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卷三十七 志第二十七 地理一

Volume 37 Treatises 31: Gepgraphy 1

Chapter 37 of 新唐書 · New Book of Tang
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Chapter 37
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1
西西
When Qin overturned the old order, the feudal royal system disappeared and the empire was first organized into commanderies and counties. Under later Han and Jin rule, the realm divided into southern and northern states. After the Sui conquered Chen and reunited the empire, it converted prefectures back to commanderies and restored Han-style grand administrators, with metropolitan and regional inspectors supervising them—190 commanderies, 1,255 counties, 8,907,536 households, and 46,019,956 people in all. Its extent ran 9,300 li from east to west and 14,815 li from south to north, with the eastern and southern limits at the sea, the western at Qiemo, and the northern at Wuyuan.
2
便 簿 西西 西 西 便 西使 西
At the founding of Tang, Gaozu replaced commanderies with prefectures and grand administrators with inspectors, and set up area-command offices to oversee them; because the realm had only just been pacified, however, a great many prefectures and commanderies were established on a provisional basis. In Taizong's first year he ordered redundant units merged and abolished, and, following natural geographical divisions, carved the empire into ten circuits: Guannei, Henan, Hedong, Hebei, Shannan, Longyou, Huainan, Jiangnan, Jiannan, and Lingnan. When the registers were finalized in the thirteenth year, the empire comprised 358 prefectures and superior prefectures and 1,551 counties. The following year, after the pacification of Gaochang, two prefectures and six counties were added. Later the court destroyed the Turk qaghan Jieli in the north, pacified Gaochang in the west, pushed beyond the Yin Mountains to the north, and reached the great desert in the west. Its boundaries ran to the sea in the east, Yanqi in the west, the southern limits of Lin Prefecture in the south, and the frontier of Xueyantuo in the north; measuring 9,511 li from east to west and 16,918 li from south to north. In Jingyun 2 the empire's commanderies and counties were reorganized under twenty-four area-command offices. Before long they were abolished, as their sweeping powers proved unwieldy. In Kaiyuan 21 the ten circuits were further subdivided, with Shannan and Jiangnan each split into eastern and western circuits and the Qianzhong, metropolitan, and auxiliary metropolitan circuits added; fifteen investigation commissioners were appointed to inspect the realm, in the manner of Han regional inspectors. When rebellion broke out in the Tianbao era and the central provinces were plunged into war, Hexi and Longyou were lost to Tibet; Longyou was not recovered until the Dazhong and Xiantong reigns. After the Qianfu era the empire descended into chaos, which continued until the fall of Tang.
3
西西西
At Tang's zenith in the Kaiyuan and Tianbao periods, however, its frontiers ran east to Andong, west to Anxi, south to Rinan, and north to the Chanyu Protectorate—matching Han's north-south extent, falling short in the east but exceeding it in the west. According to the Ministry of Revenue registers of Kaiyuan 28, there were 328 commanderies and superior prefectures, 1,573 counties, 8,412,871 households, 48,143,609 persons, and 14,403,862 qing of land subject to allotment.
4
使滿 西西 綿 調綿 調便 西西 西 西 西
A survey of the territorial extent, population growth and decline, and administrative changes of Sui and Tang reveals plainly how empires rise and fall. From antiquity rulers of the realm have sought to extend their virtue rather than their borders; when virtue falls short, even vast territory cannot be held. Alas, greatness at its peak must give way to decline; though circumstance plays its part, neglect born of pride and complacency in the hour of splendor is a warning none should ignore! Guannei Circuit. Guannei Circuit broadly covered ancient Yong Province—the Han capital districts, Beidi, Anding, Shang, and the territories of Hongnong, Longxi, Wuyuan, Xihe, and Yunzhong. Jingzhao, Hua, Tong, Fengxiang, Bin, Long, Jing, Yuan, Wei, Wu, Ning, Qing, Fu, Fang, Dan, Yan, Ling, Wei, Xiong, Hui, Yan, Sui, and You fell within the Quishou asterism; Lin, Feng, Sheng, Yin, Xia, Chanyu, and Anbei within Shen; and Shang within Qinhuo. It contained two metropolitan prefectures, two protectorate prefectures, twenty-seven prefectures, and 135 counties. Notable mountains included Taibai, Jiuyu, Wu, Qi, Liang, and Hua. Major rivers included the Jing, Wei, Ba, and Chan. Taxes were paid in silk, cotton, cloth, and hemp. Jingzhao, Tong, Hua, and Qi paid cotton levies; other prefectures paid cloth and hemp. In Kaiyuan 25, because the capital region raised few silkworms, an edict required grain payments instead; in Henan and Hebei, prefectures off the canal routes were levied silk to supply the Guanzhong heartland. Tribute included fur, feathers, leather, horn, cloth, mats, bows, and knives. Shangdu. The supreme capital was first called the Capital City; in Tianbao 1 it became the Western Capital; in Zhide 2 the Central Capital; in Shangyuan 2 the Western Capital again; and in Suzong 1 Shangdu. The Imperial City measured 1,915 paces by 1,200 paces. The Palace City lay to the north, 1,440 paces long and 960 wide, with a perimeter of 4,860 paces and walls three and a half zhang high. After Longshuo the emperor usually resided in Daming Palace, hence called the Western Inner Palace; in Shenlong 1 it was renamed Taiji Palace. Daming Palace stood southeast of the Forbidden Park, adjoining the Palace City's northeast corner—1,800 by 1,080 paces, known as the Eastern Inner Palace. Originally Yong'an Palace, built in Zhenguan 8 and renamed Daming in the ninth year as a summer retreat for the retired emperor; officials contributed funds toward its construction. Gaozong, afflicted with rheumatism, found the Western Inner Palace too damp; in Longshuo 2 major reconstruction began under the name Penglai Palace, renamed Hanyuan in Xianheng 1 and Daming again in Chang'an 1. Xingqing Palace lay southeast of the Imperial City, east of the capital; founded early in Kaiyuan and enlarged by year fourteen, it was known as the Southern Inner Palace; in year twenty a walled corridor was built linking it to Furong Garden. The capital faced Ziwu Valley to the south, backed by Longshou Mountain, with the Ba River on the left and the Feng on the right—6,665 paces long, 5,575 wide, a perimeter of 24,120 paces, and walls one zhang eight chi high. Jingzhao Superior Prefecture. Jingzhao Superior Prefecture, or Jingzhao Commandery, was formerly Yong Province and was elevated to a superior prefecture in Kaiyuan 1. Tribute included local rice, wheat, barley, purple-stalk millet, gauze, fine mats, boot felt, wax, jujube kernels, wolfberry root bark, cherries, and lotus-root starch. In Tianbao 1 it registered 362,921 households and 1,961,188 persons. It administered twenty counties. It had 131 garrisons, among them Zhenhua, Kuangdao, Shuiheng, Zhongshan, Xincheng, Douquan, Shanxin, Fengshen, Anye, Pingxiang, and Taiqing; the names of the rest are lost.
5
西 西 便 西 西 西 西 鹿 西 西西西西 鹿 西 西 西 耀
Wannian, a first-grade county. Originally Daxing; renamed in Wude 1. Zhiyang County was split off in year 2 and abolished in year 7. Mingtang County was created in Zongzhang 1 and abolished in Chang'an 2. Renamed Xianning in Tianbao 7; the original name was restored in Zhide 3. It had the Southern Wangchun Palace on the Chan River, the Northern Wangchun Palace on the west bank, and Guangyun Pool east of the palace. Fuling lay twenty-five li east; Jingling forty li southeast. Chang'an, a first-grade county. Qianfeng County was created in Zongzhang 1 and abolished in Chang'an 2. It had the Da'an Palace, originally Hongyi, later renamed. Taihe Palace stood fifty li south in Taihe Valley, built in Wude 8, abandoned in Zhenguan 10, restored in year 21 as Cuiwei Palace with the mountain enclosed as a park, and converted to Cuiwei Temple in the Yuanhe era. It had Ziwu Pass. In Tianbao 2 Prefect Han Chaozong diverted the Wei into the city through Jinguang Gate and built a pool in the western market to store timber. In Dali 1 Prefect Li Gan cut a transport canal from the Southern Mountains to Jingfeng and Yanxi gates to bring charcoal and firewood into the imperial park. Xianyang, a metropolitan dependency county. Established in Wude 1 by division from Jingyang and Shiping. It had Wangxian Palace. It had Bian Bridge. It had Xingning Mausoleum and Shunling on the Xianyang plateau. Xingping, a metropolitan dependency county. Originally Shiping; renamed Jincheng in Jinglong 2 when Zhongzong escorted Princess Jincheng to Tibet through here, and renamed Xingping in Zhide 2. The Sui Xianlin Palace stood eighteen li west. Yunyang, a first-grade county. Shimen County was split off in Wude 1; in year 3 Shimen and Wenxiu were combined to form Quan Prefecture. Quan Prefecture was abolished in Zhenguan 1, Wenxiu eliminated, Shimen renamed Yunyang, and the former Yunyang renamed Chiyang. In year 8 the redundant Yunyang was abolished and Chiyang renamed Yunyang. Ding Prefecture was created in Tianshou 2 from Yunyang, Jingyang, Liquan, and Sanyuan, and abolished in Dazu 1. Mount Yao and Mount Ganquan lay within it; all areas where woodcutting was prohibited are noted in the treatise. It had the ancient Zheng and Bai canals. Chongling stood fifteen li north on Mount Cuo'e; Zhenling forty li northwest. Jingyang, a metropolitan dependency county. Sanyuan, a second-grade county. Named Chiyang in Wude 4 and Huachi in year 6; Sanyuan was split off and placed under Quan Prefecture, abolished in Zhenguan 1, and Huachi restored as Sanyuan. Yongkangling lay eighteen li north; Xianling eighteen li east; Zhuangling five li northwest; Duanling ten li east. Weinan, a metropolitan dependency county. Subordinated to Hua Prefecture in Wude 1 and returned to Yong Prefecture in year 5. Hongmen County was split from Weinan and Qingshan in Tianshou 2; Hong Prefecture was formed from Weinan, Qingshan, Hongmen, Gaoling, and Liyang, but Hongmen was soon abolished and the prefecture dissolved in Dazu 1. Youlong Palace stood ten li west, rebuilt in Kaiyuan 25. The Sui Chongye Palace lay fifteen li east. Zhaoying, a second-grade county. Originally Xinfeng; renamed Qingshan in Chuigong 2 and restored in Shenlong 1. A palace below Mount Li was built in Zhenguan 18 and named the Hot Springs Palace in Xianheng 2. Mount Li was renamed Mount Huichang in Tianbao 1. In year 3 Huichang County was split from Xinfeng and Wannian because the county seat lay too far from the palace. In year 6 the Hot Springs Palace became Huaqing Palace; spring wells were fashioned into pools, palaces ringed the mountain, an outer city was built, and the hundred offices and ten princely residences were established. In year 7 Xinfeng was abolished and both Huichang County and the mountain renamed Zhaoying. Mount Qingshan emerged thirty-five li east in Chuigong 2. Qingxu Plateau was originally Fenghuang; Youqi Valley was originally Yingwu—both renamed by Zhongzong for Wei Silie's residence. Jingru Township had a temple at the site of the scholars' burial pit, renamed by Xuanzong. Qiling lay sixteen li east. Gaoling, a metropolitan dependency county. Luyuan County was split off in Wude 1 and abolished in Zhenguan 1. Longyue Palace stood forty li west, built in Wude 6 on Gaozu's former residence and converted by Dezong to Xiuzhen Abbey. The ancient Bai Canal ran through it; in Baoli 1 Magistrate Liu Renshi rerouted the channel, and the completed canal was named for Lord Liu with a weir called Pengcheng. Tongguan, a metropolitan dependency county. It had Mount Nühui. Fuping, a second-grade county. It had Jing Mountain and Salt Pool Marsh. Dingling lay fifteen li northwest on Longquan Mountain; Yuanling twenty-five li northwest on Tan Mountain; Fengling thirty-three li east on Wengjin Mountain; Zhangling twenty li northwest; and Jianling forty li northwest. Lantian, a metropolitan dependency county. Bailu County was split off in Wude 2, renamed Ningmin in year 3, and Yushan was carved from Lantian; all were abolished in Zhenguan 3. It had Overturned-Cart Mountain. It had Lantian Pass, formerly Yaoguan. It had Kugu Valley, with a pass in the valley. In Wude 6 Yan Chang, magistrate of Ningmin, diverted southern mountain water into the capital. Wanshan Palace was built in Yongchun 1 and abandoned in Hongdao 1. Hu, a metropolitan dependency county. It had Meipi Lake. The Sui Taiping Palace stood thirty li southeast, and the Sui Ganquan Palace twenty-two li southwest. Fengtian, a second-grade county. Created in Wenming 1 from parts of Liquan, Shiping, Haozhi, Wugong, and Yongshou of Bin Prefecture to tend Qianling, which lay five li north on Liang Mountain. Jingling lay ten li northeast. In Qianning 2 the county became Qian Prefecture; when the Prince of Tan took up his command, Haozhi, Wugong, Zhouzhi, and Liquan from the metropolitan interior were also assigned to it. Haozhi, a metropolitan dependency county. Formerly Shangyi; Haozhi was split off from Liquan in Wude 2. Shangyi was merged into Qiyang in Zhenguan 8; in year 21 Haozhi and Qiyang were abolished, Shangyi was restored, and renamed Haozhi. It had Daheng Pass. Wugong, a metropolitan dependency county. In Wude 3 Ji Prefecture was created from Wugong, Haozhi, Zhouzhi, Mei, and Fengquan of Huan Prefecture, and Fufeng was split off from Shiping; Weichuan of Qi Prefecture was added in year 4, and Mei returned to Qi Prefecture in year 7. The prefecture was abolished in Zhenguan 1; Fufeng was eliminated, Weichuan and Fengquan went to Qi Prefecture, and Zhouzhi and Wugong to Yong Prefecture. Ji Prefecture was restored in Tianshou 2 from Wugong, Shiping, Fengtian, Zhouzhi, and Haozhi, and abolished again in Dazu 1. It had Mount Taiyi. Qingshan Palace stood eighteen li south on the Wei River, built in Wude 1 on Gaozu's former residence and later converted to Cide Temple. Xiyuan, burial place of the Infant Emperor. Liquan, a second-grade county. Wenxiu County was split off in Wude 1; Liquan was later abolished. When Zhaoling was built in Zhenguan 10, the county was restored from parts of Yunyang and Xianyang. It had Fang Mountain and Mount Jiuyu. Zhaoling lay sixty li northwest on Mount Jiuyu. Jianling stood eighteen li northeast on Wujiang Mountain, also known as Feng Mountain. Huayuan, a metropolitan dependency county. In Yining 2 Yijun Commandery was created from Huayuan, Yijun, and Tongguan, with Tumen County added under its jurisdiction. Named Yi Prefecture in Wude 1; abolished in Zhenguan 17 along with Yijun and Tumen counties, while Huayuan and Tongguan passed to Yong Prefecture. Huayuan was renamed Yong'an in Chuigong 2. Yi Prefecture was restored in Tianshou 2 from Yong'an, Tongguan, Fuping, and Meiyuan, and abolished again in Dazu 1. It had Yong'an Palace, built in Chang'an 2. Yong'an was renamed Huayuan again in Shenlong 1. It had an office for the imperial grape gardens. In Tianyou 3 Li Maozhen, by his own decree, elevated the county to Yao Prefecture. Meiyuan County. A metropolitan dependency county. Created in Xianheng 2 from parts of Fuping, Huayuan, and Pucheng of Tong Prefecture on the old seat of Tumen County. In Tianyou 3 Li Maozhen, by his own decree, elevated the county to Ding Prefecture. Hua Prefecture. Hua Prefecture, or Huayin Commandery, was an upper auxiliary prefecture. Established in Yining 1 from Zheng and Huayin of Jingzhao Commandery; renamed Tai Prefecture in Chuigong 2 to avoid the Wu taboo, restored in Shenlong 1, renamed Tai again in Shangyuan 2, restored in Baoying 1, and elevated to Xingde Superior Prefecture in Qianning 4. Its counties ranked as metropolitan dependency and first-grade. It reverted to prefectural status in Guanghua 3. Tribute included harriers, goshawks, poria, fu shen, and asarum. It registered 33,187 households and 223,613 persons. It administered four counties. It had twenty garrisons: Pule, Fengyuan, Yiquan, Qingyi, Wanfu, Xiuren, Shensui, Changxing, Yijin, Dingcheng, Yanshou, Luowen, Zhengyi, Xuanyi, Xiangyuan, Xiaode, Wentang, Xuanhua, Huaide, and Huairen. It had the Zhenguo Army, founded in Shangyuan 1 of Suzong's reign.
6
西 西 西 西使
Zheng, a distinguished county. It had Lesser Hua Mountain. Shentai Palace stood three li northeast, originally the Sui Pude Palace and renamed in Xianheng 2. The Lisu Canal twenty-three li southwest drew Qiaogu water; the Luowen Canal fifteen li southeast drew Lesser Fugu water with branches for irrigation; in Kaiyuan 4 the emperor ordered Shaanxi Prefect Jiang Shidu to dredge these old channels and build dikes against flooding. Huayin, a distinguished county. Renamed Xianzhang in Chuigong 1. Tongjin County was split off in Tianshou 2 at the pass; it later belonged to Guo Prefecture, returned here in Shengli 2, and was abolished in the Chang'an period. Restored to Huayin in Shenlong 1; renamed Taiyin in Shangyuan 2 with Hua Mountain called Tai Mountain; original names were restored in Baoying 1. It had the shrine to the sacred peak. It had Tong Pass and Weijin Pass. A grain canal drew the Wei west of the imperial park, followed an ancient channel to meet the Ba and Chan, ran through Guangyun Pool, and entered the Wei at the county—opened by Wei Jian in Tianbao 3. It also had Yongfeng Granary and Linwei Granary. Qiongyue Palace stood eighteen li west, originally the Sui Huayin Palace and renamed in Xianqing 3. The Sui Jincheng Palace stood thirteen li east, abandoned in Wude 3 and restored in Xianqing 3. The Fushui Canal lay twenty-four li west; Jiang Shidu cut it in Kaiyuan 2 to drain floodwaters, and Prefect Fan Chen reopened it in year 5 to link Wei transport. Xiagui, a distinguished county. Formerly part of Tong Prefecture; transferred here in Chuigong 1. The two Jin clan ponds twenty li southeast were irrigated from the Bai Canal in Wude 2, when a military colony was established. Liyang County. Formerly a metropolitan dependency county. Formerly Wannian, subordinate to Yong Prefecture. Renamed in Wude 1; Pingling was split off and renamed Suyi in year 2; abolished in Zhenguan 8. It had a salt-boiling marsh. It was transferred here in Tianyou 3. Tong Prefecture. Tong Prefecture, or Fengyi Commandery, was an upper auxiliary prefecture. In Wude 1 commanderies became prefectures; territories lost to rebels were renamed only after order was restored. Prefectures became commanderies in Tianbao 3 and reverted to prefectures in Qianyuan 1. Prefectures, commanderies, and counties that were neither renamed nor newly established continued the Sui arrangement. Tribute included boots and leggings in two kinds, creased jimo cloth, musk, citong, dragon sedge, and alum stone. It registered 60,928 households and 408,705 persons. It administered eight counties. It had twenty-six garrisons: Jibei, Tang'an, Qincheng, Taizhou, Dating, Hedong, Xingde, Lianyi, Fulong, Wentang, Anyuan, Yeshan, Nanxiang, Lingao, Fenyang, Xiangcheng, Chongdao, Xigu, Ji'an, Changchun, Huachi, Yongda, Hongquan, Shanfu, Siyu, and Xiaocheng.
7
西 西 西西 洿 西西西 西 西西西 西便
Fengyi, a distinguished county. Linju County was split off in Wude 9 and abolished in Zhenguan 9. It had Shayuan Park. Xingde Palace stood thirty-two li south in Zhiwu Ward, where Gaozu stopped on his march toward Chang'an. Chaoyi, a distinguished county. It had Changchun Palace. Hebin County was split off in Wude 3 and abolished in Zhenguan 1. Tongling Pond lay four li north; in Kaiyuan 7 Prefect Jiang Shidu diverted the Luo weir river to irrigate over a hundred qing of farmland. Renamed Hexi in Qianyuan 3 and assigned to Hezhong Superior Prefecture; restored to Chaoyi in Dali 5 and returned to Tong Prefecture. It had shrines to the River Spirit and the Western Sea. Small ponds yielded salt. Hancheng, an upper-grade county. In Wude 8 it became the seat of Western Han Prefecture; after that prefecture was abolished in Zhenguan 8, Hancheng, Hexi, and Heyang were assigned here; renamed Hanyuan in Tianyou 2. It had iron. It had Mount Liang. It had Longmen Mountain and a pass. In Wude 7 Acting Prefect Yun Dechen diverted the Yellow River at Longmen to irrigate over six thousand qing of farmland. Heyang, a distinguished county. Yangban Pond was created in Zhenyuan 4 when a weir dammed the Wugu valley stream. Xiayang, formerly Hexi, was split from Heyang in Wude 3; Hexi, Heyang, and Hancheng then formed Western Han Prefecture. Renamed Xiayang from Hexi in Qianyuan 3 and assigned to Hezhong, it later returned here. Baishui, a distinguished county. Chengcheng, a distinguished county. Changning County was split off in Wude 3 and abolished in Zhenguan 8. Fengxian. A second-grade county. Formerly Pucheng, it was renamed in Kaiyuan 4 and placed under Jingzhao Superior Prefecture. Qiaoling lay thirty li northwest on Mount Feng; Tailing twenty li northeast on Mount Jinshu; Jingling twenty li northwest on Mount Jinchi; Guangling fifteen li north on Mount Yao; and Huiling ten li northwest. It had two brine ponds; one began producing salt in Dazhong 2. It was reassigned here in Tianyou 3. Shang Prefecture. Shang Prefecture, or Shangluo Commandery, was a distinguished prefecture. Tribute included musk and bow wood. It had a Luoyuan mint office. In Zhenyuan 7 Prefect Li Xihua opened a new seven-hundred-li route from Lantian to Neixiang that skirted the mountains so travelers could cross without hardship; known as the Side Road, it greatly eased passage. 8,926 households and 53,080 persons. It had six counties. It had two garrisons, Xunshui and Yujing. The Xingping Army was first stationed on Mei County's eastern plateau and was relocated in the Zhide era.
8
西 西 𨙸
Shangluo, a strategic county. It had Mount Xiong'er. Fengyang, an upper-grade county. Luonan, an upper-grade county. It had gold, copper, and iron. Shangluo, a distinguished county. Wu Pass lay to the east. Shangjin, an upper-grade county. Shangjin Commandery was created in Yining 2 from Shangjin, Fengli, and Huangtu, with Changli County also established. Named Shang Prefecture in Wude 1. Changli was abolished in Zhenguan 1. The prefecture was abolished in year 8; Huangtu went to Jin Prefecture, Fengli to Jun Prefecture, and Shangjin was assigned here. Qianyuan. A lower-middle-grade county. Formerly Anye, it was split from Fengyang in Wansui tongtian 1, went to Yong Prefecture in Jinglong 3, returned here in Jingyun 1, was renamed and assigned to Jingzhao in Qianyuan 1, and soon came back. Fengxiang Superior Prefecture. Fengxiang Superior Prefecture, or Fufeng Commandery, was a first-grade upper auxiliary prefecture. Originally Qi Prefecture, its commandery was renamed Fengxiang in Zhide 1; the old commandery name was restored in year 2, it was styled the Western Capital, and elevated to a superior prefecture. Capital status was withdrawn in Shangyuan 2; it was styled the Western Metropolis in year 1, but metropolitan rank was soon abolished again. Tribute included hazel nuts, dragon-whisker mats, and candles. 58,486 households and 380,463 persons. It had nine counties. It had thirteen garrisons—Qishan, Yongbei, Daoqing, Luoyi, Liugu, Qiyang, Wencheng, Huanyi, Sanjiao, Fengquan, Wangyuan, Shaoji, and Shanquan.
9
西 西 使 西 西 祿
Tianxing, a second-grade county. Formerly Yong, renamed Fengxiang in Zhide 2 with Tianxing split off; Fengxiang was abolished and absorbed into Tianxing in Baoying 1. Qishan, a second metropolitan dependency county. Qiyang County was split from Fufeng, Qishan, and Jingzhao's Shangyi in Zhenguan 7; Shangyi merged into Qishan in year 8, restored in Yonghui 5, and abolished in Yuanhe 3. It had Mount Qi. Fufeng, a second metropolitan dependency county. Formerly Weichuan, split from Qishan in Wude 3 and named for the Wei River, it was renamed in Zhenguan 8. Linyou, a second metropolitan dependency county. Established in Yining 1; Linyou, Jingzhao's Shangyi, and Fufeng's Purun formed Fengqi Commandery. In year 2 a white qilin found at Renshou Palace prompted renaming the commandery Linyou; Zhen'egu of Ding's Lingtai was split off and added. Named Lin Prefecture in Wude 1; abolished in Zhenguan 1 with Lingtai merged into Linyou; Linyou and Purun were assigned here, Shangyi to Yong Prefecture, and Zhen'egu to Jing Prefecture. Jiucheng Palace stood five li west, originally the Sui Renshou Palace, abandoned in Yining 1, restored and renamed in Zhenguan 5, called Wannian Palace in Yonghui 2 and Jiucheng again in Qianfeng 2; its walls ran 1,800 paces with a forbidden park, warehouses, offices, and temples. Yong'an Palace lay thirty li farther west, built in Zhenguan 8. Purun, a second metropolitan dependency county. The Longyou Army was established in Zhenyuan 10; in year 11 the county passed to the Longyou frontier commissioner, and in Yuanhe 1 the army was renamed Baoyi. Baoji, a second metropolitan dependency county. Formerly Chencang, renamed in Zhide 2. An eastern canal diverted the Wei into the Shengyuan Canal to reach old Chang'an, opened in Xiantong 3. Great Sansan Pass lay to the southwest. It had Mount Baoji. Guo, a second metropolitan dependency county. Merged into Qishan in Zhenguan 8 and restored in Tianshou 2. The Gaoquan Canal, opened in Ruyi 1, brought water into the county seat ten li northeast. The Shengyuan Canal northwest carried the Qian River to Xianyang; in early Chuigong, Qi and Long waters were channeled into the capital. Mei, a second metropolitan dependency county. Meicheng Commandery was created in Yining 2, with Fengquan County split off. Named Huan Prefecture in Wude 1 with Fengquan attached; abolished in year 3 with Mei under Ji Prefecture, assigned here in year 7. Fengquan was abolished in Zhenguan 8. Temporarily assigned to Jingzhao in Dali 5. It had Mount Taibai and Fengquan Hot Spring. Zhouzhi. A metropolitan dependency county under Yong Prefecture. Zhongnan was split off in Wude 2 and abolished in Zhenguan 8; renamed Yishou in Tianbao 1, restored in Zhide 2, under Qian Prefecture in Qianning, and reassigned here in Tianfu 1. It had Luogu Pass, established in Wude 7. It had the Directorate Bamboo Garden. The Sui Yishou Palace stood thirty-two li southeast. It had Louguan and a temple to Laozi. Bin Prefecture. Bin Prefecture, or Xinping Commandery, was a strategic prefecture. Established in Yining 2 from Xinping and Sanshui of Beidi Commandery. Bin, formerly written with the Zhou bin character, was changed in Kaiyuan 13 to avoid confusion with the character for dark. Tribute included scissors, fire-tongs, lablab beans, bath beans, white honey, and ground beetle. 22,977 households and 125,250 persons. It had four counties. It had ten garrisons—Jiayang, Yilu, Gongliu, Liangshe, Huling, Bangchuan, Wandi, Jinchi, Shuncheng, and Yishan.
10
祿
Xinping, a distinguished county. It had two Yongding stockades, built by Taizong in his campaign against Xue Ju. Sanshui, a strategic county. It had Mount Shimen. Wanshou Pond twenty li north was formed in Dali 8 by wind and thunder. Yongshou, an upper-grade county. Split from Xinping in Wude 2, assigned to Yong Prefecture in Shenlong 1, and returned here in Tanglong 1. Yilu. A middle-grade county. Split off in Zhenguan 2 from Xinping and from Jing Prefecture's Baoding and Lingtai. It had Qianshui Plateau and Changwu Fort.
11
使
The Right Metropolitan Capital investigation commissioner administered the inner capital. Long Prefecture. Long Prefecture, or Qianyang Commandery, was an upper-grade prefecture. Originally Longdong Commandery, established in Yining 2 from Qianyuan, Qianyang, and Nanyou of Fufeng and Huating of Ding. The commandery was renamed Qianyang in Tianbao 1. Tribute included hazel nuts and dragon-whisker mats. 24,652 households and 101,148 persons. It had three counties. It had four garrisons—Dadui, Longpan, Kaichuan, and Linqian.
12
西 使 西 西
Qianyuan, an upper-grade county. Huating became Tingchuan in Chuigong 2, was restored in Shenlong 1, and merged into Qianyuan in Yuanhe 3. Anrong Pass on Long Mountain lay to the west. Originally Dazhen Pass, relocated and renamed by Defense Commissioner Xue Kui in Dazhong 6. It had iron. The Wujie Weir diverted Long River water for transport, opened by Director of Waterways Jiang Xingben in Wude 8 and later abandoned. The Yining Army was established at Huating in Dali 8. Yongxin Fort was built on Pingrong River in Zhenyuan 13. Qianyang, an upper-grade county. It had Linqian Fort, built in Taihe 1. Wushan. A middle-grade county. Formerly Changshe, established in Yining 2, renamed in Zhenguan 1, briefly called Huashan in Shangyuan 2, then Wushan again. Han Prefecture was created from Nanyou in Wude 1, abolished in year 4, and Nanyou merged here in Yuanhe 3. It had the Western Garrison Wushan Shrine and Zidui Mountain. Anyi Pass lay to the west. Jing Prefecture. Jing Prefecture, or Baoding Commandery, was an upper-grade prefecture. Formerly Anding Commandery, renamed in Zhide 1. Tribute included dragon-whisker mats. 31,365 households and 186,849 persons. It had five counties. It had six garrisons—Jingyang, Simen, Xingjiao, Chunde, Suqing, and Renxian.
13
使
Baoding, an upper-grade county. Formerly Anding, renamed in Zhide 1, lost to Tibet in Guangde 1, and restored in Dali 3. It had the old city of Zhebi. Lingtai, an upper-grade county. Formerly Zhen'egu, renamed in Tianbao 1. Linjing, a middle-grade county. Liangyuan, an upper-grade county. Lost to Tibet in Xingyuan 2 and restored in Zhenyuan 4. Panyuan. A middle-grade county. Formerly Yinpan, renamed in Tianbao 1, later reduced to Zhangxin Fort, and restored in Zhenyuan 11. Yuan Prefecture. Yuan Prefecture, or Pingliang Commandery, was a distinguished middle area-command prefecture. Lost to Tibet in Guangde 1; Frontier Commissioner Ma Lin established a provisional Yuan Prefecture at Lingtai's Baili Fort. The seat moved to Pingliang in Zhenyuan 19. It was moved again to Linjing in Yuanhe 3. Guan and Long were recovered in Dazhong 3 and the seat returned to Pinggao. After Guangming it fell to Tibet again and the seat was provisionally at Linjing. Tribute included felt, saddle-cover felt, and dragon-whisker mats. 7,349 households and 33,146 persons. It had two counties. It had two garrisons, Pengyang and Anshan.
14
西 使
Pinggao, a distinguished county. It had Mount Kongtong. Muxia Pass lay to the southwest. The prefecture also had Shimen, Yicang, Zhisheng, Shixia, Muxiao, and other passes—seven in all with Muxia and Liupan. The old Wating Pass lay farther south. Baiquan. An upper-grade county. Wei Prefecture: provisional Wei Prefecture was set up in Yuanhe 4 from Yuan's Pingliang County, destroyed by Tibet in Guangming 1, and re-established on Zhang Jun's memorial in Zhonghe 4. Prefectures founded after Qianyuan bore no commandery names; and in the dynasty's last years newly established prefectures and counties were not ranked upper, middle, or lower. It had one county.
15
西 西
Pingliang. An upper-grade county. Lost to Tibet in Guangde 1 and restored in Zhenyuan 4. As provisional Wei Prefecture, its people were governed directly by the prefectural seat. Liupan Pass stood on Long Mountain to the southwest. It had silver, copper, and iron. A Tibetan alliance altar five li northwest was built in Zhenyuan 3. Wu Prefecture. Wu Prefecture was a middle-grade prefecture. Established in Dazhong 5 from Yuan Prefecture's Xiaoguan. Provisionally administered at Panyuan in Zhonghe 4. It had one county.
16
西
Xiaoguan. A middle-grade county. Yuan Prefecture was established in Zhenguan 6 for surrendered Turks, seated at Pinggao's Talou Fort. Gaozong created Talou County under Yuan Prefecture; abolished in Shenlong 1 and replaced by Xiaoguan County. The Baicao Army lay west of the Weiru River and was lost to Tibet after Zhide. Ning Prefecture. Ning Prefecture, or Pengyuan Commandery, was a distinguished prefecture. Formerly Beidi Commandery, renamed in Tianbao 1. Tribute included five-colored saddle-cover felt, dragon-whisker mats, yuanqing, tingchang, yansui, and jiasu. 37,121 households and 224,837 persons. It had five counties. It had eleven garrisons—Pengchi, Gaowang, Jingnan, Linbao, Tiangu, Puichuan, Dongyuan, Sanhui, Dayan, Hequan, and Yongning.
17
Ding'an, a distinguished county. Guiyi County was split off in Yining 2 and merged into Dingping in year 17. It had the old Ding'an Pass. Zhenning, a strategic county. Formerly Luochuan. It had Yaoche Pond. Renamed in Tianbao 1 after twenty-seven jade images of the Perfected Man were found. Xiangle, a strategic county. Pengyuan, a strategic county. Made Peng Prefecture in Wude 1; Fengyi County was split off in year 2. The prefecture was abolished in Zhenguan 1 and Pengyuan and Fengyi assigned here. Fengyi went to Jing Prefecture in Kaiyuan 8, soon returned, and was abolished late in the dynasty. Dingping. An upper-grade county. Split from Ding'an in Wude 2 and later placed under Bin Prefecture. Returned here in Yuanhe 3 and assigned to the Left Divine Strategy Army in year 4. It had Gaozhi Fort. Late in the dynasty the county became Yan Prefecture. Qing Prefecture. Qing Prefecture, or Shunhua Commandery, was a middle area-command prefecture. Formerly Honghua Commandery, called Anhua in Tianbao 1 and renamed in Zhide 1. Tribute included Hu-woman cloth, butter, musk, and wax. 23,949 households and 124,236 persons. It had ten counties. It had eight garrisons—Longxi, Jiaoshui, Tongchuan, Yongqing, Panjiao, Yongye, Lepan, and Yong'an.
18
Shunhua, a middle-grade county. Formerly Honghua, called Anhua in Tianbao 1 and renamed in Zhide 1. Heshui, a middle-grade county. Formerly Hechuan, established in Wude 1, with Panjiao County split off the same year. Hechuan merged into Honghua in Zhenguan 1. Panjiao was renamed Heshui in Tianbao 1. Lepan, a middle-grade county. Split from Heshui in Yining 1. Maling, a middle-grade county. Huachi, a lower-grade county. Established in Wude 4 as the seat of Lin Prefecture, which was abolished in Zhenguan 1. Tongchuan, a lower-middle-grade county. Formerly Sanquan, split from Pengyuan Commandery's Pengyuan in Yining 2 and renamed in Wude 3. Luoyuan, a middle-grade county. Established in Zhenguan 3, under Northern Yong Prefecture in year 4, became the prefectural seat in year 5, and returned here when the prefecture was abolished in year 8. Yanqing, a middle-grade county. Formerly Baima, established in Wude 6 by resettling the old Feng Prefecture populace from Heshui and renamed in Tianbao 1. Fangqu, a lower-middle-grade county. Split from Maling in Shenlong 3. Huai'an. A lower-grade county. Established in Kaiyuan 11 by registering fugitive households and affiliated Dangxiang tribes. Fu Prefecture. Fu Prefecture, or Luojiao Commandery, was an upper-grade prefecture. Formerly Shang Commandery, renamed in Tianbao 1. Tribute included dragon-whisker mats. 23,484 households and 153,714 persons. It had five counties. It had eleven garrisons—Luochang, Longjiao, Weichuan, Wujiao, Datong, Anguang, Luo'an, Yinfang, Xinglin, Xiuwu, and Anji. The Surong Army was established at Fucheng in Dali 6.
19
Luojiao, a strategic county. Luochuan, an upper-grade county. Sanchuan, a middle-grade county. At the confluence of Huachi, Heishui, and Luo rivers. Zhiluo, a middle-grade county. Split from Sanchuan and Luojiao in Wude 3 at the old Zhiluo city; the Luo River ran beneath its level, straight ground, giving the name. Ganquan. A middle-grade county. Formerly Fulu, split from Luojiao in Wude 1 and renamed in Tianbao 1. Fang Prefecture. Fang Prefecture, or Zhongbu Commandery, was an upper-grade prefecture. Established in Wude 2 from Fu Prefecture's Zhongbu and Fucheng. Tribute included dragon-whisker mats, ramie, and bowstring hemp. 22,458 households and 120,208 persons. It had four counties. It had five garrisons—Xingcheng, Renli, Sichen, Yongping, and Antai.
20
Zhongbu, an upper-grade county. Formerly Neibu, renamed in Wude 2. The prefecture took its name from Gaozu because the Primordial Emperor, as Fu Prefect in the Zhou Tianhe era, had established a horse stud there. It had iron. The seat lacked water until Prefect Zhang Yi in Kaicheng 2 brought Shangshan Spring seven li northeast into the city to ease long hauls. Prefect Cui Bian enlarged the works in year 4 to the people's benefit. The people later honored him with a shrine. Yijun, an upper-grade county. Originally under Yi Prefecture. It had Renzhi Palace, built in Wude 7. Yi Prefecture and the county were abolished in Zhenguan 17. Yuhua Palace was built in year 20 and the county restored under Yong Prefecture. The palace stood four li north in Fenghuang Valley. The palace became Yuhua Temple in Yonghui 2 and the county was abolished again. Split from Zhongbu and Tongguan in Longshuo 3 and assigned here. It had iron. Shengping, an upper-grade county. Split from Yijun in Tianbao 12, abolished in Baoying 1, and later restored. Fucheng. An upper-grade county. Late in the dynasty the county became Di Prefecture. Dan Prefecture. Dan Prefecture, or Xianning Commandery, was an upper-grade prefecture. Originally Danyang Commandery, created in Yining 1 from Yan'an's Yichuan, Fenchuan, and Xianning and renamed in Tianbao 1. Tribute included dragon-whisker mats, musk, and candles. 15,105 households and 87,625 persons. It had four counties. It had five garrisons—Yicheng, Tongtian, Tonghua, Danyang, and Changsong.
21
西
Yichuan, an upper-grade county. Yunyan, a middle-grade county. Split from Yichuan in Wude 1. Fenchuan, an upper-grade county. It had Wuren Pass. Xianning. A middle-grade county. Yan Prefecture. Yan Prefecture, or Yan'an Commandery, was a middle area-command prefecture. Tribute included birch bark, musk, and wax. 18,954 households and 100,040 persons. It had ten counties. It had seven garrisons—Dunhua, Yanchuan, Ningrong, Yincheng, Saimen, Yan'an, and Jinming. In the Yifeng era Tuyuhun tribes from Liang Prefecture submitted, and two area-commands were set on Jinming's western border—the Qiang Tribal Settlement and Hemen.
22
使 西 鹿
Fushi, an upper-grade county. It had Laoshan Fortified Town. Yanchang, a middle-grade county. Formerly Yan'an, established in Wude 2 as the seat of Northern Lian Prefecture with Yixiang and Qiming counties attached. The prefecture was abolished in Zhenguan 2; Yixiang and Qiming merged into Yan'an and were assigned here. It was renamed in Guangde 2. Linzhen, a middle-grade county. Under Wude 1 it belonged to Eastern Xia Prefecture; when that prefecture was abolished in Zhenguan 2, the county was assigned here. Jinming, a middle-grade county. Split off from Fushi in Wude 2, it became the seat of Northern Wu Prefecture, which also comprised Kaiyuan, Quanyi, Chongde, Yongan, and Dingyi. The prefecture was abolished in Zhenguan 2; its outlying counties were folded into Jinming and assigned here. Fenglin, a middle-grade county. Yun Prefecture and three counties were set up here provisionally in Wude 4; in year 8 the prefecture was abolished, Longquan joining Linzhen and Yunzhong and Yulin joining Fenglin. Heling Pass lies to the northeast. Yanchuan, a middle-grade county. In Wude 2 Ji Prefecture was created to settle pacified Ji Hu; Pacification Commissioner Duan Decao also had Yimen County established and made it the seat of Nanping Prefecture. In year 3 Weiping was carved out of Sui Prefecture's Chengpu. Nanping Prefecture was abolished in year 4 and Yimen and Weiping were discontinued. In year 5 Ji Prefecture was renamed Northern Ji. The prefecture was abolished in Zhenguan 8 and the county was assigned here. Fuzheng, a lower-middle-grade county. Originally Yincheng; in Wude 2 the seat moved to Jincheng Fort and took the name Jincheng; Yong Prefecture was also set up on the eastern border, with Luopan, Xinchang, and Tudui counties. The prefectural seat was moved to Luoyuan in Zhenguan 4. After the prefecture was abolished, Luopan, Xinchang, and Tudui were folded into Jincheng. It was renamed Fuzheng in Tianbao 1. Yanchang began as Northern Ren Prefecture in Wude 2; the prefecture was abolished in Zhenguan 3; in year 10 Baojiao County was established on its ground and renamed Yanchang in Tianbao 1. Luzi Pass stands to the north. Yanshui, a lower-middle-grade county. Formerly Anmin, split from Yanchuan in Wude 2 as the seat of Western He Prefecture with Xiuwen and Sangyuan counties. Western He was abolished in Zhenguan 2; Xiuwen and Sangyuan merged into Anmin under Northern Ji. After the prefecture was abolished, the county was assigned here. It was called Hongfeng in year 23 and received its present name in Shenlong 1. Menshan. An upper-grade county. Carved out of Fenchuan in Wude 3 under Dan Prefecture, it was reassigned here in Guangde 2. Ling Prefecture. Ling Prefecture, or Lingwu Commandery, was a grand area-command prefecture. Its tribute included red indigo, licorice, cistanche, ochre substitutes, white glue, green insects, eagles and goshawks, white feathers, musk, wild horse and deer hides, wild boar yellow, Jimo boots, leather and felt, kuli, red tamarisk, horse whips, stamped salt, and yellow cattle breast. It registered 11,456 households and 53,163 persons. It comprised four counties. Five garrisons—Wulue, Hejian, Jingcheng, Mingsha, and Wanchun—were attached. It maintained the Shuofang frontier commissioner force. Beyond the Yellow River stood the armies of Feng'an, Dingyuan, and Xinchang and the cities of Fengning and Baoning.
23
Huile, a distinguished county. Feng'an was split off in Wude 4. Hui Prefecture was set up within Huile in Zhenguan 4, with Feng'an under its jurisdiction. The prefecture was abolished in year 13 and Feng'an discontinued. It had hot-spring salt ponds. The Tejin Canal irrigated six hundred qing; the court ordered it opened in Changqing 4. Lingwu, an upper-grade county. Huaiyuan, a strategic county. When Feng Prefecture was abolished in Wude 6, Jiuyuan and Yongfeng were merged here—the old Sui Jiuyuan Commandery. It had three salt ponds: Hongtao, Wuping, and Hechi. Baojing. An upper-grade county. Originally Hongjing; called Anjing in Shenlong 1 and renamed in Zhide 1. Wei Prefecture. Wei Prefecture had no commandery title recorded. A middle-grade prefecture. It had formerly been Anle Prefecture. Tuyuhun tribes first moved from Liang to Shan, found the site unsatisfactory, and relocated into Ling Prefecture; in Xianheng 3 a prefecture was founded on former Mingsha county land to house them. After Zhide it fell to Tibet. Recovered and renamed in Dazhong 3. In Guangqi 3 administration shifted to Liangzhou Fort as a roaming prefecture. It comprised two counties.
24
西 使 西 鹿鹿 西 𤕠
Mingsha, an upper-grade county. Hui Prefecture was founded in Wude 2; abolished in Zhenguan 6, it was replaced by Huan Prefecture, named for the river's loop. The prefecture was abolished in year 9 and the county reverted to Ling Prefecture. During Shenlong Mohechuo raided the county and the seat moved to old Feng'an. The original county seat was restored in Xianheng 3. Wenchi. An upper-grade county. Once subordinate to Ling Prefecture, it was established in Shenlong 1 and reassigned here in Dazhong 4. It has a salt pond. Xiong Prefecture stood one hundred eighty li southwest of Ling Prefecture. In Zhonghe 1 administration shifted to Chengtian Fort as a roaming prefecture. Jing Prefecture began as Dingyuan City, two hundred li northeast of Ling; Guo Yuanzhen, grand commissioner of Shuofang, founded it in Xiantian 2. It later became an upper county subordinate to Ling Prefecture. In Jingfu 1 Lingwei commissioner Han Zun had it elevated to a prefecture. Yangma City, fourteen li around, was built by Prince Xin'an Wei. Hui Prefecture. Hui Prefecture, or Huining Commandery, was an upper-grade prefecture. Originally Western Hui Prefecture, it was founded in Wude 2 at Pingliang Commandery's Huining Fort. Renamed Su Prefecture in Zhenguan 8 for its grain surplus, then renamed again the same year. Its tribute included camel-hair cloth, wild horse hides, saddle-cover felt, deer tongue, and deer tail. It registered 4,594 households and 26,660 persons. It comprised two counties. Xinquan Army stood here until Kaiyuan 5, when it was reduced to a garrison post. Huining, an upper-grade county. Formerly Liangchuan, it was renamed in Wude 2. A separate Liangchuan county existed from Kaiyuan 4 until it was abolished in year 9. Prefect An Jingzhong built a Yellow River dyke in Kaiyuan 7 to hold back the current. Hechi pond yielded salt when rain fell. Huining Pass lies to the southeast. Wulan. An upper-grade county. It was established in Wude 9. Wulan Pass lies to the southwest. Yan Prefecture. Yan Prefecture, or Wuyuan Commandery, was a lower area-command prefecture. It had formerly been Yanchuan Commandery. Early in the dynasty it fell to Liang Shidu. In Wude 1 its administration was provisionally placed at Ling Prefecture. The prefecture was abolished in Zhenguan 1 and its county attached to Ling; restored in year 2 after Shidu's defeat. The commandery was renamed Wuyuan in Tianbao 1. Lost to Tibet in Zhenyuan 3, its walls were rebuilt in year 9. Its tribute included salt mountains, papaya, and yak. It registered 2,929 households and 16,665 persons. It comprised two counties. One garrison, Yanchuan, was attached. The Baosai Army was established here in Zhenyuan 19.
25
Wuyuan, an upper-grade county. Salt came from Wuchi, Baichi, Xixiang, and Wayao ponds. Baichi. An upper-grade county. Originally Xingning, it was abolished with the prefecture in Zhenguan 1 and restored in year 2. It received its present name in Jinglong 3. Xia Prefecture. Xia Prefecture, or Shuofang Commandery, was a middle area-command prefecture. Its tribute included felt, horn bows, butter, and hibiscus esculentus. It registered 9,213 households and 53,014 persons. It comprised three counties. Two garrisons, Ningshuo and Shunhua, were attached.
26
使
Shuofang, an upper-grade county. Formerly Yanlu, it was renamed in Zhenguan 3. The Yanhua Canal opened in Zhenyuan 7, channeling Wushui into Kudi Marsh to irrigate two hundred qing. It had two salt ponds. The Tianzhu Army was founded in Tianbao 14 and abolished in Baoying 1. In Changqing 4 Commissioner Li You built Wuyan, Youzhou, Linse, Yinhe, and Taozi north of Luzi Pass to shield the outer marches. Mugua Ridge lies within the county. Dejing, a lower-middle-grade county. Under Northern Kai in Zhenguan 7, renamed Hua Prefecture in year 8, and abolished in year 13. Ningshuo. A lower-middle-grade county. Southern Xia Prefecture was created in Wude 6. The prefecture was abolished in Zhenguan 2 and the county merged into Shuofang; restored in year 5 and assigned here. It was abolished in Chang'an 2. Re-established in Kaiyuan 4, abolished in year 9, and set up again afterward. Sui Prefecture. Sui Prefecture, or Shang Commandery, was a lower-grade prefecture. It occupied the former Diaoyin Commandery. Early in the dynasty it fell to Liang Shidu. In Wude 3 it was provisionally seated at Yan Prefecture's Fenglin for returning subjects; the seat moved to Yanchuan in year 6 and to Weiping in year 7. After Shidu's defeat in Zhenguan 2, the seat returned to Shang County. The commandery was renamed in Tianbao 1. Its tribute included barbarian-woman cloth and candles. It registered 10,867 households and 89,112 persons. It comprised five counties. Four garrisons—Fulu, Yihe, Wangu, and Dabin—were attached.
27
西
Longquan, a middle-grade county. Formerly Shang County, it was renamed in Tianbao 1. Yanfu, a lower-middle-grade county. Northern Ji Prefecture was split off in Wude 6, with Guiyi and Luoyang counties also created; Luo Prefecture was also carved out, with Shiluo, Guanshan, and Wanfu counties; Kuang Prefecture was likewise split off, with Anding and Yuanquan counties. All those prefectures and counties were abolished in Zhenguan 2. Suide, a lower-middle-grade county. It was established in Wude 2. Yun Prefecture was split off in year 6 with Xinyi and Chunyi counties; Long Prefecture was also carved out with Fengxiang and Yiliang counties. Those prefectures and counties were all abolished in Zhenguan 2. Chengping, a lower-middle-grade county. Wei Prefecture was founded in Wude 3 with Angu and Anquan counties. The prefecture was abolished in Zhenguan 2 and Angu and Anquan discontinued. Weiping Pass lies to the southwest. Dabin. A lower-middle-grade county. The seat moved to Weiping in Wude 7, named for the saying "pacified Ji Hu, half civil and half martial." Yin Prefecture. Yin Prefecture, or Yinchuan Commandery, was a lower-grade prefecture. Split from Sui Prefecture's Rulin and Zhenxiang in Zhenguan 2. Its tribute included female-barbarian cloth. It registered 7,602 households and 45,527 persons. It comprised four counties.
28
西 調 使
Rulin, a middle-grade county. The Wuding River flows to the northeast. Zhenxiang, a lower-middle-grade county. The Rulu River lies to the northwest. Kaiguang, a middle-grade county. Once subordinate to Sui, it was established in Zhenguan 2, briefly under Zhe in year 8, then assigned here when Zhe was abolished in year 13. Funing. A lower-middle-grade county. Formerly under Sui Prefecture, it was reassigned here in Zhenguan 8. You Prefecture. You Prefecture, or Ningshuo Commandery, was an upper-grade prefecture. In Tiaolu 1 six prefectures for surrendered Turks—Lu, Li, Han, Sai, Yi, and Qi—were set on Ling and Xia's southern marches with Tang officials as prefects, known as the Six Hu Prefectures. In Chang'an 4 they were consolidated into Kuang and Chang prefectures. The Lanchi area-command was set up in Shenlong 3 and the six prefectures were divided into counties. Lu, Li, Qi, and Sai prefectures were restored in Kaiyuan 10. When Kang Daibin was pacified in year 10, the population was relocated to Henan and the Jiang-Huai region. Kuang and Chang prefectures were restored in year 18. In year 26 resettled Hu households founded You Prefecture and counties including Yan'en; administration later lodged with the frontier commissioner army. The commandery was renamed Huaide in Zhide 2. The former name was restored in Qianyuan 1. It was abolished after Baoying. Restored in Yuanhe 9 at the frontier commissioner army, three hundred li northeast of the old seat. The seat moved to Changze in year 15 and was overrun by Tibet. Commissioner Li You had it re-established in Changqing 4. Its tribute included felt. It registered 7,083 households and 32,652 persons. It comprised two counties.
29
鹿
Yan'en, a middle-grade county. Established in Kaiyuan 26 on former Kuang Prefecture land; Huaide was also founded on old Saimen land and Guiren on former Changquan county territory of Lan Prefecture. All were abolished after Baoying. Yan'en was restored in Yuanhe 9. The frontier commissioner army at Yuduole City was established on Wang Zhongsi's memorial in the Tianbao era. Changze. A lower-middle-grade county. Once under Xia, it briefly headed Chang Prefecture from Zhenguan 7 until year 13, returned to Xia, and was reassigned here in Yuanhe 15. It has the Huluo Salt Pond. Lin Prefecture. Lin Prefecture, or Xinqin Commandery, was a lower area-command prefecture. Split from Sheng Prefecture's Liangu and Yincheng in Kaiyuan 12, abolished in year 14, and restored in Tianbao 1. Its tribute included green other-antler. It registered 2,428 households and 10,903 persons. It comprised three counties.
30
鹿
Xinqin, a middle-grade county. Founded in Kaiyuan 2 with Tielin added in year 7; both counties were abolished when the prefecture fell in year 14. Xinqin was restored in Tianbao 1. Liangu, a lower-middle-grade county. It was founded in Zhenguan 8 at the old Sui Liangu garrison. Yincheng. A lower-middle-grade county. Established in Zhenguan 2, under Yin in year 4 and Sheng in year 8. Sheng Prefecture. Sheng Prefecture, or Yulin Commandery, was a lower area-command prefecture. It fell to Liang Shidu during the Wude era. It was restored after Shidu was defeated. Its tribute included barbarian cloth, green other-antler, peony, and xu changqing. It registered 4,187 households and 20,952 persons. It comprised two counties. The Yiyong Army was stationed here.
31
使 西西 西 鷿
Yulin, a lower-middle-grade county. The old Sui Yulin Palace stood here. Yulin Pass to the east was established in Zhenguan 13. Hebin. A lower-middle-grade county. Founded in Zhenguan 3 as the seat of Yun Prefecture, briefly Wei in year 4, and assigned here when the prefecture was abolished in year 8. Hebin Pass to the northeast was established in Zhenguan 7. Feng Prefecture. Feng Prefecture, or Jiuyuan Commandery, was a lower area-command prefecture. Founded in Zhenguan 4 for surrendered Turks, it initially governed no counties. The prefecture was abolished in year 11 and its land passed to Ling Prefecture. It was restored in year 23. Its tribute included white wheat, stamped salt, wild horse hip hide, camel-hair cloth, and felt. It registered 2,813 households and 9,641 persons. It comprised two counties. Jiuyuan, a lower-middle-grade county. It was established in Yonghui 4. The Lingyang Canal was dredged in Jianzhong 3 for irrigation and garrison farms, then soon abandoned. Prefect Li Jinglue opened the Xianying and Yongqing canals in the Zhenyuan era, irrigating several hundred qing. Yongfeng. A lower-middle-grade county. It was established in Yonghui 1. Feng'an was separately established in Linde 1 and abolished late in Tianbao. Eastern Surrender City: in Jingyun 3 Shuofang commander Zhang Renyuan built the three surrender cities. In Baoli 1 Commissioner Zhang Weiqing moved the eastern city south of Suiyuan Beacon because it lay against the river. Central Surrender City had the Fuyun Mound shrine. A pass on the Ling Prefecture border was established in Yuanhe 9. The Hengsai Army, originally Kedun City, was founded in Tianbao 8 and abolished in year 12. The Tiande Army stood two hundred li west on the Datong River and the Tian'an Army beyond it; both were founded in Tianbao 12. After Qianyuan the Tiande Army garrisoned Yongji Stockade, the old Datong City. Chancellor Li Jifu had the old city repaired in Yuanhe 9. The Anle garrison lay to the north. Western Surrender City. The river destroyed it early in Kaiyuan; Commander Zhang Yue built a new city east of the old site in year 10. Pelican Spring lay three hundred li to the north.
32
The Chanyu Superior Protectorate, formerly Yunzhong Superior Protectorate, was founded in Longshuo 3 and renamed in Linde 1. Its tribute included barbarian-woman cloth and wild horse hip hide. It registered 2,155 households and 6,877 persons. It comprised one county. Jinhe. A middle-grade county. It was established in Tianbao 4. It had been the capital of Later Wei Emperor Daowu. Yunge Pass was later abolished and restored in Dahe 4.
33
The Anbei Superior Protectorate was formerly the Yanran Superior Protectorate. It was named the Hanhai area-command in Longshuo 3. It was renamed in Zongzhang 2. Its seat was at Central Surrender City in Kaiyuan 2, moved to Feng and Sheng borders in year 10, and to the Tiande Army in year 12. Its tribute included wild horse hip hide. It registered 2,006 households and 7,498 persons. It comprised two counties. Yinshan, an upper-grade county. It was established in Tianbao 1. Tongji. An upper-grade county.
34
The Zhenbei Superior Protectorate. Its tribute included yak tail. It comprised two counties. Datong, an upper-grade county. Changning. An upper-grade county.
35
使
To the right, the Guannei investigation commissioner, headed by a capital official.
36
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Collation notes for this chapter.
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