silks for undergarments. one fitted suit of scarlet lined trousers and jacket, with full underlayers. one suit of purple lined trousers and jacket in the loose northern cut, likewise complete with undergarments. eighteen large camp pavilions and six yellow cloth marquees. one hundred shi of newly dried provisions, eight shi of wheat flour, and five shi of hazel flour; four bronze cauldrons and two of wrought iron, each of two-hu capacity; four black-lacquered bamboo flasks of two sheng each; two female attendants; five hundred herd horses, one hundred and twenty camels, one hundred yaks, and five thousand sheep; ten sets of vermilion-painted dining ware; two hundred thousand shi of grain. These were to be issued upon his reaching his post. An edict ordered Attendant Cui Guang and Yellow Gate Attendant Yuan Zuan to see him off beyond the suburbs with honors.

阿那瓌來奔之後，其從父兄俟力發婆羅門率數萬人入討示發，破之。示發走奔地豆于，為其所殺。推婆羅門為主，號彌偶可社句可汗，魏言安靜也。時安北將軍、懷朔鎮將楊鈞表：「傳聞彼人已立主，是阿那瓌同堂兄弟。夷人獸心，已相君長，恐未肯以殺兄之人，郊迎其弟。輕往虛反，徒損國威，自非廣加兵眾，無以送其入北。」二月，肅宗詔舊經蠕蠕使者牒云具仁，往喻婆羅門迎阿那瓌復藩之意。婆羅門殊自驕慢，無遜避之心，責具仁禮敬，具仁執節不屈。婆羅門遣大官莫何去汾、俟斤丘升頭六人將兵二千隨具仁迎阿那瓌。五月，具仁還鎮，論彼事勢。阿那瓌慮不敢入，表求還京。會婆羅門為高車所逐，率十部落詣涼州歸降，於是蠕蠕數萬相率迎阿那瓌。七月，阿那瓌啟云：「投化蠕蠕元退社、渾河旃等二人以今月二十六日到鎮，云國土大亂，姓姓別住，迭相抄掠，當今北人鵠望待拯。今乞依前恩，賜給精兵一萬，還令督率送臣磧北，撫定荒人，脫蒙所請，事必克濟。」詔付尚書、門下博議。八月，詔兼散騎常侍王遵業馳驛宣旨慰阿那瓌，并申賜賚。

After Anagui had fled to Wei, his cousin Yilifa Boluomen marched north with tens of thousands to strike Shifa and broke his force. Shifa fled to the Didouyu confederation and was slain there. They raised Boluomen as khan, giving him the title Mi'ou Kesheju Khan—"Tranquil" in the language of Wei. Anbei General and commander of Huaishuo Fort Yang Jun then submitted a memorial: "Word has come that the steppe has a new khan—Anagui's own cousin. These tribesmen think like beasts: they have chosen their chief, and they are unlikely to welcome at the border a younger brother of the man who slew his own kin. A token mission that came home empty-handed would only stain our honor; without a substantial escort he cannot be returned to the north." In the second month Emperor Suzong dispatched Dieyun Juren, who had once served as envoy to the Rouran, to tell Boluomen that Anagui was to be restored to his lands. Boluomen met him with extravagant arrogance, demanding obeisance; Juren stood on his commission and refused to yield. Boluomen sent his great officers Mohe Qufen and Yijin Qiufentou, with six companions and two thousand warriors, to accompany Juren and receive Anagui. In the fifth month Juren came back to the fort and laid out how matters stood on the steppe. Anagui, afraid to advance, petitioned to return to the capital. Just then Boluomen was overthrown by the Gaoche and led ten tribes to surrender at Liangzhou; tens of thousands of Rouran thereupon flocked to welcome Anagui home. In the seventh month Anagui wrote: "Two Rouran who have submitted—Yuan Tuishe and Hun Hezhan—reached the fort on the twenty-sixth. They say the steppe is in chaos: clans scattered, plundering one another. The people of the north watch like geese for rescue. I beg again for the ten thousand picked troops you once promised, to lead me beyond the desert and settle the scattered tribes. Grant this, and the task will surely be accomplished." The court referred the petition to the Secretariat and Chancellery for deliberation. In the eighth month Emperor Suzong sent Acting Cavalier Attendant Wang Zunye by relay post to comfort Anagui and confirm his gifts.

九月，蠕蠕後主俟匿伐來奔懷朔鎮，阿那瓌兄也，列稱規望乞軍，并請阿那瓌。十月，錄尚書事高陽王雍、尚書令李崇、侍中侯剛、尚書左僕射元欽、侍中元叉、侍中安豐王延明、吏部尚書元脩義、尚書李彥、給事黃門侍郎元纂、給事黃門侍郎張烈、給事黃門侍郎盧同等奏曰：「竊聞漢立南、北單于，晉有東、西之稱，皆所以相維禦難，為國藩籬。今臣等參議以為懷朔鎮北土名無結山吐若奚泉，敦煌北西海郡即漢晉舊障，二處寬平，原野彌沃。阿那瓌宜置西吐若奚泉，[14]婆羅門宜置西海郡，各令總率部落，收離聚散。其爵號及資給所須，唯恩裁處。彼臣下之官，任其舊俗。阿那瓌所居，既是境外，宜少優遣，以示威刑。請沃野、懷朔、武川鎮各差二百人，令當鎮軍主監率，給其糧仗，送至前所，仍於彼為其造構，功就聽還。諸於北來，在婆羅門前投化者，令州鎮上佐準程給糧，送詣懷朔阿那瓌，鎮與使人量給食廪。在京館者任其去留。阿那瓌草創，先無儲積，請給朔州麻子乾飯二千斛，官駝運送。婆羅門居於西海，既是境內，資衞不得同之。阿那瓌等新造藩屏，宜各遣使持節馳驛先詣慰喻，并委經略。」肅宗從之。十二月，詔安西將軍、廷尉元洪超兼尚書行臺，詣敦煌安置婆羅門。婆羅門尋與部眾謀叛投嚈噠，嚈噠三妻，皆婆羅門姊妹也。仍為州軍所討，禽之。

In the ninth month the former Rouran khan Hou Nifa, Anagui's elder brother, fled to Huaishuo Fort, laid out his ambitions, begged for an army, and asked that Anagui be sent to join him. In the tenth month Prince of Gaoyang Yuan Yong, who held the post of Recorder of the Masters of Writing, together with Li Chong, Hou Gang, Yuan Qin, Yuan Cha, Prince of Anfeng Yuan Yanming, Yuan Xiuyi, Li Yan, and the Gentlemen of the Yellow Gate Yuan Zuan, Zhang Lie, and Lu Tong memorialized: "We understand that the Han enthroned Southern and Northern Shanyu, and the Jin spoke of Eastern and Western khans—each arrangement meant to brace the realm against trouble and serve as a living frontier. We propose two seats: north of Huaishuo lies the place known as Wujie Mountain and Turuoqi Spring; north of Dunhuang stands Western Sea Commandery, an old Han and Jin frontier. Both are open country, rich in pasture and water. Anagui should be settled at western Turuoqi Spring;[14] Boluomen at Western Sea Commandery. Let each gather his tribes and knit together those who have fled or been torn apart. Their titles and the provisions they require we leave to Your Majesty's grace. Let their subordinates keep their own offices and customs. Anagui's seat lies beyond the border; his escort should be somewhat restrained, to show the weight of imperial authority. We ask that Woye, Huaishuo, and Wuchuan each furnish two hundred men under their garrison commanders, with rations and weapons, to escort the khans to their seats and build their camps; when the work is finished the detachments may return. All northerners who submitted before Boluomen did should receive grain by statute from prefecture and fort staffs, be sent on to Anagui at Huaishuo, and be rationed by the fort and his envoys. Those lodged in the capital may leave or remain as they wish. Anagui is starting from nothing and has no stores; grant him two thousand hu of hemp-seed provisions from Shuozhou, delivered by imperial camels. Boluomen's seat lies inside our territory at the Western Sea; his escort and supplies cannot match Anagui's. As these new frontier lords take up their posts, envoys with credentials should ride ahead to reassure them and oversee the settlement." Emperor Suzong approved. In the twelfth month Emperor Suzong sent Anxi General and Commandant of Justice Yuan Hongchao, with concurrent duties on the mobile secretariat, to Dunhuang to install Boluomen. Soon Boluomen conspired with his followers to rebel and join the Hephthalites, whose king had taken three of Boluomen's sisters to wife. Provincial troops moved against him and took him prisoner.

三年十二月，阿那瓌上表乞粟以為田種，詔給萬石。四年，阿那瓌眾大飢，入塞寇抄，肅宗詔尚書左丞元孚兼行臺尚書持節喻之。孚見阿那瓌，為其所執，以孚自隨，驅掠良口二千，公私驛馬牛羊數十萬北遁，謝孚放還。詔驃騎大將軍、尚書令李崇等率騎十萬討之，出塞三千餘里，至瀚海，不及而還。俟匿伐至洛陽，肅宗臨西堂，引見之。五年，婆羅門死於洛南之館，詔贈使持節、鎮西將軍、秦州刺史、廣牧公。

In the twelfth month of the third year Anagui petitioned for seed grain; the court granted ten thousand shi. In the fourth year famine drove Anagui's people to raid across the border. Emperor Suzong sent Left Assistant Director Yuan Fu, bearing credentials and acting as mobile secretariat chief, to rebuke him. When Yuan Fu met Anagui he was seized and forced to accompany the raid. Anagui carried off two thousand civilians and hundreds of thousands of relay mounts and herds north of the border, then released Fu with an apology. Li Chong, Flying Cavalry General and Minister of the Masters of Writing, was ordered to take one hundred thousand cavalry in pursuit. They rode more than three thousand li beyond the border to Hanhai but could not overtake him and turned back. When Hou Nifa arrived at Luoyang, Emperor Suzong received him in audience at the West Hall. In the fifth year Boluomen died at the southern hostel in Luoyang; the throne posthumously honored him as Bearer of the Staff, General Who Pacifies the West, Governor of Qin Province, and Duke of Guangmu.

是歲，沃野鎮人破六韓拔陵反，諸鎮相應。孝昌元年春，阿那瓌率眾討之，詔遣牒云具仁齎雜物勞賜阿那瓌，阿那瓌拜受詔命，勒眾十萬，從武川鎮西向沃野，頻戰克捷。四月，肅宗又遣兼通直散騎常侍、中書舍人馮儁使阿那瓌，宣勞班賜有差。阿那瓌部落既和，士馬稍盛，乃號敕連頭兵豆伐可汗，魏言把攬也。十月，阿那瓌復遣郁久閭彌娥朝貢。三年四月，阿那瓌遣使人鞏鳳景等朝貢，及還，肅宗詔之曰：「北鎮羣狄，為逆不息，蠕蠕主為國立忠，助加誅討，言念誠心，無忘寢食。今知停在朔垂，與尒朱榮隣接，其嚴勒部曲，勿相暴掠，又近得蠕蠕主啟，更欲為國東討。但蠕蠕主世居北漠，不宜炎夏，今可且停，聽待後敕。」蓋朝廷慮其反覆也。此後頻使朝貢。

That year Poliuhan Baleng of Woye Fort rose in revolt, and garrison after garrison followed him. In the spring of Xiaochang one (525) Anagui led his warriors against the rebels. Emperor Suzong sent Dieyun Juren with gifts to reward him. Anagui accepted the commission, marshaled one hundred thousand men, marched west from Wuchuan Fort toward Woye, and won victory after victory. In the fourth month Emperor Suzong again dispatched Feng Jun, acting direct drafter of the secretariat and palace attendant, to Anagui with words of comfort and graded gifts. With his tribes pacified and his strength in men and horses growing, Anagui took the title Chileantou Bingdoufa Khan—"Grasping," in the language of Wei. In the tenth month Anagui sent Yujiulü Mi'e to court again with tribute. In the fourth month of the third year Anagui sent Gong Fengjing and others with tribute. On their return Emperor Suzong told them: "The northern garrisons seethe with rebellion, yet the Rouran khan has stood loyal to us and helped put the rebels down. When I dwell on such sincerity, it follows me from waking to sleep. I understand you are holding the northern marches next to Erzhu Rong. Keep your men under strict discipline and forbid mutual plunder. I have also just received the khan's memorial, offering to march east again in the state's service. Yet the Rouran have always lived in the northern desert and are ill suited to the heat of summer. For the present, hold your forces in place and await further instructions." The court, in short, feared he might turn treacherous again. After that he sent tribute missions again and again.

匈奴宇文莫槐，出於遼東塞外，其先南單于遠屬也，世為東部大人。其語與鮮卑頗異。人皆翦髮而留其頂上，以為首飾，長過數寸則截短之。婦女披長襦及足，而無裳焉。秋收烏頭為毒藥，以射禽獸。

Yuwen Mohuai of the Xiongnu came from beyond the Liaodong passes. His line was a distant branch of the Southern Shanyu, and for generations his house had ruled as chiefs of the eastern tribes. Their language differed markedly from Xianbei. The men all shaved their heads but left the crown bare as an ornament, trimming it whenever it grew more than a few inches long. Women wore long robes down to the feet and went without skirts. Each autumn they gathered aconite to make poison for hunting birds and beasts.

莫槐虐用其民，為部人所殺，更立其弟普撥為大人。普撥死，子丘不勤立，尚平文女。 [16]丘不勤死，子莫廆立，本名犯太祖諱。莫廆遣弟屈雲攻慕容廆，廆擊破之；又遣別部素延伐慕容廆於棘城，復為慕容廆所破。時莫廆部眾強盛，自稱單于，塞外諸部咸畏憚之。莫廆死，子遜昵延立，率眾攻慕容廆於棘城。廆子翰先戍於外，遜昵延謂其眾曰：「翰素果勇，必為人患，宜先取之，城不足憂也。」乃分騎數千襲翰。翰聞之，[17]使人詐為段末波使者，逆謂遜昵延曰：「翰數為吾患，久思除之，今聞來討，甚善，戒嚴相待，宜兼路早赴。」翰設伏待之，遜昵延以為信然，長驅不備，至於伏所，為翰所虜。 [18]翰馳使告廆，乘勝遂進，及晨而至。廆亦盡銳應之。遜昵延見而方嚴，率眾逆戰，前鋒始交，而翰已入其營，縱火燎之，眾乃大潰，遜昵延單馬奔還，悉俘其眾。遜昵延父子世雄漠北，又先得玉璽三紐，自言為天所相，每自跨大。及此敗也，乃卑辭厚幣，遣使朝獻于昭帝，帝嘉之，以女妻焉。

Mohuai abused his people so harshly that his tribesmen killed him and raised his younger brother Pubo as chief. When Pubo died his son Qiubuqin succeeded him and took a daughter of Emperor Pingwen to wife. [16] When Qiubuqin died his son Mo'ai took the throne; his birth name had violated the taboo on the Founding Emperor's personal name. Mo'ai sent his brother Quyun against Murong Hui, who routed him; he then sent a detached force under Suyan to strike Murong Hui at Jicheng, and was defeated there as well. By then Mo'ai's following had grown mighty. He proclaimed himself Shanyu, and the tribes beyond the frontier all stood in awe of him. When Mo'ai died his son Xunniyan became chief and marched on Murong Hui at Jicheng with a great host. Hui's son Han was posted outside the walls. Xunniyan told his warriors: "Han has always been bold and resolute—he is sure to become a scourge. We should deal with him first; the city itself need not trouble us." He detached several thousand horsemen to strike at Han. When Han learned of the move, [17] he sent men disguised as envoys of Duan Mobo to meet Xunniyan and say: "Han has long been my bane, and I have wanted him dead for years. Now that you are coming against him, splendid—keep your men ready; take the direct road and hurry to join me." Han laid an ambush. Xunniyan took the story at face value and galloped ahead without precaution until he walked into the trap and was seized. [18] Han sent fast riders to alert Hui, who pressed the advantage and reached the field at dawn. Hui himself led out every able fighter to meet him. Xunniyan drew up his ranks and met them head-on. The van had scarcely joined when Han was already inside his camp setting it ablaze. The army broke in panic; Xunniyan fled alone on horseback while the rest were taken prisoner. Father and son had lorded over the northern desert for generations and had even come into a jade seal with three cords, claiming Heaven's favor. They had grown insufferably proud. After this defeat he sent envoys with humble words and lavish gifts to offer tribute to Emperor Zhao. The emperor approved and gave him a princess in marriage.

遜昵延死，子乞得龜立，復伐慕容廆，廆拒之。惠帝三年，乞得龜屯保澆水，固壘不戰，遣其兄悉跋堆襲廆子仁于栢林，仁逆擊，斬悉跋堆。廆又攻乞得龜克之，乞得龜單騎夜奔，悉虜其眾。乘勝長驅，入其國城，收資財億計，徙部民數萬戶以歸。先是，海出大龜，枯死於平郭，至是而乞得龜敗。

When Xunniyan died his son Qidedui became chief and again marched on Murong Hui, who met him in defense. In the third year of Emperor Hui, Qidedui fortified himself at Baoshui and refused battle, while sending his brother Xibadui to strike Hui's son Ren at Bailin. Ren counterattacked and killed Xibadui. Hui attacked again and broke him. Qidedui fled alone by night on horseback, and his entire following was captured. Driving the victory home, they entered his capital, seized wealth beyond counting, and moved tens of thousands of tribal households away. Years before the sea had cast up a great turtle that died dried out at Pingguo—an omen fulfilled when Qidedui, whose name meant "begging for the turtle," was ruined.

別部人逸豆歸殺乞得龜而自立，與慕容晃相攻擊，遣其國相莫渾伐晃，而莫渾荒酒縱獵，為晃所破，死者萬餘人。建國八年，晃伐逸豆歸，逸豆歸拒之，為晃所敗，殺其驍將涉亦干。逸豆歸遠遁漠北，遂奔高麗。晃徙其部眾五千餘落於昌黎，自此散滅矣。

Yidougui of a cadet line killed Qidedui and made himself chief, then warred with Murong Huang. He sent his chancellor Mohun against Huang, but Mohun gave himself to wine and the chase; Huang shattered him and left more than ten thousand dead. In the eighth year of Jianguo, Huang campaigned against Yidougui, who resisted and was defeated; Huang slew his champion She Yigan. Yidougui fled deep into the northern desert and finally took refuge in Goguryeo. Huang resettled more than five thousand of their tents in Changli, and from that point the Yuwen power scattered and died away.

徒何段就六眷，本出於遼西。其伯祖日陸眷，因亂被賣為漁陽烏丸大庫辱官家奴。諸大人集會幽州，皆持唾壺，唯庫辱官獨無，乃唾日陸眷口中。日陸眷因咽之，西向拜天曰：「願使主君之智慧祿相盡移入我腹中。」其後漁陽大飢，庫辱官以日陸眷為健，使將之詣遼西逐食，招誘亡叛，遂至強盛。日陸眷死，弟乞珍代立。乞珍死，子務目塵代立，即就陸眷父也，據有遼西之地，而臣於晉。其所統三萬餘家，控絃上馬四五萬騎。穆帝時，幽州刺史王浚以段氏數為己用，[19]深德之，乃表封務目塵為遼西公，假大單于印綬。浚使務目塵率萬餘騎伐石勒於常山封龍山下，大破之。

Duan Jiu Liujuan of the Tuohe clan came originally from Liaoxi. His great-uncle Rilüjuan, caught up in the turmoil of the age, was sold as a household slave to the chief Kuru officer of the Yuyang Wuhuan. When the great chiefs met at Youzhou each carried a spittoon; the Kuru officer alone had none, and spat into Rilüjuan's mouth instead. Rilüjuan swallowed it, faced west, and bowed to Heaven: "May my master's wisdom, rank, and good fortune pass entirely into my belly." Famine later struck Yuyang. Judging Rilüjuan a capable man, the Kuru officer sent him to lead people into Liaoxi in search of pasture, where he gathered fugitives and deserters until his power grew formidable. When Rilüjuan died his younger brother Qizhen took his place. When Qizhen died his son Wumuchen succeeded—the father of Jiuliujuan—holding Liaoxi while acknowledging the Jin court. He ruled more than thirty thousand households and could field forty or fifty thousand mounted archers. Under Emperor Mu, Youzhou inspector Wang Jun, who had often relied on the Duan, [19] repaid them by memorializing to enfeoff Wumuchen as Duke of Liaoxi and invest him with the great Shanyu seal and cordon. Jun sent Wumuchen with more than ten thousand horsemen to strike Shi Le at Mount Fenglong below Changshan and routed him completely.

務目塵死，就六眷立。就六眷與弟匹磾、從弟末波等率五萬餘騎圍石勒於襄國。勒登城望之，見將士皆釋仗寢臥，無警備之意，勒因其懈怠，選募勇徤，穿城突出，直衝末波，生禽之。置之座上，與飲宴盡歡，約為父子，盟誓而遣之。末波既得免，就六眷等遂攝軍而還，不復報浚，歸于遼西。自此以後，末波常不敢南向溲焉，人問其故，末波曰：「吾父在南。」其感勒不害己也如此。

When Wumuchen died, Jiuliujuan became chief. Jiuliujuan, his brother Pidi, his cousin Mobo, and others led more than fifty thousand horsemen to besiege Shi Le at Xiangguo. Le mounted the wall to look down and saw officers and men had laid aside their weapons and were sleeping with no guard posted. Seizing on their slackness, he picked his bravest men, broke out through the wall, and charged straight at Mobo, taking him alive. He seated Mobo beside him, feasted with him to the full, pledged a bond like father and son, and sent him away under oath. Once Mobo was free, Jiuliujuan and the rest withdrew without reporting to Jun and returned to Liaoxi. After that Mobo would hardly relieve himself facing south. When people asked why, he said, "My father is in the south." Such was the depth of his gratitude that Le had spared his life.

就六眷死，其子幼弱，匹磾與劉琨世子羣奔喪。匹磾陰卷甲而往，欲殺其從叔羽鱗及末波而奪其國。末波等知之，遣軍逆擊，匹磾、劉羣為末波所獲。匹磾走還薊，懼琨禽己，請琨宴會，因執而害之。匹磾既殺劉琨，與羽鱗、末波自相攻擊，部眾乖離。欲擁其眾徙保上谷，阻軍都之險，以拒末波等。平文帝聞之，陰嚴精騎將擊之。匹磾恐懼，南奔樂陵。後石勒遣石虎擊段文鴦于樂陵，破之，生擒文鴦。匹磾遂率其屬及諸塢壁降于石勒。

When Jiuliujuan died his heir was still a child. Pidi and Liu Kun's son Qun went to attend the funeral. Pidi marched in secret under arms, intending to kill his uncles Yulin and Mobo and seize the chieftainship. Mobo and the others learned of the plot and met him with troops; Pidi and Liu Qun were taken. Pidi fled back to Ji, afraid Liu Kun would arrest him. He invited Kun to a feast and seized and killed him there. After killing Liu Kun, Pidi warred with Yulin and Mobo in turn, and the tribes fell apart. He meant to move his people to Shanggu and hold the Jundu passes against Mobo and the others. Emperor Daowu heard of it and quietly gathered elite cavalry to strike him. Terrified, Pidi fled south to Leling. Later Shi Le sent Shi Hu against Duan Wenyang at Leling, defeated him, and took Wenyang alive. Pidi then led his kin and the fortified hamlets in submission to Shi Le.

高車，蓋古赤狄之餘種也，初號為狄歷，北方以為勑勒，諸夏以為高車、丁零。其語略與匈奴同而時有小異，或云其先匈奴之甥也。其種有狄氏、袁紇氏、[21]斛律氏、解批氏、護骨氏、異奇斤氏。俗云匈奴單于生二女，姿容甚美，國人皆以為神。單于曰：「吾有此女，安可配人，將以與天。」乃於國北無人之地，築高臺，置二女其上，曰：「請天自迎之。」經三年，其母欲迎之，單于曰：「不可，未徹之間耳。」復一年，乃有一老狼晝夜守臺嘷呼，因穿臺下為空穴，經時不去。其小女曰：「吾父處我於此，欲以與天，而今狼來，或是神物，天使之然。」將下就之。其姊大驚曰：「此是畜生，無乃辱父母也！」妹不從，下為狼妻而產子，後遂滋繁成國，故其人好引聲長歌，又似狼嘷。

The Gaoche were likely descendants of the ancient Red Di. They were first known as Diree; northerners called them Chile; the central states knew them as Gaoche or Dingling. Their language was much like the Xiongnu with minor differences, and some said they sprang from the Xiongnu by a sister's line. Their clans included the Di, Yuanhe, [21] Hulü, Jiepi, Hugu, and Yiqijin. Tradition held that a Xiongnu Shanyu fathered two daughters of surpassing beauty whom his people revered as divine. The Shanyu said, "These daughters of mine cannot be given to any man; I shall offer them to Heaven." In an empty tract north of the realm he built a high terrace, set the two daughters upon it, and said, "Let Heaven come to take them." After three years their mother wished to bring them home, but the Shanyu said, "No—not until the rite is finished." Another year on, an old wolf kept the terrace day and night, howling; it dug a burrow beneath the platform and would not leave. The younger daughter said, "Father set us here to be given to Heaven. Now a wolf has come—it may be a divine being sent by Heaven." She was about to go down to it. Her elder sister cried out in alarm: "It is only a beast—you will shame our parents!" The younger sister would not listen, went down, became the wolf's mate, and bore children. Their line multiplied into a nation, and to this day they love long, drawn-out songs that sound like wolves howling.

無都統大帥，當種各有君長，為性粗猛，黨類同心，至於寇難，翕然相依。鬬無行陳，頭別衝突，乍出乍入，不能堅戰。其俗蹲踞褻黷，無所忌避。婚姻用牛馬納聘以為榮。 [22]結言既定，男黨營車闌馬，令女黨恣取，上馬袒乘出闌，馬主立於闌外，振手驚馬，不墜者即取之，墜則更取，數滿乃止。俗無穀，不作酒，迎婦之日，男女相將，持馬酪熟肉節解。主人延賓亦無行位，穹廬前叢坐，飲宴終日，復留其宿。明日，將婦歸，既而將夫黨還入其家馬羣，極取良馬。父母兄弟雖惜，終無言者。頗諱取寡婦而優憐之。其畜產自有記識，雖闌縱在野，終無妄取。俗不清潔。喜致震霆，每震則叫呼射天而棄之移去。至來歲秋，馬肥，復相率候於震所，埋羖羊，燃火，拔刀，女巫祝說，似如中國祓除，而羣隊馳馬旋繞，百帀乃止。人持一束柳桋，回竪之，以乳酪灌焉。婦人以皮裹羊骸，戴之首上，縈屈髮鬢而綴之，有似軒冕。其死亡葬送，掘地作坎，坐屍於中，張臂引弓，佩刀挾矟，無異於生，而露坎不掩。時有震死及疫癘，則為之祈福。若安全無他，則為報賽。多殺雜畜，燒骨以燎，走馬遶旋，多者數百帀，男女無小大皆集會，平吉之人則歌舞作樂，死喪之家則悲吟哭泣。其遷徙隨水草，衣皮食肉，牛羊畜產盡與蠕蠕同，唯車輪高大，輻數至多。

They had no single paramount chief; each tribe had its own leader. Fierce by nature and clannish, they closed ranks whenever trouble came. In battle they kept no formation, charging in scattered rushes and wheeling back again; they could not stand to a sustained fight. By custom they squatted familiarly and behaved without restraint or shame. Marriage was honored by betrothal gifts of cattle and horses. [22] Once the match was agreed, the groom's party penned wagons and horses in a corral and let the bride's kin take as they pleased. Each man mounted bareback and rode out; the owners stood outside and startled the horses. Whoever stayed mounted kept the horse; whoever fell had to try again until the allotted number was won. They ate no grain and brewed no wine. On the wedding day men and women went together carrying mare's milk, cooked meat, and joints of game. When hosts received guests there was no order of seating; all sat in a heap before the yurt, feasted through the day, and kept them to sleep over again. The next day the bride was brought home; then the groom's party rode into her family's herds and took the best horses they could. Parents and brothers might grieve, but none would say a word. They were reluctant to take widows, yet treated them with special kindness. Each herd bore its owner's marks; even when animals ranged freely in the wild, none were taken by mistake. Cleanliness was not a point of custom with them. They feared thunder. Whenever it struck they shouted, shot arrows toward the sky, and abandoned the place to move elsewhere. The next autumn, when the horses had grown fat, they gathered again at the site of the strike, buried a ram, kindled fire, and drew knives while a shamaness chanted rites rather like Chinese purification. Bands of horsemen galloped in circles a hundred times before stopping. Each person carried a bundle of willow wands, set them upright in a ring, and poured cheese over them. Women wrapped sheep bones in hide, wore them on their heads, and coiled their hair about them until the effect resembled a court cap. For the dead they dug a pit, seated the corpse within with arms spread as if drawing a bow, knife at the belt and spear in hand, no different from life, and left the pit open without covering it. Death by lightning or pestilence called forth blessing rites. When all was well they offered thanks. They slaughtered many beasts, burned the bones for flame, and galloped horses in circles—sometimes hundreds of rounds. Young and old of both sexes gathered; fortunate households sang and made music, while bereaved families chanted their grief. They moved with the grass and water, dressed in skins and lived on meat; their herds were much like the Rouran's, save that their cart wheels were taller and their spokes far more numerous.

後徙於鹿渾海西北百餘里，部落強大，常與蠕蠕為敵，亦每侵盜于國家。太祖親襲之，大破其諸部。後太祖復度弱洛水，西行至鹿渾海，停駕簡輕騎，西北行百餘里，襲破之，虜獲生口馬牛羊二十餘萬。復討其餘種於狼山，大破之。車駕巡幸，分命諸將為東西二道，太祖親勒六軍從中道，自駁髯水西北，徇略其部，諸軍同時雲合，破其雜種三十餘落。衞王儀別督將從西北絕漠千餘里，復破其遺迸七部。於是高車大懼，諸部震駭。太祖自牛川南引，大校獵，以高車為圍，騎徒遮列，周七百餘里，聚雜獸於其中。因驅至平城，即以高車眾起鹿苑，南因臺陰，北距長城，東包白登，屬之西山。尋而高車姪利曷莫弗敕力犍率其九百餘落內附，拜敕力犍為揚威將軍，置司馬、參軍，賜穀二萬斛。後高車解批莫弗幡豆建復率其部三十餘落內附，亦拜為威遠將軍，置司馬、參軍，賜衣服，歲給廩食。

Later they shifted to a site more than a hundred li northwest of Luhun Lake. Their tribes grew strong, were constant foes of the Rouran, and often raided our borders as well. The Founding Emperor led a personal campaign against them and shattered their tribes. Later the Founding Emperor crossed the Weak Luo again, marched west to Luhun Lake, halted the train and picked out light cavalry, and after riding northwest more than a hundred li struck and shattered the enemy, taking more than two hundred thousand captives together with their horses, cattle, and sheep. He then pursued their remnant clans to Wolf Mountain and routed them completely. On an imperial progress he split his commanders into eastern and western columns while he personally led the Six Armies up the center, sweeping northwest from the Boyan River through their encampments; the columns converged like storm clouds and shattered more than thirty mixed Gaoche bands. Prince of Wei Yi, commanding a separate force, crossed more than a thousand li of desert from the northwest and crushed seven fugitive bands that had broken away. The Gaoche were seized with terror, and tribe after tribe trembled. The Founding Emperor led south from Niuchuan on a great hunt, using Gaoche tribesmen as the beaters while horsemen and foot soldiers formed a cordon seven hundred li around, driving every sort of game into the ring. The drive ended at Pingcheng, where he set the Gaoche to build a royal deer park bounded on the south by the terrace slope, on the north by the Long Wall, on the east by Baideng, and on the west by the western hills. Before long the Gaoche elder Chile Jian of the Zhi-li He clan brought more than nine hundred encampments to submit; he was made General Who Displays Might, given a major and an aide-de-camp, and granted twenty thousand hu of grain. Later the Gaoche elder Fandou Jian of the Jiepi clan led more than thirty encampments of his people to submit as well; he too received the title General of Majestic Presence, with a major and an aide-de-camp, gifts of clothing, and an annual allowance from the state granaries.

蠕蠕社崘破敗之後，收拾部落，轉徙廣漠之北，侵入高車之地。斛律部部帥倍侯利患之，曰：「社崘新集，兵貧馬少，易與耳。」乃舉眾掩擊，入其國落。高車昧利，不顧後患，分其廬室，妻其婦女，安息寢臥不起。社崘登高望見，乃招集亡散得千人，晨掩殺之，走而脫者十二三。倍侯利遂來奔，賜爵孟都公。倍侯利質直勇徤過人，奮戈陷陳，有異於眾。北方之人畏嬰兒啼者，[23]語曰「倍侯利來」，便止。處女歌謠云：「求良夫，當如倍侯。」其服眾如此。善用五十蓍筮吉凶，每中，故得親幸，賞賜豐厚，命其少子曷堂內侍。及倍侯利卒，太祖悼惜，葬以國禮，諡曰忠壯王。後詔將軍伊謂帥二萬騎北襲高車餘種袁紇、烏頻，破之。太祖時，分散諸部，唯高車以類粗獷，不任使役，故得別為部落。

After Shelun of the Rouran was broken in defeat, he gathered what was left of his tribes, shifted to the far northern steppe, and pushed into Gaoche lands. Beihouli, chief of the Hulü tribe, took alarm and said, "Shelun has only just pulled his people together; his men are few and his horses scant. He will be easy to handle." He then led his whole force in a surprise strike deep into Shelun's encampments. The Gaoche, blinded by easy gain, gave no thought to what might follow: they seized Shelun's tents, took his women, and lay down to feast and sleep without a care. Shelun climbed a height and saw what had happened; he rallied a thousand scattered survivors and at dawn fell on them in a surprise attack. Only one or two in ten of the Gaoche escaped. Beihouli then fled to our side and was enfeoffed as Duke of Mengdu. Beihouli was blunt, honest, and surpassingly brave; he charged the enemy line with spear in hand in a way unlike ordinary men. Among northerners who hushed crying infants, [23] the saying ran that once you said "Beihouli is coming," the child would fall silent at once. Maidens sang, "If you want a worthy husband, find one like Beihou." Such was the hold he had over his people. He was adept at divining fortune and misfortune with fifty yarrow stalks and was right every time; for this he won the emperor's close favor, received lavish rewards, and had his youngest son Hetang appointed an inner attendant. When Beihouli died, the Founding Emperor grieved for him, buried him with state honors, and gave him the posthumous title Loyal and Stalwart King. Later an edict sent General Yi Yu north at the head of twenty thousand horsemen to strike the Gaoche remnant clans Yuan He and Wupin, and he broke them. In the Founding Emperor's day the tribes were broken up and resettled; only the Gaoche, deemed too rough and wild for corvée labor, were left as a separate people.

後世祖征蠕蠕，破之而還，至漠南，聞高車東部在巳尼陂，人畜甚眾，去官軍千餘里，將遣左僕射安原等討之。司徒長孫翰、尚書令劉潔等諫，世祖不聽，乃遣原等并發新附高車合萬騎，至于巳尼陂，高車諸部望軍而降者數十萬落，獲馬牛羊亦百餘萬，皆徙置漠南千里之地。乘高車，逐水草，畜牧蕃息，數年之後，漸知粒食，歲致獻貢，由是國家馬及牛羊遂至于賤，氈皮委積。高宗時，五部高車合聚祭天，眾至數萬。大會，走馬殺牲，遊遶歌吟忻忻，其俗稱自前世以來無盛於此。會車駕臨幸，莫不忻悅。後高祖召高車之眾隨車駕南討，高車不願南行，遂推袁紇樹者為主，相率北叛，遊踐金陵，都督宇文福追討，大敗而還。又詔平北將軍、江陽王繼為都督討之，繼先遣人慰勞樹者。樹者入蠕蠕，尋悔，相率而降。

Later Emperor Taiwu campaigned against the Rouran, routed them, and on his return reached the southern steppe. He learned that eastern Gaoche tribes were camped at Sini Po with vast herds and households, more than a thousand li from his army, and prepared to send Left Deputy Minister Anyuan and others against them. Minister of Works Changsun Han, Director of the Secretariat Liu Jie, and others urged restraint, but Emperor Taiwu would not hear it. He sent Anyuan with ten thousand horsemen, including newly submitted Gaoche, to Sini Po. Tribe after tribe came over at sight of the army—hundreds of thousands of encampments—and more than a million head of horses, cattle, and sheep were taken. All were resettled within a thousand li south of the desert. They lived in their tall carts, followed the grass and water, and their herds multiplied. After a few years they began to learn grain cultivation and sent tribute every year. Horses, cattle, and sheep grew so plentiful in the realm that they became cheap, and felt and hides lay in heaps. Under Emperor Wencheng the five Gaoche divisions assembled for a sacrifice to Heaven, and the gathering ran to tens of thousands. At the great gathering they galloped their horses, slaughtered beasts, and circled in song, merry beyond measure; by their own reckoning nothing so grand had been seen since ancient times. When the emperor came in person, every heart was glad. Later Emperor Xiaowen called the Gaoche to follow the imperial train on a southern campaign. Unwilling to march south, they made Yuan He Shuzhe their leader, rose in a mass rebellion, and ranged through the Jinling region. Supervisor Yuwen Fu pursued them and was routed. An edict then named General Who Pacifies the North, Prince of Jiangyang Ji, commander of the punitive force. Ji first sent envoys to reassure Shuzhe. Shuzhe had fled to the Rouran, but soon repented and led his people back in submission.

高車之族，又有十二姓：一曰泣伏利氏，二曰吐盧氏，[24]三曰乙旃氏，四曰大連氏，五曰窟賀氏，六曰達薄干氏，七曰阿崘氏，八曰莫允氏，九曰俟分氏，十曰副伏羅氏，十一曰乞袁氏，十二曰右叔沛氏。先是，副伏羅部為蠕蠕所役屬，豆崘之世，蠕蠕亂離，國部分散，副伏羅阿伏至羅與從弟窮奇俱統領高車之眾十餘萬落。太和十一年，豆崘犯塞，阿伏至羅等固諫不從，怒，率所部之眾西叛，至前部西北，自立為王，國人號之曰「候婁匐勒」，猶魏言大天子也。窮奇號「候倍」，猶魏言儲主也。二人和穆，分部而立，阿伏至羅居北，窮奇在南。豆崘追討之，頻為阿伏至羅所敗，乃引眾東徙。十四年，阿伏至羅遣商胡越者至京師，以二箭奉貢，云：「蠕蠕為天子之賊，臣諫之不從，遂叛來至此而自豎立。當為天子討除蠕蠕。」高祖未之信也，遣使者于提往觀虛實。阿伏至羅與窮奇遣使者薄頡隨于提來朝，貢其方物。詔員外散騎侍郎可足渾長生復與于提使高車，各賜繡袴褶一具，雜綵百匹。窮奇後為嚈噠所殺，虜其子彌俄突等，其眾分散，或來奔附，或投蠕蠕。詔遣宣威將軍、羽林監孟威撫納降人，置之高平鎮。阿伏至羅長子蒸阿伏至羅餘妻，謀害阿伏至羅，阿伏至羅殺之。

The Gaoche also reckoned twelve clan names: Qifuli, Tulü, [24] Yizhan, Dalian, Kugu, Dabogan, A'chun, Moyun, Houfen, Fufuluo, Qiyuan, and Youshupei. Earlier the Fufuluo had been subject to the Rouran. In Douluon's day the Rouran realm fell apart and its tribes scattered; Afuzhiluo of the Fufuluo and his cousin Qiongqi together led more than a hundred thousand Gaoche encampments. In the eleventh year of Taihe, Douluon raided our borders. Afuzhiluo and his men urged him to desist, but he would not listen; in anger they led their people west in revolt, reached the northwest of the former Qian tribe, and set up an independent kingship. Their people hailed Afuzhiluo as Hou Lou Fule—"great Son of Heaven" in Wei parlance. Qiongqi took the title Houbei, meaning heir and regent in the language of Wei. The two ruled in harmony, each with his own domain: Afuzhiluo in the north and Qiongqi in the south. Douluon pursued them but was beaten again and again by Afuzhiluo and at last led his people east in flight. In the fourteenth year Afuzhiluo sent the merchant Hu Yuezhe to the capital with tribute of two arrows and a message: "The Rouran are rebels against the Son of Heaven. I urged them to desist, but they would not listen; I broke away, came west, and set up rule on my own. I am ready to strike down the Rouran on the Son of Heaven's behalf." Emperor Xiaowen was not yet convinced and sent the envoy Yu Ti to learn the truth of the matter. Afuzhiluo and Qiongqi sent the envoy Bo Nian to court with Yu Ti, bearing local tribute. An edict sent Extraordinary Cadet Attendant Kedu Hun Changsheng back with Yu Ti as envoy to the Gaoche, with gifts for each of a brocade jacket and trousers and a hundred bolts of mixed silks. Qiongqi was later killed by the Hepthalites, who seized his son Mietu and others. His people broke apart, some fleeing to us and some to the Rouran. An edict sent Displaying Might General and Feathered Forest Inspector Meng Wei to receive the refugees and settle them at Gaoping Garrison. Afuzhiluo's eldest son Zheng Afu took his father's former wife and plotted to kill him; Afuzhiluo discovered the plot and put his son to death.

阿伏至羅又殘暴，大失眾心，眾共殺之，立其宗人跋利延為主。歲餘，嚈噠伐高車，將納彌俄突，國人殺跋利延，迎彌俄突而立之。彌俄突既立，復遣朝貢，又奉表獻金方一、銀方一、金杖二、馬七匹、駝十頭。詔使者慕容坦賜彌俄突雜綵六十匹。世宗詔之曰：[25]「卿遠據沙外，頻申誠款，覽揖忠志，特所欽嘉。蠕蠕、嚈噠、吐谷渾所以交通者，皆路由高昌，掎角相接。今高昌內附，遣使迎引，蠕蠕往來路絕，姦勢。不得妄令羣小敢有陵犯，擁塞王人，[26]罪在不赦。」彌俄突尋與蠕蠕主伏圖戰於蒲類海北，為伏圖所敗，西走三百餘里。伏圖次於伊吾北山。先是，高昌王麴嘉表求內徙，世宗遣孟威迎之，至伊吾，蠕蠕見威軍，怖而遁走。彌俄突聞其離駭，追擊大破之，殺伏圖於蒲類海北，割其髮，送於孟威。又遣使獻龍馬五匹、金銀貂皮及諸方物，詔東城子于亮報之，[27]賜樂器一部，樂工八十人，赤紬十匹，雜綵六十匹。彌俄突遣其莫何去汾屋引叱賀真貢其方物。

Afuzhiluo grew cruel and lost the people's loyalty; they rose together, killed him, and set his kinsman Baliyan on the throne. A year later the Hepthalites attacked the Gaoche, intending to restore Mietu. The tribesmen killed Baliyan and welcomed Mietu as their king. Once enthroned, Mietu again sent envoys to court with tribute and a memorial offering one gold ingot, one silver ingot, two gold staffs, seven horses, and ten camels. An edict sent the envoy Murong Tan to reward Mietu with sixty bolts of mixed silks. Emperor Xuanwu addressed him: [25] "You rule far beyond the desert and have shown your loyalty again and again; your steadfast purpose wins our particular regard. The Rouran, the Hephthalites, and the Tuyuhun have kept in touch only by roads through Gaochang, their positions interlocking like pincers. Gaochang has now submitted, and we have sent envoys to receive them. The Rouran have lost their lines of travel, and their scheming is checked as well— you must not let any petty faction dare to harass or block the Son of Heaven's envoys—[26] that is a crime without pardon." Soon afterward Miedutuo fought the Rouran khan Futtu north of Lake Pulei, was routed, and fled westward more than three hundred li. Futtu halted on the northern hills of Yiwu. Earlier King Qu Jia of Gaochang had asked to move within the realm; Emperor Xuanwu sent Meng Wei to escort him. At Yiwu the Rouran sighted Wei's troops and fled in alarm. Hearing that the Rouran had broken camp in panic, Miedutuo pursued and crushed them, killed Futtu north of Lake Pulei, cut off his hair, and sent it to Meng Wei. He sent envoys again with five dragon-steeds, gold and silver, sable furs, and other tribute. The court ordered Eastern City Attendant Yuliang to reply; [27] the gifts included a full set of instruments, eighty musicians, ten bolts of crimson gauze, and sixty bolts of patterned silk. Miedutuo sent his minister Fenwuyin Chizi Zhen of the Mohu office to present tribute.

肅宗初，彌俄突與蠕蠕主醜奴戰敗被禽，醜奴繫其兩脚於駑馬之上，頓曳殺之，漆其頭為飲器。其部眾悉入嚈噠。經數年，嚈噠聽彌俄突弟伊匐還國。伊匐既復國，遣使奉表，於是詔遣使者谷楷等拜為鎮西將軍、西海郡開國公、高車王。伊匐復大破蠕蠕，蠕蠕主婆羅門走投涼州。正光中，伊匐遣使朝貢，因乞朱畫步挽一乘并幔褥，鞦䩛一副，傘扇各一枚，青曲蓋五枚，赤漆扇五枚，鼓角十枚。詔給之。伊匐後與蠕蠕戰，敗歸，其弟越居殺伊匐自立。天平中，越居復為蠕蠕所破，伊匐子比適復殺越居而自立。興和中，比適又為蠕蠕所破。越居子去賓自蠕蠕來奔，齊獻武王欲招納遠人，上言封去賓為高車王，拜安北將軍、肆州刺史。既而病死。

Early in Emperor Xiaoming's reign Miedutuo fought the Rouran khan Chunu, was defeated and taken alive. Chunu lashed his ankles to a draft horse and had him dragged to death, then lacquered his skull for a cup. His people passed entirely under Hephthalite rule. Some years later the Hephthalites allowed Miedutuo's brother Yifu to go home and rule. When Yifu had restored his kingdom he sent a memorial of allegiance; the court dispatched Gu Kai and others to invest him General Who Pacifies the West, founding duke of Xihai, and King of the Gaoche. Yifu routed the Rouran again; their khan Brahmana fled to Liang Province. During Zhengguang he sent tribute and asked for a painted palanquin with curtains and bedding, a set of screen hangings, parasol and fan, five blue curved canopies, five red-lacquered fans, and ten drums and horns. The court granted his request. Yifu later fought the Rouran, was beaten, and returned home; his brother Yueju killed him and seized the throne. During Tianping the Rouran defeated Yueju again; Yifu's son Bishi killed Yueju and made himself king. During Xinghe the Rouran defeated Bishi once more. Yueju's son Qubin fled the Rouran to submit; Prince Xianwu of Qi sought to draw in distant peoples and had Qubin enfeoffed King of the Gaoche, with the titles General Who Pacifies the North and governor of Sizhou. He soon died of illness.

初，太祖時，有吐突隣部，[28]在女水上，常與解如部相為脣齒，不供職事。登國三年，太祖親西征，渡弱洛水，復西行趣其國，至女水上，討解如部落破之。明年春，盡略徙其部落畜產而還。

Early in Taizu's reign there was the Tuwulin tribe, [28] along the Nüshui, allied with the Jieru like lip and teeth and refusing to pay tribute. In Dengguo year three Taizu led a western campaign in person, crossed the Ruoluo, pressed west into their lands, reached the Nüshui, and shattered the Jieru. The following spring he drove off their people, herds, and goods and returned.

又有紇突隣，與紇奚世同部落，而各有大人長帥，擁集種類，常為寇於意辛山。登國五年，太祖勒眾親討焉，慕容驎率師來會，大破之。紇突隣大人屋地鞬、紇奚大人庫寒等皆舉部歸降。皇始二年，車駕伐中山，軍於栢肆，慕容寶夜來攻營，軍人驚走還於國，路由并州，遂反，將攻晉陽，并州刺史元延討平之。紇突隣部帥匿物尼、紇奚部帥叱奴根等復聚黨反於陰館，南安公元順討之不克，死者數千人。太祖聞之，遣安遠將軍庾岳還討匿物尼等，皆殄之。

There were also the Hetulin, kin to the Hexi but under separate chiefs, who mustered their clans and raided around Mount Yixin. In Dengguo year five Taizu marched against them in person; Murong Lin brought his army to the rendezvous and broke them utterly. Hetulin chief Wudijian, Hexi chief Kuhan, and others brought their tribes in submission. In Huangshi year two the emperor marched on Zhongshan and halted at Baixi. Murong Bao struck the camp by night; the army broke in panic and fled homeward by way of Bing Province, then mutinied and moved on Jinyang. Governor Yuan Yan of Bingzhou defeated and pacified them. Hetulin chief Ni Wuni and Hexi chief Chinugen rallied their factions at Yinguan. Prince Yuan Shun of Nan'an attacked but failed; thousands fell. Taizu sent General Who Pacifies the Distance Yu Yue back against Ni Wuni and his allies and wiped them out.

又有侯呂隣部，眾萬餘口，常依險畜牧。登國中，其大人叱伐為寇於苦水河。八年夏，太祖大破之，并禽其別帥焉古延等。

There was also the Houluin tribe, numbering more than ten thousand souls, who pastured in rugged country. During the Dengguo era their chief Chifa raided along the Kushui. In the summer of year eight Taizu crushed them and took their sub-chief Yanguyan and others prisoner.

薛干部，常屯聚於三城之間。及滅衞辰後，其部帥太悉伏望軍歸順，太祖撫安之。車駕還，衞辰子屈丐奔其部。太祖聞之，使使詔太悉伏執送之。太悉伏出屈丐以示使者曰：「今窮而見投，寧與俱亡，何忍送之。」遂不遣。太祖大怒，車駕親討之。會太悉伏先出擊曹覆寅，官軍乘虛，遂屠其城，獲太悉伏妻子珍寶，徙其人而還。太悉伏來赴不及，遂奔姚興，未幾亡歸嶺北。上郡以西諸鮮卑、雜胡聞而皆應之。天賜五年，屈丐盡劫掠總服之。及平統萬，薛干種類皆得為編戶矣。

The Xuegan habitually camped among the Three Cities. After the fall of Weichen their chief Taisifu came over at sight of the army; Taizu received and reassured him. When the emperor withdrew, Weichen's son Qubie fled to the Xuegan. Taizu sent orders that Taisifu seize Qubie and hand him over. Taisifu produced Qubie for the envoy and said, "He is ruined and has thrown himself on our mercy; we would rather die with him than betray him to you. He refused to surrender him. Taizu was furious and marched against him in person. Taisifu had marched out against Cao Fuyin; the imperial army struck his empty stronghold, sacked the town, seized his family and treasure, relocated the people, and withdrew. Taisifu returned too late, fled to Yao Xing, and soon after, a broken man, made his way back north of the mountains. Xianbei and other tribes west of Shang Commandery heard the news and rallied to him. In Tianci year five Qubie raided until the whole region submitted. After the fall of Tongwan the Xuegan were enrolled as regular households.

而牽屯山鮮卑別種破多蘭部世傳主部落，[29]至木易干有武力壯勇，[30]劫掠左右，西及金城，東侵安定，數年間諸種患之。天興四年，遣常山王遵討之於高平，木易干將數千騎棄國遁走，盡徙其人於京師。餘種分迸，其後為赫連屈丐所滅。

A Xianbei offshoot of Qiantun Mountain, the Duolan, had long held chiefly rank; [29] under Muyigan, a man of force and daring, [30] they raided far and wide—west to Jincheng, east into Anding—and within a few years every tribe around them was in misery. In Tianxing year four Prince Zun of Changshan was sent against them at Gaoping. Muyigan fled with a few thousand horsemen; their people were moved wholesale to the capital. The survivors scattered and were later wiped out by Helian Qubie.

又黜弗、素古延等諸部，富而不恭，天興五年，材官將軍和突率六千騎襲而獲之。

The Chufu, Suguyan, and other tribes grew rich and insolent; in Tianxing year five Materiel Officer General He Tu led six thousand cavalry in a surprise raid and took them captive.

又越勒倍泥部，[31]永興五年，轉牧跋那山西。七月，遣奚斤討破之，徙其人而還。

The Yuele Beini tribe as well [31] moved their herds west of Banashi Mountain in Yongxing year five. In the seventh month Xi Jin was sent to defeat them; their people were relocated, and the army withdrew.

史臣曰：周之獫狁，漢之匈奴，其作害中國固亦久矣。魏晉之世，種族瓜分，去來沙漠之陲，窺擾鄣塞之際，猶皆東胡之餘緒，冒頓之枝葉。至如蠕蠕者，匈奴之裔，根本莫尋，逃刑集醜，自小為大，風馳鳥赴，倐來忽往，代京由之屢駭，戎車所以不寧。是故魏氏祖宗揚威曜武，驅其畜產，收其部落，翦之窮髮之野，逐之無人之鄉，豈好肆兵極銳，凶器不戢，蓋亦急病除惡，事不得已而然也。

The historiographer writes: The Xianyun plagued Zhou; the Xiongnu plagued Han—nomads have vexed China for ages. In Wei and Jin times tribes splintered and shifted along the desert edge, raiding the frontier—yet they were still offshoots of the Eastern Hu, heirs of Modu. The Rouran were Xiongnu stock whose origins could not be traced—outlaws and outcasts who rose from nothing, striking like storm and flock, here one day and gone the next. Dai was shaken again and again; the armies never rested. So the Wei emperors showed their power, seized their herds and clans, cut them down on the farthest steppe, and drove them into empty country. It was not love of war or refusal to sheathe the sword, but the harsh necessity of rooting out a spreading evil.

魏書卷一百三諸本目錄此卷注「闕」字，百衲本、汲本、局本卷末有宋人校語云：「魏收書列傳第九十一亡。」殿本考證云：「魏收書亡，後人所補。」按此卷以北史卷九八補，唯蠕蠕傳末刪節東、西魏以及齊、周與「蠕蠕」和戰事，遠較北史簡略。

Volume 103 of the Book of Wei is marked "missing" in the tables of contents of most editions; the Baina, Ji, and Ju copies add a Song note: "Wei Shou's original Biography 91 is lost." The Dian edition's notes add: "Wei Shou's text is gone; this is a later supplement." This juan was restored from Northern History j. 98, but the Rouran account omits Eastern and Western Wei and Qi and Zhou campaigns—far shorter than the Beishi version.

依紇突隣部諸本及北史卷九八蠕蠕傳「紇」作「純」。按本卷高車傳末即附有紇突隣部，卷二太祖紀登國五年五月及十二月、皇始二年二月見此部，都作「紇突隣」，「純」乃形近而訛，今改正。

Hetuolin tribe: various editions and Beishi j. 98 (Rouran biography) read the cited text for the cited text. The Gaoche section at the end of this juan includes the Hetuolin; Taizu Annals (j. 2) records them in Dengguo year 5 (fifth and twelfth months) and Huangshi year 2 (second month), always as Hetuolin. Chun is a graphic corruption of He; corrected here.

狀類於蟲故改其號為蠕蠕諸本「蟲」作「蠱」，北史卷九八作「虫」，冊府卷九五六〈一一二五一頁〉、通典卷一九六蠕蠕條作「蟲」。洪氏考異卷一０以為「蠱」即「蟲」字。按這裏實是字訛，北史作「虫」即俗「蟲」字可證，今據改。又本傳稱此族「自號柔然」，宋書、南齊書稱「芮芮」，北齊書、隋書作「茹茹」，與「柔然」都是一名的異譯，此譯作「蠕蠕」則是拓跋燾有意侮辱。

Because they looked like worms, their name was changed to Ruru; various editions write the cited text for the cited text, the Beishi (j. 98) has the simplified the cited text, and the Cefu (j. 956) 〈p. 11251〉 ; the Tongdian (j. 196), Rouran section, reads the cited text. Hong's Textual Variants (j. 10) treats the cited text as a form of the cited text (worm). This is a scribal error; the Beishi's the cited text confirms the intended vulgar the cited text (worm character); corrected accordingly. The biography says they called themselves Rouran; the Song and Southern Qi histories say Ruirui, the Northern Qi and Sui histories Ruru—all the same name in different transliterations. The Wei text's "Ruru" (writhing worms) was Tuoba Tao's deliberate slur.

太祖以拔頡為安遠將軍平棘侯按「拔、頡」指上文之「啟拔、吳頡」，不可能二人同封「平棘侯」，疑「拔」下脫授拔之官爵。

Taizu enfeoffed Ba and Han as Anyuan General and Marquis of Pingji. "Ba and Han" refer to Qiba and Wu Han above; two men cannot share one marquisate—text likely omits Qiba's title after "Ba."

自廣寧還按卷四上世祖紀神䴥元年八月記拓拔燾「東幸廣寧」，又云「蠕蠕大檀遣子將萬餘騎入塞」，則所謂「自廣寧還」乃指拓跋燾，「自」上當有「帝」字。

Returned from Guangning: Shizu Annals (j. 4) records Tuoba Tao's eastern tour to Guangning that year and Rouran Datán's son raiding with ten thousand horse—the subject must be the emperor; Di (emperor) is missing before "returned."

樂平王督十五將出西道通鑑卷一二四〈三九０一頁〉「樂平王」下有「丕」字。按前後帶兵諸王都具名，不應獨異，當是脫文。

Prince of Yueping led fifteen generals on the western route; Zizhi Tongjian j. 124 〈p. 3901〉 After "Prince of Yueping" appears the name Pi. Other princes commanding troops are named in full; this lone omission is a lacuna.

高涼王那出東道諸本及北史卷九八「高涼」作「高昌」，通鑑卷一二五〈三九三六頁〉作「高涼」。按那附見卷一四高涼王孤傳，襲高涼王爵。卷七下世祖紀下記歷次重要戰役，幾乎都見高涼王那領兵的紀載，「昌」字訛，今改正。

Prince Na of Gaoliang took the eastern route; various editions and Beishi j. 98 read Gaochang for Gaoliang; Zizhi Tongjian j. 125 〈p. 3936〉 reads Gaoliang. Na appears in the Gaoliang prince biography (j. 14) and inherited that title. Shizu Annals (j. 7, lower) records major campaigns with Prince Na of Gaoliang in command throughout; Chang is erroneous; corrected here.

世祖征伐之後按上敍高宗拓跋濬太安四年事，與此句不貫，「世祖」上疑脫「承」字。

After the Shizu's campaigns: the preceding passage treats Gaozong Tuoba Jun in Tai'an year 4, so the subject breaks—Cheng (successor) likely dropped before Shizu.

號伏古敦可汗冊府卷九九六〈一一六九０頁〉「古」作「名」。按通鑑卷一三六〈四二七０頁〉也作「名」。胡注：「魏收曰『伏名敦，魏言恒也』。」似司馬光與胡三省所見魏書、北史此傳作「名」，與冊府同。疑「古」字訛。

Took the title Khaghan Fugudun; Cefu j. 996 〈p. 11690〉 reads Ming for Gu. The Zizhi Tongjian (j. 136) 〈p. 4270〉 also reads Ming. Hu's comment: "Wei Shou says 'Fumingdun means "constant" in Wei language.'" Sima Guang and Hu Sanxing's Wei Shu and Beishi copies read Ming here, matching the Cefu. Gu is likely a corruption of Ming.

遣使俟斤尉比建朝貢諸本及北史卷九八「俟」作「侯」，通志卷二００蠕蠕傳作「俟」。按通鑑卷一四八〈四六三三頁〉作「俟」，胡注：「俟斤，柔然大臣之名。」下文又見「俟斤丘升頭」。「侯」乃「俟」字形訛，今改正。下二年又見同改。

Sent the envoy Yijin Weibijian to court; various editions and Beishi j. 98 write Hou for Si, but Tongzhi j. 200 (Rouran biography) has Si. The Zizhi Tongjian (j. 148) 〈p. 4633〉 reads Si; Hu notes: "Yijin is a Rouran ministerial title." Below appears "Yijin Qi Shengtou" as well. Hou is a graphic corruption of Si; corrected here. The same correction applies two years later; not noted again.

伏圖納豆崘之妻候呂陵氏通志卷二００「候」作「俟」。按本卷高車傳附此部，作「侯呂隣」。考卷一一三官氏志有「叱呂氏，後改為呂氏」。元和姓纂卷六、通志氏族略五、古今姓氏書辨證卷二二都作「俟呂鄰」，金石萃編卷二七元宏弔比干墓文碑陰有「俟呂阿倪」。「叱」「俟」音近，「候」或「侯」當是「俟」之訛。下高車傳末「侯呂鄰部」同，不再出校記。

Futu married Lady Hou Lüling of Dougun; Tongzhi j. 200 reads Si for Hou. The Gaoche section in this juan appends this tribe as Hou Lülin. Official Surnames (j. 113) lists the Chilü clan, later shortened to Lü. Yuanhe Xingzuan (j. 6), Tongzhi Clans (5), and Gujin Surname Studies (j. 22) all write Si Lülin; the Yuan Hong stele to Prince Bi (Jinshi Cuibian j. 27) names Si Lü Ani. Chi and Si sound alike; hou (wait) or hou (marquis) are corruptions of si. At the end of the Gaoche biography below, "the Hou Lülin tribe" is treated the same way; no further collation note is given.

是以曹道芝北使之日按上見「曹道」，當是雙名單稱，但「曹道」附見卷七五馮元興傳，他處屢見，並無「芝」字。

"On the day when Cao Daozhi went north as envoy": the text above reads "Cao Dao," which should be a single-name reference to a double name, but "Cao Dao" appears in the attached biography of Feng Yuanxing in juan 75 and is attested repeatedly elsewhere—nowhere with the character "Zhi."

阿那瓌宜置西吐若奚泉通鑑卷一四九〈四六六九頁〉無「西」字。按上文只稱「吐若奚泉」，疑「西」字衍。

"Anagui should be stationed at the western Turuo-Xi spring" — Zizhi Tongjian, j. 149 〈p. 4669〉 It lacks the character "xi" (west). According to the passage above, only "Turuo-Xi spring" is named; "xi" (west) is suspected to be an interpolation.

未及婚帝入關此下北史記東、西魏以至周、齊和「蠕蠕」和戰事，於東魏尤詳，本書大加刪節。按北史所述不見他書，其東魏事當即出於魏書。補此傳者刪周、齊時事以就魏書斷限，却連魏書範圍內應有的紀載也一併刪去，殊謬。

"Before the marriage could take place, the emperor entered the Pass": from here the Beishi records war and peace with the Rouran through Eastern and Western Wei into Zhou and Qi, with especial detail on the Eastern Wei; this book abridges that material heavily. The Beishi material is not attested elsewhere; its Eastern Wei passages must come from the Book of Wei. Whoever supplemented this biography cut Zhou and Qi events to match the Book of Wei's chronological frame, yet also removed material that should have stayed within that frame—a serious mistake.

尚平文女錢氏考異卷二八云：「序紀〈卷一〉邱不懃娶平帝綽女，非平文帝鬱律女，此傳誤。」

"Married a daughter of Emperor Pingwen": Qian Daxin's Kaoyi, j. 28, says: "Basic Annals 〈j. 1〉 Qiu Buqin married a daughter of Emperor Chuo of Ping, not a daughter of Emperor Yulü of Pingwen—this biography is wrong."

翰聞之諸本脫「翰」字，今據北史卷九八補。

"When Han heard of it": all editions drop "Han"; restored from Beishi, j. 98.

為翰所虜張森楷云：「據此文似遜昵延已見虜矣，而下稱『遜昵延見而方嚴』，兵敗逃還，又與此相矛盾。詳玩事勢，此蓋說遜昵延之前驅被虜，非謂遜昵延也，屬文殊欠了晰。」按通志卷二００宇文莫槐傳「虜」作「敗」，當是以意改。

"Captured by Han": Zhang Senkai writes: "This line makes it seem Suniyan was already a prisoner, yet below we read 'when Suniyan saw him he was stern in bearing,' and after defeat he fled back—so the two passages clash. On the merits of the narrative, this probably refers to Suniyan's vanguard being taken, not Suniyan himself—the text is not clear enough." In the Yuwen Mohuai biography in Tongzhi, j. 200, "captured" reads "defeated"—probably an editorial change.

穆帝時幽州刺史王浚以段氏數為己用百衲、南、汲、局四本「穆帝」上有「晉」字，又無「時」字，北本、殿本及北史卷九八如上摘句。按此穆帝指拓跋猗盧，補此傳者妄加「晉」字，又刪「時」字，遂使死於西晉之王浚忽為三十餘年後東晉穆帝的幽州刺史。北、殿本據北史改是，今從之。

"In the time of Emperor Mu, Wang Jun of You Province repeatedly used the Duan clan": the Baibai, Nan, Ji, and Ju editions add "Jin" before "Emperor Mu" and drop "time"; the Bei and Dian editions and Beishi, j. 98, agree with the quotation above. Here "Emperor Mu" is Tuoba Yilu. Whoever supplemented this biography added "Jin" and cut "time," turning Wang Jun—dead in Western Jin—into a You governor under Eastern Jin's Emperor Mu thirty years later. The Bei and Dian editions, corrected from the Beishi, are right; we follow them here.

國人立日陸眷弟護遼為主按日陸眷是末波祖父輩，其弟亦是從祖，似不能嗣末波位。晉書卷六三段匹磾傳稱末波死，弟牙立，牙死，其後從祖就陸眷之孫遼〈即護遼〉立。此傳之「就六眷」，晉書作「疾陸眷」，而晉書之「就陸眷」當即此傳之「日陸眷」。乃同名異譯。這裏「弟」疑當作「孫」。

"The tribesmen installed Hulu, Rilujuan's younger brother, as ruler": Rilujuan belonged to Mobo's grandfather's generation; a younger brother would be a great-uncle and could hardly succeed Mobo. Jin Shu, j. 63, biography of Duan Pidi, says that when Mobo died his younger brother Ya took the throne; when Ya died, the great-uncle Jiulujuan's grandson Liao 〈i.e., Hulu〉 succeeded. This biography's "Jiulujuan" is "Jilujuan" in the Jin Shu, and the Jin Shu's "Jiulujuan" is presumably this biography's "Rilujuan." These are variant transliterations of one name. Here "younger brother" probably should read "grandson."

袁紇氏諸本及北史卷九八「袁」作「表」，御覽卷八０一〈三五五五頁〉作「袁」。下文見「高車餘種袁紇」，又見卷二太祖紀登國三年三月。袁紇即隋書卷八四鐵勒傳之韋紇，唐代之迴紇。「表」乃「袁」字形訛，今據御覽改。下「表紇樹者」同改，不再出校記。

"Yuanhe clan": all editions and Beishi, j. 98, write the cited text as the cited text; Imperial Readings, j. 801 〈p. 3555〉 has the cited text. Below appears "Gaoche remnant tribes, the Yuanhe," and again in the Taizu annals, j. 2, third month, Dengguo year 3. Yuanhe is the Weihe of the Tiele account in Sui Shu, j. 84—the Uyghurs of Tang times. the cited text is a graphic corruption of the cited text; emended here from the Imperial Readings. Below, "Biaohe Shuzhe" is corrected the same way; no further collation note is given.

婚姻用牛馬納聘以為榮御覽卷八０一〈三五五五頁〉「以」下有「多」字。按納聘用牛馬，北族常事，似不得云「引以為榮」，傳本當脫「多」字。

"In marriage they take cattle and horses as betrothal gifts and regard it as honor" — Imperial Readings, j. 801 〈p. 3555〉 After the cited text there is the character the cited text ("many"). Cattle and horses for betrothal were routine among northern peoples; it is unlikely they merely "took it as honor"-the transmitted text has probably lost the cited text ("many").

北方之人畏嬰兒啼者北史卷九八、御覽卷八０一〈三五五六頁〉「畏」下有「之」字，疑當有此字。

"Northerners fear those who make infants cry" — Beishi, j. 98; Imperial Readings, j. 801 〈p. 3556〉 After the cited text there is the cited text ("them"); the particle probably belongs in the text.

二曰吐盧氏通典卷一九七、通志卷二００高車傳「吐」作「叱」。按「叱盧氏」見卷一一三官氏志，疑作「叱」是，但冊府卷九五六〈一一二五三頁〉、御覽卷八０一〈三五五五頁〉都作「吐」。

"Second, the Tulü clan": Tongdian, j. 197, and the Gaoche account in Tongzhi, j. 200, write the cited text as the cited text. "Chilü clan" appears in Officials and Clans, j. 113, so the cited text is probably right, but Cefuyuanguo, j. 956 〈p. 11253〉 , Imperial Readings, j. 801 〈p. 3555〉 all have the cited text.

世宗詔之曰諸本「宗」作「祖」，北史卷九八作「宣武」，即「世宗」。按下文即作「世宗」，「祖」字訛，今據改。

"The Shizong addressed him, saying": all editions read the cited text as the cited text; Beishi, j. 98, has "Xuanwu"-that is, Shizong. Below the text has "Shizong"; the cited text is a corruption and is emended here.

蠕蠕往來路絕姦勢不得妄令羣小敢有陵犯擁塞王人按「姦勢」下顯有脫文，通典卷一九七高車條作：「蠕蠕既與吐谷渾路絕，姦勢亦沮，於卿彼蕃，便有所益，行途經由，宜相供俟〈疑當作『候』〉，不得令羣小擁塞王人。」這裏「姦勢」下應有「亦沮」以下文字。但通典、北史皆本魏書，各有刪節，不盡相同，今不補，於「姦勢」下句斷。

"Rouran routes cut off; treacherous designs—do not let petty men insult or obstruct the king's envoys": text is clearly missing after "treacherous designs"; Tongdian, j. 197, Gaoche account reads: "Now that the Rouran and Tuyuhun are cut off from each other, their scheming is checked as well; on your frontier this should help; on the roads you use, you should supply and receive one another probably the cited text "receive" rather than the cited text "await" , and must not let petty men block the king's envoys." The passage should continue after "treacherous designs" with "are also checked" and the following text. Tongdian and Beishi both stem from the Wei Shu but abridge differently; the lacuna is left unrestored and the sentence ends after "treacherous designs."

詔東城子于亮報之諸本「于」作「干」，獨殿本作「于」。按北史卷九八作「于」，殿本當即依北史改。此傳本以北史補，今從殿本。

"Ordered Dongchengzi Yu Liang to reply": all editions read the cited text as the cited text; only the Dian edition has the cited text. Beishi, juan 98, reads "Yu"; the Dian edition presumably emended accordingly from the Beishi. This chapter was restored from the Beishi; we follow the Dian edition.

有吐突隣部按卷二太祖紀登國二年四月癸己條、卷二六尉古真傳「吐」都作「叱」，疑「吐」字訛。

"The Tutulin tribe": in j. 2 (Dengguo 2, month 4, day Guiji) and j. 26 (Wei Guzhen) the graph is the cited text not the cited text; the cited text is probably corrupt.

而牽屯山鮮卑別種破多蘭部世傳主部落諸本「牽」作「率」，北史卷九八作「帥」。按卷七五尒朱天光傳稱万俟道洛「率眾西依牽屯山」，周書卷一文帝紀、卷一０邵惠公顥附宇文導傳稱導追斬侯莫陳悅於「牽屯山」。通鑑卷一五四〈四七七五頁〉胡注引杜佑說，「牽屯山在今原州高平縣〈今寧夏固原〉」。此傳下稱木易干「劫掠左右，西及金城〈今甘肅蘭州〉，東侵安定{{*|今甘肅鎮原」，地望正合。「率」乃「牽」字形訛，北史「率」又音訛作「帥」，今改正。

"Qiantun Mountain Xianbei, Poduolan chieftain line": all editions read the cited text as the cited text; Beishi, j. 98, has the cited text. J. 75 (Erzhu Tianguang) has Wanqidao Luo settling at Qiantun Mountain; Zhou Shu, j. 1 and j. 10 (Yuwen Dao), place Houmochen Yue's death at Qiantun Mountain. Zizhi Tongjian, j. 154 〈p. 4775〉 Hu Sanxing cites Du You: "Qiantun Mountain lies in Gaoping County, Yuanzhou 〈modern Guyuan, Ningxia〉 Below, Muyigan "raids far and wide, west to Jincheng 〈modern Lanzhou, Gansu〉 , east to Anding (modern Zhenyuan, Gansu)"—the locations match. the cited text is a corruption of the cited text; Beishi's the cited text was misheard as the cited text-corrected here.

至木易干有武力壯勇通志卷二００高車傳「干」作「于」。按卷二太祖紀天興四年十二月作「于」。卷九五鐵弗劉虎傳作「沒弈于」〈百衲本〉，晉書卷一三０赫連勃勃載記同劉虎傳，「干」當是「于」之訛。

"Muyigan's martial prowess": Tongzhi, j. 200, Gaoche account reads the cited text as the cited text. Taizu Annals, juan 2, twelfth month of Tianxing year 4, reads "Yu." J. 95 (Liu Hu of Tiefei) has Moyu (the cited text) 〈Bainaben〉 ; Jin Shu, j. 130 (Helian Bobo), agrees with Liu Hu-the cited text is a corruption of the cited text.

又越勒倍泥部北史卷九八作「勤」。按卷三太宗紀永興五年七月己巳作「勤」，又卷二太祖紀天興五年十二月辛亥見「越勤莫弗」，疑「勒」字訛。參卷一一三校記[四二]。

"The Yuele Beini tribe": Beishi, j. 98, has the cited text. J. 3 (Yongxing 5, month 7, day Jisi) has the cited text; j. 2 (Tianxing 5, month 12, day Xinhai) has Yueqin Mofu-the cited text is probably corrupt. See collation note [42] in j. 113.

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