Volume 113 Treatise 9: Official Ranks

1

百姓不能以自治，故立君以司牧；元首不可以獨斷，乃命臣以佐之。然則安海內，正國家，非一人之力也。書契已外，其事蔑聞，至於羲、軒、昊、頊之間，龍、火、鳥、人之職，頗可知矣。唐虞六十，夏商倍之，周過三百，是為大備。而秦、漢、魏、晉代有加減，罷置盛衰，隨時適務。且國異政，家殊俗，設官命職，何常之有。帝王為治，禮樂不相沿；海內作家，物色非一用。其由來尚矣。

Because the people cannot govern themselves, a ruler is installed to shepherd them; The sovereign cannot rule alone, so ministers are appointed to assist him. Securing the realm and putting the state in order, then, is not the achievement of one man alone. Before written records nothing is known of such matters; yet from the age of Fu Xi, the Yellow Emperor, Shaohao, and Zhuanxu, the posts of Dragon, Fire, Bird, and Man are at least partly understood. Under Tang and Yu there were sixty offices; the Xia and Shang doubled that figure; the Zhou exceeded three hundred—this was the fullest institutional array. Under the Qin, Han, Wei, and Jin, offices were added or cut in each generation, posts abolished or revived with changing fortunes, always adjusted to the tasks of the time. When every state has its own policies and every house its own customs, how could the design of offices and ranks ever stay the same? Emperors and kings govern in their own way; rites and music are not handed down unchanged; and when founders of new houses rise within the realm, the talents they seek serve many different ends. This has been so since antiquity.

2

魏氏世君玄朔，遠統□臣，掌事立司，各有號秩。及交好南夏，頗亦改創。昭成之即王位，已命燕鳳為右長史，許謙為郎中令矣。餘官雜號，多同於晉朝。建國二年，初置左右近侍之職，無常員，或至百數，侍直禁中，傳宣詔命。皆取諸部大人及豪族良家子弟儀貌端嚴，機辯才幹者應選。又置內侍長四人，主顧問，拾遺應對，若今之侍中、散騎常侍也。其諸方雜人來附者，總謂之「烏丸」，各以多少稱酋、庶長，分為南北部，復置二部大人以統攝之。時帝弟觚監北部，子寔君監南部，分民而治，若古之二伯焉。

For generations the Wei ruled the far north, holding sway over distant subjects; they established bureaus to manage affairs, each with its own title and rank. Once they cultivated ties with the southern Chinese states, they introduced many reforms as well. When Emperor Zhaowen took the throne, he had already named Yan Feng Right Chief Clerk and Xu Qian Director of the Secretariat. Most other miscellaneous titles followed Jin usage. In Jianguo year 2 (387), the posts of Left and Right Personal Attendants were created for the first time, with no fixed quota—sometimes numbering as many as a hundred—serving inside the palace and relaying edicts. They were chosen from tribal chieftains and from sons of powerful clans and reputable families who were dignified in appearance and gifted with wit and ability. Four Chief Inner Attendants were also set up to advise the throne, supply what was missing, and answer queries—the counterparts of today's Palace Attendants and Regular Attendants of the Fast Steed. Various peoples from other regions who submitted were collectively termed "Wuhuan"; by their numbers they were styled chiefs or sub-chiefs, organized into northern and southern divisions, with two Division Chiefs appointed to govern them. At that time the emperor's brother Gu oversaw the north and his son Shijun the south, dividing the people between them in governance like the two great regional lords of old.

3

太祖登國元年，因而不改，南北猶置大人，對治二部。是年置都統長，又置幢將及外朝大人官。其都統長，領殿內之兵，直王宮；幢將員六人，主三郎衞士直宿禁中者。自侍中已下，中散已上，皆統之外朝大人，無常員。主受詔命，外使，出入禁中，國有大喪大禮皆與參知，隨所典焉。

In Taizu's first Dengguo year (386) the arrangement was kept; Chiefs were still set over north and south, each administering one division. That year a Chief Commander-in-Chief was created, along with Banner Generals and Outer Court Chiefs. The Chief Commander-in-Chief led the palace guard and was stationed at the royal residence; six Banner Generals oversaw the Third-Rank Guardsmen on night duty in the inner palace. From Palace Attendant down through Regular Palace Attendant up, all fell under Outer Court Chiefs, with no fixed quota. They received edicts, went on missions abroad, and moved in and out of the palace; on major mourning and state rites they all took part according to their assigned duties.

4

天興元年十一月，詔吏部郎鄧淵典官制，立爵品。

In the eleventh month of Tianxing year 1 (398), an edict directed Deng Yuan, Director of the Ministry of Personnel, to oversee the official system and establish noble ranks.

5

十二月，置八部大夫、散騎常侍、待詔等官。 [1]其八部大夫於皇城四方四維面置一人，以擬八座，謂之八國常侍。待詔侍直左右，出入王命。

In the twelfth month the posts of Eight-Division Grandee, Regular Attendant of the Fast Steed, and Awaiting Edict were created. [1] One Eight-Division Grandee was stationed on each side and corner of the imperial city, matching the Eight Excellencies; they were called Regular Attendants of the Eight States. Awaiting Edicts stood duty at the ruler's side and conveyed his commands.

6

二年三月，分尚書三十六曹及諸外署，凡置三百六十曹，令大夫主之。大夫各有屬官，其有文簿，當曹敷奏，欲以省彈駁之煩。初令五經諸書各置博士，國子學生員三十人。

In the third month of year 2 the thirty-six Secretariat bureaus and various outer offices were split into three hundred sixty bureaus in all, each led by a grandee. Each grandee had subordinates; when paperwork was involved, the bureau in charge would present it directly, to reduce the burden of review and rejection. Doctors were first appointed for each of the Five Classics and related texts, with thirty Imperial University students.

7

三年十月，置受恩、蒙養、長德、訓士四官。受恩職比特進，無常員，有人則置，親貴器望者為之。蒙養職比光祿大夫，無常員，取勤舊休閑者。長德職比中散大夫，無常員。訓士職比諫議大夫，規諷時政，匡刺非違。又置仙人博士官，典煮鍊百藥。

In the tenth month of year 3 the four posts Receiver of Grace, Nurtured in Honor, Upholder of Virtue, and Instructor of Scholars were created. Receiver of Grace ranked with Special Advancement, without fixed quota—filled when a worthy man appeared—held by close kin of rank and established standing. Nurtured in Honor ranked with Grand Master of Splendid Happiness, without fixed quota, given to veterans now in retirement. Upholder of Virtue ranked with Regular Palace Attendant, without fixed quota. Instructor of Scholars ranked with Grand Master of Remonstrance, to counsel on policy and correct abuses. A Doctor of Immortals was also set up to supervise the preparation of all elixirs and drugs.

8

四年七月，罷匈奴中郎將官，令諸部護軍皆屬大將軍府。

In the seventh month of year 4 the Xiongnu Commandant was abolished and all tribal Military Protectors were subordinated to the Grand General's headquarters.

9

九月，罷外蘭臺御史，總屬內省。

In the ninth month the Outer Orchid Terrace censors were abolished and consolidated under the Inner Secretariat.

10

十二月，復尚書三十六曹，曹置代人令史一人，譯令史一人，書令史二人。

In the twelfth month the thirty-six Secretariat bureaus were restored, each with one Di Ren clerk, one translation clerk, and two writing clerks.

11

天賜元年八月，初置六謁官，準古六卿，其秩五品。屬官有大夫，秩六品。大夫屬官有元士，秩七品。元士屬官有署令長，秩八品。令長屬官有署丞，秩九品。

In the eighth month of Tianci year 1 (404) the six Petitioning Offices were first created, modeled on the ancient Six Ministers, at fifth rank. Subordinates included grandees of sixth rank. Under the grandees were Chief Gentlemen of seventh rank. Under the Chief Gentlemen were bureau directors of eighth rank. Under the directors were bureau assistants of ninth rank.

12

九月，減五等之爵，始分為四，曰王、公、侯、子，除伯、男二號。皇子及異姓元功上勳者封王，宗室及始蕃王皆降為公，諸公降為侯，侯、子亦以此為差。於是封王者十人，公者二十二人，侯者七十九人，子者一百三人。王封大郡，公封小郡，侯封大縣，子封小縣。王第一品，公第二品，侯第三品，子第四品。又制散官五等：五品散官比三都尉，六品散官比議郎，七品散官比太中、中散、諫議三大夫，八品散官比郎中，九品散官比舍人。文官五品已下，才能秀異者總比之造士，亦有五等。武官五品已下堪任將帥者，亦有五等。若百官有闕者，則於中擢以補之。

In the ninth month the five noble grades were cut to four—King, Duke, Marquis, and Viscount—and the titles Earl and Baron were dropped. Imperial sons and non-Tuoba men of supreme merit were enfeoffed as kings; imperial clansmen and those first made kings were demoted to dukes; dukes became marquises; marquises and viscounts were reduced in the same way. Ten were then enfeoffed as kings, twenty-two as dukes, seventy-nine as marquises, and one hundred three as viscounts. Kings received large commanderies, dukes small commanderies, marquises large counties, and viscounts small counties. Kings ranked first grade, dukes second, marquises third, and viscounts fourth. Dispersed offices were also set in five grades: fifth rank matched the Three Commandants; sixth rank matched Court Gentlemen; seventh rank matched the Grandees of the Palace, Regular Palace, and Remonstrance; eighth rank matched Gentlemen of the Palace; ninth rank matched Attendants. Civil officials of fifth rank and below who showed outstanding talent were classed as Advanced Scholars, likewise in five grades. Military officials of fifth rank and below who were fit for command also had five grades. Whenever a regular post fell vacant, men were promoted from these pools to fill it.

13

初，帝欲法古純質，每於制定官號，多不依周漢舊名，或取諸身，或取諸物，或以民事，皆擬遠古雲鳥之義。諸曹走使謂之鳧鴨，取飛之迅疾；以伺察者為候官，謂之白鷺，取其延頸遠望。自餘之官，義皆類此，咸有比況。又制諸州各置都尉以領兵。

At first the emperor sought the plain simplicity of antiquity; when devising titles he often avoided Zhou and Han names, drawing instead from the body, from things, or from civil life—all in the spirit of the cloud-and-bird offices of remote antiquity. Bureau runners were called Wild Ducks, for the speed of flight; inspectors were Surveillance Officers called White Egrets, for craning the neck to see far. Other offices followed the same pattern, each with its figurative basis. Each province was also required to appoint a Commandant to command troops.

14

十一月，以八國姓族難分，故國立大師、小師，令辯其宗黨，品舉人才。自八國以外，郡各自立師，職分如八國，比今之中正也。宗室立宗師，亦如州郡八國之儀。

In the eleventh month, because the Eight States' clans were hard to tell apart, Great and Lesser Masters were appointed to sort out lineages and grade talent for recommendation. Outside the Eight States each commandery also appointed masters with the same duties—the equivalent of today's Rectifiers. For the imperial clan Clan Masters were appointed on the same model as in the provinces, commanderies, and Eight States.

15

十二月，詔始賜王、公、侯、子國臣吏，大郡王二百人，次郡王、上郡公百人，次郡公五十人，侯二十五人，子十二人，皆立典師，職比家丞，總統羣隸。

In the twelfth month an edict first allotted retainers to enfeoffed kings, dukes, marquises, and viscounts: two hundred for kings of large commanderies, one hundred for lesser kings and dukes of superior commanderies, fifty for dukes of lesser commanderies, twenty-five for marquises, and twelve for viscounts—each with a Director Master ranking like a household chancellor to supervise all staff.

16

二年二月，復罷尚書三十六曹，別置武歸、修勤二職。武歸比郎中，修勤比令史，分主省務。

In the second month of year 2 the thirty-six Secretariat bureaus were abolished again, and the separate posts Martial Return and Diligent Service were created. Martial Return ranked with Gentlemen of the Palace and Diligent Service with clerks, dividing secretariat duties between them.

17

二年正月，[2]置內官員二十人，比侍中、常侍，迭直左右。

[2] In the first month of year 2 twenty Inner Officials were appointed, ranking with Palace and Regular Attendants, rotating duty at the ruler's side.

18

又制諸州置三刺史，刺史用品第六者，宗室一人，異姓二人，比古之上中下三大夫也。郡置三太守，用七品者。縣置三令長，八品者。刺史、令長各之州縣，以太守上有刺史，下有令長，雖置而未臨民。自前功臣為州者徵還京師，以爵歸第。置散騎郎、獵郎、諸省令史、省事、典籤等。

Each province was also to have three Inspectors of sixth-rank salary—one imperial clansman and two of other surnames—like the ancient Greater, Middle, and Lesser Grandees. Each commandery had three Grand Administrators of seventh rank. Each county had three magistrates of eighth rank. Inspectors and magistrates went to their posts; above the Grand Administrator stood the Inspectors and below him the magistrates—appointed, but not yet administering the people directly. Meritorious officials who had previously governed provinces were recalled to the capital and retired to their estates with their titles. Regular Attendants of the Fast Steed, Hunting Gentlemen, secretariat clerks, office attendants, registry masters, and the like were appointed.

19

四年五月，增置侍官，侍直左右，出內詔命，取八國良家，代郡、上谷、廣寧、雁門四郡民中年長有器望者充之。

In the fifth month of year 4 more Attendant Officials were added to stand duty at the ruler's side and issue inner edicts, drawn from reputable families of the Eight States and from mature, respected men of Dai, Shanggu, Guangning, and Yanmen commanderies.

20

永興元年十一月，置騏驎官四十人，宿直殿省，比常侍、侍郎。

In the eleventh month of Yongxing year 1 (413) forty Qilin Officials were appointed for night duty in the palace, ranking with Regular and Gentlemen Attendants.

21

神瑞元年春，置八大人官，大人下置三屬官，總理萬機，故世號八公云。

In the spring of Shenrui year 1 (414) the eight Chief posts were created, each with three subordinates, to manage all state affairs—hence they were known as the Eight Dukes.

22

泰常二年夏，置六部大人官，有天部，地部，東、西、南、北部，皆以諸公為之。大人置三屬官。

In the summer of Taichang year 2 (417) six Division Chiefs were appointed—for Heaven, Earth, and the Eastern, Western, Southern, and Northern divisions—all held by dukes. Each Chief had three subordinate officials.

23

始光元年正月，置右民尚書。

In the first month of Shiguang year 1 (424) the Right Minister of the People was appointed.

24

七月，詔諸征鎮大將依品開府，以置佐吏。

In the seventh month an edict directed all campaigning and garrison grand generals to open headquarters according to rank and appoint staff.

25

延和元年三月，改代尹為萬年尹，代令為萬年令。後復。

In the third month of Yanhe year 1 (432) the Governor of Dai was renamed Governor of Wannian and the Magistrate of Dai Magistrate of Wannian. The old names were later restored.

26

真君五年正月，侍中、中書監、宜都王穆壽，司徒、東郡公崔浩，侍中、廣平公張黎輔政，置通事四人。又選諸曹良吏，給事東宮。

In the first month of Zhenjun year 5 (444) Palace Attendant and Secretariat Supervisor Mu Shou, King of Yidu, Grand Tutor Cui Hao, Duke of Dongjun, and Palace Attendant Zhang Li, Duke of Guangping, formed the regency council, and four Communications Officers were appointed. Able clerks from the bureaus were also chosen to serve in the Eastern Palace.

27

興安二年正月，置駕部尚書、右士尚書。

In the first month of Xing'an year 2 (453) the Ministers of the Imperial Carriage Department and Right Minister of the Gentlemen were appointed.

28

太安三年五月，以諸部護軍各為太守。

In the fifth month of Tai'an year 3 (457) all tribal Military Protectors were made Grand Administrators.

29

延興二年五月，詔曰：「非功無以受爵，非能無以受祿，凡出外遷者皆引此奏聞，求乞假品。在職有效，聽下附正，若無殊稱，隨而削之。舊制諸鎮將、刺史假五等爵，及有所貢獻而得假爵者，皆不得世襲。」

In the fifth month of Yanxing year 2 (472) an edict declared: "Without merit there is no noble title, and without ability no salary. All officials transferred to posts outside the capital must cite this when memorializing for provisional ranks. If they performed well in office, on departure the provisional rank could be made permanent; without special merit, it was reduced or withdrawn. Under the old rule, provisional noble titles of the five grades granted to garrison generals and inspectors, and titles obtained through tribute, could not be inherited."

30

四年二月，置外牧官。

In the second month of year 4 Outer Herd Officials were appointed.

31

五年九月，置監御曹。

In the ninth month of year 5 the Supervisory Imperial Bureau was established.

32

太和二年五月，減置候職四百人，司察非違。

In the fifth month of Taihe year 2 (478) four hundred surveillance posts were cut to size and charged with investigating misconduct.

33

四年，省二部內部幢將。

In year 4 the inner Banner Generals of the two divisions were abolished.

34

十一年八月，置散官員一百人，朝請員二百人。

In the eighth month of year 11 one hundred Dispersed Officials and two hundred Court Petitioners were appointed.

35

十五年七月，置司儀官。

In the seventh month of year 15 Masters of Ceremonies were appointed.

36

十二月，置侍中、黃門各四人，又置散騎常侍、侍郎，員各四人；通直散騎常侍、侍郎，員外散騎常侍、侍郎，各六人。又置司空、主客、太倉、庫部、都牧、太樂、虞曹、宮輿、覆育少卿官。又置光爵、驍游、五校、中大夫、散員士官。又置侍官一百二十人。改立諸局監羽林、虎賁。

In the twelfth month four Palace Attendants and four Yellow Gate Attendants were appointed, along with four Regular Attendants of the Fast Steed and four Gentlemen Attendants; six Unrestricted Regular and Gentlemen Attendants of the Fast Steed, and six Outside-the-Quota Regular and Gentlemen Attendants of the Fast Steed. Assistant ministers were also appointed for Works, Guests, the Grand Storehouse, Treasury, Chief Herds, Grand Music, Parks, Palace Carriages, and Nurturing the Young. Officers of Radiant Nobility, Valiant Rovers, the Five Commandants, Middle Grandees, and Dispersed Staff were also appointed. One hundred twenty Attendant Officials were also appointed. The directors of the bureaus overseeing the Forest of Cavalry and the Tiger Guard were reorganized.

37

舊制，諸以勳賜官爵者子孫世襲軍號。十六年，改降五等，始革之，止襲爵而已。

Under the old rule, the descendants of men granted offices and noble titles for meritorious service inherited military ranks from generation to generation. In year 16, when the five noble grades were restructured, the practice was abolished—only hereditary noble titles remained.

38

舊制，緣邊皆置鎮都大將，統兵備禦，與刺史同。城隍、倉庫皆鎮將主之，但不治。故為重於刺史。〈疑〉 [3]

Under the old rule, every frontier region had a garrison commander-in-chief who commanded troops for defense and ranked on a par with a provincial inspector. Garrison generals held authority over city fortifications and storehouses, but did not govern the civilian population. Thus they outranked provincial inspectors in importance. 〈Doubtful passage in the transmitted text.〉 [3] (Note: The text likely omits the word for "the people" after "did not administer"; missing material below makes the passage unclear.)

39

自太祖至高祖初，其內外百官屢有減置，或事出當時，不為常目，如萬騎、飛鴻、常忠、直意將軍之徒是也。舊令亡失，無所依據。太和中高祖詔羣僚議定百官，著於令，今列於左，勳品、流外位卑而不載矣。

From Emperor Taizu to the early years of Emperor Xiaowen, civil and military offices were repeatedly added or cut; some were ad hoc appointments, not part of the permanent table—such as the Generals of Ten Thousand Riders, Flying Swan, Constant Loyalty, and Direct Intent. The old regulations had been lost, leaving no authority to cite. During the Taihe reign Emperor Xiaowen ordered his ministers to settle the official hierarchy and codify it in statute; that table is listed below. Ranks of merit and positions outside the regular bureaucracy, being too low in rank, are omitted.

40

太師太尉儀同三司

Grand Preceptor, Grand Commandant, Privilege Equal to the Three Excellencies

41

太傅司徒都督中外諸軍事

Grand Tutor, Minister of Education, Supreme Commander of All Armies

42

太保司空特進

Grand Protector, Minister of Works, Distinguished Emeritus

43

右三師右三公

(Listed above:) The Three Preceptors; the Three Excellencies

44

大司馬諸開府

Grand Marshal; all headquarters-grade officers

45

大將軍驃騎將軍

Grand General, General of the Flying Cavalry

46

車騎將軍〈二將軍加大者，位在三司上。〉

General of the Chariot and Cavalry 〈When the "Grand" prefix is added to either of these two generals, the rank is above the Three Excellencies.〉

47

衞將軍〈加大者，次儀同三司。〉

Guard General 〈With the "Grand" prefix, the rank is immediately below Privilege Equal to the Three Excellencies.〉

48

右三將軍

(Listed above:) The Three Generals

49

右第一品上右第一品中右第一品下

(First rank, upper tier); (first rank, middle tier); (first rank, lower tier)

50

太子太師四征〈加大者，次衞將軍。〉四鎮〈加大者，次尚書令。〉

Preceptor to the Heir Apparent; the Four Expeditionary Generals 〈With the "Grand" prefix, the rank is immediately below the General of the Guard.〉 The Four Garrison Generals 〈With the "Grand" prefix, the rank is immediately below the Minister of State Affairs.〉

51

太子太傅左右光祿大夫吏部尚書

Tutor to the Heir Apparent; Left and Right Grandees of Splendid Happiness; Minister of Personnel

52

太子太保尚書左僕射太常

Protector to the Heir Apparent; Left Vice Minister of State Affairs; Minister of Ceremonies

53

右東宮三師尚書右僕射光祿勳

(Listed above:) The Three Preceptors of the Eastern Palace; Right Vice Minister of State Affairs; Director of the Department of Splendid Happiness

54

尚書令中書監衞尉

Minister of State Affairs; Supervisor of the Secretariat; Commandant of the Guard

55

都督府州諸軍事右三卿

Regional Military Commander of prefectures and provinces; (listed above:) the Three Ministers

56

中軍將軍

Central Army General

57

鎮軍將軍

Army-Stabilizing General

58

撫軍將軍

Army-Pacifying General

59

右三將軍〈加大者，秩次四征下。〉

(Listed above:) The Three Generals 〈With the "Grand" prefix, the rank falls immediately below the Four Expeditionary Generals.〉

60

金紫光祿大夫

Senior Counselor of Splendid Happiness (gold seal and purple ribbon)

61

右從第一品上右從第一品中右從第一品下

(Subordinate first rank, upper tier); (subordinate first rank, middle tier); (subordinate first rank, lower tier)

62

太子少師列曹尚書四安〈加大者，秩次三少下。〉

Junior Preceptor to the Heir Apparent; Ministers of the various bureaus; the Four Pacification Generals 〈With the "Grand" prefix, the rank falls immediately below the Three Junior Preceptors.〉

63

太子少傅中書令凡將軍〈三品已下、五品已上加大者。〉

Junior Tutor to the Heir Apparent; Director of the Secretariat; generals of various types 〈Applies to generals from third rank down through fifth rank up when given the "Grand" prefix.〉

64

太子少保領軍太子左右詹事

Junior Protector to the Heir Apparent; Director of the Army; Left and Right Masters of Household Affairs for the Heir Apparent

65

右東宮三少護軍〈二職若侍臣帶者加中。〉散騎常侍

(Listed above:) The Three Junior Preceptors of the Eastern Palace; Director of the Guard 〈When either of these two posts is held concurrently by a palace attendant, the middle sub-rank applies.〉 Regular Attendant of the Secretariat Guard

66

中侍中司州刺史

Inner Palace Attendant; Inspector of Sizhou

67

都督三州諸軍事

Regional Military Commander of three provinces

68

大鴻臚

Minister of Ceremonial for Foreign Affairs

69

大司農

Minister of Revenue

70

右六卿

(Listed above:) The Six Ministers

71

領軍將軍

Army-Directing General

72

護軍將軍〈二將軍與領護不並置。〉

Army-Protecting General 〈These two generalships are not held at the same time as the posts of Director of the Army and Director of the Guard.〉

73

右第二品上右第二品中右第二品下

(Second rank, upper tier); (second rank, middle tier); (second rank, lower tier)

74

前、後、左、右將軍祕書監武衞將軍

Front, Rear, Left, and Right Generals; Secretariat Supervisor; Martial Guard General

75

四平〈加大者，秩次護軍下。〉光祿大夫〈銀青者。〉都督一州諸軍事

The Four Pacification Generals 〈With the "Grand" prefix, the rank falls immediately below the Director of the Guard.〉 Senior Counselor of Splendid Happiness 〈Those holding the silver seal and blue ribbon.〉 Provincial Military Commander

76

大長秋卿將作大匠

Grand Director of the Palace Household; Grand Master of Construction

77

左衞將軍右衞將軍

Left General of the Guard; Right General of the Guard

78

右從第二品上右從第二品中右從第二品下

(Subordinate second rank, upper tier); (subordinate second rank, middle tier); (subordinate second rank, lower tier)

79

駙馬給事黃門侍郎通直散騎常侍

Imperial Son-in-Law; Attendant Gentleman of the Yellow Gate; Unrestricted Regular Attendant of the Secretariat Guard

80

諸王師太子中庶子城門校尉

Masters for the various princes; Senior Attendants to the Heir Apparent; Commandant of the City Gate

81

太子左右衞率南、北、東、西中郎將羽林中郎將

Left and Right Guard Commanders for the Heir Apparent; Central Commandant-Generals of the South, North, East, and West; Central Commandant-General of the Forest of Cavalry

82

御史中尉護匈奴、羌、戎、夷、蠻、越中郎將太中大夫

Commandant of the Censorate; Central Commandant-Generals Protecting the Xiongnu, Qiang, Rong, Yi, Man, and Yue; Grand Master of the Palace

83

中常侍護羌、戎、夷、蠻、越校尉

Inner Regular Attendant; Commandants Protecting the Qiang, Rong, Yi, Man, and Yue

84

征虜將軍

Barbarian-Punishing General

85

輔國將軍

State-Assisting General

86

龍驤將軍

Dragon-Charger General

87

司衞監

Director of the Guard Bureau

88

右第三品上右第三品中右第三品下

(Third rank, upper tier); (third rank, middle tier); (third rank, lower tier)

89

員外散騎常侍中給事鎮遠將軍

Outside-the-Quota Regular Attendant of the Secretariat Guard; Inner Attendant; General Who Stabilizes the Distant

90

驍騎將軍射聲校尉安遠將軍

General of Valiant Cavalry; Commandant of the Archers; General Who Pacifies the Distant

91

太子家令越騎校尉建遠將軍

Director of the Heir Apparent's Household; Commandant of the Surpassing Cavalry; General Who Establishes the Distant

92

太子率更令屯騎校尉建中將軍

Director of the Heir Apparent's Rate-Revising Office; Commandant of the Garrison Cavalry; General Who Establishes the Center

93

太子僕步兵校尉建節將軍

Steward to the Heir Apparent; Commandant of the Foot Soldiers; General Who Establishes the Standard

94

太子庶子長水校尉立義將軍

Attendants to the Heir Apparent; Commandant of the Long Water Crossbowmen; General Who Establishes Righteousness

95

給事中監軍立忠將軍

Court Attendant; Army Supervisor; General Who Establishes Loyalty

96

前、後、左、右軍將軍立節將軍

Front, Rear, Left, and Right Army Generals; General Who Establishes the Standard

97

中大夫恢武將軍

Middle Grand Master; General Who Restores Military Power

98

祕書令勇武將軍

Director of the Secretariat; General of Brave Martial Power

99

給事曜武將軍

Attendant to Affairs; General of Shining Martial Power

100

昭武將軍

Manifest Martial General

101

顯武將軍

Illustrious Martial General

102

直閤將軍

Direct-Pavilion General

103

右從第三品上右從第三品中右從第三品下

(Subordinate third rank, upper tier); (subordinate third rank, middle tier); (subordinate third rank, lower tier)

104

國子祭酒公府司馬諫議大夫

Libationer of the Imperial Academy; Chief Clerk of a ducal headquarters; Grand Master of Remonstrance

105

下大夫尚書右丞祕書丞

Lower Grand Master; Right Assistant Director of State Affairs; Assistant Director of the Secretariat

106

公府長史司馬別駕[4]建武將軍

Chief Administrator of a ducal headquarters; Chief Clerk and Vice Director [4] (Note: affiliation unstated; Sima may be a corruption of Sizhou Vice Director); General Who Establishes Military Power

107

尚書左丞太子中舍人振武將軍

Left Assistant Director of State Affairs; Attendant within the Heir Apparent's Palace; General Who Rouses Military Power

108

太子三校中黃門令奮武將軍

Three Commandants of the Heir Apparent; Director of the Central Yellow Gate; General Who Exerts Military Power

109

散騎侍郎令[5]揚武將軍

Gentleman-Attendant of the Secretariat Guard; Director [5] (Note: which office this director belongs to is unclear; text above is probably missing); General Who Exalts Military Power

110

中書侍郎內署令廣武將軍

Gentleman-Attendant of the Secretariat; Director of the Inner Office; General of Broad Military Power

111

中謁者大夫都水使者廣威將軍

Grand Master of the Central Usher; Commissioner of the Directorate of Waterways; General of Broad Martial Prestige

112

中散大夫符節令

Palace Attendant Grand Master; Director of Tallies and Credentials

113

中堅將軍通直散騎侍郎[6]

General of the Central Garrison; Unrestricted Gentleman-Attendant of the Secretariat Guard [6] (Note: text corrected from shichang to shilang)

114

中壘將軍建威將軍

Central Rampart General; Establishes-Prestige General

115

寧朔將軍振威將軍

Pacifies-the-North General; Rouses-Prestige General

116

揚威將軍奮威將軍

Raises-Prestige General; Exerts-Prestige General

117

右第四品上右第四品中右第四品下

(Fourth rank, upper tier); (fourth rank, middle tier); (fourth rank, lower tier)

118

元士諸開府司馬諸王友

Principal Scholar; Chief Clerks of various generalissimo headquarters; Friends of the princes

119

公府諮議參軍司州功曹都官員外散騎侍郎

Advisory Staff Attendant of a ducal headquarters; Sizhou Merit Officer and Chief Law Officer; Outside-the-Quota Gentleman-Attendant of the Secretariat Guard

120

諸開府長史五局司直太子門大夫

Chief Administrators of various generalissimo headquarters; Direct Investigators of the Five Bureaus; Gate Grand Master to the Heir Apparent

121

尚書吏部郎中司敗協律中郎

Personnel Gentleman of the Department of State Affairs; Director of Defeats; Harmonizing-Pitch Attendant

122

太子洗馬諸局校尉戟楯虎賁將軍

Groom of the Heir Apparent; Commandants of the various bureaus; Halberd-and-Shield Tiger Guards General

123

武騎侍郎符璽郎中募員虎賁將軍

Martial Cavalry Gentleman-Attendant; Gentleman of Tallies and Seals; Recruited-Quota Tiger Guards General

124

奉車都尉高車虎賁將軍

Commandant of the Chariot of State; High-Chariot Tiger Guards General

125

駙馬都尉左右積弩射將軍

Commandant of the Emperor's Side-Chariot Horses; Left and Right Accumulated-Crossbow Archery Generals

126

騎都尉強弩將軍

Commandant of Cavalry; Powerful-Crossbow General

127

羽林中郎

Feathered-Forest Palace Attendant

128

中散庶長

Chief Palace Attendant Disperser

129

謁者僕射

Chief Usher

130

羽林郎將

Feathered-Forest Guard Commandant

131

高車羽林郎將

High-Chariot Feathered-Forest Commandant

132

冗從僕射

Chief of the Supernumerary Attendants

133

右從第四品下右從第四品中右從第四品下

(Subordinate fourth rank, lower tier); (subordinate fourth rank, middle tier); (subordinate fourth rank, lower tier)

134

中軍、鎮軍、撫軍長史中書議郎皇宗博士

Chief Administrators of the Central, Pacification, and Garrison Armies; Consultation Gentlemen of the Secretariat; Erudit of the Imperial Clan

135

鷹揚將軍諸開府從事中郎歸義侯

Soaring-Hawk General; Attendant Gentlemen within the Office of various generalissimo headquarters; Righteous-Return Marquis

136

折衝將軍公府正參軍率義侯

Charge-Breaking General; Regular Staff Attendant of a ducal headquarters; Righteous-Lead Marquis

137

寧遠將軍公府主簿順義侯

Pacifies-the-Distant General; Chief Recorder of a ducal headquarters; Righteous-Follow Marquis

138

揚烈將軍廷尉正、監、評朝服侯

Raises-Fierce-Valor General; Rectifiers, Supervisors, and Assessors of the Court of Justice; Court-Robes Marquis

139

諸開府諮議參軍太子舍人太常丞

Advisory Staff Attendants of various generalissimo headquarters; Attendants within the Heir Apparent's Household; Assistant Director of the Grand Regulator

140

祕書著作郎司州主簿

Secretariat Author; Sizhou Chief Recorder

141

治書侍御史中黃門

Document-Drafting Attendant Censor; Central Yellow Gate Attendant

142

中謁者僕射輕車將軍

Chief Central Usher; Light-Chariot General

143

中黃門冗從僕射威遠將軍

Chief of the Central Yellow Gate Supernumerary Attendants; Far-reaching-Prestige General

144

侍御中散虎威將軍

Attending Palace Attendant Disperser; Tiger-Prestige General

145

中軍、鎮軍、撫軍司馬中散

Chief Clerks of the Central, Pacification, and Garrison Armies; Palace Attendant Disperser

146

公府從事中郎殿中將軍

Attendant Gentleman within the Office of a ducal headquarters; Palace Guard General

147

尚書郎中散臣監

Gentleman of State Affairs; Supervisor of Dispersed Officials

148

伏波將軍太子倉令

Subduer-of-Waves General; Director of the Heir Apparent's Granary

149

陵江將軍

River-Crossing General

150

平漠將軍

Desert-Pacifying General

151

太子食官令

Director of the Heir Apparent's Food Office

152

太子中盾

Central Shield Bearer to the Heir Apparent

153

右第五品上右第五品中右第五品下

(Fifth rank, upper tier); (fifth rank, middle tier); (fifth rank, lower tier)

154

祕書郎太子厩長附義中郎將

Secretariat Gentleman; Stable Master to the Heir Apparent; Attaches-to-Righteousness General of the Center

155

國子博士諸局監歸義中郎將

Imperial Academy Erudit; Supervisors of the various bureaus; Righteous-Return General of the Center

156

太學祭酒尚書郎率義中郎將

Libationer of the Grand Academy; Gentleman of State Affairs; Righteous-Lead General of the Center

157

祕書著作佐郎侍御史順義中郎將

Assistant Secretariat Author; Attendant Censor; Righteous-Follow General of the Center

158

武士將軍殿中御史戟楯虎賁司馬

Warrior General; Palace Censor; Halberd-and-Shield Tiger Guards Chief Clerk

159

虎賁司馬京邑市令募員虎賁司馬

Tiger Guards Chief Clerk; Market Director of the Capital District; Recruited-Quota Tiger Guards Chief Clerk

160

虎賁郎將典牧都尉高車虎賁司馬

Tiger Guards Commandant; Pasturage Commandant; High-Chariot Tiger Guards Chief Clerk

161

方舞郎庶長水衡都尉戟楯虎賁將

Chief of the Square-Dance Guards; Water Bureau Commandant; Halberd-and-Shield Tiger Guard

162

宿衞軍將司鹽都尉募員虎賁將

Night-Watch Army Commandant; Salt Commandant; Recruited-Quota Tiger Guards General

163

掖庭監司竹都尉高車虎賁將

Rear Palace Supervisor; Bamboo Commandant; High-Chariot Tiger Guards General

164

典客監崇虛都尉嘗藥監

Guest-Reception Supervisor; Lofty-Void Commandant; Medicine-Tasting Supervisor

165

典儀監列卿丞中謁者

Ceremonial-Observance Supervisor; Assistant Directors of the various ministers; Central Usher

166

協律郎詹事丞宮門司馬

Pitch-Harmonizing Gentleman; Assistant Director of the Steward's Office; Palace Gate Chief Clerk

167

太祝令代尹丞宗聖士

Grand Invocator; Assistant Director of the Dai Prefecture Magistrate; Scholar of the Ancestral Sage

168

小黃門諸開府正參軍

Junior Yellow Gate Attendant; Regular Staff Attendants of various generalissimo headquarters

169

謁者諸門府主簿

Usher; Chief Recorders of the various gate headquarters

170

員外將軍辨章郎

Outside-the-Quota General; Regulation-Discerning Gentleman

171

散員大夫太宰令

Dispersed-Quota Grand Master; Grand Butcher

172

太樂祭酒廪犧令

Libationer of the Grand Music; Director of the Granary Sacrifices

173

門下錄事殿中監

Gate Office Recording Clerk; Palace Supervisor

174

奉乘郎翼馭郎

Chariot-Attending Gentleman; Driver-Assisting Gentleman

175

羽林郎高車羽林郎

Feathered-Forest Guard; High-Chariot Feathered-Forest Guard

176

瞻人郎

People-Observing Gentleman

177

方者郎

Square-Formation Gentleman

178

右從第五品上右從第五右從第五品下

(Subordinate fifth rank, upper tier); (subordinate fifth rank); (subordinate fifth rank, lower tier)

179

公府行參軍太學博士散騎

Traveling Staff Attendant of a ducal headquarters; Grand Academy Erudit; Fast Steed Attendant

180

宣威將軍太史博士奉朝請

Proclaims-Prestige General; Grand Astrologer Erudit; Court Participant

181

明威將軍律博士武烈將軍

Bright-Prestige General; Law Erudit; Fierce Martial General

182

襄武將軍禮官博士武毅將軍

Martial-Assisting General; Ritual Office Erudit; Resolute Martial General

183

厲威將軍公府記室督武奮將軍

Stern-Prestige General; Supervisor of the Recording Office of a ducal headquarters; Valor-Exerting Martial General

184

公府掾屬威烈將軍太樂博士

Aides of a ducal headquarters; Fierce-Prestige General; Grand Music Erudit

185

中軍、撫軍、鎮軍正參軍威寇將軍河隄謁者

Regular Staff Attendants of the Central, Pacification, and Garrison Armies; Foe-Overawing General; River-Embankment Usher

186

主書郎威虜將軍

Document-Handling Gentleman; Captive-Overawing General

187

詹事五官威戎將軍

Five Officers of the Steward's Office; Barbarian-Overawing General

188

門下主書舍人威武將軍

Gate Office Document Attendant; Martial-Prestige General

189

門下通事舍人

Gate Office General-Affairs Attendant

190

司州司事

Sizhou Clerk of Affairs

191

司州從事

Sizhou Staff Member

192

代郡功曹主簿

Dai Commandery Merit Officer and Chief Recorder

193

右第六品上右第六品中右第六品下

(Sixth rank, upper tier); (sixth rank, middle tier); (sixth rank, lower tier)

194

諸開府行參軍監淮海津都尉戟楯虎賁

Traveling Staff Attendants of various generalissimo headquarters; Huai-Hai Ferry Commandant; Halberd-and-Shield Tiger Guard

195

散員士諸局中校尉募員虎賁

Dispersed-Quota Scholar; Central Commandants of the various bureaus; Recruited-Quota Tiger Guard

196

中書舍人方舞郎高車虎賁

Secretariat Attendant; Square-Dance Guard; High-Chariot Tiger Guard

197

領、護二衞主簿諸宮門僕治禮郎

Chief Recorder of the Commandant-in-Chief and Protector-in-Chief Guard Offices; Servants of the various palace gates; Ritual-Oversight Gentleman

198

主事郎諸開府記室督獄丞

Affairs-Handling Gentleman; Supervisors of the Recording Office of various generalissimo headquarters; Prison Assistant Director

199

詹事主簿司馬督

Steward's Office Chief Recorder; Chief Clerk Supervisor

200

集書舍人千人督

Aggregate Documents Attendant; Thousand-Men Supervisor

201

中軍、鎮軍、撫軍行參軍[7]校尉

Traveling Staff Attendants to the Central, Pacification, and Garrison Armies [7] (Note: two missing Army characters restored after Pacification and Garrison); Commandant

202

領、護功曹掾

Merit Officer Staff of the Commandant-in-Chief and Protector-in-Chief

203

領、護五官

Five Officers under the Commandant-in-Chief and Protector-in-Chief

204

散臣中校

Central Commandant among Dispersed Officials

205

宿衞統

Night-Watch Guard Commandant

206

太子常從虎賁督

Supervisor of the Tiger Guards in Regular Attendance on the Heir Apparent

207

掌璽郎

Imperial Seal Keeper

208

太子守舍人

Attendant Who Guards the Heir Apparent's Quarters

209

掌服郎

Vestment Keeper

210

掌筵郎

Banquet-Mat Keeper

211

虎賁郎

Tiger Guard Attendant

212

諸開府掾屬

Aides of various generalissimo headquarters

213

集書校書郎

Aggregate Documents Proofreader

214

祕書校書郎

Secretariat Proofreader

215

祕書鍾律郎

Secretariat Bells-and-Pitch Gentleman

216

右從第六品上右從第六品中右從第六品下

(Subordinate sixth rank, upper tier); (subordinate sixth rank, middle tier); (subordinate sixth rank, lower tier)

217

公府舍人國子學生祕書舍人

Attendant of a ducal headquarters; Imperial University student; Secretariat Attendant

218

太子主書舍人討寇將軍符史郎

Document Attendant to the Heir Apparent; Subdues-Bandits General; Tallies-and-Registers Gentleman

219

太子主衣舍人討虜將軍盪寇將軍

Garment Attendant to the Heir Apparent; Subdues-Captives General; Strikes-Bandits General

220

都令史討難將軍盪虜將軍

Capital Chief Clerk; Subdues-Difficulties General; Strikes-Captives General

221

主書令史討夷將軍盪難將軍

Document Chief Clerk; Subdues-Yi General; Strikes-Difficulties General

222

門下令史盪逆將軍

Gate Office Chief Clerk; Strikes-Rebels General

223

太子左、右衞率主簿太廟門僕

Chief Recorder to the Left and Right Guard Commanders of the Heir Apparent; Imperial Ancestral Temple Gate Servant

224

司事郎

Affairs-Handling Gentleman

225

司州錄事

Sizhou Recorder

226

代郡通事

Dai Commandery Communications Officer

227

綏遠將軍

Pacifies-the-Distant General

228

綏虜將軍

Pacifies-Captives General

229

綏邊將軍

Pacifies-the-Frontier General

230

右第七品上右第七品中右第七品下

(Seventh rank, upper tier); (seventh rank, middle tier); (seventh rank, lower tier)

231

諸門府舍人祝史諸局督事

Attendants of the various gate headquarters; Offering Scribes; Bureau Supervisors of Affairs

232

祕書令史太常齋郎獄掾

Secretariat Chief Clerk; Ceremonies-Fast Gentleman; Prison Aide

233

主書令史王家尉太學典錄

Document Chief Clerk; Prince's Household Commandant; Grand Academy Archivist

234

集書令史公主家令太史博士

Aggregate Documents Chief Clerk; Princess's Household Director; Grand Astrologer Erudit

235

起居注令史太卜博士

Daily Activities Recorder Chief Clerk; Grand Diviner Erudit

236

直事郎太醫博士

Direct-Affairs Gentleman; Imperial Physicians Erudit

237

司州本曹太常日者

Sizhou Principal Bureau; Ceremonies Day-Selector

238

散臣督事扶令

Dispersed Officials Supervisor of Affairs; Assistant Commandant

239

宿衞幢將太樂典錄

Night-Watch Banner General; Grand Music Archivist

240

右從第七品上右從第中右從第七品下

(Subordinate seventh rank, upper tier); (subordinate seventh rank, middle tier); (subordinate seventh rank, lower tier)

241

公府令史太學助厲武將軍

Ducal Headquarters Chief Clerk; Grand Academy Assistant; Fierce-Martial General

242

太子典書令史掃寇將厲鋒將軍

Document Chief Clerk to the Heir Apparent; Sweeps-Bandits General; Fierce-Edge General

243

太子典衣令史掃虜將虎牙將軍

Garment Chief Clerk to the Heir Apparent; Sweeps-Captives General; Tiger-Fang General

244

司事令史掃難將虎奮將軍

Affairs Chief Clerk; Sweeps-Difficulties General; Tiger-Striking General

245

諸局通事掃逆將軍

Bureau Communications Officers; Sweeps-Rebels General

246

殄寇將軍

Exterminates-Bandits General

247

殄虜將軍

Exterminates-Captives General

248

殄難將軍

Exterminates-Difficulties General

249

殄夷將軍

Exterminates-Yi General

250

右第八品上右第八品中右第八品下

(Eighth rank, upper tier); (eighth rank, middle tier); (eighth rank, lower tier)

251

直事令史尚書算生諸寺算生

Direct-Affairs Chief Clerk; State Affairs Computational Scribe; Computational Scribes of the various directorates

252

宿衞軍司馬典客舍人諸局書令史

Night-Watch Army Supervisor; Guest-Director Attendant; Bureau Document Chief Clerks

253

諸局省事符券吏虎賁軍書令史

Bureau Efficient Clerks; Tally-and-Credential Official; Tiger Guard Document Chief Clerk

254

尚書記室令史公府閤下令史乘傳使者

State Affairs Recording Office Chief Clerk; Ducal Gate Office Chief Clerk; Post-Relay Envoy

255

右從第八品上右從第八品中右從第八品下

(Subordinate eighth rank, upper tier); (subordinate eighth rank, middle tier); (subordinate eighth rank, lower tier)

256

諸開府令史祀官齋郎白衣臣

Chief Clerks of various generalissimo headquarters; Sacrificial Office Fast Gentleman; White-Robed Official

257

宿衞軍吏典客參軍

Night-Watch Army Clerk; Guest-Director Staff Attendant

258

諸局書吏太醫、太史助教

Bureau Document Clerks; Assistant Erudits of the Imperial Physicians and Grand Astrologer

259

主書幹

Document Handler

260

典書幹

Document Archivist

261

廣野將軍

Wide-Wilds General

262

橫野將軍

Broad-Wilds General

263

偏將軍

Flank General

264

裨將軍

Assistant General

265

右第九品上右第九品中右第九品下

(Ninth rank, upper tier); (ninth rank, middle tier); (ninth rank, lower tier)

266

統史方驛博士八書吏

Supervising Scribe; Post-Station Erudit; Eight-Books Clerk

267

中校尉王家吏

Central Commandant; Prince's Household Official

268

右從第九品上右從第九品右從第九品下

(Subordinate ninth rank, upper tier); (subordinate ninth rank); (subordinate ninth rank, lower tier)

269

太和十八年十二月，降車、驃將軍，侍中，黃門秩，依魏晉舊事。

In the twelfth month of Taihe year 18 (494) the ranks of Chariot-and-Cavalry General, Flying Cavalry General, Palace Attendant, and Yellow Gate were reduced, in accord with earlier Wei and Jin practice.

270

十九年八月，初置直齋、御仗左右武官。 [8]

In the eighth month of year 19 the Direct-Fast officers and left and right martial officers of the imperial guard were first created. [8] (Note: For "first establishing Direct-Fast officers and imperial-guard left and right martial officers," some editions miswrite one form for another; Imperial Readings j. 240 has the correct reading. Shilong's biography (j. 75) and the Chu emperor annals (j. 111) treat Direct-Fast as a recognized post; Tongdian j. 38 places Direct-Fast at subordinate fifth rank under Northern Qi, following Wei practice. The error is emended.)

271

二十三年，高祖復次職令，及帝崩，世宗初班行之，以為永制。

In year 23 Emperor Xiaowen revised the rank regulations again; after his death, Emperor Xuanwu promulgated them at the start of his reign and made them the permanent order.

272

太師太傅太保

Grand Preceptor, Grand Tutor, Grand Protector

273

右三師上公

(Listed above:) The Three Preceptors of Upper Duke rank

274

大司馬大將軍

Grand Marshal; Grand General

275

右二大

(Listed above:) The Two Grand Officers

276

太尉司徒司空[9]

Grand Commandant, Minister of Education, Minister of Works [9] (Note: The line should include "Above: the Three Dukes" before "State-Founding Duke of a Commandery" on the next line; the transmitted text omitted it.)

277

開國郡公

State-Founding Duke of a Commandery

278

右第一品

(First rank)

279

儀同三司開國縣公都督中外諸軍事諸開府散公

Privilege Equal to the Three Excellencies; State-Founding Duke of a District; Supreme Commander of All Armies; all headquarters-grade officers; Dispersed Duke

280

右從第一品

(Subordinate first rank)

281

太子太師太子太傅太子太保特進尚書令驃騎將軍車騎將軍〈二將軍加大者，位在都督中外之下。〉衞將軍〈加大者，位在太子太師之上。〉四征將軍〈加大者，位次衞大將軍。〉諸將軍加大者左右光祿大夫開國縣侯

Preceptor to the Heir Apparent; Tutor to the Heir Apparent; Protector to the Heir Apparent; Distinguished Emeritus; Minister of State Affairs; General of the Flying Cavalry; General of the Chariot and Cavalry 〈When the "Grand" prefix is added to either of these two generals, the rank falls below the Supreme Commander of All Armies.〉 Guard General 〈With the "Grand" prefix, the rank is above the Preceptor to the Heir Apparent.〉 The Four Expeditionary Generals 〈With the "Grand" prefix, the rank is immediately below the Grand Guard General.〉 Various generals with the "Grand" prefix; Left and Right Grandees of Splendid Happiness; State-Founding Marquis of a District

282

右第二品

(Second rank)

283

太子太師太子太傅太子太保特進尚書令驃騎將軍車騎將軍〈二將軍加大者，位在都督中外之下。〉衞將軍〈加大者，位在太子太師之上。〉四征將軍〈加大者，位次衞大將軍。〉諸將軍加大者左右光祿大夫開國縣侯

Preceptor to the Heir Apparent; Tutor to the Heir Apparent; Protector to the Heir Apparent; Distinguished Emeritus; Minister of State Affairs; General of the Flying Cavalry; General of the Chariot and Cavalry 〈When the "Grand" prefix is added to either of these two generals, the rank falls below the Supreme Commander of All Armies.〉 Guard General 〈With the "Grand" prefix, the rank is above the Preceptor to the Heir Apparent.〉 The Four Expeditionary Generals 〈With the "Grand" prefix, the rank is immediately below the Grand Guard General.〉 Various generals with the "Grand" prefix; Left and Right Grandees of Splendid Happiness; State-Founding Marquis of a District

284

右第二品

(Second rank)

285

尚書僕射〈若並置左右，則左居其上，右居其下。〉中書監司州牧四鎮將軍〈加大者，次衞將軍。〉

Vice Minister of State Affairs 〈When both left and right posts are filled, the left ranks above the right.〉 Supervisor of the Secretariat; Governor of Sizhou; the Four Garrison Generals 〈With the "Grand" prefix, the rank is immediately below the General of the Guard.〉

286

中軍將軍鎮軍將軍撫軍將軍[10]

Central Army General; Army-Stabilizing General; Army-Pacifying General [10] (Note: Tongdian j. 38 states that the "Grand" prefix for these three generals follows the Four Garrison rule—immediately below the General of the Guard; the transmitted text likely omitted that note.)

287

右三將軍

(Listed above:) The Three Generals

288

金紫光祿大夫散侯

Senior Counselor of Splendid Happiness (gold seal and purple ribbon); Dispersed Marquis

289

右從第二品

(Subordinate second rank)

290

吏部尚書四安將軍中領軍中護軍〈二軍加將軍，則去中，位次撫軍。〉

Minister of Personnel; the Four Pacification Generals; Director-in-Chief of the Army; Protector-in-Chief of the Army 〈When "General" is added to either of these two army director posts, "Central" is dropped from the title and the rank falls immediately below the Army-Pacifying General.〉

291

太常光祿衞尉

Minister of Ceremonies; Director of Splendid Happiness; Commandant of the Guard

292

右三卿

(Listed above:) The Three Ministers

293

太子少師太子少傅太子少保中書令太子詹事侍中列曹尚書四平將軍

Junior Preceptor to the Heir Apparent; Junior Tutor to the Heir Apparent; Junior Protector to the Heir Apparent; Director of the Secretariat; Steward to the Heir Apparent; Palace Attendant; Ministers of the various bureaus; the Four Pacification Generals

294

太僕廷尉大鴻臚宗正大司農太府

Minister of the Household; Minister of Punishments; Minister of Ceremonial for Foreign Affairs; Director of the Imperial Clan; Minister of Revenue; Grand Treasury

295

右六卿

(Listed above:) The Six Ministers

296

河南尹上州刺史祕書監諸王師左右衞將軍前、左、右、後將軍

Governor of Henan; Inspector of Upper Provinces; Secretariat Supervisor; Masters for the various princes; Left and Right Generals of the Guard; Front, Left, Right, and Rear Generals

297

光祿大夫〈銀青者。〉開國縣伯

Senior Counselor of Splendid Happiness 〈Those holding the silver seal and blue ribbon.〉 State-Founding Earl of a District

298

右第三品

(Third rank)

299

散騎常侍四方郎將[11]護匈奴、羌、戎、夷、蠻、越中郎將國子祭酒御史中尉大長秋卿將作大匠征虜將軍二大、二公長史〈若司徒置二長史，左在散騎常侍下，右在中庶子下。〉太子左右衞率武衞將軍冠軍將軍護羌、戎、夷、蠻、越校尉太中大夫輔國將軍中州刺史龍驤將軍散伯

Regular Attendant of the Secretariat Guard; Central Commandant-Generals of the Four Directions [11] (Note: Tongdian j. 38 reads "Central Commandant-General" for the four directional posts—East, South, West, and North; the character was probably dropped); Central Commandant-Generals Protecting the Xiongnu, Qiang, Rong, Yi, Man, and Yue; Libationer of the Imperial Academy; Commandant of the Censorate; Grand Director of the Palace Household; Grand Master of Construction; Barbarian-Punishing General; Chief Administrators of the Two Grand Officers and Two Dukes 〈When the Minister of Education has two chief administrators, the left ranks below the Regular Attendant of the Secretariat Guard and the right below the Senior Attendant to the Heir Apparent.〉 Left and Right Guard Commanders for the Heir Apparent; Martial Guard General; Champion General; Commandants Protecting the Qiang, Rong, Yi, Man, and Yue; Grand Master of the Palace; State-Assisting General; Inspector of Middle Provinces; Dragon-Charger General; Dispersed Earl

300

右從第三品

(Subordinate third rank)

301

二大、二公司馬

Chief Clerks to the Two Grand Officers and Two Dukes

302

太常光祿衞尉

Minister of Ceremonies; Director of Splendid Happiness; Commandant of the Guard

303

右三少卿

(Listed above:) The Three Vice Ministers

304

尚書吏部郎中[12]給事黃門侍郎太子中庶子司空、皇子長史

Personnel Gentleman of the Department of State Affairs [12] (Note: editions wrongly read "Gentleman-Attendant"; Tongdian j. 38 and the earlier Taihe table read "Gentleman"; corrected here); Attendant Gentleman of the Yellow Gate; Senior Attendant to the Heir Apparent; Chief Administrator to the Minister of Works and to the prince

305

太僕廷尉大鴻臚宗正大司農太府

Minister of the Household; Minister of Punishments; Minister of Ceremonial for Foreign Affairs; Director of the Imperial Clan; Minister of Revenue; Grand Treasury

306

右六少卿

(Listed above:) The Six Vice Ministers

307

中常侍中尹城門校尉司空、皇子司馬從第一品將軍開府長史驍騎將軍游擊將軍

Inner Regular Attendant; Inner Director; Commandant of the City Gate; Chief Clerk to the Minister of Works and to the prince; Chief Administrator of a subordinate first-rank general's headquarters; General of Valiant Cavalry; Mobile-Strike General

308

以前上階

(Upper tier, as listed above)

309

鎮遠將軍安遠將軍平遠將軍建義將軍建忠將軍建節將軍立義將軍立忠將軍立節將軍恢武將軍勇武將軍曜武將軍昭武將軍顯武將軍從第一品將軍開府司馬通直散騎常侍司徒諮議參軍事[13]中散大夫下州刺史上郡太守、內史、相開國縣子

General Who Stabilizes the Distant; General Who Pacifies the Distant; Levels-the-Distant General; Righteousness-Establishing General; Loyalty-Establishing General; Standard-Establishing General; Righteousness-Establishing General; Loyalty-Establishing General; Standard-Establishing General; Military-Power-Restoring General; Brave Martial General; Shining Martial General; Manifest Martial General; Illustrious Martial General; Chief Clerk of a subordinate first-rank general's headquarters; Unrestricted Regular Attendant of the Secretariat Guard; Advisory Staff Attendant of the Minister of Education [13] (Note: probably spurious—subordinate fourth rank upper lists advisory staff for the Two Grand Officers and Two Dukes together); Palace Attendant Grand Master; Inspector of Lower Provinces; governors of upper commanderies, intendants, and chancellors; State-Founding Viscount of a District

310

右第四品

(Fourth rank)

311

中堅將軍中壘將軍尚書左丞二大、二公諮議參軍事司州別駕從事史第二品將軍、始蕃王長史太子家令太子率更令太子僕中書侍郎太子庶子第二品將軍、始蕃王司馬前、左、右、後軍將軍

Central Garrison General; Central Rampart General; Left Assistant Director of State Affairs; Advisory Staff Attendants of the Two Grand Officers and Two Dukes; Sizhou Vice Director Attendant Officer; Chief Administrator to a second-rank general and initial enfeoffment prince; Director of the Heir Apparent's Household; Director of the Heir Apparent's Rate-Reform Office; Steward to the Heir Apparent; Gentleman-Attendant of the Secretariat; Attendants to the Heir Apparent; Chief Clerk to a second-rank general and initial enfeoffment prince; Front, Left, Right, and Rear Army Generals

312

以前上階

(Upper tier, as listed above)

313

寧朔將軍建威將軍振威將軍奮威將軍揚威將軍廣威將軍諫議大夫尚書右丞司空、皇子諮議參軍事司州治中從事史左、右中郎將建武將軍振武將軍奮武將軍揚武將軍廣武將軍從第一品將軍開府諮議參軍事散子

Pacifies-the-North General; Establishes-Prestige General; Rouses-Prestige General; Exerts-Prestige General; Raises-Prestige General; Broad-Prestige General; Grand Master of Remonstrance; Right Assistant Director of State Affairs; Advisory Staff Attendant to the Minister of Works and to the prince; Sizhou Senior Administrator Attendant Officer; Left and Right Central Commandant-Generals; Establishes-Military-Power General; Rouses-Military-Power General; Exerts-Military-Power General; Raises-Military-Power General; Broad-Military-Power General; Advisory Staff Attendant of a subordinate first-rank general's headquarters; Dispersed Viscount

314

右從第四品

(Subordinate fourth rank)

315

寧遠將軍鷹揚將軍折衝將軍揚烈將軍從第二品將軍、二蕃王長史二大、二公從事中郎秘書丞皇子友國子博士散騎侍郎太子中舍人員外散騎常侍從第二品將軍、二蕃王司馬

Pacifies-the-Distant General; Soaring-Hawk General; Charge-Breaking General; Ferocity-Raising General; Chief Administrator to a subordinate second-rank general and second enfeoffment prince; Attendant Gentlemen within the Office of the Two Grand Officers and Two Dukes; Assistant Director of the Secretariat; Friend to the prince; Imperial Academy Erudit; Gentleman-Attendant of the Secretariat Guard; Attendant within the Heir Apparent's Palace; Outside-the-Quota Regular Attendant of the Secretariat Guard; Chief Clerk to a subordinate second-rank general and second enfeoffment prince

316

以前上階

(Upper tier, as listed above)

317

射聲校尉越騎校尉屯騎校尉步軍校尉長水校尉司空、皇子之開府從事中郎第二品將軍、始蕃王諮議參軍事開府從事中郎中郡太守、內史、相開國縣男

Commandant of the Archers; Commandant of the Surpassing Cavalry; Commandant of the Garrison Cavalry; Commandant of the Foot Soldiers; Commandant of the Long Water Crossbowmen; Attendant Gentlemen within the Office of the Minister of Works and of the prince's headquarters; Advisory Staff Attendant to a second-rank general and initial enfeoffment prince; Attendant Gentlemen within generalissimo headquarters; governors of middle commanderies, intendants, and chancellors; State-Founding Baron of a District

318

右第五品

(Fifth rank)

319

伏波將軍陵江將軍平漢將軍[14]第三品將軍、三蕃王長史二大、二公掾屬著作郎通直散騎侍郎太子洗馬從第二品將軍、二蕃王諮議參軍事第三品將軍、三蕃王司馬奉車都尉

Subduer-of-Waves General; River-Crossing General; Han-Pacifying General [14] (Note: earlier regulations read "Pacifies the Desert"; Palace Edition follows the later table in reading "Han"); Chief Administrator to a third-rank general and third enfeoffment prince; Aides of the Two Grand Officers and Two Dukes; Aggregate Documents Author; Unrestricted Gentleman-Attendant of the Secretariat Guard; Groom of the Heir Apparent; Advisory Staff Attendant to a subordinate second-rank general and second enfeoffment prince; Chief Clerk to a third-rank general and third enfeoffment prince; Commandant of the Chariot of State

320

以前上階

(Upper tier, as listed above)

321

太子屯騎校尉太子步兵校尉太子翌軍校尉都水使者司空、皇子之開府掾屬領、護長史、司馬歸義侯率義侯順義侯朝服侯輕車將軍威遠將軍開府掾屬虎威將軍洛陽令中給事中散男

Garrison Cavalry Commandant to the Heir Apparent; Foot Soldiers Commandant to the Heir Apparent; Rear Guard Commandant to the Heir Apparent; Commissioner of the Directorate of Waterways; Aides of the Minister of Works and of the prince's headquarters; Chief Administrators and Chief Clerks of the Commandant-in-Chief and Protector-in-Chief; Righteous-Return Marquis; Righteous-Lead Marquis; Righteous-Follow Marquis; Court-Robes Marquis; Light-Chariot General; Distant-Overawing General; headquarters Aides; Tiger-Prestige General; Intendant of Luoyang; Inner Attendant; Dispersed Baron

322

右從第五品

(Subordinate fifth rank)

323

宣威將軍明威將軍從第三品將軍長史二大、二公主簿二大、二公錄事[15]皇子郎中令司空主簿司空、皇子錄事參軍事從第三品將軍司馬第三品將軍、三蕃王諮議參軍事二大、二公功曹、記室、戶曹、倉曹、中兵參軍事皇子文學治書侍御史謁者僕射從第一品將軍開府錄事參軍司空、皇子功曹、記室、戶曹、倉曹、中兵參軍事皇子功曹史

Proclaims-Prestige General; Bright-Prestige General; Chief Administrator to a subordinate third-rank general; Chief Recorders of the Two Grand Officers and Two Dukes; Recorders of the Two Grand Officers and Two Dukes [15] (Note: Tongdian j. 38 adds "Staff Attendant" after "Recorder"); Director of the prince's household; Chief Recorder to the Minister of Works; Recorder Staff Attendant to the Minister of Works and to the prince; Chief Clerk to a subordinate third-rank general; Advisory Staff Attendant to a third-rank general and third enfeoffment prince; Merit, Recording, Household, Granary, and Central Army Staff Attendants of the Two Grand Officers and Two Dukes; Literary Companion to the prince; Supervising Secretary; Director of Ushers; Recorder Staff Attendant of a subordinate first-rank general's headquarters; Merit, Recording, Household, Granary, and Central Army Staff Attendants to the Minister of Works and to the prince; Merit Officer Clerk to the prince

324

以前上階

(Upper tier, as listed above)

325

河南郡丞虎賁中郎將羽林監冗從僕射駙馬都尉廷尉正、監、評尚書郎中中書舍人從第一品將軍開府功曹、記室、倉曹、戶曹、中兵參軍事，功曹史下郡太守、內史、相上縣令、相

Assistant Director of Henan Commandery; Tiger Guard Central Commandant-General; Supervisor of the Forest of Cavalry; Attendant Servant of the Retinue; Commandant of the Emperor's Side-Chariot Horses; Director, Supervisor, and Assessor of the Minister of Punishments; Gentlemen of the Department of State Affairs; Secretariat Attendant; Merit, Recording, Granary, Household, and Central Army Staff Attendants of a subordinate first-rank general's headquarters, and Merit Officer Clerk; governors of lower commanderies, intendants, and chancellors; magistrates and chancellors of upper districts

326

右第六品

(Sixth rank)

327

襄威將軍厲威將軍第二品將軍、始蕃王錄事參軍二大、二公列曹參軍事給事中太子門大夫皇子大農騎都尉符璽郎

Prestige-Assisting General; Stern-Prestige General; Recorder Staff Attendant to a second-rank general and initial enfeoffment prince; Various-Bureau Staff Attendants of the Two Grand Officers and Two Dukes who attend within the court; Gate Grand Master to the Heir Apparent; Grand Minister of Agriculture for the prince; Commandant of Cavalry; Gentleman of Tallies and Seals

328

以前上階

(Upper tier, as listed above)

329

從第二品將軍、二蕃王錄事參軍皇子主簿司空、皇子列曹參軍事第二品將軍、始蕃王功曹、記室、戶曹、倉曹、中兵參軍事，功曹史從第一品將軍開府主簿、列曹參軍事從第二品將軍、二蕃王功曹、記室、戶曹、倉曹、中兵參軍事，功曹史太子舍人三卿丞

Recorder Staff Attendant to a subordinate second-rank general and second enfeoffment prince; Chief Recorder to the prince; Various-Bureau Staff Attendants to the Minister of Works and to the prince; Merit, Recording, Household, Granary, and Central Army Staff Attendants to a second-rank general and initial enfeoffment prince, and Merit Officer Clerk; Chief Recorder and Various-Bureau Staff Attendants of a subordinate first-rank general's headquarters; Merit, Recording, Household, Granary, and Central Army Staff Attendants to a subordinate second-rank general and second enfeoffment prince, and Merit Officer Clerk; Attendants within the Heir Apparent's Palace; Assistant Directors of the Three Ministers

330

右從第六品

(Subordinate sixth rank)

331

威烈將軍威寇將軍威虜將軍威戎將軍威武將軍四品正從將軍長史司馬二大、二公祭酒第三品將軍三蕃王錄事參軍司空皇子之開府祭酒武烈將軍武毅將軍武奮將軍王、公國郎中令積弩將軍積射將軍員外散騎侍郎皇子中尉二大、二公參軍事二大、二公列曹行參軍開府祭酒

Fierce-Prestige General; Foe-Overawing General; Captive-Overawing General; Barbarian-Overawing General; Martial-Prestige General; Chief Administrators and Chief Clerks of regular and subordinate fourth-rank generals; Libationers of the Two Grand Officers and Two Dukes; Recorder Staff Attendant to a third-rank general and third enfeoffment prince; Libationer of the Minister of Works and of the prince's headquarters; Fierce Martial General; Resolute Martial General; Valor-Exerting Martial General; Director of the Household of a prince's or duke's state; Accumulated-Crossbow General; Accumulated-Archery General; Outside-the-Quota Gentleman-Attendant of the Secretariat Guard; Commandant of the Household for the prince; Staff Attendants of the Two Grand Officers and Two Dukes; Traveling Various-Bureau Staff Attendants of the Two Grand Officers and Two Dukes; headquarters Libationer

332

以前上階

(Upper tier, as listed above)

333

司空、皇子參軍事司空、皇子列曹行參軍從第三品將軍錄事參軍第二品將軍、始蕃王主簿、列曹參軍事從第一品將軍開府列曹行參軍第三品將軍、三蕃王功曹、記室、戶曹、倉曹、中兵參軍，功曹史[16]從第二品將軍、二蕃王主簿、列曹參軍事二衞司馬討寇將軍討虜將軍討難將軍討夷將軍從第三品將軍功曹、戶曹、倉曹、中兵參軍事詹事丞列卿丞祕書郎中著作佐郎中縣令、相

Staff Attendants to the Minister of Works and to the prince; Traveling Various-Bureau Staff Attendants to the Minister of Works and to the prince; Recorder Staff Attendant to a subordinate third-rank general; Chief Recorder and Various-Bureau Staff Attendants to a second-rank general and initial enfeoffment prince; Traveling Various-Bureau Staff Attendants of a subordinate first-rank general's headquarters; Merit, Recording, Household, Granary, and Central Army Staff Attendants to a third-rank general and third enfeoffment prince, and Merit Officer Clerk [16] (Note: spurious "subordinate" before "third-rank general" deleted); Chief Recorder and Various-Bureau Staff Attendants to a subordinate second-rank general and second enfeoffment prince; Army Supervisors of the Two Guard Offices; Subdues-Bandits General; Subdues-Captives General; Subdues-Difficulties General; Subdues-Yi General; Merit, Household, Granary, and Central Army Staff Attendants to a subordinate third-rank general; Assistant Director of the Steward's Office; Assistant Directors of the various ministers; Secretariat Gentleman; Aggregate Documents Assistant Author; magistrates and chancellors of middle districts

334

右第七品

(Seventh rank)

335

盪寇將軍盪虜將軍盪難將軍盪逆將軍五品正從將軍長史、司馬強弩將軍二大、二公行參軍司空、皇子行參軍第二品將軍、始蕃王列曹行參軍第三品將軍、三蕃王主簿、列曹參軍事第一品將軍開府行參軍王、公國大農

Strikes-Bandits General; Strikes-Captives General; Strikes-Difficulties General; Strikes-Rebels General; Chief Administrators and Chief Clerks of regular and subordinate fifth-rank generals; Powerful-Crossbow General; Traveling Staff Attendants of the Two Grand Officers and Two Dukes; Traveling Staff Attendants to the Minister of Works and to the prince; Traveling Various-Bureau Staff Attendants to a second-rank general and initial enfeoffment prince; Chief Recorder and Various-Bureau Staff Attendants to a third-rank general and third enfeoffment prince; Traveling Staff Attendant of a first-rank general's headquarters; Grand Minister of Agriculture of a prince's or duke's state

336

以前上階

(Upper tier, as listed above)

337

太學博士皇子常侍太常博士[17]從第二品將軍、二蕃王參軍事從第二品將軍、二蕃王列曹行參軍從第三品將軍主簿、列曹參軍事四品正從將軍錄事、功曹、戶曹、倉曹、中兵參軍事司州主簿奉朝請國子助教

Grand Academy Erudit; Regular Attendant to the prince; Erudit of the Minister of Ceremonies [17] (Note: Tongdian j. 38 adds "Regular Attendant of the Martial Cavalry" here; probably omitted); Staff Attendants to a subordinate second-rank general and second enfeoffment prince; Traveling Various-Bureau Staff Attendants to a subordinate second-rank general and second enfeoffment prince; Chief Recorder and Various-Bureau Staff Attendants to a subordinate third-rank general; Recorders, Merit, Household, Granary, and Central Army Staff Attendants of regular and subordinate fourth-rank generals; Sizhou Chief Recorder; Court Participant; Imperial Academy Assistant Libationer

338

右從第七品

(Subordinate seventh rank)

339

殄寇將軍殄虜將軍殄難將軍殄夷將軍第二品將軍、始蕃王行參軍第三品將軍、三蕃王參軍事第三品將軍、三蕃王列曹行參軍四品正從將軍主簿、列曹參軍事侯、伯國郎中令司州西曹書佐殿中將軍皇子侍郎大長秋丞

Exterminates-Bandits General; Exterminates-Captives General; Exterminates-Difficulties General; Exterminates-Yi General; Traveling Staff Attendant to a second-rank general and initial enfeoffment prince; Staff Attendants to a third-rank general and third enfeoffment prince; Traveling Various-Bureau Staff Attendants to a third-rank general and third enfeoffment prince; Chief Recorder and Various-Bureau Staff Attendants of regular and subordinate fourth-rank generals; Director of the Household of a marquis's or earl's state; Sizhou Western Bureau Document Aide; Palace Guard General; Attendant to the prince; Assistant Director of the Palace Household

340

以前上階

(Upper tier, as listed above)

341

侍御史協律郎辨章郎從第二品將軍、二蕃王行參軍從第三品將軍參軍事從第三品將軍列曹行參軍五品正從將軍錄事、功曹、戶曹、倉曹、中兵參軍事王、公國中尉司州祭酒從事下縣令、相

Attendant Censor; Pitch-Harmonizing Attendant; Distinguishing-and-Recording Attendant; Traveling Staff Attendant to a subordinate second-rank general and second enfeoffment prince; Staff Attendants to a subordinate third-rank general; Traveling Various-Bureau Staff Attendants to a subordinate third-rank general; Recorders, Merit, Household, Granary, and Central Army Staff Attendants of regular and subordinate fifth-rank generals; Commandant of the Household of a prince's or duke's state; Sizhou Libationer Attendant Officer; magistrates and chancellors of lower districts

342

右第八品

(Eighth rank)

343

掃寇將軍掃虜將軍掃難將軍掃逆將軍司州議曹從事史二大、二公長兼行參軍公車令符節令諸署令〈千石已上者。〉中黃門令門下錄事尚書都令史主書令史殿中侍御史中謁者僕射中黃門冗從僕射

Sweeps-Bandits General; Sweeps-Captives General; Sweeps-Difficulties General; Sweeps-Rebels General; Sizhou Advisory Bureau Attendant Officer; Senior Concurrent Traveling Staff Attendants of the Two Grand Officers and Two Dukes; Director of the Imperial Carriage Office; Director of Tallies and Credentials; Directors of the various offices 〈For posts of one thousand shi and above.〉 Director of the Central Yellow Gate; Gate Office Recorder; Chief Clerk of the Department of State Affairs; Document Chief Clerk; Palace Attendant Censor; Vice Director of the Central Ushers; Attendant Servant of the Central Yellow Gate Retinue

344

以前上階

(Upper tier, as listed above)

345

宮門僕射侯、伯國大農司空、皇子長兼行參軍二大、二公長兼行參軍[18]皇子上、中、下將軍皇子中大夫二率丞四品正從將軍列曹行參軍王、公國常侍厲武將軍厲鋒將軍虎牙將軍虎奮將軍五品正從將軍主簿、列曹行參軍司州文學從第一品將軍、開府長兼行參軍員外將軍

Vice Director of the Palace Gate; Grand Minister of Agriculture of a marquis's or earl's state; Senior Concurrent Traveling Staff Attendant to the Minister of Works and to the prince; Senior Concurrent Traveling Staff Attendants of the Two Grand Officers and Two Dukes [18] (Note: probably spurious repetition—already listed at the preceding upper tier; Tongdian j. 38 also repeats it); Upper, Middle, and Lower Generals of the prince; Middle Grand Master of the prince; Assistant Directors of the Two Guard Commanders; Traveling Various-Bureau Staff Attendants of regular and subordinate fourth-rank generals; Regular Attendant of a prince's or duke's state; Fierce-Martial General; Fierce-Edge General; Tiger-Fang General; Tiger-Striking General; Chief Recorder and Traveling Various-Bureau Staff Attendants of regular and subordinate fifth-rank generals; Sizhou Literary Companion; Senior Concurrent Traveling Staff Attendant of a subordinate first-rank general's headquarters; Outside-the-Quota General

346

右從第八品

(Subordinate eighth rank)

347

曠野將軍橫野將軍子、男國郎中令太祝令諸署令〈六百石已上者〉中黃門公主家令皇子典書令四門小學博士律博士校書郎二大、二公參軍督護檢校御史[19]

Vast-Wilds General; Broad-Wilds General; Director of the Household of a viscount's or baron's state; Director of the Grand Sacrificer; Directors of the various offices 〈For posts of six hundred shi and above.〉 Attendant of the Central Yellow Gate; Director of the Princess's Household; Document Director for the prince; Four-Gate Primary School Erudit; Law Erudit; Proofreading Gentleman; Staff Attendant Supervisors of the Two Grand Officers and Two Dukes; Inspecting Censor [19] (Note: corrected from "confer" to "inspect" per Tongdian j. 38; Inspecting Censor attested from Eastern Jin onward)

348

以前上階

(Upper tier, as listed above)

349

王、公國侍郎侯、伯國中尉謁者太子三卿丞五品正從將軍列曹行參軍司空、皇子參軍督護第二品將軍始蕃王長兼行參軍從第一品將軍、開府參軍督護殿中司馬督

Attendant of a prince's or duke's state; Commandant of the Household of a marquis's or earl's state; Usher; Assistant Directors of the Heir Apparent's Three Offices; Traveling Various-Bureau Staff Attendants of regular and subordinate fifth-rank generals; Staff Attendant Supervisors to the Minister of Works and to the prince; Senior Concurrent Traveling Staff Attendant to a second-rank general and initial enfeoffment prince; Staff Attendant Supervisor of a subordinate first-rank general's headquarters; Palace Army Supervisor

350

右第九品

(Ninth rank)

351

偏將軍裨將軍太子廐長監淮海津都尉諸局都尉皇子典祠令皇子學官令皇子典衞令王公國上中下將軍王公國中大夫諸署令〈不滿六百石者。〉

Flank General; Assistant General; Stable Director to the Heir Apparent; Huai-Hai Ferry Commandant; Commandants of the various bureaus; Sacrifices Director for the prince; Learning Office Director for the prince; Guard Director for the prince; Upper, Middle, and Lower Generals of a prince's or duke's state; Middle Grand Master of a prince's or duke's state; Directors of the various offices 〈For posts below six hundred shi.〉

352

以前上階

(Upper tier, as listed above)

353

第二品將軍、始蕃王參軍督護從第二品將軍、二蕃王長兼行參軍太常、光祿、衞尉、領、護詹事功曹、五官[20]治禮郎子、男國大農小黃門員外司馬督

Staff Attendant Supervisor to a second-rank general and initial enfeoffment prince; Senior Concurrent Traveling Staff Attendant to a subordinate second-rank general and second enfeoffment prince; Merit Officer and Five Officers Chief Recorders of the Ministers of Ceremonies, Splendid Happiness, and the Guard and of the Commandant-in-Chief, Protector-in-Chief, and Steward [20] (Note: line break corrected— these are staff posts under those offices, not the ministers themselves); Ritual-Oversight Gentleman; Grand Minister of Agriculture of a viscount's or baron's state; Attendant of the Lesser Yellow Gate; Outside-the-Quota Army Supervisor

354

右從第九品

(Subordinate ninth rank)

355

前世職次皆無從品，魏氏始置之，亦一代之別制也。

Earlier dynasties had no subordinate ranks within a grade; the Wei were the first to institute them—a peculiarity of their age.

356

正始元年十一月，罷郡中正。

In the eleventh month of the first Zhengshi year, commandery impartial selectors were abolished.

357

四年九月詔曰：「五校昔統營位，次於列卿，奉車都尉禁侍美官，顯加通貴。世移時變，遂為冗職。既典名猶昔，宜有定員，并殿中二司馬亦須有常數。今五校可各二十人，奉車都尉二十人，騎都尉六十人，殿中司馬二百人，員外司馬三百人。」

In the ninth month of year 4 an edict declared: "The Five Commandants once commanded camp garrisons and ranked just below the ministers; the Commandant of the Chariot of State was a restricted court of honor, markedly elevated and privileged. As the times shifted, they became hollow titles. Their names still carry old prestige, so each should have a fixed quota—including the two Palace Army Supervisors. Henceforth let each of the Five Commandants have twenty posts; the Commandant of the Chariot of State twenty; the Commandant of Cavalry sixty; Palace Army Supervisors two hundred; and Outside-the-Quota Army Supervisors three hundred."

358

永平元年十二月，尚書令高肇，尚書僕射、清河王懌等奏置小學博士員三千人。

In the twelfth month of the first Yongping year, Minister of State Affairs Gao Zhao, Vice Minister and Prince of Qinghe Yuan Yi, and others memorialized to set the Primary School erudite quota at three thousand.

359

二年正月，尚書令高肇奏，都水臺請依舊二使者，參軍事、謁者并錄事、令史亦隨事更立。 [21]詔曰：「使者置二，可如所奏。其下屬司，唯須充事耳，亦何勞多也。參軍、錄事並更置一，謁者加二，令史依舊。」肇又奏諸州諮議、記室、戶曹、刑獄、田曹、水曹、集曹、士曹參軍悉併省之。

In the first month of year 2, Minister Gao Zhao memorialized that the Directorate of Waterways asked to restore the former two commissioners and to re-establish staff attendants, ushers, recorders, and chief clerks as required. [21] The edict replied: "Appoint two commissioners, as requested. The offices beneath them need only be staffed for the work—what need for so many? Add one staff attendant and one recorder; increase ushers by two; leave chief clerks unchanged." Zhao further proposed abolishing and merging the provincial advisory, recording, household, punishment, field, water, collection, and scholar staff attendants.

360

四年七月，詔改宗子羽林為宗士，其本秩付尚書計其資集，敍從七已下、從八已上官。

In the seventh month of year 4, an edict renamed the Clan Cadet Forest of Cavalry as Clan Scholars; the Masters of Writing were to calculate their seniority from their former ranks and promote them to posts from subordinate seventh rank down through subordinate eighth rank up.

361

正光元年七月，置左、右衞將軍各二人。

In the seventh month of the first Zhengguang year, two Left Guard Generals and two Right Guard Generals were appointed.

362

十二月，罷諸州中正，郡縣定姓族，後復。

In the twelfth month provincial impartial selectors were abolished and commanderies and districts were ordered to fix clan registers; the office was later restored.

363

孝昌二年十月，詔宗士、庶子二官各增二百人。置望士隊四百人，取肺腑之族有武藝者。

In the tenth month of the second Xiaochang year, an edict added two hundred posts each to the Clan Scholar and Attendant offices. A four-hundred-man Gazing Scholar company was formed, recruited from imperial relatives with martial ability.

364

孝莊初，以尒朱榮有扶翼之功，拜柱國大將軍，位在丞相上；又拜大丞相、天柱大將軍，增佐吏。又以太尉、上黨王天穆為太宰，增佐吏。

At the start of Emperor Xiaozhuang's reign, Erzhu Rong was appointed Pillar-of-State Grand General for his service in raising the throne, ranking above the Chancellor; He was also made Grand Chancellor and Pillar-of-Heaven Grand General, with an enlarged staff. Grand Commandant and Prince of Shangdang Tian Mu was likewise appointed Grand Preceptor, with an enlarged staff.

365

永安二年各詔復置司直十人，視五品，隸廷尉，覆治御史檢劾事。

In the second Yongan year separate edicts restored ten Direct Investigators, ranked as fifth grade, under the Minister of Punishments, to re-examine cases the censors had investigated.

366

普泰初，以尒朱世隆為儀同三師，位次上公。 [22]又侍中、黃門、武衞將軍，並增置六人。

At the beginning of Putai, Erzhu Shilong was made Three Preceptors of Equal Privilege, ranking just below the senior dukes. [22] Six additional posts were also created for Palace Attendants, Yellow Gate Attendants, and Martial Guard Generals.

367

永安已後，遠近多事，置京畿大都督，復立州都督，俱總軍人。

After Yongan, as trouble spread near and far, a Metropolitan Area Grand Commander was appointed and provincial commanders were restored; both oversaw military forces.

368

天平四年夏，罷六州都督，悉隸京畿，其京畿大都督仍不改焉。立府置佐。

In the summer of Tianping year 4, the six provincial commanders were abolished and placed under the metropolitan command; the Metropolitan Area Grand Commander remained as before. A headquarters was set up with a full staff.

369

舊制：有大將軍，不置太尉；有丞相，不置司徒。自正光已後，天下多事，勳賢並軌，乃俱置之。

Under the old rule, if a Grand General held office, no Grand Commandant was appointed; If a Chancellor held office, no Minister of Education was appointed. From Zhengguang onward the realm was in constant turmoil and meritorious men crowded the highest ranks, so both posts were filled at once.

370

武定二年十一月，有司奏：「齊獻武王勳高德重，禮絕羣辟。昔霍光陵邑亦置長、丞主陵，今請置長一人，丞一人，錄事一人，戶曹史一人，禁備史一人，侍一人，皆降帝陵官品一等。其侍依舊。」詔「可」。

In the eleventh month of Wuding year 2, the relevant offices memorialized: "Prince of Qi Gao Huan, meritorious and virtuous, stands above the assembled ministers in honor. When Huo Guang's tomb precinct was established, a director and assistant were appointed to tend the tomb; we ask now for one director, one assistant director, one recorder, one household clerk, one guard-recorder clerk, and one attendant, each one grade below imperial tomb officials. The attendant should remain as before. The edict answered: "Granted."

371

七年三月，詔左右光祿大夫各置二人，金紫光祿大夫置四人，光祿大夫置四人，太中、中散各置六人。五月，又詔以四中郎將，世宗永平中權隸領軍，今還屬護軍。

In the third month of the seventh year, an edict fixed the establishment at two each for the Left and Right Supervisors of Grandees of Splendor, four for Grandees of Splendor with the Golden Seal and Purple Ribbon, four for Grandees of Splendor, and six each for Grandees of Palace and Regular Attendants. In the fifth month, another edict returned the four Central Commandants to the Protector of the Army; during Emperor Shizong's Yongping era they had provisionally been assigned to the Director of the Army.

372

自古天子立德，因生以賜姓，胙之土而命之氏；諸侯則以家與諡，官有世功，則有宦族，邑亦如之。姓則表其所由生，氏則記族所由出，其大略然也。至於或自所居，或以國號，或用官爵，或用事物，雖緣時不同，俱其義矣。魏氏本居朔壤，地遠俗殊，賜姓命氏，其事不一，亦如長勺、尾氏、終葵之屬也。初，安帝統國，諸部有九十九姓。至獻帝時，七分國人，使諸兄弟各攝領之，乃分其氏。自後兼并他國，各有本部，部中別族，為內姓焉。年世稍久，互以改易，興衰存滅，間有之矣，今舉其可知者。

Since ancient times emperors have established virtue by bestowing surnames according to birth and assigning clan names when granting fief lands. For feudal lords, names came from family and posthumous titles; officials with hereditary service formed official clans, and the same principle applied to fiefholders. A surname marks where one was born into the world; a clan name records the lineage's origin—that is the broad pattern. Whether a name came from a place of residence, a state designation, an office and rank, or some object or event, the custom varied with the times but the logic was the same. The Wei people originally lived in the northern marches, where distance and custom made surname-granting and clan-naming less uniform—as with such names as Changshao, Wei, and Zhongkui. When Emperor An first unified the realm, the tribes counted ninety-nine surnames among them. Under Emperor Xian the people were split seven ways, each brother given a share to govern, and the clans were divided accordingly. Later, as other peoples were absorbed, each kept its original tribal affiliation, with sub-clans within the tribes forming the inner surnames. Over time names were altered repeatedly, with some clans rising, falling, surviving, or disappearing; here are those that can still be traced.

373

獻帝以兄為紇骨氏，後改為胡氏。

The eldest brother was named Hegu under Emperor Xian; the clan was later Sinicized as Hu.

374

次兄為普氏，後改為周氏。

The second brother took the Pu clan; it was later renamed Zhou.

375

次兄為拓拔氏，後改為長孫氏。 [23]

The third brother was of the Tuoba clan; it later became Zhangsun. [23] Editorial note marker in the source text.

376

弟為達奚氏，後改為奚氏。

A younger brother received the Daxi clan; it was later shortened to Xi.

377

次弟為伊婁氏，後改為伊氏。

Another younger brother took Yilou; the name was later reduced to Yi.

378

次弟為丘敦氏，後改為丘氏。

The next younger brother was Qiudun; it later became Qiu.

379

次弟為侯氏，後改為亥氏。 [24]

The next younger brother bore the Hou clan; it was later changed to Hai. [24] Editorial note marker in the source text.

380

七族之興，自此始也。

This was the beginning of the seven clans' ascendancy.

381

又命叔父之胤曰乙旃氏，後改為叔孫氏。

Descendants of paternal uncles were also given the name Yizhan, later renamed Shusun.

382

又命疏屬曰車焜氏，後改為車氏。

More distant relatives received the Chekun clan, later shortened to Che.

383

凡與帝室為十姓，百世不通婚。太和以前，國之喪葬祠禮，非十族不得與也。高祖革之，各以職司從事。神元皇帝時，餘部諸姓內入者。

Ten clans in all, including the imperial line, were forbidden to intermarry for a hundred generations. Until the Taihe reforms, only members of the ten clans could take part in state funerals and sacrifices. Emperor Gaozu abolished that restriction; each clan took part according to its rank and office. During the reign of Emperor Shenyuan, additional tribes were absorbed as inner surnames.

384

丘穆陵氏，後改為穆氏。

Qiumuling was later Sinicized as Mu.

385

步六孤氏，後改為陸氏。

Buliugu was later renamed Lu.

386

賀賴氏，後改為賀氏。

Helai was later shortened to He.

387

獨孤氏，後改為劉氏。

Dugu was later Sinicized as Liu.

388

賀樓氏，後改為樓氏。

Helou was later reduced to Lou.

389

勿忸于氏，後改為于氏。

Wuniuyu was later shortened to Yu.

390

是連氏，後改為連氏。

Shilian was later reduced to Lian.

391

僕闌氏，後改為僕氏。

Pulan was later shortened to Pu.

392

若干氏，後改為苟氏。

Ruogan was later renamed Gou.

393

拔列氏，後改為梁氏。 [25]

Balie was later Sinicized as Liang. [25] Editorial note marker in the source text.

394

撥略氏，後改為略氏。 [26]

Bolue was later shortened to Lue. [26] Editorial note marker in the source text.

395

若口引氏，後改為寇氏。

Rukouyin was later renamed Kou.

396

叱羅氏，後改為羅氏。

Chiluo was later reduced to Luo.

397

普陋茹氏，後改為茹氏。

Pulouru was later shortened to Ru.

398

賀葛氏，後改為葛氏。

Hege was later reduced to Ge.

399

是賁氏，後改為封氏。

Shiben was later renamed Feng.

400

阿伏于氏，後改為阿氏。 [27]

Afuyu was later shortened to A. [27] Editorial note marker in the source text.

401

可地延氏，後改為延氏。

Kediyan was later reduced to Yan.

402

阿鹿桓氏，後改為鹿氏。

Aluhuan was later shortened to Lu.

403

他駱拔氏，後改為駱氏。

Taluoba was later reduced to Luo.

404

薄奚氏，後改為薄氏。

Baxi was later shortened to Bo.

405

烏丸氏，後改為桓氏。

Wuhuan was later renamed Huan.

406

素和氏，後改為和氏。

Suhe was later reduced to He.

407

吐谷渾氏，依舊吐谷渾氏。

The Tuyuhun clan kept its original name.

408

胡古口引氏，後改為侯氏。 [28]

Hugukouyin was later renamed Hou. [28] Editorial note marker in the source text.

409

賀若氏，依舊賀若氏。

The Heruo clan kept its original name.

410

谷渾氏，後改為渾氏。

Guhun was later shortened to Hun.

411

匹婁氏，後改為婁氏。

Pilou was later reduced to Lou.

412

俟力伐氏，後改為鮑氏。

Yiliba was later Sinicized as Bao.

413

吐伏盧氏，後改為盧氏。

Tufulu was later shortened to Lu.

414

牒云氏，後改為云氏。

Dieyun was later reduced to Yun.

415

是云氏，後改為是氏。

Shiyun was later shortened to Shi.

416

叱利氏，後改為利氏。

Chili was later reduced to Li.

417

副呂氏，後改為副氏。

Fulü was later shortened to Fu.

418

那氏，依舊那氏。

The Na clan kept its original name.

419

如羅氏，後改為如氏。

Ruluo was later reduced to Ru.

420

乞扶氏，後改為扶氏。

Qifu was later shortened to Fu.

421

阿單氏，後改為單氏。 [29]

Adan was later reduced to Dan. [29] Editorial note marker in the source text.

422

俟幾氏，後改為幾氏。 [30]

Yiji was later shortened to Ji. [30] Editorial note marker in the source text.

423

賀兒氏，後改為兒氏。

Heer was later reduced to Er.

424

吐奚氏，後改為古氏。

Tuxi was later renamed Gu.

425

出連氏，後改為畢氏。

Chulian was later Sinicized as Bi.

426

庾氏，依舊庾氏。

The Yu clan kept its original name.

427

賀拔氏，後改為何氏。

Heba was later shortened to He.

428

叱呂氏，後改為呂氏。

Chilü was later reduced to Lü.

429

莫那婁氏，後改為莫氏。

Monalou was later shortened to Mo.

430

奚斗盧氏，後改為索盧氏。

Xidoulu was later renamed Suolu.

431

莫蘆氏，後改為蘆氏。

Molu was later reduced to Lu.

432

出大汗氏，後改為韓氏。 [31]

Chudahan was later Sinicized as Han. [31] Editorial note marker in the source text.

433

沒路真氏，後改為路氏。

Moluzhen was later shortened to Lu.

434

扈地于氏，後改為扈氏。 [32]

Hudiyu was later reduced to Hu. [32] Editorial note marker in the source text.

435

莫輿氏，後改為輿氏。 [33]

Moyu was later shortened to Yu. [33] Editorial note marker in the source text.

436

紇干氏，後改為干氏。

Gegan was later reduced to Gan.

437

俟伏斤氏，後改為伏氏。

Yifujin was later shortened to Fu.

438

是樓氏，後改為高氏。

Shilou was later Sinicized as Gao.

439

尸突氏，後改為屈氏。 [34]

Shitu was later renamed Qu. [34] Editorial note marker in the source text.

440

沓盧氏，後改為沓氏。

Dalu was later shortened to Da.

441

嗢石蘭氏，後改為石氏。

Woshilan was later reduced to Shi.

442

解枇氏，後改為解氏。

Jiepi was later shortened to Jie.

443

奇斤氏，後改為奇氏。

Qijin was later reduced to Qi.

444

須卜氏，後改為卜氏。

Xubu was later shortened to Bu.

445

丘林氏，後改為林氏。

Qiulin was later reduced to Lin.

446

大莫干氏，後改為郃氏。

Damogan was later Sinicized as He.

447

尒緜氏，後改為緜氏。

Ermian was later shortened to Mian.

448

蓋樓氏，後改為蓋氏。

Gailou was later shortened to Gai.

449

素黎氏，後改為黎氏。

Suli was later shortened to Li.

450

渴單氏，後改為單氏。

Kedan was later shortened to Shan.

451

壹斗眷氏，後改為明氏。

Yidoujuan was later Sinicized as Ming.

452

叱門氏，後改為門氏。

Chimen was later shortened to Men.

453

宿六斤氏，後改為宿氏。

Xiuliujin was later shortened to Su.

454

馝䢴氏，後改為䢴氏。 [35]

Biyin was later shortened to Yin. [35] Editorial note marker in the source text.

455

土難氏，後改為山氏。

Tunan was later renamed Shan.

456

屋引氏，後改為房氏。

Wuyin was later Sinicized as Fang.

457

樹洛于氏，後改為樹氏。 [36]

Shuluoyu was later shortened to Shu. [36] Editorial note marker in the source text.

458

乙弗氏，後改為乙氏。

Yifu was later shortened to Yi.

459

東方宇文、慕容氏，即宣帝時東部，此二部最為強盛，別自有傳。

The Eastern Yuwen and Murong clans, the Eastern division of Emperor Xuan's day, were the strongest of all; they have their own separate biographies.

460

南方有茂眷氏，後改為茂氏。 [37]

To the south was Maojuan, later shortened to Mao. [37] Editorial note marker in the source text.

461

宥連氏，後改為雲氏。

Youlian was later Sinicized as Yun.

462

次南有紇豆陵氏，後改為竇氏。

Still farther south was Hedouling, later Sinicized as Dou.

463

侯莫陳氏，後改為陳氏。

Hemochen was later shortened to Chen.

464

庫狄氏，後改為狄氏。 [38]

Kudi was later shortened to Di. [38] Editorial note marker in the source text.

465

太洛稽氏，後改為稽氏。

Tailuoji was later shortened to Ji.

466

柯拔氏，後改為柯氏。

Keba was later shortened to Ke.

467

西方尉遲氏，後改為尉氏。

The Western Yuchi clan was later shortened to Yu.

468

步鹿根氏，後改為步氏。

Bulugen was later shortened to Bu.

469

破多羅氏，後改為潘氏。

Poduoluo was later Sinicized as Pan.

470

叱干氏，後為薛氏。

Chigan later became Xue.

471

俟奴氏，後改為俟氏。

Sinu was later shortened to Si.

472

輾遲氏，後改為展氏。

Nianchi was later Sinicized as Zhan.

473

費連氏，後改為費氏。

Feilian was later shortened to Fei.

474

其連氏，後改為綦氏。 [39]

Qilian was later Sinicized as Qi. [39] Editorial note marker in the source text.

475

去斤氏，後改為艾氏。

Qujin was later Sinicized as Ai.

476

渴侯氏，後改為緱氏。

Kehou was later Sinicized as Gou.

477

叱盧氏，後改為祝氏。

Chilu was later Sinicized as Zhu.

478

和稽氏，後改為緩氏。

Heji was later Sinicized as Huan.

479

冤賴氏，後改為就氏。 [40]

Yuanlai was later Sinicized as Jiu. [40] Editorial note marker in the source text.

480

嗢盆氏，後改為溫氏。

Wopen was later Sinicized as Wen.

481

達勃氏，後改為褒氏。

Dabo was later Sinicized as Bao.

482

獨孤渾氏，後改為杜氏。

Duguhun was later Sinicized as Du.

483

凡此諸部，其渠長皆自統眾，而尉遲已下不及賀蘭諸部氏。

All these divisions had chiefs who led their own people, but from Yuchi down they were less eminent than the Helan clans.

484

北方賀蘭，後改為賀氏。

Northern Helan was later shortened to He.

485

郁都甄氏，後改為甄氏。 [41]

Yuduzhen was later shortened to Zhen. [41] Editorial note marker in the source text.

486

紇奚氏，後改為嵇氏。

Hexi was later Sinicized as Ji.

487

越勒氏，後改為越氏。 [42]

Yuele was later shortened to Yue. [42] Editorial note marker in the source text.

488

叱奴氏，後改為狼氏。

Chinu was later Sinicized as Lang.

489

渴燭渾氏，後改為味氏。 [43]

Kezhuhun was later Sinicized as Wei. [43] Editorial note marker in the source text.

490

庫褥官氏，後改為庫氏。

Kuruguan was later shortened to Ku.

491

烏洛蘭氏，後為蘭氏。

Wuluolan later became Lan.

492

一那蔞氏，後改為蔞氏。

Yinalou was later shortened to Lou.

493

羽弗氏，後改為羽氏。

Yufu was later shortened to Yu.

494

凡此四方諸部，歲時朝貢，登國初，太祖散諸部落，始同為編民。

These divisions of east, west, south, and north paid tribute at the seasons; early in the Dengguo era Taizu broke up the tribal encampments, and all alike became registered subjects.

495

太和十九年，詔曰：「代人諸冑，先無姓族，雖功賢之胤，混然未分。故官達者位極公卿，其功衰之親，仍居猥任。比欲制定姓族，事多未就，且宜甄擢，隨時漸銓。其穆、陸、賀、劉、樓、于、嵇、尉八姓，皆太祖已降，勳著當世，位盡王公；灼然可知者，且下司州、吏部勿充猥官，一同四姓。自此以外，應班士流者，尋續別敕。原出朔土，舊為部落大人，而自皇始已來，有三世官在給事已上，及州刺史、鎮大將，及品登王公者為姓。若本非大人，而皇始已來，職官三世尚書已上，及品登王公而中間不降官緒，亦為姓。諸部落大人之後，而皇始已來官不及前列，而有三世為中散、監已上，外為太守、子都，品登子男者為族。若本非大人，而皇始已來，三世有令已上，外為副將、子都、太守，品登侯已上者，亦為族。凡此姓族之支親，與其身有緦麻服已內，微有一二世官者，雖不全充美例，亦入姓族；五世已外，則各自計之，不蒙宗人之蔭也。雖緦麻而三世官不至姓班，有族官則入族官，無族官則不入姓族之例也。凡此定姓族者，皆具列由來，直擬姓族以呈聞，朕當決姓族之首末。其此諸狀，皆須問宗族，列疑明同，然後勾其舊籍，審其官宦，有實則奏，不得輕信其言，虛長僥偽。不實者，訴人皆加『傳旨問而詐不以實之』坐，選官依『職事答問不以實』之條。令司空公穆亮、領軍將軍元儼、中護軍廣陽王嘉、尚書陸琇等詳定北人姓，務令平均。隨所了者，三月一列簿帳，送門下以聞。」於是昇降區別矣。

In Taihe 19 (495), an edict stated: "The conqueror clans had no formal surname lineages; even the heirs of men of merit and talent remained undistinguished in one undifferentiated mass. Those who rose high reached the highest offices, yet relatives whose families' distinction had waned still languished in low posts. We mean to fix surname rankings, but the work is far from complete; for now, select the worthy and advance them step by step. The eight surnames Mu, Lu, He, Liu, Lou, Yu, Ji, and Yu—all families of distinction since Taizu, famed in their day, with ranks reaching king and duke— where this is unmistakable, the Ministry of Personnel and Sizhou shall not fill them into base offices, but treat them on a par with the four surname clans. All others who merit gentry standing will be addressed in separate orders to follow. Men of northern origin who were once tribal chiefs, and since Huangshi have held office for three generations at Attendant within the Yellow Gate or higher, or as provincial prefect, garrison commander-in-chief, or with rank reaching king or duke, qualify as surnamed lineages. If not of chiefly origin, yet since Huangshi three generations have held ministerial rank or higher, with continuous rank reaching king or duke and no break in promotion, they likewise count as surnames. Heirs of tribal chiefs who have not met the above standard, but for three generations held posts from Palace Attendant upward, or outside as prefect or subprefecture commandant, with rank to marquis or baron, are ranked as clans. If not of chiefly descent, yet since Huangshi for three generations there have been county magistrates or above, with outside service as deputy general, subprefecture commandant, or prefect, and rank to marquis or higher, they also qualify as clans. Collateral kin within the closest mourning circle who can show an officeholder or two among the last generations, even if they fall short of the ideal rule, may still be admitted to a surname lineage; After five generations, each line is judged on its own and may not ride on a kinsman's standing. Even for closest kin, if three generations fail to reach surname standing: with clan-level office they enter at clan rank; without it they do not enter a surname lineage—that is the rule. All who seek surname or clan status must set out their origins in full and submit their proposed rank; the throne will decide each line's standing from top to bottom. Every petition must be checked against the clan, doubts resolved and agreements recorded, old registers verified against actual careers; only proven cases are forwarded—do not credulously accept claims that breed fraud. False claims: petitioners face the charge of deceiving an imperial inquiry; selecting officials face the penalty for untruthful answers in official business. Charge Duke of Works Mu Liang, General of the Guards Yuan Yan, Defender-in-chief Prince Guangyang Jia, and Minister Lu Yu with adjudicating northern surnames on an equitable basis. For every case settled, submit quarterly registers to the Chancellery for imperial review. Thus the hierarchy of advancement and demotion was set.

496

世宗世，代人猶以姓族辭訟，又使尚書于忠、尚書元匡、侍中穆紹、尚書元長等量定之。 [44]

Under Emperor Xuanwu, northern clansmen still sued over surname rank; Yu Zhong, Yuan Kuang, Mu Shao, Yuan Chang, and others were again ordered to adjudicate. [44] Editorial note marker in the source text.

497

校勘記

Textual notes

498

待詔等官諸本「等」訛「管」，不可通，今據御覽卷二０三〈九七八頁〉改。

"Attendant-in-waiting and other offices": editions corrupt deng (etc.) to guan (office); emended per Yulan j. 203 〈folio 978〉 The text is corrected accordingly.

499

二年正月按上條已見「二年二月」，這裏不當又記「二年正月」，「二」字當是「三」之訛，下條記「四年五月」可證。

"Second year, first month": The prior note already has month 2 of year 2; month 1 here is wrong—er (two) should be san (three), as the next note (fourth year, fifth month) confirms.

500

但不治故為重於刺史按「但不治」下當脫「民」字，其下又有脫文，致語不可解。今於「治」字下句斷。

"But without governing, therefore heavier than a prefect": "People" is missing after "but without governing"; further text is lost below, leaving the passage unintelligible. The sentence is now broken after zhi (govern).

501

司馬別駕按此「司馬別駕」不舉所屬，若是公府，則上已有「公府司馬」。據下太和後令，從第四品上階有「司州別駕、從事史」，疑「司馬」乃「司州」之訛。

"Vice Director Attached to the Marshal": no parent office is named; if this were a ducal office, gongfu sima already appears above. Post-Taihe regulations place Sizhou Vice Director Attached and Clerks Attached at upper secondary fourth rank; sima (marshal) is likely a corruption of Sizhou.

502

令按此「令」不知哪一官署之令，上當有脫文。

"Order": the issuing office is unknown; text is missing above.

503

通直散騎侍郎百衲、南、北、汲四本「侍郎」作「侍常」，殿本、局本作「常侍」。按「侍常」顯誤。「通直散騎常侍」已見前第三品下，且員外散騎常侍在從第三品上，「通直」高於員外，豈有反在第四品中之理。檢第四品上有散騎侍郎，第四品下有「員外散騎侍郎」，這裏應是「通直散騎侍郎」，今改正。

"Direct and Regular Gentleman of the Palace Riders": patchwork, Southern, Northern, and Ji texts read shilang as shichang; Palace and Bureau texts read changshi. Note: shichang is plainly a corruption. Direct and Regular Gentleman Constant Palatine Attendant already sits at lower third rank, while Assistant Regular Gentleman Constant Palatine Attendant is upper sub-third rank; Direct-and-Regular outranks Assistant—how could it appear mid-fourth rank? Fourth rank lists Regular Palatine Attendant above and Assistant Regular Palatine Attendant below; this entry should read Direct and Regular Palatine Attendant—and is now corrected.

504

中軍鎮軍撫軍行參軍諸本「鎮」及「撫」下無「軍」字。按上有「中軍、鎮軍、撫軍長史」，「中軍、鎮軍，撫軍正參軍」，這裏脫兩「軍」字，今補正。

"Central, Pacification, and Reassurance Armies Staff Recruiter on Detached Service": editions omit jun (army) after zhen and fu. Above appear Central/Pacification/Reassurance Armies Chief Recorder and Regular Staff Recruiter; two jun (army) characters are missing here and are now restored.

505

初置直齋御仗左右武官諸本「齋」作「齊」，御覽卷二四０〈一一三九頁〉作「齋」。按卷七五尒朱世隆傳稱「肅宗末為直齋，轉直寢，後兼直閣」，卷一一出帝紀永熙三年五月丙戌稱「騎官秩比直齋」。通典卷三八載北齊職品，直寢、直齋在從五品，當循魏制。這裏「齊」乃「齋」字形近而訛，今據改。

"First establishment of Direct Attendants of the Imperial Guard Left and Right as military officers": editions read zhai (attend) as qi (Qi); Yulan j. 240 〈folio 1139〉 has "zhai." Erzhu Shilong's biography (j. 75) states he served as Direct Attendant late in Suzong's reign, then Direct Chamberlain, later also Direct Gate Attendant; Emperor Chu's annals (j. 11), Yongxi 3.5 bingxu, equates cavalry officers with Direct Attendant. Tongdian j. 38 lists Northern Qi ranks: Direct Chamberlain and Direct Attendant at sub-fifth rank, following Wei practice. Qi here is a near-graph corruption of zhai (attend); the text is emended accordingly.

506

太尉司徒司空按次行當有「右三公」三字為行，故「開國郡公」另行。傳本脫去。

"Grand Mentor, Grand Minister, and Grand Commander-in-Chief": the next line should read "Right Three Dukes" on its own; "Duke of a Founding Commandery" is therefore set on a separate line. It is missing from the transmitted text.

507

撫軍將軍通典卷三八載太和後令，於「中軍、鎮軍、撫軍將軍」下有注云：「三將軍加『大』者四鎮同之。」意謂與上四鎮將軍注「加『大』者，次衞將軍」同。當是此志傳本脫去。

"Reassurance Army General": Tongdian j. 38 gives the post-Taihe table; under Central, Pacification, and Reassurance Army Generals a note reads: "When the three generals take the prefix Grand, the four Pacification [generals] follow suit." That is, the same as the note on the four Pacification Army generals above: "When given the prefix Grand, next in rank is the Guard General." The note was probably lost from the transmitted text of this treatise.

508

四方郎將通典卷三八「郎將」上有「中」字。按此指東、南、西、北四中郎將。「中」字不宜省，當是脫去。

"Regional Gentleman-Generals": Tongdian j. 38 places zhong (central) before langjiang (gentleman-general). Note: this denotes the four Central Gentleman-Generals of East, South, West, and North. The word "central" should not be dropped; it was likely omitted.

509

尚書吏部郎中諸本「郎中」作「侍郎」，通典卷三八作「郎中」。按太和定令時尚書諸曹郎都稱「郎中」，雖自漢以來，諸曹郎也間稱「侍郎」，但這是職令，應按當時正式官稱。前令從第四品上亦作「尚書吏部郎中」可證。這裏是涉下「給事黃門侍郎」而訛，今改正。

"Department of Personnel Director of the Masters of Writing": editions read lang (director) as shilang (gentleman-attendant); Tongdian j. 38 has lang. Note: under the Taihe table all Masters of Writing bureau directors were lang; shilang was occasional since Han times, but this is a statutory rank list and should use the formal title of the period. The earlier table at upper sub-fourth rank also reads "Department of Personnel Director of the Masters of Writing," confirming the reading. The error arose from the "Gentleman Attendant at the Yellow Gate" entry below; the text is now corrected.

510

司徒諮議參軍事按下從四品上階有「二大二公諮議參軍事」，二公即太尉、司徒，不應別出司徒諮議參軍，更不應高於二大和太尉的諮議參軍事。此條當是衍文或有訛字。通典卷三八「徒」訛「從」，知唐時已同今本。

"Grand Minister Advisory Staff Officer": upper sub-fourth rank already lists Advisory Staff Officer of the Two Grand Officers and Two Dukes; the two ducal offices are Grand Mentor and Grand Minister—a separate Grand Minister advisory post should not appear, nor rank above the Two Grand Officers' and Grand Mentor's advisory staff officers. This line is probably interpolated or corrupt. Tongdian j. 38 reads cong (follow) as tu (disciple); the Tang text already matched the present edition.

511

平漢將軍按前令第五品上作「平漠」，殿本據後令改「漢」。「平漠」指平朔漠，與「伏波」「臨江」軍號意相似。疑作「漠」是。但通典卷三八也作「漢」，今不改。

"Pacify-Han General": the earlier table at upper fifth rank reads "Pacify-Desert"; the Palace edition follows the later table in reading "Han." "Pacify-Desert" means pacifying the northern steppe, akin to the titles Subdues-the-Waves and Overlooks-the-River. Mo (desert) is probably correct. Tongdian j. 38 also has Han; the text is left unchanged.

512

二大二公錄事通典卷三八「錄事」下有「參軍事」三字。不宜省，當是脫文。

"Recorder of the Two Grand Officers and Two Dukes": Tongdian j. 38 adds "Staff Officer" after "Recorder." They should not be omitted; the words were probably lost.

513

第三品將軍三蕃王功曹記室〈至〉參軍功曹史諸本「第三品」上有「從」字，通典卷三八無。按三品將軍例與三蕃王為一等，從三品將軍不得與三蕃王並列，且下文自有「從第三品將軍功曹、戶曹、倉曹、中兵參軍事」，不應重出。這裏「從」字顯衍，今據刪。

Merit and Recording Officers to a third-rank general and third enfeoffment prince 〈through〉 Staff Officer, Merit Officer, and Clerk: editions add cong (subordinate) before "third rank"; Tongdian j. 38 does not. Note: third-rank generals rank with third enfeoffment princes; sub-third-rank generals should not be listed with them; "Sub-third-rank general Merit, Household, Granary, and Central Army Staff Officers" already appears below and should not be repeated. The word "subordinate" here is clearly spurious and is now deleted.

514

太常博士通典卷三八下有「武騎常侍」一官。疑此脫去。

"Erudite of the Grand Musician": Tongdian j. 38 lists below it the office Regular Attendant of the Martial Riders. It was probably omitted here.

515

二大二公長兼行參軍按此官已見前上階，這裏重出，且在「司空、皇子長兼行參軍」之後，於例不合，當是衍文或有訛字。但通典卷三八亦重出，傳誤已久。

"Senior Concurrent Staff Recruiter on Detached Service of the Two Grand Officers and Two Dukes": this post already appears at the upper tier above; it recurs here after the Grand Commander-in-Chief and imperial princes' concurrent staff recruiter—contrary to usage—and is probably interpolated or corrupt. Tongdian j. 38 duplicates it too; the error is long-standing.

516

檢校御史諸本「校」作「授」，通典卷三八作「校」。按東晉太元中置檢校御史，北魏、北齊皆有此官，見晉書卷二四職官志、隋書卷二七百官志中、通典卷二四監察侍御史條。今據改。又通典此下有「都水參事」一官。隋書百官志中，北齊都水臺有「參事」十人，當循魏制。此志脫去。

"Inspector Censor": editions read xiao (inspect) as shou (confer); Tongdian j. 38 has xiao. Note: Eastern Jin created Inspector Censor in the Taiyuan era; Northern Wei and Northern Qi both had it—see Jinshu j. 24 Monograph on Offices, Suishu j. 27 Central Monograph on the Hundred Offices, and Tongdian j. 24 on Supervisory Attendant Censors. The text is corrected accordingly. Tongdian also lists below this point the office Capital-Waters Staff Associate. Suishu's Monograph on the Hundred Offices records ten Staff Associates in the Northern Qi Capital-Waters Directorate, following Wei practice. This treatise omits the entry.

517

太常光祿衞尉領護詹事功曹五官諸本於「詹事」另提行，「太常、光祿、衞尉、領、護」自為一行，令人不解何以太常等三品官忽列於九品。考隋書卷二七百官志中敍北齊列卿云：「太常、光祿、衞尉、宗正、太僕、大理、鴻臚、司農、太府，是為九寺，〈中略〉各有功曹五官主簿、錄事等員。」其領軍府條、護軍府條及詹事條下屬官都有「功曹、五官主簿」。知這裏誤分，今改正。又功曹五官是主簿之名，「主簿」二字不宜省，疑此脫去。

"Merit Officer and Office of the Five Senses for the Grand Musician, Privy Treasurer, Commandant of the Guard, Palace Guard Director, and Heir Apparent's Chamberlain": editions break the line at Heir Apparent's Chamberlain, leaving Grand Musician, Privy Treasurer, Commandant of the Guard, Director, and Guard on one line—making it seem that third-rank ministers suddenly appear at ninth rank. Suishu j. 27 Central Monograph on the Hundred Offices describes Northern Qi's listed ministers: "Grand Musician, Privy Treasurer, Commandant of the Guard, Director of the Imperial Clan, Grand Stableman, Grand Judge, Grand Ceremonialist, Director of Agriculture, and Grand Storehouse—the Nine Directorates, 〈middle omitted〉 each with Merit Officer, Office of the Five Senses Chief Clerk, Recorder, and other posts." Entries for the Palace Guard Director's office, the Guard Commandant's office, and the Heir Apparent's office all list "Merit Officer" and "Office of the Five Senses Chief Clerk" among subordinates. The line break here is wrong; it is now corrected. Moreover, gongcao wuguan is a chief clerk title; the two characters "Chief Clerk" should not be omitted and were probably lost.

518

令史亦隨事更立諸本「更」作「史」，不可通。按下文詔書云「參軍、錄事並更置一」，「史」乃「更」形近而訛，今改正。

"Clerks are also established anew according to the matter": editions read geng (anew) as shi (clerk), which makes no sense. Note: an edict below reads "staff recruits and recorders are each to be established anew"; shi is a near-graph corruption of geng; the text is now corrected.

519

普泰初以尒朱世隆為儀同三師位次上公諸本「師」作「司」。按卷七五尒朱世隆傳云：「前廢帝特置儀同三師之官，次上公之下，以世隆為之。」若「儀同三司」則舊已有之，何云「特置」。這裏原文當作「師」，後人以不經見妄改，今改正。

"At the beginning of Putai, Erzhu Shilong was made Honorary Three Preceptor, ranking below the Duke of the First Rank": editions read shi (preceptor) as si (director). Note: j. 75, Biography of Erzhu Shilong, states: "The Deposed Former Emperor specially created the office of Honorary Three Preceptor, below the Duke of the First Rank, and appointed Shilong to it." If it were Honorary Three Directors, that title already existed—why say "specially established"? The original reading should be shi (preceptor); later readers unfamiliar with the form changed it; the text is now corrected.

520

次兄為拓拔氏後改為長孫氏魏書官氏志疏證〈下簡稱疏證〉據古今姓氏書辯證〈下簡稱辯證〉卷三七〈末韵下〉、通鑑卷一一九〈三七四六頁〉、卷一四０〈四三九三頁〉，云：「拓跋氏當作拔拔氏。」北朝胡姓考〈下簡稱胡姓考〉引元宏弔比干碑陰題名有「拔拔臻」，證此「拓跋」為「拔拔」之訛。

"The next eldest brother was the Tuoba clan, later changed to the Changsun clan": Notes and Textual Verification of the Official Clans Treatise of the Wei Shu 〈hereafter abbreviated Shuzheng〉 According to the Comprehensive Investigation of Ancient and Modern Surname Books 〈hereafter abbreviated Bianzheng〉 j. 37 〈under the mo rhyme〉 , Zizhi Tongjian j. 119 〈folio 3746〉 , j. 140 〈folio 4393〉 , which states: "Tuoba clan should read Babao clan." Studies of Non-Han Surnames of the Northern Dynasties 〈hereafter abbreviated Huxingkao〉 cites the postscript inscription on Emperor Yuan Hong's lament for Bi Gan with "Babao Zhen," proving Tuoba here is a corruption of Babao.

521

次弟為侯氏後改為亥氏胡姓考據元和姓纂〈下簡稱姓纂〉卷六〈止韵下〉通志氏族略〈簡稱氏族略〉六、辯證卷二二〈止韵下〉，云：「侯氏當『係俟亥氏』之脫誤。」

"The next younger brother was the Hou clan, later changed to the Hai clan": Huxingkao, citing the Yuanhe Xingzuan 〈hereafter abbreviated Xingzuan〉 j. 6 〈under the zhi rhyme〉 Tongzhi Genealogical Compendium 〈abbreviated Zuspulue〉 6, Bianzheng j. 22 〈under the zhi rhyme〉 , states: "Hou clan should read as a dropped and corrupted form of 'related to the Sihai clan.'"

522

拔列氏後改為梁氏沈濤銅熨斗齋隨筆〈下簡稱沈濤隨筆〉卷五云：「古今姓氏書辯證〈卷三七末韵〉作『拔列蘭』，蓋今本脫一『蘭』字，通志氏族略〈五〉亦作『拔列蘭』，列於代北三字姓。」疏證又據廣韵卷五〈末韵〉及姓解一並作「拔列蘭」，證沈說是。

"The Balie clan, later changed to the Liang clan": Shen Tao's Notes from the Copper Flatiron Studio 〈hereafter abbreviated Shen Tao Suibi〉 j. 5 states: "Comprehensive Investigation of Ancient and Modern Surname Books 〈j. 37, mo rhyme〉 reads Balielan; the present text probably drops lan; Tongzhi Genealogical Compendium 〈5〉 also reads Balielan, listed among the three-character surnames of the Dai north." Shuzheng further cites Guangyun j. 5 〈mo rhyme〉 and Xingjie 1, both reading Balielan, confirming Shen's view.

523

撥略氏後改為略氏姓纂卷三〈模韵下〉、卷一０〈末韵下〉，辯證卷三七〈末韵下〉引此志，氏族略三及五並作「拔略氏改為蘇氏」。〈辯證云「一作拔晷」，誤。〉疏證以為「拔」「撥」音近通用，「略氏」蓋「蘇」氏之訛。

"The Balüe clan, later changed to the Lüe clan": Xingzuan j. 3 〈under the mo rhyme〉 , j. 10 〈under the mo rhyme〉 , Bianzheng j. 37 〈under the mo rhyme〉 cites this treatise; Zuspulue 3 and 5 both read "Balüe clan changed to Su clan." 〈Bianzheng's reading "also written Balüe with gui" is an error.〉 Shuzheng holds ba and bo are phonetically near and interchangeable; Lüe clan is probably a corruption of Su clan.

524

阿伏于氏後改為阿氏姓纂卷五〈歌韵下〉、辯證卷二六〈哿韵下〉、通鑑卷一一八〈三七０二頁〉胡注引此志，「阿伏于」並作「阿伏干」。胡姓考據此謂「今官氏志『于』為『干』之刊誤」。

"The Afuyu clan, later changed to the A clan": Xingzuan j. 5 〈under the ge rhyme〉 , Bianzheng j. 26 〈under the ge rhyme〉 , Zizhi Tongjian j. 118 〈folio 3702〉 Hu's commentary cites this treatise; both write Afuyu as Afugan. Huxingkao on this basis holds that in the present Official Clans Treatise yu is a printing error for gan.

525

胡古口引氏後改為侯氏廣韵卷三〈姥韵下〉、姓纂卷六〈姥韵下〉、姓解一「胡古口引」作「古口引」；姓纂卷五〈侯韵下〉、辯證卷一九〈侯韵下〉、氏族略四及五作「古引」。沈濤隨筆五以為「今本誤衍一『胡』字」。疏證以為古「胡」「侯」音通，「氏既改侯，明舊氏必有『胡』字無疑」。胡姓考據本書卷九肅宗紀見「胡引祖」，以為此姓「當為『胡引氏』，官氏志作『胡古口引氏』，蓋涉上若口引氏而衍」。今按氏既改侯，舊氏必有「胡」字之說，實不盡然，如出連之改畢，是樓之改高，土難之改山，屋引之改房，在讀音上原姓與改姓並無關係。諸姓氏書皆無「胡」字，廣韵且注明「古」字「公戶切」，豈可一概視為省文或脫字。疑志本作「古口引氏」，當時又別作「胡口引」，後人旁注「胡」字，羼入正文。「古口引」既亦作「胡口引」，亦可省作「古引」或「胡引」，故姓氏書或作「古引」，而肅宗紀有「胡引祖」。

"The Hugukouyin clan, later changed to the Hou clan": Guangyun j. 3 〈under the mu rhyme〉 , Xingzuan j. 6 〈under the mu rhyme〉 , Xingjie 1 reads Hugukouyin as Gukouyin; Xingzuan j. 5 〈under the hou rhyme〉 , Bianzheng j. 19 〈under the hou rhyme〉 , Zuspulue 4 and 5 read Guyin. Shen Tao Suibi 5 holds that the present text wrongly adds an extra hu. Shuzheng holds that hu and hou were phonetically interchangeable in antiquity, and that since the clan became Hou the original name must have contained hu. Huxingkao, citing Hu Yinzu in j. 9 Annals of Emperor Suzong, holds the name should be Hu Yin clan and that the treatise's Hugukouyin clan probably derives from contamination with the Ruokouyin entry above. This notion that a change to Hou presupposes hu in the original name is not fully convincing: Chulian to Bi, Shilou to Gao, Tunan to Shan, and Wuyin to Fang show that original and adopted surnames need not be phonetically related. No surname work includes hu; Guangyun even gives gu the reading gonghu qie—not every variant can be dismissed as abbreviation or omission. The treatise likely originally read Gukouyin clan; Hukouyin was an alternate form, and a later marginal hu was copied into the text. Gukouyin also appeared as Hukouyin and could be shortened to Guyin or Huyin; surname works often read Guyin, and the Annals of Emperor Suzong record Hu Yinzu.

526

阿單氏後改為單氏廣韵卷一〈寒韵下〉、姓解卷三、氏族略五、辯證卷八〈寒韵下〉及卷二六〈哿韵下〉「阿單」並作「可單」。胡姓考以為與下「渴單氏後改為單氏」重出，「可」「渴」音近相通，此「阿」字當是「可」之訛。

"The Adan clan, later changed to the Shan clan": Guangyun j. 1 〈under the han rhyme〉 , Xingjie j. 3, Zuspulue 5, and Bianzheng j. 8 〈under the han rhyme〉 and j. 26 〈under the ge rhyme〉 Both read Adan as Kedan. Huxingkao treats this as a duplicate of the Kedan clan entry below; ke and ke (thirst) are near in sound, so a is probably a corruption of ke.

527

俟幾氏後改為幾氏廣韵卷三〈止韵下〉及諸姓氏書「幾」並作「畿」，姓纂卷二〈微韵下〉引志「俟」作「侯」。疏證以為「幾」當作「畿」，「俟」字不誤。胡姓考據本書卷七五尒朱天光傳、卷八０賀拔岳傳見「侯幾〈岳傳作「機」〉長貴」，以為「俟」當作「侯」，「幾」字不誤。今按「幾」「畿」音近通用，但諸書並作「畿」，姓纂於「畿氏」前又別有「幾氏」，疑此志原文當作「畿」。姓纂「俟」作「侯」，與「侯幾長貴」之姓合，胡姓考之說疑是。

"The Siji clan, later changed to the Ji clan": Guangyun j. 3 〈under the zhi rhyme〉 and all surname works read ji as ji (capital precinct); Xingzuan j. 2 〈under the wei rhyme〉 Citing the treatise, si is read as hou. Shuzheng holds ji should be ji (capital precinct) and that si is correct. Huxingkao, citing j. 75 Biography of Erzhu Tianguang and j. 80 Biography of Heba Yue, finds Hou Ji 〈Yue's biography writes the name as ji (machine).〉 Changgui, and holds si should be hou and ji is correct. Ji and ji (capital precinct) are near in sound, but every work reads ji (capital precinct); Xingzuan lists Ji clan separately before Ji (capital precinct) clan, so the treatise probably originally had ji (capital precinct). Xingzuan's hou for si matches Hou Ji Changgui's surname; Huxingkao's argument is likely right.

528

出大汗氏後改為韓氏姓纂卷八〈暮韵下〉、氏族略五「出大汗」並作「步大汗」。疏證及胡姓考又據北齊書卷二０步大汗薩傳，中岳嵩高廟碑陰題名有「步大汗契□真」證此志「出」字為「步」之訛。

"The Chudahan clan, later changed to the Han clan": Xingzuan j. 8 〈under the mu rhyme〉 , Zuspulue 5 reads Chudahan as Budahan. Shuzheng and Huxingkao also cite Beiqishu j. 20 Biography of Budahan Sa and the Songgao Temple stele inscription "Budahan Qi□zhen," showing chu is a corruption of bu.

529

扈地于氏後改為扈氏廣韵卷三〈姥韵下〉及諸姓氏書「于」並作「干」。疏證、胡姓考都以為「于」當作「干」。

"The Hudi-yu clan, later changed to the Hu clan": Guangyun j. 3 〈under the mu rhyme〉 and all surname works read yu as gan. Shuzheng and Huxingkao both hold yu should be gan.

530

莫輿氏後改為輿氏姓纂卷八〈暮韵下〉、通志略五「莫輿」作「慕輿」，又「慕輿」之姓屢見晉書前、後、南燕等載記。疏證、胡姓考據此謂「莫」當作「慕」。

"The Moyu clan, later changed to the Yu clan": Xingzuan j. 8 〈under the mu rhyme〉 , Tongzhilue 5 reads Moyu as Muyu; the Muyu surname appears often in Jinshu annals of Former Yan, Later Yan, and Southern Yan. Shuzheng and Huxingkao therefore hold mo should be mu.

531

尸突氏後改為屈氏廣韵卷五物韵下、通志略五「尸突」作「屈突」。姓纂卷一０〈物韵下〉屈氏條稱「屈六友改為屈氏」，屈突氏條云「孝文改為屈氏」。疏證以為姓纂「屈六友」之「六友」乃隸書「𥥛」〈即突〉字之訛，並據本書慕容暐傳屈突鐵侯、唐書卷八五屈突通傳，證此志「尸」字乃「屈」之訛。

"The Shitu clan, later changed to the Qu clan": Guangyun j. 5, wu rhyme, and Tongzhilue 5 read Shitu as Qutu. Xingzuan j. 10 〈under the wu rhyme〉 The Qu entry reads "Qu Liuyou changed to the Qu clan"; the Qutu entry says Emperor Xiaowen changed the name to Qu. Shuzheng holds Xingzuan's liuyou in Qu Liuyou is the clerical character 𥥛〈That is, tu (protrude).〉 A corruption of that character; citing Murong Wei's biography, Qutu Tiehou, and Tangshu j. 85 Biography of Qutu Tong, he shows shi here is a corruption of qu.

532

馝䢴氏後改為䢴氏廣韵卷十〈質韵下〉引後魏書「䢴」作「邦」，姓纂卷四〈寒韵下〉引志作「邗」，氏族略六作「邘」。疏證以為廣韵作「邦」誤，未言「䢴」「邗」「邘」孰是。今按姓纂列於寒韵，其字必作「邗」，所見官氏志自亦作「邗」，疑這裏「䢴」字為「邗」之訛。氏族略作「邘」亦誤。

"The Feixing clan, later changed to the Xing clan": Guangyun j. 10 〈under the Zhi rhyme〉 citing the Later Wei Shu, xing is read as bang; Xingzuan j. 4 〈under the han rhyme〉 citing the treatise reads hang; Zuspulue 6 reads han. Shuzheng rejects Guangyun's bang but does not decide among xing, hang, and han. Xingzuan places it under the han rhyme, so the form must be hang; surviving treatise copies agree; xing here is probably a corruption of hang. Zuspulue's han is wrong as well.

533

樹洛于氏後改為樹氏姓解卷二、辯證卷三０〈遇韵下〉「于」作「干」。疏證又據本書卷一０一吐谷渾傳〈補〉見可汗「樹洛干」，以為「于」字為「干」之訛。

"The Shuluogan clan, later changed to the Shu clan": Xingjie j. 2 and Bianzheng j. 30 〈under the yu rhyme〉 yu is read as gan. Shuzheng further cites j. 101 Biography of the Tuyuhun 〈This is a supplemental passage.〉 Where the khan is named Shuluogan, and holds yu is a corruption of gan.

534

南方有茂眷氏後改為茂氏沈濤隨筆卷五云：「廣韵一東茙字注引作『茙眷氏後改為茙氏』，元和姓纂一東所引亦同，是今本兩『茂』字皆『茙』字傳寫之訛。」今按廣韵、姓纂皆明引官氏志，又列於東韵下，此志兩「茂」字當如沈說為「茙」之訛。姓纂卷九〈線韵下〉眷氏，稱「代北茙眷氏改為眷氏」，不云引官氏志，但上一字亦作「茙」。辯證卷一〈東韵下〉作「茙」，而卷三四〈倏韵下〉又採唐孔至姓氏雜錄作「茂」，沈氏譏其進退失據，可以不論。

"The Southern Mao Juan clan, later changed to the Mao clan": Shen Tao Suibi j. 5 says Guangyun's dong-rhyme note on qiong and the Yuanhe Xingzuan dong citation both read Qiongjuan clan changed to Qiong clan, so both mao in the present text are scribal corruptions of qiong. Shen's point stands: Guangyun and Xingzuan explicitly cite the treatise under the dong rhyme, so both mao here should be corruptions of qiong. Xingzuan j. 9 〈under the xian rhyme〉 For Juan clan it reads "Northern Wei Qiongjuan clan changed to Juan clan," without citing the treatise, but the prior character is also qiong. Bianzheng j. 1 〈under the dong rhyme〉 reads qiong, while j. 34 〈under the shu rhyme〉 again follows Tang Kong Zhi's Miscellaneous Record of Surnames as mao; Shen dismissed that inconsistency, and it need not be considered.

535

庫狄氏後改為狄氏姓解卷三「庫」作「厙」，音「舍」。按「庫」字本有舍音，「庫狄」讀作「舍狄」。後人以去點作「厙」者讀作舍，以示區別。本書他處「庫狄」之「庫」都統一作「厙」，這裏不改，以存原字。

"The Kudi clan, later changed to the Di clan": Xingjie j. 3 writes ku as she (undotted), pronounced she. The character ku could be read she; Kudi was pronounced She-di. Later scribes used the undotted form She, pronounced she, to distinguish the two forms. Elsewhere this book standardizes Kudi's ku as undotted she; here the original ku is kept unchanged.

536

其連氏後改為綦氏廣韵卷二〈仙韵下〉、辯證卷四〈之韵下〉引志「其」並作「綦」，姓纂卷二〈之韵下〉有「綦連氏」，云「代北人號綦連部，因氏焉」。疏證云：「志作『其連』係『綦』奪半。姓纂二十四緩〈卷七〉引志作『纂』誤，然『綦』『纂』形似，可知唐已前志本作『綦』也。」

"The Qilian clan, later changed to the Qi clan": Guangyun j. 2 〈under the xian rhyme〉 , Bianzheng j. 4 〈under the zhi rhyme〉 Citing the treatise, qi is read as qi; Xingzuan j. 2 〈under the zhi rhyme〉 lists Qi Lian clan, saying Northern Wei people took the name from the Qilian tribe. Shuzheng says the treatise's Qilian lost half the character qi. Xingzuan j. 24, huan rhyme 〈This is juan 7.〉 Citing the treatise misreads zuan; qi and zuan resemble each other, so the pre-Tang treatise must have read qi.

537

冤賴氏後改為就氏沈濤隨筆云：「『冤』當作『菟』，字之誤。元和姓纂〈卷九宥韵下〉、古今姓氏書辯證〈錢本校勘記中宥韵下〉、姓氏急就篇注引皆作『菟』。通志氏族略〈六〉代北複姓所引亦同，去聲就姓注又引作『就賴氏改為就氏』，上『就』字乃傳寫之誤。」按疏證又引廣韵卷四〈暮韵及宥韵〉引後魏〈宥韵下訛後漢〉書亦作「菟」，沈氏未舉。

"The Yuanlai clan, later changed to the Jiu clan": Shen Tao Suibi says yuan should be tu (rabbit), a scribal error. Yuanhe Xingzuan 〈This is juan 9, under the you rhyme.〉 , Ancient and Modern Surname Works with Textual Verification 〈This is Qian Ben's collation notes, under the you rhyme.〉 , and the Surname Rapid Primer commentary all read tu (rabbit). Tongzhi Zuspulue 〈section six〉 Compound-surname citations from northern Dai follow the same pattern; the departing-tone Jiu surname note also reads "the Jiulai clan was changed to Jiu," where the first Jiu is a scribal error. Shuzheng further cites Guangyun j. 4 〈under the Mu and You rhymes〉 citing the Book of Wei 〈under the You rhyme; "Later Han" is a corruption〉 The text also reads tu (hare), which Shen did not mention.

538

郁都甄氏後改為甄氏廣韵卷五〈屋韵下〉引後魏書「都」作「原」。諸姓氏書同。按卷一五常山王遵傳附見子素，稱「休屠郁原等叛」，「郁原」當是休屠部落名。疑即此「郁原甄氏」。「都」字涉上「郁」字而訛。

Yudu Zhen was later shortened to Zhen. Guangyun j. 5 〈under the Wu rhyme〉 cites the Book of Wei reading du as yuan. All surname compilations agree. In j. 15, the appendix on Changshan Prince Zun's son Su records "the Xutu Yuyuan and others rebelled"; Yuyuan is evidently a Xutu tribal name. This is likely the Yuyuan Zhen clan of the treatise. Du was corrupted by influence from the preceding yu.

539

越勒氏後改為越氏疏證云：「姓纂十月〈卷一０〉引志，『越勒、越彊並改姓越』，通志略二引志亦云『越彊改越』。『勤』『彊』古韵相通，故歧為二氏，即此可證字當作『勤』。」並引本書卷二太祖紀天興五年十二月、卷三太宗紀永興五年四月及七月、卷一六陽平王熙傳並見「越勤部」，證此志「勒」字為「勤」之訛。胡姓考又引北齊書卷一七斛律光傳見周將「越勤世良」，補疏證所未舉。按字疑當作「勤」，但卷二六尉古真傳、卷二九奚斤傳、卷一０三高車傳〈補〉並作「越勒」，今皆不改。

Yuele was later changed to Yue. Shuzheng states: "Xingzuan, tenth month 〈j. 10〉 cites the treatise: "Yuele and Yueqiang both took the surname Yue"; Tongzhilue 2 likewise reads "Yueqiang became Yue." Qin and qiang were equivalent in old rhyme, which explains the split into two clans and shows the character should be qin. It also cites j. 2 Taizu annals (Tianxing 5.12), j. 3 Taizong annals (Yongxing 5.4 and 5.7), and j. 16 Yangping Prince Xi—all mention the Yueqin division, proving le here is a corruption of qin. Huxingkao adds Beiqishu j. 17, Biography of Helu Guang, naming the Zhou general Yueqin Shiliang—omitted by Shuzheng. The character probably should be qin, yet j. 26 Biography of Yu Guzhen, j. 29 Biography of Xi Jin, and j. 103 Biography of the Gaoche 〈supplement〉 all read Yuele; the text is left unchanged.

540

渴燭渾氏後改為味氏廣韵卷五〈曷韵下〉引後魏書「味」作「朱」。諸姓氏書同。疏證據謂「朱」或作「咮」，訛作「味」。

Kezhuhun was later changed to Wei. Guangyun j. 5 〈under the He rhyme〉 cites the Book of Wei reading wei as zhu. All surname compilations agree. Shuzheng argues zhu may appear as zhou and was corrupted to wei.

541

侍中穆紹尚書元長等量定之諸本「紹」作「詔」。按穆紹附卷二七穆崇傳，「詔」乃「紹」形近而訛，今改正。又「元長」即「元萇」，附卷一四高涼王孤傳，「萇」「長」同音通用。

Palace Attendant Mu Shao, Minister Yuan Chang, and others set the standards together. Various editions miswrite Shao as Zhao. Mu Shao appears in the appendix to j. 27, Biography of Mu Chong; Zhao is a near-form error for Shao and is corrected here. Yuan Chang is Yuan Chang (with the grass radical), in the appendix to j. 14, Biography of Gaoliang Prince Gu; the two chang forms were homophones used interchangeably.

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