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卷十五 志第五 禮樂五

Volume 15 Treatises 5: Rites and Music 5

Chapter 15 of 新唐書 · New Book of Tang
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1
__FORCETOC__ 殿 殿 殿西 殿 輿西 輿 使
__FORCETOC__The empress's annual sacrifice: in late spring on an auspicious ji day she offers to the Silkworm Ancestor, then personally picks mulberry leaves. She keeps dispersed abstinence for three days in the rear hall; then concentrated abstinence one day in the principal quarters and one day in the principal hall. The day before, the Palace Provisioners set the imperial canopy in the west wing of the principal hall and in the inner chamber, all facing east. On the abstinence day, when the day clepsydra reached the first quarter-mark after filling, the Director of Ceremonies reported, "Request inner vigil." The Director of Wardrobe arrayed attendants; the Receptionist led inner titled ladies to their places. The Six Directors and below, each in proper dress, went to the rear hall to welcome her. The Director of Ceremonies reported, "Outer preparations complete." At the second quarter-mark, the empress wore ceremonial robes with hairpins and pendants, tied her girdle ornaments, and rode out from the west chamber under canopy with road clearance. The empress took her seat; the Six Directors and below stood attendance. After about one quarter-mark, the Director of Ceremonies knelt and reported: "Your servant, the Director of Ceremonies, reports: please descend to the abstinence chamber." The empress left her seat and rode the palanquin into the chamber. On dispersed-abstinence day, inner attendants led auspicious inner titled ladies to raise silkworms in the silkworm chamber; all participants kept abstinence.
2
西 西 西西 西 西 西 退西 西 西 西 西退 西 西 西西 西 西 西
Three days before the sacrifice, the chief provisioner set the great tent north of the path inside the outer enclosure's east gate, facing south; inner titled ladies and the Six Directors and below were placed behind them, all facing south. The Palace Keeper set tents for outer titled ladies: grand-eldest and eldest princesses and princesses west of the path outside the south enclosure; wives of the Three Excellencies south of them, in staggered double ranks facing east. Offering curtains were set south of the path outside the inner enclosure's east gate, facing north. Two days before the sacrifice, the Director of Music set palace suspended music inside the inner enclosure south of the altar; female musicians stood behind the bells. The Right Works built a mulberry-picking altar twenty paces south of the main altar, three zhang square and five chi high, with steps on four sides. The Palace Provisioners hung screens outside the outer enclosure with gates on four sides; the east gate was wide enough for the Yan-Di carriage. One day before the sacrifice, inner ushers set the imperial place southeast of the altar, facing west; the distant-burial place at the southwest, aligned with the burial pit, facing west. Secondary and final offering places south of the path inside the inner enclosure's east gate; attendants behind them in staggered ranks facing west. Directors of Protocol below the altar: one at the southeast facing west; one at the southwest facing east. Female scribes stood behind each. The Director of Praise stood northeast of the music stand; two Praise Attendants south of him, stepped back, facing west. Director of Praise and Praise Attendants were also set southwest of the burial pit, facing east; the Director of Music who raises the baton west of the south steps on the altar, facing east; the Director of Music between the northern bells, facing the altar northward. Inner titled ladies south of the final offering, in separate staggered ranks facing west; outer titled ladies outside the middle enclosure's south gate: grand-eldest princesses and below east of the path, facing west, aligned with inner titled ladies; grand madames and below west of the path at the same distance as the princesses, in staggered ranks facing each other. The imperial mulberry-picking place was also set on the altar, facing east; inner titled ladies' mulberry places below the altar, southeast of the imperial place, facing north; those holding imperial hooks and baskets slightly south and west of the inner titled ladies; inner and outer titled ladies with hooks and baskets stood behind their mulberry places. Outer places were set: sacrifice officers south of the path outside the east enclosure; inner titled ladies joining the sacrifice east of them, facing north; outer titled ladies joining the sacrifice west of the path outside the south enclosure, as for the tents. Wine vessels at the southeast corner of the altar, facing north; imperial washing southeast of the south steps, secondary-offering washing again at the southeast, all facing north; silk baskets at the altar mound beside the honored vessels. After mid-afternoon, inner ushers brought altar mounds, urn-washing stands, and basket covers and set them in place. Those ascending the altar used the east steps. On sacrifice day, at the fifteenth quarter-mark before dawn, the Director of the Palace Kitchens led butchers to cut the victim with the phoenix knife; the invoker took hair and blood in a dou for the offering site, then the victim was cooked. At the fifth quarter-mark, the Director of Setup set the Silkworm Ancestor spirit seat on the north of the altar, facing south.
3
西 輿
One day before the sacrifice, the Gold Crow reported: "Outer titled ladies gathering at the altar may travel at night; the four mulberry-pickers each have female attendants carry baskets and hooks." That day, at the fourth quarter-mark before dawn, one drum-strike signaled the first vigil; at the second quarter-mark, two drum-strikes signaled the second vigil. The Director of Ceremonies reported, "Request inner vigil." At the first quarter-mark, three drum-strikes signaled the third vigil. The Receptionist led inner titled ladies into the court in double ranks, facing west. The Six Directors and below went to the chamber to welcome her. The Director of Wardrobe bore the imperial seal; inner servants brought the Yan-Di carriage outside the gate; the Director of Ceremonies reported, "Outer preparations complete." Drivers held the reins; the empress wore the ju robe and rode out under canopy with attendants and road clearance. Inner titled ladies followed out the gate. The empress mounted the carriage; the Director of Works presented the hook and the Director of Manufacture the basket, and they were loaded. Inner titled ladies and the Six Directors followed in carriages; all escort officials rode horses. When the train moved, road clearance was observed but drums and horns were not sounded. Inner titled ladies and palace women followed in order.
4
輿 退 西 西 退 退 西 西 退 西西 西 西 西
At the third quarter-mark, the Director of Ceremonies and Director of Libations filled the honored urns and silks; the Director of the Palace Kitchens filled trays and vessels; inner ushers brought offerings into the offering curtain. As the train neared, female guides led sacrifice officers and inner guides led outer titled ladies to their outer places. At the great tent gate the carriage turned south; the Director of Ceremonies knelt before it and reported: "Your servant, the Director of Ceremonies, reports: please descend from the carriage." The empress descended and rode the palanquin to the great tent under canopy, parasol, and fans. The Director of Ceremonies brought the prayer board for imperial signature and placed it on the mound. The Director of Works and Director of Manufacture received the hook and basket and withdrew; the Director of Praise led the secondary offering and participating inner titled ladies to their outer places. The Director of Praise led Praise Attendants in first; female guides led the Director of Ceremonies, Directors of Protocol, scribes, invokers, and women with urns and baskets in through the east gate south of the altar, facing north. The Director of Praise said: "Bow twice." Praise Attendants relayed it; the Director of Ceremonies and below all bowed twice and took their places. The Director of Music led female musicians in; the Director of Praise led secondary and final offerings; female guides led attendants; the Receptionist led inner titled ladies and inner guides led outer titled ladies to their places. The empress paused at the great tent for about half a quarter-mark; the Director of Announcements led the Director of the Palace to stand outside the great tent gate, facing north. The Director of Ceremonies reported, "Outer preparations complete." The empress left the tent, entered by the east gate, reached the marked place, and stood facing west. The Director of the Palace said: "Bow twice." The empress bowed twice. The Director of Praise said: "All officers bow twice." All present bowed twice. The Director of the Palace said: "The officers have prepared; please proceed with the rite." Music played three movements. The Director of the Palace said: "Bow twice." The empress bowed twice. The Director of Praise said: "All officers bow twice." All present bowed twice. On the altar the Director of Ceremonies knelt, took silks from the basket, rose, and stood at the vessel place. The empress ascended the south steps and stood facing north; the Director of Ceremonies presented silks from the east; the empress received them, advanced, knelt and placed them on the spirit seat, withdrew, bowed twice, descended the south steps, and returned to her place. After inner and outer titled ladies had bowed, the female invoker stood outside the inner east gate with the dou of hair and blood; once the empress had placed the silks, she brought them in by the south steps; the Director of Ceremonies guided her onto the altar to place them before the spirit seat. After the empress had placed the silks, the Director of Viands led women bearing offerings to array them outside the inner east gate. After the empress descended, she returned to her place. The Director of Viands led the offerings in to the steps. The female invoker knelt, removed the dou of hair and blood, descended the east steps, and went out. The offerings ascended the south steps; the Director of Ceremonies guided them onto the altar and set them before the spirit seat. The empress went to the urn washing-stand; the Director of Ceremonies knelt, took the pitcher, rose, and poured water; the Director of Announcements knelt, took the basin, rose, and received the water. The empress washed her hands. The Director of Announcements knelt, took the towel from the basket and offered it; she received it; he knelt and returned it to the basket. Then he took the goblet from the basket and advanced; she received it; the Director of Ceremonies poured urn water; the Director of Announcements held the basin; the empress washed the goblet and received the towel as before. The empress ascended the south steps and went to the wine vessel. The Director of Ceremonies praised the pouring of sacrificial ale, advanced before the Silkworm Ancestor spirit seat, knelt facing north, placed the goblet, rose, withdrew, and stood. The Director of Ceremonies advanced the board to the right of the spirit seat and knelt facing east to read the prayer. The empress bowed twice; the Director of Ceremonies poured blessed wine and advanced from the west; the empress bowed twice, received the goblet, knelt, offered a libation, sipped, placed the goblet, and rose. The Director of Ceremonies led women with trays and stands before the spirit; each of the three sacrificial meats on one stand, and millet and glutinous rice together on one tray. The Director of Ceremonies advanced the rice tray and meat stands from the west in order; the empress received each and handed them to attendants. Then she knelt, took the goblet, drank it dry, rose, bowed twice, descended the south steps, and returned to her place. As the empress's offering neared completion, the Director of Praise led the honored consort to wash, ascended the east steps, poured thick ale from the elephant vessel, knelt before the spirit seat, placed the goblet, withdrew, and bowed twice. The Director of Ceremonies poured blessed wine; the honored consort bowed twice, received the goblet, offered a libation, drank it dry, bowed twice, descended the east steps, and returned to her place. The brilliant lady's final offering followed the secondary offering. The Director of Ceremonies advanced before the spirit seat and knelt to clear the dou. The Director of Praise said: "Grant the meat portions." The Praise Singer said: "All officers bow twice." All present bowed twice. The Director of the Palace said: "Bow twice." The empress bowed twice. The Director of Praise said: "All officers bow twice." All present bowed twice. The Director of the Palace asked to proceed to the distant-burial place; the Director of Praise led Praise Attendants to the burial pit's southwest; the empress stood there facing west. The Director of Ceremonies took silks from before the spirit seat, descended the north steps, went west to the burial pit, and placed the silks in it. The Director of Praise said: "The pit may be buried." Four persons on each side filled half the pit with earth. The Director of the Palace said: "The rite is complete; please proceed to the mulberry place." The Director of the Palace led the empress to the mulberry altar; she ascended the west steps and stood facing east.
5
退 退 𥴮
When the empress was about to go to the distant-burial place, the Receptionist led inner and outer titled ladies who would pick mulberry and those with hooks and baskets to their places. First-rank inner and outer titled ladies, two each; second- and third-rank, one each. When the empress arrived, the Director of Works presented the gold hook, ascending the north steps. The Director of Manufacture presented the basket and followed up. The empress received the hook and picked mulberry; the Director of Manufacture received the leaves in the basket. After three sprays the empress stopped; the Director of Works took the hook; the Director of Manufacture withdrew with the basket. When the empress began picking, the Directors of Manufacture gave hooks to inner and outer titled ladies. When the empress finished, inner and outer titled ladies picked in turn; female scribes with baskets received the leaves. First-rank ladies picked five sprays; second-rank nine, then stopped; the Directors of Manufacture took the hooks; basket-bearers withdrew to their places. The Receptionist led mulberry-pickers to the silkworm chamber; the Director of Works gave the mulberry to the silkworm mother, who cut it for the honorable lady feeding the silkworms, one basketful and no more. The Director of Ceremonies said: "The rite is complete." The Director of the Palace led the empress back to the great tent; inner and outer titled ladies returned to their tents. The Director of Ceremonies, Directors of Protocol, and below all returned to their duty places. The Director of Praise said: "Bow twice." The Director of Ceremonies and below bowed twice and went out. Female musicians went out in order. The prayer board was burned at the abstinence site.
6
殿
The day after the train returned, inner and outer titled ladies held a gathering in the principal hall like the New Year's audience, called the consolation feast.
7
祿
Thirteen regular annual sacrifices: after Start of Spring, ox day for the Wind Master; after Start of Summer, shen day for the Rain Master; after Start of Autumn, chen day for the Spirit Star; after Start of Winter, hai day for the Directors of Center, Fate, Humanity, and Emolument; last summer month's earth-king day for the central drain; early winter for winter cold. Each had a single offering. The invoker said: "The Son of Heaven respectfully sends [this]."
8
西 西西 西 西 西 西
In mid-spring and mid-autumn, libation was offered to the Cultured Propagation King and Martial Completion King on the upper ding and upper wu days; the National University used the Libationer, Vice Director, and Erudites as three offerings, with hall-type suspended bells. One day before, the Ritual Attendant set three-offering places north of the path inside the east gate; attendant places south of the path, all facing west; academy and hostel officers east of the bells, southwest of attendants, facing west; students behind hostel officers in double ranks; spectators left and right inside the south gate, in double ranks facing north opposite each other. Three-offering outer places south of the path outside the east gate; attendants behind in separate ranks facing north; hostel and academy officers southeast of the three offerings, facing north. The Former Sage spirit seat was set between the western pillars inside the temple, facing east; the Former Master northeast of the Former Sage, facing south; remaining disciples and twenty-one sages arrayed east in order, facing south. The rest followed the regular sacrifice.
9
西 西 西西 西 西 西 西
The prince's initial gift: one basket of silk, five bolts; one jar of wine, two dou; one tray of dried meat, five strips. At daybreak the prince wore student dress—the blue-collared robe. He reached outside the academy gate. The erudite in formal dress; attendants led him to the east steps of the lecture hall, facing west. The guide led the prince east of the gate, facing west. Silk basket, wine jar, and dried-meat tray were set southwest of the prince, north of the gate. The messenger came out west of the gate facing east and said: "I venture to request that you proceed." The prince advanced slightly and said: "I am about to receive instruction from the master; I venture to request an audience." The messenger entered to report. The erudite said: "I lack virtue; I beg the prince not to demean himself." If already enfeoffed as king, it said, "I beg the king not to demean himself." The messenger reported; the prince insisted. The erudite said: "I lack virtue; I beg the prince to take his place; I venture to receive him." The messenger reported; the prince said: "I dare not treat myself as a guest; I beg you finally to grant an audience." The messenger reported; the erudite said: "Having declined I could not win release; I dare not disobey." The messenger reported; the basket-bearer gave the basket to the prince from the east; the prince held it. The erudite descended to wait below the east steps, facing west. The guide led the prince; attendants bore wine and dried meat; the prince entered left to the south of the west steps, facing east. Those bearing wine and dried meat stood southwest of the prince, facing east. The prince knelt, placed the basket, and bowed twice. The erudite returned the double bow; the prince withdrew, advanced, and knelt to take the basket. The guide led the prince before the erudite; facing east he presented silks; attendants placed wine and dried meat before the erudite, who received the silks; attendants took wine, dried meat, and silks eastward. The guide led the prince between the steps near the south, facing north; wine and dried-meat bearers went out. When the prince had finished bowing, the guide led him out.
10
Students presented silk, wine, and dried meat as the prince did.
11
In Wude 2, an edict first ordered the National Academy to establish temples to the Duke of Zhou and Confucius; in year 7, Gaozu performed libation, taking the Duke of Zhou as Former Sage with Confucius as associate. In year 9 Confucius's descendant was enfeoffed Marquis who Exalts the Sage. In Zhenguan 2, Fang Xuanling and Zhu Zishe submitted: "The Duke of Zhou and Master Ni were both sages, yet academy libation is for the Master. Before the Daye era, Kong Qiu was Former Sage and Yan Hui Former Master." The Duke of Zhou was removed and Confucius raised to Former Sage, with Yan Hui as associate. In year 4, an edict ordered all prefectural and county academies to build Confucius temples. In year 11, an edict honored Confucius as Exalted Father, built a temple in Yanzhou, and granted twenty households for its support. In year 14 Taizong observed libation at the National Academy and ordered Libationer Kong Yingda to lecture on the Classic of Filial Piety.
12
簿
In year 21, an edict ordered Zuo Qiuming, Bu Zixia, Gongsun Gao, Guliang Chi, Fu Sheng, Gaotang Sheng, Dai Sheng, Mao Chang, Kong Anguo, Liu Xiang, Zheng Zhong, Jia Kui, Du Zichun, Ma Rong, Lu Zhi, Zheng Xuan, Fu Qian, He Xiu, Wang Su, Wang Bi, Du Yu, and Fan Ning—twenty-two in all—for associated sacrifice. Yet at the Master's temple academy officers sacrificed on their own; the invoker said: "Erudite So-and-so respectfully announces to the Former Sage." Prefectural and county libations were also performed by erudites. Xu Jingzong and others memorialized: "The Rites say: 'Academy officers perform libation to their Former Masters. Zheng's commentary: 'Officers of the Odes, Documents, Rites, and Music. In seasonal studies, when practicing their Way, libation was to each teacher, not the Former Sage. Only in spring and autumn, when music was combined, did the Son of Heaven inspect the academy and officers jointly sacrifice to Former Sage and Former Masters. Qin and Han libation had no text; Wei used the Director of the Imperial Clan; Jin and Song had academy officers preside. National Academy music used hall suspended bells; honored vessels required officials—subordinates could not monopolize it. We request National Academy libation use Libationer, Vice Director, and Erudite as three offerings, with the phrase 'The emperor respectfully sends [this].' Prefectural academies used prefect, senior aide, and erudite; county academies used magistrate, assistant, chief clerk, or captain. As at the soil-god sacrifice, bright garments were supplied." When the crown prince performed libation, he was primary offering; Libationer Zhang Houyin secondary; Guangzhou prefect acting Vice Director Zhao Hongzhi final.
13
In the Yonghui era, the Duke of Zhou was again Former Sage and Confucius Former Master; Yan Hui, Zuo Qiuming, and those below joined associated sacrifice. In Xianqing 2, Zhangsun Wuji and others said: "The Rites: 'Perform libation to one's Former Master. For Rites there was Master Gaotang, for Music the Zhi clan, for Odes Master Mao, for Documents Master Fu. Again: 'When the academy is first established, perform libation to the Former Sage.' Zheng's note: 'Such as the Duke of Zhou or Confucius. Hence in Zhenguan the Master was sage and the many scholars Former Masters. Moreover the Duke of Zhou made rites and music and should share royal sacrifice." The Duke of Zhou was associated with King Wu, and Confucius was Former Sage.
14
In Zongzhang 1, Crown Prince Hong performed libation at the academy; Yan Hui was made Junior Tutor to the Crown Prince and Zeng Shen Junior Guardian. In Xianheng 1, an edict ordered all prefectures and counties to build Confucius temples. In Tianshou 1 under Empress Wu, the Duke of Zhou was enfeoffed King of Exalted Virtue and Confucius Duke of Elevated Way. In Shenlong 1, a hundred households of Zou and Lu were the Duke of Elevated Way's fief for annual sacrifice; descendants hereditarily held Marquis who Exalts the Sage. In Taiji 1 under Ruizong, thirty nearby Yanzhou households swept the shrine; Yan Hui was made Grand Tutor to the Crown Prince and Zeng Shen Grand Guardian—both joined associated sacrifice.
15
In Kaiyuan 7, the crown prince donned cap and armor at the academy and visited the Former Sage; Song Jing was secondary offering and Su Ting final. At the approaching sacrifice the emperor reflected on donning cap and armor and ordered both secondary offerings to use cap-and-armor youths; sacrifice to the Former Sage followed libation. Right Gentleman-in-Attendance Chu Wuliang lectured on the Classic of Filial Piety and the "King Wen's Heir" chapter of the Record of Rites.
16
The next year, Vice Director Li Yuanjin memorialized: "The Former Sage temple has Ten Sage images; with Former Master Yanzi as associate, the associate image should sit, but now stands in attendance. Remaining disciples are imaged in the hall but do not join the feast, while Fan Ning and others join associated sacrifice. We request that at libation the Ten Sages feast above, and the seventy disciples be painted on the walls. Zeng Shen received the classic through filial piety from the Master; we request he feast like the twenty-two sages." An edict made the Ten Sages seated images, all joining the feast. Zeng Shen alone had a special image, seated as associate. The seventy disciples and twenty-two sages were painted on the temple walls.
17
西 宿𣏌西西西
In year 27, an edict: since the Master was Former Sage, he could be posthumously titled Cultured Propagation King; the Three Excellencies invested him; his heir was Cultured Propagation Duke with prefectural governorship, generation after generation without end. Earlier, in the Confucius temple the Duke of Zhou faced south while the Master sat below the west wall. In Zhenguan the Duke of Zhou sacrifice was abolished, but the Master's place was unchanged. By then Masters in both capitals' Directorate and all prefectures and counties first faced south, with Yan Yuan as associate. Disciples were enfeoffed: Zi Yuan Duke of Yan, Zi Qian Marquis of Fei, Ran Geng Marquis of Yun, Zhong Gong Marquis of Xue, Zi You Marquis of Xu, Zi Lu Marquis of Wei, Zi Wo Marquis of Qi, Zi Gong Marquis of Li, Zi You Marquis of Wu, Zi Xia Marquis of Wei. Zeng Shen and sixty-seven below were also enfeoffed with earldoms and baronies across the realm—for example Shen as Earl of Cheng, Zhuan Sun Shi Earl of Chen, Tantai Mieming Earl of Jiang, down through Gongxi Chi Earl of Zhu'e. Thereupon both capitals used the great victim, palace suspended music, and six-row dance. Prefectures and counties used the lesser victim and had no music.
18
In year 28, an edict: spring and autumn upper ding, the Three Excellencies presided; if a great sacrifice coincided, the middle ding; prefectures and counties used upper ding. In Shangyuan 1, Suzong suspended middle and minor sacrifices for drought, but the Cultured Propagation sacrifice was still offered at the Imperial Academy in mid-autumn. In Yongtai 2.8, when the Imperial Academy hall was completed, Libationer Xiao Xin first performed libation; Chancellors Yuan Zai, Du Hongjian, Li Baoyu, regular attendees, and Six Armies generals observed. Since recovering the two capitals, only the great audience used palace suspended music; suburban and temple feasts had ascending song only, and civil and martial dances could not be fully supplied. By then Yu Chaoen performed palace suspended music in the lecture hall, mixed with Instruction Workshop artisans. In Zhenyuan 9 last winter month, examination candidates' visit to the Former Master coincided with the emperor's personal temple feast; officers said upper-ding libation equaled a great sacrifice and used middle ding; thereafter they visited on a regular day. In Yuanhe 9, the Ministry of Rites memorialized that examination candidates visiting the Former Master would no longer be carried out.
19
In Kaiyuan 19, the Grand Duke and Fatherly Lord temple was first established, with Marquis of Liu Zhang Liang as associate. In mid-spring and mid-autumn on upper wu it was sacrificed to; victim and music followed the Cultured Propagation King. When troops were ordered out, farewell was taken at the temple on the departure day. Ten ancient famous generals were made the Ten Sages for associated sacrifice. In Tianbao 6, an edict ordered military examination candidates from all prefectures to visit the Grand Duke temple before reaching the capital. In Qianyuan 1, Yu Xiulie memorialized: "In autumn the Han Founder temple is feasted without attendant lords, yet the Grand Duke has Zhang Liang as associate. Zifang was born in early Han, assisted Gaozu to settle the realm, and never met the Grand Duke. In antiquity associated feasting was in the temple court. All were those who aided the mandate; the Grand Duke, a subject, by right had no associated sacrifice. We request Zhang Liang be associated with the Han Founder temple."
20
西
In Shangyuan 1, the Grand Duke was honored as Martial Completion King; sacrifice matched the Cultured Propagation King, with famous generals of successive ages as seated Ten Sage images. Qin Martial Lord Bai Qi, Han Huaiyin Marquis Han Xin, Shu Chancellor Zhuge Liang, Tang Right Vice Director Duke of Wei Li Jing, and Minister of Works Duke of Ying Li Ji on the left; Han Junior Tutor Zhang Liang, Qi Grand Marshal Tian Rangju, Wu General Sun Wu, Wei Defender of Xihe Wu Qi, and Yan Lord of Chang Le Yue Yi on the right, with Liang as associate. Later middle sacrifices were suspended and it was no longer offered.
21
使 西西使
In Jianzhong 3, Yan Zhenqing memorialized: "In repairing the Martial Completion temple, we request spring and autumn libation as in the Monthly Ordinances. Since posthumous enfeoffment as king should use feudal-lord regulations, music should use hall suspended bells." An edict ordered the History Office to determine those fit for associated sacrifice—sixty-four famous generals ancient and modern with images—including Yue Chancellor Fan Li, Qi General Sun Bin, Zhao Lord of Xinping Lian Po, Qin General Wang Jian, Han Chancellor Marquis of Pingyang Cao Shen, Left Chancellor Marquis of Jiang Zhou Bo, Front General Li Guang, Grand Marshal Huo Qubing, Later Han Deng Yu, Jia Fu, Kou Xun, Ma Yuan, Huangfu Song, Wei Zhang Liao, Shu Guan Yu, Wu Zhou Yu and Lu Xun, Jin Yang Hu and Wang Jun, Eastern Jin Xie Xuan, Former Yan Murong Ke, Song Tan Daoji, Liang Wang Sengbian, Northern Qi Murong Shaozong, Zhou Yuwen Xian, Sui Han Qinhu and Shi Wansui, Tang Yuchi Jingde, Su Dingfang, Zhang Renyuan, Wang Jun, and Wang Xiaojie; also Qi Chancellor Guan Zhong, Lord of Ping'an Tian Dan, Zhao Lord of Mafu Zhao She, Martial Lord Li Mu, Han Peng Yue, Zhou Yafu, Wei Qing, Zhao Chongguo, Later Han Wu Han, Feng Yi, Geng Yan, Duan Gui, Wei Deng Ai, Shu Zhang Fei, Wu Lü Meng and Lu Kang, Jin Du Yu and Tao Kan, Former Qin Wang Meng, Later Wei Changsun Song, Song Wang Zhen'e, Chen Wu Mingche, Northern Qi Hulu Guang, Zhou Yu Jin and Wei Xiaokuan, Sui Yang Su and He Ruobi, Tang Li Xiaogong, Pei Xingjian, Guo Yuanzhen, Zhang Qiqiu, and Guo Ziyi.
22
In Zhenyuan 2, Guan Bo memorialized: "The Grand Duke was anciently called a great sage; making him Associate Sage is improper. Yet Confucius's Ten Sages were disciples of his time; ranking generals of another age among disciples is incongruous. We request only famous generals ancient and modern for associated sacrifice, removing Associate Sage and Ten Sages titles." From then on only the Martial Completion King and Marquis of Liu were feasted; the generals were no longer sacrificed to.
23
使 使
In year 4, Li Shu said: "In Kaiyuan the Grand Duke temple had Zhang Liang as associate, with Director of the Imperial Clan and Vice Director as three offerings; the prayer said: 'The emperor sends So-and-so to respectfully announce. In Shangyuan 1 the Grand Duke received a king's title; sacrifice matched the Cultured Propagation King; officers then used the Grand Commandant as offering and the prayer board bore the emperor's signature. The Grand Duke was Zhou's Grand Tutor; Zhang Liang was Han's Junior Tutor—now the sovereign bends ritual toward a ministerial aide; how dare the spirit receive it? The Cultured Propagation King is honored for a hundred generations; therefore music uses palace suspended bells and the Grand Commandant offers—honoring the teacher and exalting the Way. The Grand Duke's writings stop at the Six Secret Strategies; merit stands for one age—we request the prayer not bear the emperor's signature, change 'announce' to 'respectfully sacrifice,' the Marquis of Liu make the offering, and officers from Vice Director of the Imperial Clan downward." Officials debated; most requested as Shu said. Left Bureau Director Yan Jun and others debated: "According to Shu's citation of canonical gradations of honor, it is fitting, yet still incomplete. Great names cannot bear empty praise; the Grand Duke was merely a man of military stratagem—when Yin lost virtue and feudal lords returned to Zhou, he aided the mandate. Does the canon not say, 'Sacrifice to those whose method was applied to the people'? Zhong Ni traced Yao and Shun, took Wen and Wu as models, edited the Odes and Documents, fixed rites and music, and made lord and minister, father and son take him as ancestor—his method was applied to the people. In Zhenguan, because the Grand Duke was of the military school, a temple was first ordered at Panxi. In Kaiyuan the upper-wu libation ritual gradually took form; the advance was not slight. At Shangyuan, officers favored the military and enfeoffed a king's title rivaling the Cultured Propagation King—he is not of a kind with sages. We say the Martial Completion King title should be removed, restored to the Grand Duke temple, with feast regulations as Shu requested." Vice Director of Justice Lu Chun and others debated: "Martial Completion King was a Yin subject; Zhou was violent and he did not remonstrate, yet he assisted Zhou to overthrow it. To honor the Way is to take its person as teacher; if all under heaven enter this temple and ponder this person and Way, where will those who establish integrity and die for righteousness be roused? Sages honor Yao and Shun, esteem Yi and Qi, do not take Huan and Wen as models, do not praise Yi Yin—probably meaning this. The name Martial Completion paired with Cultured Propagation is not an unalterable canon. We humbly propose abolishing the Shangyuan posthumous enfeoffment and temple, restoring the Panxi shrine, with officers offering at the proper seasons—this would be fitting." Left Army General Linghu Jian and twenty-four others debated: "Arms are not yet stilled; the military should be favored to rouse loyal fierceness. Now to demote specially is not encouragement. Moreover posthumous kingly title with timely sacrifice as martial cult-master, with civil and martial both honored—the ritual canon is long established; to change it would be wrong." An edict made the general the offering officer; the rest followed Shu's memorial. From then on the Upper General, Grand General, and General were the three offerings.
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西西西
The Five Sacred Peaks and Four Guardians were sacrificed to once a year, each on the day the five suburbs welcomed the season's qi. Eastern Peak Mount Dai in Yanzhou, Eastern Guardian Mount Yi in Yizhou, Southern Peak Mount Heng in Hengzhou, Southern Guardian Kuaiji in Yuezhou, Central Peak Songgao in Henan, Western Peak Mount Hua in Huazhou, Western Guardian Mount Wu in Longzhou, Northern Peak Mount Chang in Dingzhou, Northern Guardian Yiwulü in Yingzhou, Eastern Sea in Laizhou, Huai in Tangzhou, Southern Sea in Guangzhou, Yangtze in Yizhou, Western Sea and Yellow River in Tongzhou, Northern Sea and Ji in Henan.
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Collation notes for this chapter.
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