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卷十二 志第二 禮樂二

Volume 12 Treatises 2: Rites and Music 2

Chapter 12 of 新唐書 · New Book of Tang
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__FORCETOC__
Table of contents.
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退 退 西 祿 西 殿殿 使
Sixth: presenting the cooked offering. Once the emperor has ascended, he presents jade and silks. The Imperial Kitchen Director leads food-bearers with the offerings, each placing them outside the inner enclosure gate. An usher leads the Minister over Masses to the offering station, where he bears the tray for the August Supreme Lord of Heaven; the Imperial Kitchen Director leads the offerings through the gate, each to its proper steps. The invokers advance together, kneel, remove the hair-and-blood beans, and descend the eastern steps to exit. The Chief Invokers receive the offerings on the altar; the Minister over Masses and Imperial Kitchen Director both descend the eastern steps and exit. Offerings for the outer officials and the host of stars are set out next. The emperor goes to the washing urn, washes his hands, rinses the goblet, and ascends the altar by the southern steps. The Minister over Masses ascends the eastern steps and stands at the vessel position. Purification youths bearing trays follow him up and stand behind the Minister over Masses. The emperor goes to the Supreme Lord's vessel position; the attendant raises the cover; the Palace Attendant intones as he pours the first libation. He advances before the August Supreme Lord of Heaven, kneels facing north, sets down the goblet, rises, steps back slightly, and stands. The Chief Invoker advances with the prayer board to the spirit's right, kneels facing east, and reads: "In the year ___, on the ___ day of the first month, the heir Son of Heaven, your subject ___, ventures to announce to the August Supreme Lord of Heaven." The emperor bows twice. He goes to the associated deity's wine vessel; the attendant raises the cover; the Palace Attendant takes a goblet from the stand and presents it. The emperor receives it; the Palace Attendant intones as he pours the first libation and advances before Emperor Gaozu the Divine Progenitor. He kneels facing east, presents the offering, rises, steps back slightly, and stands. The Chief Invoker advances with the board to the left, kneels facing north, and reads: "In the year ___, on the ___ day of the first month, the great-grandson, the Kaiyuan Divine Martial Emperor, your subject ___, ventures to announce to Emperor Gaozu the Divine Progenitor." The emperor bows twice again. He advances before the August Supreme Lord of Heaven and stands facing north. Each Chief Invoker pours blessed wine from the upper vessel; they combine it in one goblet; the Chief Invoker gives it to the Palace Attendant to present. The emperor bows twice, receives the goblet, kneels, offers a libation, sips the wine, sets down the goblet, prostrates, and rises. Each Chief Invoker leads purification youths forward with the trays. The Chief Invokers cut the sacrificial flesh before the spirits, place it on one tray, and present it through the Minister over Masses; the emperor receives it and hands it to his attendants. The emperor kneels, takes the goblet, drinks, and finishes it. The Palace Attendant receives the empty goblet and returns it to the stand. The emperor prostrates, rises, bows twice, descends the southern steps, and returns to his place. The civil dance exits and the military dance enters. When the emperor is about to return to his position, an usher leads the Grand Commandant to the washing urn. He washes his hands, rinses the gourd goblet, ascends by the eastern steps, and goes to the August Supreme Lord of Heaven's sacrificial vessel. The attendant raises the cover; the Grand Commandant pours the second libation, advances before the August Supreme Lord of Heaven, kneels facing north, sets down the goblet, rises, and bows twice. He goes to the associated deity's sacrificial vessel, takes a goblet from the stand, pours the second libation, advances before Emperor Gaozu the Divine Progenitor, kneels facing east, sets down the goblet, rises, and bows twice. He again advances before the August Supreme Lord of Heaven and stands facing north. Each Chief Invoker pours blessed wine into one goblet, advances it to the right, and stands facing west. The Grand Commandant bows twice, receives the goblet, kneels, offers a libation, drinks, and finishes it. The Chief Invoker receives the empty goblet and returns it to the stand. The Grand Commandant bows twice, descends, and returns to his station. When the Grand Commandant's offering is nearly complete, an usher leads the Director of the Imperial Household to the washing urn. He washes his hands, rinses the gourd goblet, ascends, and pours the third libation. The final offering follows the same procedure as the secondary offering. When the Grand Commandant is about to offer, seven ushers lead the offering officers for the Five Directional Emperors, the Bright Luminary, the Night Luminary, and the like to the washing urn. They wash their hands, rinse gourd goblets, ascend by their respective steps, pour the first libation, advance, kneel, and set offerings before the spirits. When first-rank offering officers are about to ascend, five ushers in succession lead each to the washing urn. Each ascends by his steps to the second-rank inner officials' wine vessels and pours the first libation as an offering. Four presenters in succession lead offering officers to wash, then to the outer officials' wine vessels to pour clear wine as offerings. Four presenters next lead offering officers to wash, then to the host of stars' wine vessels to pour aged wine as offerings. Invokers and purification youths who pour wine to assist in presentation follow the same procedure as the inner officials. Invokers above and below advance, kneel, remove the beans, and return to the vessel positions. The Master of Ceremonies announces: "Bestow the sacrificial flesh." The presenter announces: "All officials bow twice." Everyone in position bows twice. The Director of Imperial Sacrifices advances and announces: "Please bow twice." The emperor bows twice. The Master of Ceremonies announces: "All officials bow twice." Everyone in position bows twice. One movement of music is performed. The Director of Imperial Sacrifices advances and announces: "Please take the position for gazing at the fire-offering." The emperor takes position and stands facing south. Invokers above and below each take baskets, gather jade, silks, prayer boards, and ritual gifts, and ascend. Purification youths load trays with victim portions, millet and glutinous rice, and goblets of wine. Each descends by his steps, goes to the firewood altar, ascends the southern steps, and places silks, prayer boards, and offerings on the firewood. Inner-chamber invokers also send ritual silks for inner officials and below to be burned together. The Master of Ceremonies announces: "The fire may be lit." On the east and and west sides, six persons each light the fire with torches. When half the firewood is consumed, the Director of Imperial Sacrifices advances and says: "The rite is complete." The emperor returns to the great tent and exits the middle enclosure gate. The Palace Director receives the securing tablet and hands it to the Imperial Wardrobe Attendant, then receives the great tablet. The emperor enters the tent. Ushers and presenters lead the sacrifice officers; the Communications Officer leads attending officials, those accompanying the sacrifice, and regional envoys out in order. The presenter leads censors, Chief Invokers, and those below back to their service positions. The Master of Ceremonies announces: "Bow twice." Censors and below all bow twice and exit. Craftsmen and the two dances leave in order.
3
西 退 西 退 西 西 西 西 祿 殿 使 輿
At the ancestral temple, this stage is called presenting food. After the emperor has ascended and performed the libation, the Imperial Kitchen Director leads food-bearers with offerings, arrayed outside the eastern gate, facing west with south ascending priority. An usher leads the Minister over Masses to the offering station, where he bears the tray for the Offering Ancestor. The Imperial Kitchen Director leads the offerings in through the main gate to the great steps. The invokers advance together, remove the hair-and-blood beans, and descend the eastern steps to exit. The Chief Invokers receive the offerings on the steps and set them out, then take artemisia, millet, and glutinous millet, knead them in fat, and burn them on the furnace. The Director of Imperial Sacrifices leads the emperor to the washing urn. He washes his hands, rinses the goblet, ascends the eastern steps, and goes to the Offering Ancestor's ritual vessel. The attendant raises the cover; the Palace Attendant intones as he pours the first libation and advances before the Offering Ancestor. He kneels facing north and sets down the goblet. He again goes to the vessel position; the Palace Attendant takes a goblet from the stand, pours the first libation, advances before the spirit, kneels facing north, sets down the goblet, and withdraws to stand. The Chief Invoker advances with the board to the spirit's right, kneels facing east, and reads: "In the year ___, on the ___ day of the first month, the filial great-grandson, the Kaiyuan Divine Martial Emperor ___, ventures to announce to the Offering Ancestor Emperor Xuan and the ancestress Empress Xuanzhuang of the Zhang clan." The emperor bows twice, then twice again. Having presented the offering, he goes to the Accomplished Ancestor's ritual vessel, pours the first libation, advances before the spirit, kneels facing south, sets down the goblet slightly to the west, prostrates, and rises. He again pours the first libation, advances before the spirit, kneels facing south, sets down the goblet slightly to the east, and withdraws to stand. The invoker kneels facing west and reads the prayer. The emperor bows twice, then twice again. Next he presents offerings to the Great Ancestor, Replaced Ancestor, High Ancestor, Taizong, Gaozong, Zhongzong, and Ruizong, all following the Accomplished Ancestor's procedure. He then goes to the eastern sequence and stands facing west. The Minister over Masses ascends the eastern steps and stands between the front pillars, facing north with east ascending priority. Each Chief Invoker pours blessed wine from the upper vessel into one goblet; the Chief Invoker gives it to the Palace Attendant to present. The emperor bows twice, receives the goblet, kneels, offers a libation, sips the wine, sets down the goblet, prostrates, and rises. Each Chief Invoker leads purification youths to advance the trays. The Chief Invokers cut the three-sacrifice flesh before the spirits, place it on one tray, place millet and glutinous rice together on one bian, and present them through the Minister over Masses; the Chief Invoker again presents sacrificial flesh through the Minister over Masses. Each time the emperor receives an offering he hands it to his attendants, then kneels, takes the goblet, drinks, and finishes it. The Palace Attendant receives the empty goblet and hands it to the Chief Invoker, who returns it to the stand. The emperor descends the eastern steps and returns to his position at the spirit tablet. The civil dance exits and the military dance enters. When the emperor is about to return to his position, the Grand Commandant goes to the washing urn, washes his hands, rinses the goblet, ascends the eastern steps, and goes to the Offering Ancestor's ritual vessel. He pours the second libation, advances before the spirit, kneels facing north, and sets down the goblet; slightly to the east, rises, and bows twice. He again takes a goblet from the stand, pours the second libation, advances before the spirit, kneels facing north, and sets down the goblet; slightly to the west, and bows twice facing north. Next he presents offerings to the Accomplished Ancestor, Great Ancestor, Replaced Ancestor, High Ancestor, Taizong, Gaozong, Zhongzong, and Ruizong as at the Offering Ancestor. He then goes to the eastern sequence and stands facing west. Each Chief Invoker pours blessed wine into one goblet; the Chief Invoker advances with it to the left and stands facing north. The Grand Commandant bows twice, receives the goblet, kneels, offers a libation, drinks, and finishes it. The Chief Invoker receives the goblet and returns it to the stand. The Grand Commandant rises, bows twice, and returns to his station. When the Grand Commandant's offering is nearly complete, an usher leads the Director of the Imperial Household to wash, ascend, and pour the third libation. The final offering follows the same procedure as the secondary offering. Each Chief Invoker advances, removes the beans, and returns to the vessel position. The Master of Ceremonies says: "Bestow the sacrificial flesh." The presenter says: "All officials bow twice." All those in position bow twice. The Director of Imperial Sacrifices advances and announces: "Please bow twice." The emperor bows twice. The Master of Ceremonies says: "All officials bow twice." All those in position bow twice. When one movement of music is complete, it stops. The Director of Imperial Sacrifices advances and says: "The rite is complete." The emperor exits the gate; the Palace Director receives the securing tablet. The Communications Officer, ushers, and presenters lead sacrifice officers, descendants of the nine temples, those accompanying the sacrifice, and regional envoys out in order. The presenter leads censors, Chief Invokers, and those below back to their service positions. The Master of Ceremonies says: "Bow twice." Censors and below all bow twice as they exit. Craftsmen and the two dances leave in order. The Director of the Imperial Ancestral Temple, with Chief Invokers and the Director of the Palace Inner Gates, lead the litter up and return the spirit tablets. The prayer boards are burned in the purification lodge.
4
西 祿
The seven sacrifices are each offered in season: Director of Fate and Door in spring, Stove in summer, Central Court on the day when Earth is king in late summer, Gate and Pestilence in autumn, and Travel in winter. On the day of the seasonal offering, the Director of the Imperial Ancestral Temple spreads spirit mats in the temple courtyard inside the western gate on the southern path, east-facing with north ascending priority; Wine vessels are set in the southeast, with the washing urn again in the southeast. The Director of the Imperial Ancestral Temple and Director of Fine Wine fill vessels and baskets; the Imperial Kitchen Assistant leads offerings; the Director of the Imperial Household ascends for the final offering; offering officers then take up their duties with a single offering only.
5
西
Meritorious ministers who share in the sacrifice stand east of the great steps of their temple chamber, slightly to the south, facing west, with north as ascending priority. Two jar vessels are placed to the left of the seat; a washing station is set southeast of the final-offering washing station, facing north. The Imperial Kitchen Director presents offerings. After the temple sacrifice reaches the secondary offering, the offering officer takes up his duties, assistants present offerings separately, and only one offering is made.
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These are the rites for sacrificing to the August Supreme Lord of Heaven at the Round Mound at the winter solstice and the collective offering at the Imperial Ancestral Temple in early winter—among affairs between altar enclosures and ancestral temples, none surpasses these in ritual grandeur and completeness of installations. The precedence above and below the altar hall, inside and outside the enclosure gates, the honor of secondary positions, the directions in which participants stand, and the stages of entering, exiting, ascending, and descending can largely be inferred; when the grand and complete are thus laid out, the lesser and abbreviated may also be inferred.
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The numbers of altar pits, spirit positions, vessels and goblets, jade and silks, bian and dou, gui and fu, victims, and prayer boards all broadly follow antiquity.
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Four tiers, each eight feet one inch high, the lower tier twenty zhang wide and reduced by a fifth down to five zhang, with twelve steps—that is the Round Mound. Eight-faceted and three-tiered, each tier four feet high, the upper sixteen paces wide with eight steps—the upper steps eight feet wide, the middle ten feet, the lower twelve feet—that is the Square Mound. Four zhang high and four zhang wide—that is the altar of the Spirit Land. All four zhang wide: eight feet high for the Green Emperor, seven for the Red, five for the Yellow, nine for the White, six for the Black—the altars of the Five Directional Emperors. Four zhang wide and eight feet high—that is the altar for the morning sun. A pit three feet deep, four zhang long and wide, with an altar one foot high and four zhang square within—that is the altar for the evening moon. Five zhang wide, made of the five soils—the altars of soil and grain. One foot high and one zhang wide—the wax altar. Five feet high and forty paces around—the altars of the First Farmer and First Silkworm. All three feet high and one zhang wide—the altars of minor sacrifices. Mountains, garrisons, seas, and rivers are sacrificed at their temples; where there is no temple, an altar is made in a pit one zhang wide with steps on four sides—the altar for seas and rivers. Two zhang five feet wide, three feet high, with steps on four sides—the altars of ancient emperors. One zhang wide, twelve feet high, with a doorway six feet square—the fire altar for great sacrifices. Eight feet wide, ten feet high, with a doorway three feet square—the fire altar for middle sacrifices. Five feet wide, with a doorway two feet square—the fire altar for minor sacrifices. All open at the top, with the opening facing south. Burial pits are all outside the inner enclosure in the ren position, with steps facing south, square and deep enough to hold the offerings. These are the regulations governing altar pits.
9
西 宿 宿西 宿 宿 宿 宿 西
At the winter solstice the August Supreme Lord of Heaven is sacrificed to at the Round Mound, with Emperor Gaozu the Divine Progenitor as associated deity. The Green Emperor of the East, Spiritual Might and Regard; the Red Emperor of the South, Red Blaze and Wrath; the Yellow Emperor of the Center, Holding the Pivot; the White Emperor of the West, White Summons and Rejection; the Black Emperor of the North, Juice of Light and Record; together with the Bright Luminary and Night Luminary on the altar's first tier. The Celestial Emperor, North Star, Big Dipper, Celestial One, Supreme One, and the Five Emperors' seats of Purple Tenuity are each ranked before the Travel position. The remaining inner-official seats, the Five Stars, twelve chronograms, and forty-nine seats of the River Han are on the second tier among the twelve steps. Central Palace, Market Enclosure, Imperial Seat, Seven Dukes, Sun Star, Imperial Couch, Great Horn, Sombre Establishment, Supreme Palace, Five Emperors, Crown Prince, Bright Hall, Chariot Axis, Three Terraces, Five Chariots, Various Kings, Moon Star, Weaver Girl, Establishment Star, Celestial Record—seventeen seats and the twenty-eight lodges—are ranked in the front row. The remaining one hundred forty-two central-official seats are all on the third tier among the twelve steps. One hundred five outer officials are within the inner enclosure; three hundred sixty host stars are outside it. On the first upper day of the first month, prayer for grain sacrifices to the August Supreme Lord of Heaven, with Emperor Gaozu as associated deity; the Five Emperors stand on the steps of the four directions. In the first month of summer, rain sacrifice to the August Supreme Lord of Heaven, with Taizong the Civil and Martial Sagely Emperor as associated deity; the Five Directional Emperors on the first tier, the Five Emperors on the second, the Five Officials southeast below the altar. In the last month of autumn, sacrifice to the August Supreme Lord of Heaven, with Ruizong the Great Sagely True Emperor as associated deity; the Five Directional Emperors in the five chambers, each Five Emperor to his left, the Five Officials in the courtyard each according to his direction. At the beginning of spring, sacrifice to the Green Emperor, with the Great Bright One as associated deity; the Year Star and three chronograms below the altar in the northeast, seven lodges in the northwest, Goumang in the southeast. At the beginning of summer, sacrifice to the Red Emperor, with the Divine Farmer as associated deity; Sparkling Deluder, three chronograms, seven lodges, and Zhurong are positioned as for the Green Emperor. On the day when Earth is king in late summer, sacrifice to the Yellow Emperor, with the Chariot Axis clan as associated deity; the Queller Star and Queen Earth are positioned as for the Red Emperor. At the beginning of autumn, sacrifice to the White Emperor, with the Lesser Bright One as associated deity; Great White, three chronograms, seven lodges, and Rushou are positioned as for the Red Emperor. At the beginning of winter, sacrifice to the Black Emperor, with Zhuanxu as associated deity; Chronogram Star, three chronograms, seven lodges, and Dark Ming are positioned as for the White Emperor. At the wax sacrifice to the hundred spirits, the Bright Luminary and Night Luminary are on the altar; the Divine Farmer and Yiyi each on his altar; Houji east of the altar; the Five Officials and field directors each in his direction; the Five Stars, twelve chronograms, twenty-eight lodges, directional mountains and garrisons, seas and rivers, mountains, forests, rivers, marshes, hills, mounds, plains, wetlands, and wells and springs each on altars in his direction; dragon, unicorn, vermilion bird, zouyu, dark warrior, scaled, feathered, naked, furred, shelled, water embankments, wards, postal markers, watch huts, yutu, and cat each behind altars in his direction. At the summer solstice, sacrifice to the August Earth Lord, with the High Ancestor as associated deity; directional mountains and garrisons, seas and rivers, plains, wetlands, hills, mounds, and plains and marshes are within the inner enclosure each in his direction, while below the central mountain they are in the southwest. In the first month of winter, sacrifice to the Spirit Land of the Realm, with Taizong as associated deity. The altar of soil is associated with Queen Earth; the altar of grain with Houji. On the auspicious twelfth-month day, sacrifice to the Divine Farmer, with Houji as associated deity; the morning sun and evening moon have no associated deity. For seating, the honored use straw mats; the humble use sedge. This is how spirit positions are ordered.
10
宿
The great vessel holds the first libation, the sacrificial vessel the second, the offering vessel the third, mountain urns wine—two each; the image vessel the fourth libation, jar vessels the fifth—two each; mountain urns with wine, four—for sacrificing to the August Supreme Lord of Heaven, August Earth Lord, and Spirit Land of the Realm. Sacrificial vessel with first libation, offering vessel with second, image vessel with third, mountain urns with wine—two each—for associated deities. Two sacrificial vessels filled with the second libation—for inner officials. Two offering vessels filled with the third libation—for central officials. Two image vessels filled with the fourth libation—for outer officials. Two jar vessels filled with aged wine—for the host of stars, sun, and moon. All of the above have stands beneath them. For receiving the qi, the Five Directional Emperors and Five Human Emperors use six vessels; only the mountain urns are half those for the Supreme Lord. When the Five Directional Emperors receive great sacrifice in the Bright Hall, great vessel, sacrificial vessel, offering vessel, and mountain urn—two each. When the Five Directional Emperors accompany sacrifice at the Round Mound, the great vessel holds the first libation—two each. When the Five Human Emperors share sacrifice at the Bright Hall, the sacrificial vessel holds the second libation—two each. For sun and moon, the great vessel holds the second libation, the sacrificial vessel the third—two each—with one mountain urn of wine. When accompanying sacrifice at the Round Mound, two great vessels filled with the first libation. When the Spirit Land of the Realm accompanies sacrifice at the Square Mound, two great vessels filled with the first libation. The Five Officials, Five Stars, three chronograms, and Houji—the image vessel holds the fourth libation; the seven lodges—the jar vessel holds the fifth libation—two each. At the wax sacrifice, the Divine Farmer and Yiyi clan—two sacrificial vessels each filled with the third libation. Field director, dragon, unicorn, vermilion bird, zouyu, and dark warrior—the jar vessel holds the fifth libation. Unicorn, feathered, naked, furred, shelled, hills, mounds, plains, wetlands, wells and springs, water embankments, wards, postal markers, tiger, cat, and insects—the scattered vessel with clear wine, two each. Mountains, garrisons, seas, and rivers—the mountain vessel holds the fourth libation. Mountains, rivers, forests, and marshes—the clam vessel holds the fifth libation—two each. Yiyi clan and above all have stands. The Great Altar of Soil, the great urn with fourth libation, sacrificial vessel with third—two each; one mountain urn. The Great Altar of Grain and the Houji clan follow the same rule. Remaining middle sacrifices all use the offering vessel with fourth libation, image vessel with third, and mountain urns with wine—two each. Minor sacrifices all use two image vessels filled with the fourth libation. At the collective offering in the ancestral temple, each chamber: jia and yi with clear water, yellow yi with fragrant ale—one each; offering vessel with first libation, image vessel with second, sacrificial vessel with third, mountain urn with wine—two each. These are set above in the hall. Jar vessel with fourth libation, great vessel with fifth, mountain urn with wine—two each. These are set below in the hall. At the special offering, chicken yi and bird yi—one each. At seasonal offerings, spring and summer chambers use chicken yi and bird yi—one each; autumn and winter use jia yi and yellow yi—one each—all with stands. The seven sacrifices and meritorious ministers who share in sacrifice use two jar vessels filled with the fourth libation. At offerings in separate temples, spring and summer: chicken yi with clear water, bird yi with fragrant ale—one each; offering vessel with second libation, image vessel with third, mountain urn with wine—two each. Autumn and winter: jia yi and yellow yi—one each; sacrificial vessel, jar vessel, and mountain urn—two each. The crown prince's temple: offering vessel with second libation, image vessel with third, mountain urn with wine—two each. For all sacrifices, the upper vessel among the five libations must be filled with clear water; the upper vessel among mountain urns must be filled with clear wine; the upper vessel for minor sacrifices also uses clear water. These are the prescribed numbers of vessels and goblets.
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At the winter solstice, sacrifice to the August Supreme Lord of Heaven with the dark-green disc. On the first upper day, the Bright Hall uses the four gui with base; silks for associated deities are all green; silks for inner officials and below follow their directional colors. The August Earth Lord uses the yellow cong; silks for associated deities are all yellow. The Green Emperor uses the green gui, Red Emperor the red zhang, Yellow Emperor the yellow cong, White Emperor the white hu, Black Emperor the black huang; silks match their jades. The sun uses gui and bi; silks are green; the moon uses gui and bi; silks are white. The Spirit Land and altars of soil and grain use paired gui with base; silks are black; mountains, garrisons, seas, and rivers use paired gui with base; silks match their directional colors. Silks for the Divine Farmer are red, Yiyi black, Five Stars their directional colors, First Farmer green, First Silkworm black; associated seats follow the same rule. Silks for other sacrifices are all white, eight feet one inch long. These are the regulations governing jade and silks.
12
宿 宿 祿
Winter solstice sacrifice at the Round Mound—for the August Supreme Lord of Heaven and associated deity: twelve bian, twelve dou, one gui, one fu, one xing, one zu. Five Directional Emperors, Bright Luminary, and Night Luminary: eight bian, eight dou, one gui, one fu, one xing, one zu. Five Stars, twelve chronograms, River Han, and inner and central officials: two bian, two dou, one gui, one fu, one zu. Outer officials and host of stars: one bian, one dou, one gui, one fu, one zu each. First upper day of the first month, prayer for grain at the Round Mound—for the August Supreme Lord, associated deity, and Five Directional Emperors—as at the winter solstice. First month of summer, rain sacrifice at the Round Mound—as at the winter solstice. Five Human Emperors: four bian, four dou, one gui, one fu, one zu. Five Officials: two bian, two dou, one gui, one fu, one zu. Last month of autumn, great sacrifice in the Bright Hall—as at the rain sacrifice. Beginning of spring, sacrifice to the Green Emperor and Great Bright One: twelve bian and dou each, one gui, one fu, one xing, one zu. Year Star, three chronograms, Goumang, seven lodges: two bian, two dou, one gui, one fu, one zu. The Red, Yellow, White, and Black Emperors follow the same rule. Wax sacrifice to the hundred spirits—Bright Luminary and Night Luminary: ten bian, ten dou, one gui, one fu, one xing, one zu. Divine Farmer and Yiyi: four bian and four dou each, one gui, fu, xing, and zu each. Five Stars, twelve chronograms, Houji, five directional field directors, mountains and garrisons, seas and rivers, twenty-eight lodges, five directional mountains, forests, rivers, and marshes: two bian and two dou each, one gui, fu, and zu each. Hills, mounds, plains, wetlands, dragon, unicorn, vermilion bird, white tiger, dark warrior, scaled, feathered, furred, shelled, yutu, and the like: one bian and one dou each, one gui, fu, and zu each. Also wells and springs: one bian and one dou each, one gui, fu, and zu each. Spring equinox morning sun; autumn equinox evening moon: ten bian, ten dou, one gui, one fu, one xing, one zu. Four seasonal sacrifices to Wind Master, Rain Master, Spirit Star, Director in the Center, Director of Fate, Director of Humanity, and Director of Salary: eight bian, eight dou, one gui, one fu, one zu. Summer solstice sacrifice at the Square Mound to the August Earth Lord and associated deity: twelve bian and twelve dou each, one gui, one fu, one xing, one zu. Spirit Land: four bian, four dou, one gui, one fu, one xing, one zu. Five mountains, four garrisons, four seas, four rivers, and five directional mountains, forests, rivers, and marshes: two bian and two dou each, one gui, fu, and zu each. First month of winter, sacrifice to the Spirit Land and associated deity: twelve bian and twelve dou each, one gui, one fu, one xing, one zu. Spring and autumn sacrifices to the Great Altars of Soil and Grain and associated seats: ten bian and ten dou each, two gui, two fu, three xing, three zu. Four seasonal sacrifices to Horse Ancestor, Horse Altar, First Herdsman, and Horse Pace: eight bian and eight dou each, one gui, one fu, one zu. Seasonal offerings at the Imperial Ancestral Temple, each chamber: twelve bian and twelve dou each, two gui, two fu, three xing, three xing vessels, three zu. Seven sacrifices: two bian, two dou, two gui, two fu, one zu. Collective offering and meritorious ministers who share in sacrifice—as for the seven sacrifices. First month of spring, sacrifice to the Imperial Altar of Soil and associated seats: ten bian and ten dou each, two gui, two fu, three xing, three xing vessels, three zu. Last month of spring, sacrifice to the First Silkworm: ten bian and ten dou each, two gui, two fu, three xing, three xing vessels, three zu. First month of winter, sacrifice to the Director of Cold: eight bian and eight dou each, one gui, one fu, one zu. Spring and autumn libation to Confucius the Exalted Father, First Sage and First Teacher: ten bian, ten dou, two gui, two fu, three xing, three xing vessels, three zu; if with accompanying sacrifice, two bian and two dou each, one gui, one fu, one zu. Spring and autumn libation to Duke Tai of Qi and the Marquis Who Stayed: ten bian and ten dou each, two gui, two fu, three xing, three xing vessels, three zu. Second month of spring, sacrifice to the Five Dragons: eight bian and eight dou each, one gui, one fu, one zu. Four seasonal sacrifices to the five mountains, four garrisons, four seas, and four rivers, each: ten bian and ten dou, two gui, two fu, three zu. Triennial sacrifice to ancient emperors and associated seats: ten bian and ten dou each, two gui, two fu, three zu. Prefectures and counties sacrifice to altars of soil and grain and First Sage, and libate to the First Teacher: eight bian and eight dou each, two gui, two fu, three zu.
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鹿 鹿𩛆 𩛆 鹿 鹿 鹿 鹿
Bian contain rock salt, dried fish, dates, chestnuts, hazelnuts, water caltrop, and millet; deer jerky, white cakes, black cakes, parched grain cakes, and powdered cakes. Dou contain leek pickles with fermented meat, smartweed pickles with deer hash, celery pickles with rabbit hash, bamboo-shoot pickles with fish hash, spleen and tripe pickles with pork hash, fried grain, and scattered grain. Middle sacrifices omit parched grain cakes and powdered cakes from bian, and fried grain and scattered grain from dou. Minor sacrifices omit white and black cakes from bian, and spleen and tripe pickles with pork hash from dou. Where four items are used, bian contain rock salt, jujubes, yellow chestnuts, and deer jerky; dou contain celery pickles with rabbit hash and smartweed pickles with deer hash. Where two items are used, bian contain yellow chestnuts and beef jerky; dou contain mallow pickles with deer hash. Where one item is used, bian contain beef jerky and dou contain deer hash. Where beef jerky is specified, mutton may be substituted throughout. Where there is one gui and one fu, gui contain millet and fu contain glutinous millet. Where two of each are used, gui contain glutinous and ordinary millet, fu contain rice and millet. The xing is filled with great broth; the xing vessel with meat broth. These are the prescribed contents of bian, dou, gui, fu, xing, and xing vessels.
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宿 祿
August Supreme Lord of Heaven: dark calf; Five Directional Emperors: calves of their directional colors; Bright Luminary: green calf; Night Luminary: white calf; Spirit Land of the Realm: black calf. Calves for associated deities: heaven dark, earth yellow, Spirit Land black—one each. Ancestral temple, Great Altars of Soil and Grain, Imperial Altar of Soil, First Silkworm, ancient emperors, mountains, garrisons, seas, and rivers—all use the great victim set. Victims for the altars of soil and grain are black. Five Officials, Five Stars, three chronograms, and seven lodges—all use the lesser victim set. Wax sacrifice: Divine Farmer clan and Yiyi clan, lesser victim set; Houji, five directions, twelve chronograms, five officials, five field directors, five mountains, four garrisons, seas and rivers, sun and moon—two calves of their directional colors each; stars and below, five lesser victim sets each per direction; wells and springs, one sheep each. Where the direction has not achieved a complete harvest, it is omitted. Wind Master, Rain Master, Spirit Star, Director in the Center, Director of Fate, Director of Humanity, Director of Salary, Horse Ancestor, First Herdsman, Horse Altar, and Horse Pace—all one sheep each. Director of Cold: one black victim. All victims in the purification pen: great sacrifices ninety days, middle sacrifices thirty days, minor sacrifices ten days—they are raised without divination. Where there is no directional color, pure victims are used; there must always be a substitute. When inspecting victims, if the calf lows it is exempted and the substitute is used. Beating and rough handling are forbidden; if a victim dies it is buried; if injured, a substitute is requested; victims for prayer and announcement are not raised in the pen. For all sacrifices, at the fifteenth quarter before dawn on the sacrifice day, the Imperial Kitchen Director leads butchers to cut victims with the phoenix knife; invokers collect hair and blood in beans at the offering station; at the sacrifice these are borne in and cooked. Meat is loaded on trays; all ascend the right fatty portion in eleven pieces: three from the forequarter—shoulder, arm, and shank; two from the hindquarter—rump and shank; one spine proper, one spine extension, one cross spine, one proper rib, one short rib, one substitute rib—all with bone. Separate sacrifices using the great victim set: two dou of wine, one section of dried meat, four he of hash; for the lesser victim set, wine is reduced by half. These are the distinctions among the victim sets.
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Prayer boards are one foot one inch long, eight inches wide, two fen thick, of catalpa or chinaberry wood. For all great and middle sacrifices, signing the board requires a bow. When the emperor sacrifices in person, upon reaching the great tent the Suburban Altar Director advances the prayer board for signing; after receiving it he goes out and sets it on the stand. At the ancestral temple the Director of the Imperial Ancestral Temple advances it. If a minister conducts the affair by proxy, he advances it for the emperor to sign; the emperor bows twice facing north; attendants bear the board; the Suburban Altar Director receives it and goes out. When the empress sacrifices in person, the Suburban Altar Director sends it beforehand to inner attendants; one day before the offering it is advanced for signing; the empress bows twice facing north; close attendants bear it out and hand it to inner attendants for delivery to the offering site. At dawn on the offering day, the female invoker sets it on the stand. These are the regulations governing prayer boards and invocations.
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Collation notes for this chapter.
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