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卷三十八 志第二十八 地理二

Volume 38 Treatises 32: Gepgraphy 2

Chapter 38 of 新唐書 · New Book of Tang
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1
宿 綿 西 西西 𣏌 西 西 調 西 西 西西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西
The Henan Circuit broadly comprised the ancient domains of Yu, Yan, Qing, and Xu — encompassing the Han-era commanderies from Henan and Hongnong east through the Qi and Lu heartland, the feudatory kingdoms of Liang, Chu, Lu, and their neighbors, and the reaches of Pingyuan, Bohai, and Jiujiang. The lands north of the Yellow River around Luoyang and Shan fell within the Shishen astrological division. South of the Yellow River, the regions of Guo, Ru, Xu, and Xinzheng belonged to the Chunhuo astrological division. Zheng, Bian, Chen, Cai, and Ying fell within the Shouxing astrological division. Song, Bo, Xu, Su, Yun, Cao, and Pu belonged to the Dahuo (Antares) astrological division. Yan, Hai, Yi, and Si fell within the Jianglou astrological division. Qing, Zi, Mi, Deng, Lai, Qi, and Di belonged to the Xuanxiao astrological division. Hua fell within the Juzi astrological division. Hao belonged to the Xingji astrological division. The circuit comprised one superior prefecture, twenty-nine prefectures, and one hundred ninety-six counties. Its notable mountains were Sanxiao, Shaoshi, Dizhu, Meng, Yi, Songgao, and Taiyue. Its major rivers were the Yi, Luo, Ru, Ying, Yi, Si, Huai, and Ji. Land tax was levied in silk gauze, coarse silk, cotton, and cloth. Tribute consisted of silk cloth, kudzu fiber, woven mats, and earthenware vessels. The capital-vicinity seat was the Eastern Capital; established under the Sui, it was abolished in Wude year 4. It was styled Luoyang Palace in Zhenguan 6, renamed the Eastern Capital in Xianqing 2, the Divine Capital in Guangzhai 1, restored to the Eastern Capital in Shenlong 1, styled the Eastern Metropolis in Tianbao 1, stripped of capital status in Shangyuan 2, and reinstated as the Eastern Capital in Suzong 1. The Imperial City measured 1,817 by 1,378 paces, with a perimeter of 4,930 paces and walls three zhang seven chi high; its irregular outline evoked the Southern Palace enclosure, and it was called Taewei City. North of the Imperial City stood the Palace City, 1,620 by 805 paces, with a perimeter of 4,921 paces and walls four zhang eight chi high; conceived as an earthly counterpart to the Celestial Ramparts, it was named Ziwei City — a name Empress Wu rendered as Taichu Palace. Shangyang Palace lay east of the imperial park, adjoining the southwestern corner of the Imperial City; founded during the Shangyuan period, Emperor Gaozong in his final years often held court there. The capital looked straight upon Yique Gate, backed onto Mount Mang, was flanked by the Chan and Jian rivers, and had the Luo River flowing through its center — a layout evoking the Han River and the River of Heaven. The outer enclosure measured 5,610 paces east to west and 5,470 north to south, joined the imperial park on the west, and extended 2,540 paces east from the northern stretch of the eastern wall; its perimeter was 25,050 paces, its walls one zhang eight chi high — a circuit Empress Wu named Jincheng, the Golden City. Henan Superior Prefecture (Henan Commandery) was formerly Luozhou and was elevated to a superior prefecture in Kaiyuan year 1. Local tribute included patterned damask, silk and fine silk, silk-kudzu cloth, earthenware vessels, gouqi berries, huangjing root, choice fruits and flowers, and sour jujubes. It registered 194,746 households and a population of 1,183,092 persons. It comprised twenty counties. It maintained thirty-nine garrison posts: Wuding, Fuliang, Kangcheng, Bolin, Yanyi, Yangfan, Wangyang, Yongjia, Shaonan, Mushan, Zhengjiao, Gongluo, Yiyang, Huaiyin, Zhicheng, Luorui, Jiajue, Yichuan, Luoquan, Tonggu, Yingyuan, Yiyang, Jingu, Wangwu, Chenggao, Xiayi, Yuanyi, Yuancheng, Hetai, Hangu, Qianqiu, Tonggui, Jianji, Wencheng, Juci, Baotu, Juntai, Chengyun, and Xuanyuan. Henan County was of first-rank (red grade). In Chuigong year 4, Yongchang County was carved out of Henan and Luoyang counties. In Yongchang year 1, Henan County was renamed Hegong. In Chang'an year 2, Yongchang County was abolished. In Shenlong year 1 it reverted to Henan; in Shenlong year 2 it was again renamed Hegong; in Tanglong year 1 the original name was restored. It had the Luocao Xintan (New Canal Basin), excavated in Dazu year 1 to berth grain tribute barges. East of Longmen Mountain at Tianjin stood a stone weir on the Yi River, built in Tianbao year 10 by Prefect Pei Jiong. The Chan River had been renamed Jishui to observe the taboo on Emperor Wuzong's name; when Emperor Xuanzong ascended the throne, the original name was restored. Luoyang County was of first-rank (red grade). In Tianshou year 3, Laiting County was split off from Luoyang and Yongchang; it was abolished in Chang'an year 2. In Shenlong year 2, Luoyang County was renamed Yongchang; in Tanglong year 1 the original name was restored. Yanshi County was of capital-vicinity grade. In Tianbao year 7, Prefect Wei Ji opened a new route from the eastern foothills of the county to Xiaoyi Bridge, bypassing the winding Beipo road. Northwest lay the former Fuping Ford and the former Heyang Pass. Gong County was of capital-vicinity grade. It had the Luokou Granary. Goushi County was of second red grade. It was abolished in Zhenguan year 18 and re-established in Shangyuan year 2. It contained the Gong and He imperial tombs on Mount Taiping, formerly called Mount Aolai and renamed in Tianyou year 1. Southeast lay the former Huanyuan Pass. Yangcheng County was of capital-vicinity grade. In Wude year 4, Wang Xiong, an official serving Wang Shichong's rebel regime, surrendered; Song Prefecture was established from Yangcheng, Songyang, and Yangdi counties, and Kangcheng County was carved out of their territories. In Zhenguan year 3 the prefecture was abolished and Kangcheng County was discontinued. In Wansui Dengfeng year 1, as preparations were made to conduct the feng rite on Mount Song, Yangcheng was renamed Gaocheng. In Shenlong year 1 the original name was restored; in Shenlong year 2 it was again renamed Gaocheng. In Tianyou year 2 it was renamed Yangyi. It had the Solar Observation Platform; in Kaiyuan year 11, the throne ordered Nangong Shuo of the Directorate of Astronomy to erect an inscribed stone marker there. Dengfeng County was of capital-vicinity grade. Formerly Songyang, it was abolished and absorbed into Yangcheng in Zhenguan year 17. In Yongchun year 1, with construction of Fengtian Palace underway, the county was re-established by partitioning Yangcheng and Goushi; it was abolished the following year. It was re-established in Guangzhai year 1. It was renamed in Wansui Dengfeng year 1; called Songyang in Shenlong year 1 and again Dengfeng in Shenlong year 2. Mount Song housed the Shrine of the Central Peak and adjoined Mount Shaoshi. It had Sanyang Palace, founded in Shengli year 3. Luhun County was of capital-vicinity grade. It had Mount Minggao. It had the former Han Pass. Yique County was of capital-vicinity grade. To the north lay the former Yique Pass. It had Mount Luhun, also known as Mount Fang. Xin'an County was of capital-vicinity grade. In Yining year 2, Xin'an Commandery was established with this county as its seat. In Wude year 1 it became Gu Prefecture; Mianchi from Xiong Prefecture was placed under its jurisdiction, and Dongyuan County was carved out as well. In Wude year 4, Dongyuan County was abolished. In Zhenguan year 1 it came under the jurisdiction of Henan Superior Prefecture. It had Mount Changshi. Mianchi County was of capital-vicinity grade. In Zhenguan year 1, the seat of Gu Prefecture was moved here. Five li west stood Zigui Palace, established in Yifeng year 2. Renamed Bishu Palace in Diaolu year 2 and Fanggui Palace in Yongchun year 1, it was abolished in Hongdao year 1. Fuchang County was of capital-vicinity grade. It was formerly Yiyang. In Yining year 2, Yiyang Commandery was established from Yiyang, Mianchi, and Yongning; in Wude year 1 it became Xiong Prefecture. In Wude year 2, Yiyang was renamed Fuchang after a Sui-era palace. In Wude year 4, Shou'an from Lu Prefecture was placed under its jurisdiction. In Zhenguan year 1 the prefecture was abolished, and Fuchang and Yongning counties were placed under Gu Prefecture. In Zhenguan year 6, the seat of Gu Prefecture was moved here. In Zhenguan year 8, Changshui from Guo Prefecture was placed under its jurisdiction. In Xianqing year 2 the prefecture was abolished, and Fuchang, Yongning, and Changshui came under the jurisdiction of Henan Superior Prefecture. Seventeen li west stood Lanchang Palace. It had the former Sui Fuchang Palace, restored in Xianqing year 3. It had Mount Nü'er. Changshui County was of capital-vicinity grade. Formerly Changyuan under Hongnong Commandery, it was renamed in Yining year 1. It was placed under Guo Prefecture in Wude year 1, under Gu Prefecture in Zhenguan year 8, and came under Henan Superior Prefecture in Xianqing year 2. Tin was produced there. To the west lay Gaomen Pass, the former Songyang Pass, and the former Tihu Pass. Yongning County was of capital-vicinity grade. Formerly Xiong'er, it was renamed in Yining year 2 and placed under Yiyang Commandery. In Wude year 3, Han Prefecture was established from Yongning and Xiao counties. In Wude year 8 the prefecture was abolished; Yongning was placed under Xiong Prefecture and Xiao under Shan Prefecture. Five li west stood Qixiu Palace, and thirty-three li west stood Lanfeng Palace; both were established in Xianqing year 3. Shou'an County was of capital-vicinity grade. Initially under Gu Prefecture, it came under the jurisdiction of Henan Superior Prefecture in Zhenguan year 7. Twenty-nine li west stood Lianchang Palace, established in Xianqing year 3. Forty li southwest on Mount Wan'an stood Xingtai Palace, founded in Chang'an year 4; Xingtai County was also carved out, then abolished in Shenlong year 1. Mount Jinping stood there, a name given by Empress Wu. Mi County was of capital-vicinity grade. In Wude year 3, Mi Prefecture was raised from the county, and Lingshui and Weiyuan counties were established as well. In Wude year 4 the prefecture was abolished; Lingshui and Weiyuan were abolished, and Mi County was placed under Zheng Prefecture. In Longshuo year 2 it came under the jurisdiction of Henan Superior Prefecture. Mount Yu lay within its bounds. Heqing County was of capital-vicinity grade. Formerly Daji, it was established in Wude year 2 and placed under Huai Prefecture, then abolished in Wude year 8. In Xianqing year 4 it was re-established from parts of Henan, Luoyang, Xin'an, Wangwu, Jiyuan, and Heyang counties, and Bocheng County was also carved out; Bocheng was soon abolished. It was renamed in Xiantian year 1. In Huichang year 3 it was placed under Meng Prefecture; it soon returned to its former jurisdiction, and was later abolished. It was re-established during the Xiantong reign. It had the Bocheng Granary. Yingyang County was of capital-vicinity grade. Formerly Wulin, it was established in Zaichu year 1 from parts of Henan, Yique, and Songyang counties. It was renamed in Kaiyuan year 15. Northwest lay the former Dagu Pass. Mount Yibo yielded stalactite, first mined in Zhenguan year 7. Yiyang County was of capital-vicinity grade. It was established in Xiantian year 1 by partitioning Luhun County. Mount Taihe stood within its bounds. Silver, copper, and tin were produced there. The Yi River yielded gold. Wangwu County. It was of capital-vicinity grade. In Wude year 1 it was renamed Shaobo and placed under Shao Prefecture. In Zhenguan year 1 Shao Prefecture was abolished, and the county was placed under Huai Prefecture. In Xianqing year 2 the original name Wangwu was restored, and the county came under the jurisdiction of Henan Superior Prefecture. Mount Wangwu stood within its bounds. Ru Prefecture, Linru Commandery, was a mighty prefecture. Formerly Yizhou and Xiangcheng Commandery, it was renamed Ru Prefecture in Zhenguan year 8 and Linru Commandery in Tianbao year 1. Local tribute included shi cloth. It registered 69,374 households and a population of 273,756 persons. It comprised seven counties. It maintained four garrison posts: Longxing, Luyang, Liangchuan, and Jiaxian. Liang County was of expectant grade. Formerly Chengxiu County. Another Liang County lay forty-five li to the southwest. In Zhenguan year 1 the other Liang County was abolished, and Chengxiu was renamed Liang. Fifty li southwest were hot springs hot enough to cook rice. There were also the Huangnv hot springs. Emperor Gaozong established the Hot Spring relay station there. Mount Shilou and Mount Yongren stood within its bounds. Jiaxian County was of closely-attached grade. Lushan County was of upper grade. Wang Shichong had established Lu Prefecture there; it was abolished in Wude year 4. Soon afterward Lu Prefecture was re-established from Lushan and Zhiyang counties. In Zhenguan year 9 the prefecture was abolished; Zhiyang was abolished, and Lushan came under Ru Prefecture. Mount Yao stood within its bounds. Silver was produced there. The site of the Han-era pass lay there. Ye County was of closely-attached grade. Formerly under Xu Prefecture, it became the seat of Ye Prefecture in Wude year 4; the prefecture was abolished in Wude year 5, and the county was placed under Beili Prefecture. In Zhenguan year 8 it was placed under Lu Prefecture; when Lu Prefecture was abolished, it was placed under Xu Prefecture. In Kaiyuan year 3, Xian Prefecture was established from Ye, Xiangcheng, Fangcheng of Tang Prefecture, Xiping of Ying Prefecture, and Wuyang of Xu Prefecture; it was abolished in Kaiyuan year 26 and the counties returned to their former jurisdictions; before long Ye came under Ru Prefecture. In Dali year 4, Xian Prefecture was again established from Ye and Xiangcheng, and Xianfu County was carved out; Wuyang of Xu Prefecture, Xiping of Cai Prefecture, and Fangcheng of Tang Prefecture were placed under it. In Dali year 5 the prefecture was abolished, Xianfu County was abolished, and the remaining counties all returned to their former jurisdictions. Mount Huangcheng and Mount Baishi stood within its bounds. Xiangcheng County was of expectant grade. In Wude year 1, Ru Prefecture was established from the county, and Rufen and Qicheng counties were also established. In Zhenguan year 1 the prefecture was abolished; Rufen and Qicheng were abolished, and Xiangcheng was placed under Xu Prefecture; it came under Ru Prefecture in Kaiyuan year 26, returned to Xu Prefecture in Kaiyuan year 28, and came under Ru Prefecture again in Tianbao year 7. Longxing County was of upper grade. Formerly Tuanyang, it was established in Wude year 4 and abolished in Zhenguan year 1. In Zhengsheng year 1 it was re-established from parts of Jiaxian and Lushan counties under the name Wuxing. It was renamed Zhongxing in Shenlong year 1, and soon renamed again to Longxing. Linru County. It was of upper grade. It was established in Xiantian year 1. South of Mount Minggao stood Qingshu Palace, established during the Zhenguan reign.
2
使 使 西 使西 綿 西 使 西 西 西 西 西 輿 輿 西 𨻳 𨻳 𣏌 𣏌 鹿 綿 宿 宿 宿 西 使 綿 簿 簿 宿宿 西 使便 宿 宿 綿 滿 鹿 西 綿 𣏌 𣏌 穿 西 西
The Right Capital-vicinity Investigating Commissioner was stationed within the Eastern Capital. Shan Prefecture, Shan Commandery, was a great-area commander prefecture of mighty rank. Formerly Hongnong Commandery, it was established in Yining year 1. In Wude year 1 it was named Shan Prefecture. In Wude year 3 Nanhan Prefecture was also established; it was abolished in Wude year 4. The commandery was renamed in Tianbao year 1. In Tianyou year 1 it became Xingtang Superior Prefecture, with its counties ranked capital-vicinity and first-rank red. At the beginning of Emperor Ai's reign the former name was restored. Local tribute included barley, trichosanthes root, and cypress seeds. It registered 20,958 households and a population of 170,238 persons. It comprised six counties. It maintained fifteen garrison posts: Caoyang, Chongle, Huawang, Ancheng, Taolin, Xiatai, Wansui, Anrong, Hebei, Zhongxiao, Shangyang, Dizhu, Xiachuan, Wangshan, and Guting. Shan County was of expectant grade. The former Dayang Pass lay there — that is, Maojin, also called Shan Ford; a pontoon bridge was built in Zhenguan year 11. The Southern and Northern Liren canals ran there. The Southern Canal was opened in Zhenguan year 11, when Emperor Taizong toured east, by Guard General Qiu Xinggong. Shancheng Palace stood there. The Guangji Canal was opened in Wude year 1 by Sun Chao, Registrar of the Revenue Section under the Eastern Circuit Grand Secretariat at Shan, to bring water into the city and replace well-drawn supplies. It had the Taiyuan Granary. Mount Xian stood within its bounds. Xiashi County was of upper grade. Formerly Xiao County, it was abolished in Yining year 2 and re-established in Wude year 1. In Zhenguan year 14 the seat was moved to Xiashi stockade and the county was renamed accordingly. Mount Dizhu stood there, its three river gates the passage of the Yellow River; Emperor Taizong had a stele inscribed upon it. Xiuling Palace stood there, established in Xianqing year 3. East of the county stood the Divine Sparrow Terrace, erected in Tianbao year 2 after a red sparrow was sighted. Lingbao County was of expectant grade. Formerly Taolin, it was placed under Guo Commandery in Yining year 1 and came under Shan Prefecture in Wude year 1. In Tianbao year 1 a treasure talisman was found south of the county at the ancient Hangu Pass, and the county was renamed accordingly. Du Ford had been a pass since Yining year 1; in Zhenguan year 1 the pass was abolished and a ferry crossing was established in its place. It had Taoyuan Palace, founded in Wude year 1. Xia County was of expectant grade. Originally under Yu Prefecture, it was reassigned to Jiang Prefecture in Zhenguan year 17, transferred here in Dazu year 1, soon returned to Jiang Prefecture, and was reassigned here again in Qianyuan year 3. Ruicheng County was of expectant grade. In Wude year 2, Rui Prefecture was created from Ruicheng, Hebei, and Yongle counties. When Rui Prefecture was abolished in Zhenguan year 1, Yongle was assigned to Ding Prefecture and Ruicheng and Hebei came under this jurisdiction. Pinglu County. It was of expectant grade. Formerly Hebei County under Pu Prefecture, it was transferred here in Zhenguan year 1. In Tianbao year 1, Prefect Li Qiwu cut open the Three Gates to improve grain transport, recovered an ancient blade inscribed Pinglu in seal script, and the county was renamed accordingly. West of the Three Gates stood a Salt Granary; to the east lay the Jijin Granary. The county held a Sesè Cave and, on Mount Fufu, Mount Sanzhui, Mount Wugang, Mount Fenyun, and neighboring peaks, thirty-four silver mines and forty-eight copper mines. Guo Prefecture, Hongnong Commandery, was a mighty prefecture. It was formerly Guo Commandery, with its seat at Lushi. In Yining year 1 it was created by splitting three counties from the Sui Hongnong Commandery. The administrative seat was moved to Hongnong in Zhenguan year 8. The commandery was renamed in Tianbao year 1. Local tribute included coarse silk gauze, tile inkstones, musk, digupi root, and pears. It registered 28,249 households and a population of 88,845 persons. It comprised six counties. It maintained four garrison posts: Dinghu, Quanjie, Jinming, and Kaifang. Hongnong County was of closely-attached grade. Formerly the Sui Hongnong Commandery, it was styled Fenglin in Yining year 1 and governed Hongnong, Wenxiang, and Hucheng. In Wude year 1 it became Ding Prefecture, named after Ding Lake. When Ding Prefecture was abolished in Zhenguan year 8, its counties were all reassigned to Guo Prefecture. At the outset of the Shenlong era it was renamed Hengnong to honor the taboo on the late Crown Prince Xiaojing; the original name was restored in Kaiyuan year 16. Seven li south of the county seat, Magistrate Yuan Bowu dug a canal in Zhenguan year 1 to bring water north into the city. Wenxiang County was of expectant grade. It was transferred here in Zhenguan year 1. It had Tong Pass and Dagu Pass; Dagu Pass was abolished in Wude year 2. Fengling Pass, abolished in Zhenguan year 1, had also stood here. It also had Xuanyou Palace, a former Sui detached palace renamed in Xianheng year 5. Hucheng County was of expectant grade. It was established in Yining year 1. Renamed Tianping in Qianyuan year 3, it reverted to its former name in Dali year 4. The former Sui Shangyang Palace stood here, founded at the beginning of the Zhenguan era and abolished in Xianheng year 1. East of the county an old riverside road offered no wells for watering horses, and many beasts died of thirst; in Tianbao year 8, Post-station Commissioner and Censor-in-chief Song Hun cut a new route west from Chousang through Jinwang Slope. It had Mount Xiong'er; Mount Fufu, also known as Mount Jing. Zhuyang County was of upper grade. Assigned to Shang Prefecture in Longshuo year 1 and to Luo Prefecture in Wansui Tongtian year 2, it later came under this jurisdiction. Iron was mined there. Yucheng County was of upper grade. It was established in Yining year 1. Lushi County. It was of upper grade. It was established in Wude year 1. South of the county lay Zhuyang Pass, abolished in Wude year 8. Hua Prefecture, Lingchang Commandery, was of expectant grade. Formerly Dong Commandery, it was renamed in Tianbao year 1. Local tribute included patterned damask, gauze, silk, sedge mats, and sour jujube kernels. It registered 71,983 households and a population of 422,709 persons. It comprised seven counties. It maintained the Xuanyi Army, founded in Dali year 7 and originally called Yongping. In Dali year 14 the garrison was moved to Cai Prefecture; it returned in Xingyuan year 1. Renamed the Yicheng Army in Zhenyuan year 1, it received its present name in Guangqi year 2. Baima County was of expectant grade. Weinan County was of closely-attached grade. Kuangcheng County was of expectant grade. Changyuan County, abolished in Zhenguan year 8, had once stood here. Weicheng County was of expectant grade. Wang Shichong had raised it to Yan Prefecture, but after the false prefect Shan Zong surrendered it reverted to county status. Zuocheng County was of closely-attached grade. In Wude year 2 Zuo Prefecture was created and Nanyan County was established at the same time. When the prefecture was abolished in Wude year 4, Nanyan County was eliminated and Zuocheng was assigned here. Suanzao County was of expectant grade. It had originally been under East Liang Prefecture. In Wude year 3 Shoujie County was carved out of Suanzao and Zuocheng; it was abolished the following year. When East Liang Prefecture was abolished in Zhenguan year 8, the county was transferred here. Lingchang County. It was of closely-attached grade. Wang Shichong had made it Xing Prefecture, but the prefecture was abolished after his defeat. Zheng Prefecture, Xingyang Commandery, was a mighty prefecture. Established in Wude year 4, its seat was at Hulao Fortress. The seat was moved to Guancheng in Zhenguan year 7. Local tribute included silk and dragon sedge. It registered 76,694 households and a population of 367,881 persons. It comprised seven counties. Guancheng County was of expectant grade. In Wude year 4 Guan Prefecture was created from Guancheng, Zhongmou, Yuanwu, Yangwu, and Xinzheng, with Xushui and Qingchi counties added at the same time. When Guan Prefecture was abolished in Zhenguan year 1, Xushui and Qingchi were eliminated and Guancheng, Yuanwu, Yangwu, and Xinzheng were assigned here. Pushe Reservoir owed its name to a grant from Emperor Xiaowen of the Later Wei to Vice Director Li Chong. Renamed Guangren Pool in Tianbao year 6, it was placed off limits to fishing and foraging. Xingyang County was of upper grade. In Tianshou year 2 Wutai County was split off under Luo Prefecture, soon abolished, and Xingyang was renamed Wutai. Restored as Xingyang in Wansui Tongtian year 1, it briefly gained a separate Wutai County that was abolished in year 2, whereupon Xingyang again took the name Wutai. The original name was restored in Shenlong year 1, and the county was transferred here in Shenlong year 2. Xingze County was of expectant grade. Yuanwu County was of closely-attached grade. Formerly Yuanling, it was renamed at the Tang founding to restore the Han-era name Yuanwu. Yangwu County was of expectant grade. Formerly Yuanwucheng, it was established in Wude year 4. Xinzheng County was of expectant grade. Zhongmou County. It was of closely-attached grade. Formerly Putian, it was renamed Zhongmou in Wude year 3 and elevated as the seat of Mou Prefecture. When Mou Prefecture was abolished in Wude year 4, the county was placed under Guan Prefecture. Assigned to Bian Prefecture in Zhenguan year 1, it was transferred here in Longshuo year 2. Ying Prefecture, Ruyin Commandery, was of upper grade. Originally Xin Prefecture, it was established in Wude year 4 and renamed in Wude year 6. Local tribute included coarse silk gauze, cotton, and pickled white fish. It registered 30,707 households and 202,890 persons. It administered four counties. Ruyin County was of close grade. At the start of Wude it had Yong'an, Gaotang, Yongle, Qingqiu, Yingyang, and other counties; in Wude year 6 Yong'an, Gaotang, and Yongle were abolished, and in Zhenguan year 1 Qingqiu and Yingyang were abolished, all merged into Ruyin. Thirty-five li south lay Jiaobei Pond, which drew Run River water to irrigate two hundred qing of fields; in the Yonghui era Prefect Liu Baoji had it repaired. Yingshang County was of upper grade. Xiacai County was of upper grade. Wo Prefecture was established in Wude year 4 and abolished in Wude year 8. One hundred twenty li to the northwest lay Dachong Barrage, eighty li away Jibo Barrage, sixty li Huangbo Barrage, and eighty li to the northeast Meibo Barrage; all had been abandoned at the end of Sui and were restored under Tang, irrigating several hundred qing of fields. Shenqiu County. It was of middle grade. Originally Han Prefecture, it administered Shenqiu and Wanqiu counties. At the start of Tang the prefecture was abolished; Wanqiu was assigned to Chen Prefecture and Shenqiu came under this jurisdiction. Shenqiu was later abolished and merged into Ruyin, then re-established in Shenlong year 2. Xu Prefecture, Yingchuan Commandery, was of upper grade. Local tribute included silk, sedge mats, and persimmons. It registered 73,347 households and 487,864 persons. It administered nine counties. Changshe County was of upper grade. Originally Yingchuan, it was subordinate to Bian Prefecture. It was renamed in Wude year 4 and came under this jurisdiction. The prefecture also administered Huangtai and Yongjiang counties; in Zhenguan year 1 both were abolished and merged into Changshe. Encircling the prefectural seat were dikes and ponds spanning one hundred eighty li, built by military commissioner Gao Yu to irrigate fields. Changge County was of close grade. It had Xiaoxing Mountain. Yangzhai County was originally of metropolitan grade. Initially under Song Prefecture, it came here in Zhenguan year 1, was assigned to Luo Prefecture in Longshuo year 2, and returned in Huichang year 3. It had Juci Mountain. Xuchang County was of upper grade. Yanling County was of upper grade. Fugou County was of upper grade. In Wude year 4 the county was made Northern Chen Prefecture; that same year the prefecture was abolished and the county was placed under Wei Prefecture. Linying County was of upper grade. In Zhenguan year 1 Fanchang County was abolished and merged into Linying. It had Jiangwu Terrace, originally Shangshu Terrace, where Ma Rong had lectured; in Xianqing year 2 Emperor Gaozong held a grand review here and it was renamed. Wuyang County was of upper grade. Originally Beiwu, it was subordinate to Dao Prefecture. It came here in Zhenguan year 1 and was soon abolished. It was re-established in Kaiyuan year 4 and renamed Wuyang. It had iron deposits. Yancheng County. It was of upper grade. In Wude year 4 Yancheng, Shaoling, Beiwu, and Xiping were made into Dao Prefecture. In Zhenguan year 1 the prefecture was abolished; Shaoling and Xiping were abolished and merged into Yancheng, which was assigned to Cai Prefecture. In Jianzhong year 2 Yancheng and Linying, together with Yinshui from Chen Prefecture, were made into Yin Prefecture. In Zhenyuan year 2 Yin Prefecture was abolished and the counties returned to their former jurisdictions. In Yuanhe year 12 Yancheng, Shangcai, Xiping, and Suiping were again made into Yin Prefecture. In Changqing year 1 Yin Prefecture was abolished and the counties returned to Cai Prefecture; that same year Yancheng came under Xu Prefecture. Chen Prefecture, Huaiyang Commandery, was of upper grade. Local tribute included silk. It registered 66,442 households and 402,486 persons. It administered six counties. It maintained the Zhongwu Army, established at Xu Prefecture in Zhenyuan year 1. In Tianfu year 1 the garrison was relocated here. Wanqiu County was of close grade. In Wude year 1 Xinping County was split off and abolished in Wude year 8. Taikang County was of close grade. In Zhenguan year 1 Fule County was abolished and merged into Taikang. Xiangcheng County was of upper grade. Established in Wude year 4, Xiangcheng, Tongyang, Nandun, and Yinshui were made into Shen Prefecture, and Yingdong County was also established. In Zhenguan year 1 the prefecture was abolished; Yingdong was abolished and merged into Xiangcheng, and Yinshui came under Chen Prefecture. Yinshui County was of upper grade. In Jianzhong year 2 it was assigned to Yin Prefecture; in Xingyuan year 2 that prefecture was abolished and Yinshui came here. Nandun County was of upper grade. In Wude year 6 it was abolished and merged into Xiangcheng. It was re-established in Zhensheng year 1 as Guangwu, named for the Guangwu shrine in the county. In Jingyun year 1 the former name Nandun was restored. Xihua County. It was of upper grade. Renamed Jicheng in Wude year 1, it was abolished in Zhenguan year 1 and merged into Wanqiu. It was re-established in Changshou year 1 as Wucheng. In Shenlong year 1 it was again called Jicheng, and in Jingyun year 1 the former name Xihua was restored. It had the abandoned Dengmen Barrage; in the Shenlong era Magistrate Zhang Yuqing reopened it, drawing Ying River water to irrigate fields. Cai Prefecture, Runan Commandery, was of close grade. Originally Yu Prefecture, it was renamed in Baoying year 1. Local tribute included min-jade chess pieces and patterned ling damask in four-nest, cloud-flower, tortoise-shell, double-spur, and stream-geese designs. It registered 80,761 households and 460,205 persons. It administered ten counties. Ruyang County was of close grade. In Zhenyuan year 7 Ruyang, Langshan, Shangcai, and Wufang were split off to form Runan County, which was abolished in Yuanhe year 13. Langshan County was of upper grade. Originally under Northern Lang Prefecture, it was assigned to Cai Prefecture in Zhenguan year 1. Suiping County was of upper grade. Originally Wufang, it was abolished in Zhenguan year 1 and re-established in Zhenguan year 8. Renamed in Yuanhe year 12, it was temporarily assigned to Tang Prefecture and returned in Changqing year 1. Shangcai County was of close grade. Xincai County was of middle grade. In Wude year 4 Xincai, Baoxin, and Shucheng were made into Shu Prefecture. In Zhenguan year 1 the prefecture was abolished; Shucheng was abolished and merged into Shenqiu. Baoxin County was of middle grade. In the Tianyou era it was renamed Baofu. Xinxi County was of upper grade. In Wude year 4 the county was made Xi Prefecture, and Huaichuan and Changling counties were also established. In Zhenguan year 1 the prefecture was abolished; Huaichuan was merged into Zhenyang, Changling into Baoxin, and Xinxi came under Cai Prefecture. It had a min-jade pit that yielded tribute jade each year. Fifty li to the northwest lay the Sui-era Yuliang Canal; in the Kaiyuan era Magistrate Xue Wu dredged and enlarged it to irrigate more than three thousand qing of fields. Zhenyang County was of upper grade. In Zai Chu year 1 it was named Huaiyang; in Shenlong year 1 the former name Zhenyang was restored. Pingyu County was of middle grade. Wang Shichong established Yu Prefecture; it was abolished in Wude year 7. In Zhenguan year 1 it was abolished and merged into Xincai and re-established in Tianshou year 2. Xiping County. It was of upper grade. Established at the start of Wude, it was abolished in Zhenguan year 1. Split from Yancheng and re-established in Tianshou year 2, then soon abolished again. It was re-established in Kaiyuan year 4. Bian Prefecture, Chenliu Commandery, was of chief grade. In Wude year 4 it was established from Junyi and Kaifeng of Zheng Prefecture and Fengqiu of Hua Prefecture. Local tribute included silk. It registered 109,876 households and 577,507 persons. It administered six counties. It maintained the Xuanwu Army, established at Song Prefecture in Jianzhong year 2. In Xingyuan year 1 the garrison was relocated here. Junyi County was of upper grade. The old county had fallen to Li Mi; the commoner Wang Yaohan led the powerful clans to re-establish the county and made himself magistrate. Emperor Gaozu accepted this, restored Bian Prefecture, and also established Xiaohuang and Xinli counties; in Zhenguan year 1 both were abolished. Kaifeng County was of upper grade. In Zhenguan year 1 it was abolished and merged into Junyi; in Yanhe year 1 it was split from Junyi and Weishi and re-established. It had the Zhan Canal; in Zai Chu year 1 the Bian River was diverted into the White Ditch to convey tribute grain from Cao and Yan. It had Fuyuan Pool, originally Peng Pool, renamed in Tianbao year 6, where fishing and gathering were forbidden. Weishi County was of upper grade. Originally subordinate to Yingchuan Commandery, Wang Shichong established Wei Prefecture there. In Wude year 4 it was abolished; Weishi, Fugou, Yanling, and Guihua were made into Wei Prefecture, and Kangyin, Xinji, Wanling, and Guihua counties were also established. In Zhenguan year 1 the prefecture was abolished; Kangyin, Wanling, Xinji, and Guihua were abolished; Fugou and Yanling were assigned to Xu Prefecture and Weishi came under Bian Prefecture. Fengqiu County was of close grade. Yongqiu County was of upper grade. Originally it was subordinate to Liang Commandery. In Wude year 4 Yongqiu, Chenliu, Yucheng, Xiangyi, Waihuang, and Jiyang were made into Qiu Prefecture. In Zhenguan year 1 the prefecture was abolished; Jiyang, Yucheng, and Waihuang were abolished; Xiangyi was assigned to Song Prefecture and Yongqiu and Chenliu came here. Chenliu County. It was of close grade. It was established in Wude year 4. It had Guansheng Barrage; in Zhenguan year 10 Magistrate Liu Ya released water to irrigate one hundred qing of fields. Song Prefecture, Suiyang Commandery, was of upper grade. Originally Liang Commandery, it was renamed in Tianbao year 1. Local tribute included silk. It registered 124,268 households and 897,041 persons. It administered ten counties. Songcheng County was of upper grade. Xiangyi County was of upper grade. Originally under Qiu Prefecture, it came here in Zhenguan year 1. Ningling County was of close grade. Xiayi County was of upper grade. Gushu County was of upper grade. At the end of Sui the commoner Liu Jishu seized it; in Wude year 2 Southern Gu Prefecture was established with him as prefect, and the prefecture was abolished in Wude year 4. Chuqiu County was of close grade. Zhecheng County was of close grade. In Zhenguan year 1 it was abolished and merged into Ningling and Gushu; it was re-established in Yongchun year 1. Dangshan County was of upper grade. In Guanghua year 2 Zhu Quanzhong petitioned to establish Hui Prefecture from Dangshan, Yucheng, and Shanfu, together with Chengwu from Cao Prefecture. In Guanghua year 3 the Chongde Army was established. Shanfu County was of close grade. In Guanghua year 3 the seat of Hui Prefecture was moved here. Yucheng County. It was of upper grade. In Wude year 4 Eastern Yu Prefecture was established; it was abolished in Wude year 5. Bo Prefecture, Qiao Commandery, was of upper grade. Originally Qiao Prefecture, it was renamed in Zhenguan year 8. Local tribute included silk. It registered 88,960 households and 675,121 persons. It administered seven counties. Qiao County was of close grade. Pei County was of upper grade. Originally subordinate to Pei Commandery, it came here in Wude year 4. Chengfu County was of upper grade. Wang Shichong established Cheng Prefecture; when he was pacified it was abolished. In Wude year 3 Wen Prefecture was established at Luqiu Fort, and Yaocheng County was also established. In Wude year 4 the prefecture was abolished and made Wencheng County; in Wude year 7 it was abolished and merged into Chengfu; in Tianyou year 2 it was renamed Jiaoyi. Luyi County was of upper grade. In Daye year 13 the commoner Tian Heise seized it and styled it Wo Prefecture. In Wude year 3 he surrendered and it again became a county. Zhenyuan County was of upper grade. Originally Guyang, it was renamed in Qianfeng year 1. In Zai Chu year 1 it was named Xianyuan; in Shenlong year 1 it was again named Zhenyuan. It had the Laozi Shrine, styled Taqing Palace in Tianbao year 2. It also had Dongxiao Palace, the shrine of the Primordial Lady. Yongcheng County was of upper grade. Mengcheng County. It was of upper grade. Originally Shansang, it was renamed in Tianbao year 1. Xuzhou, Pengcheng Commandery, was of close grade. Local tribute included double-silk ling, silk, cotton pongee, cloth, patterned knives, and purple stone. It registered 65,170 households and 478,676 persons. It administered seven counties. Pengcheng County was of upper grade. The Qiuchiu smeltery produced iron. Xiao County was of upper grade. Feng County was of upper grade. Pei County was of upper grade. It was established in Wude year 5. Teng County was of upper grade. Suqian County was of upper grade. Originally Suyu, it was subordinate to Si Prefecture. Renamed in Baoying year 1, it came under Xuzhou. Xiapi County. It was of upper grade. In Wude year 4 Xiapi, Tan, and Liangcheng were made into Pi Prefecture. In Zhenguan year 1 the prefecture was abolished; Tan and Liangcheng were abolished; Xiapi was assigned to Si Prefecture, and Huaiyang of Si Prefecture was abolished and merged into Xiapi. In Yuanhe year 4 it came under Xuzhou. Si Prefecture, Linhuai Commandery, was of upper grade. Originally Xiapi Commandery with its seat at Suyu, it moved to Linhuai in Kaiyuan year 23. The commandery name was changed in Tianbao year 1. Local tribute included brocade and zi cloth. It registered 37,526 households and 205,959 persons. It administered four counties. Linhuai County was of close grade. Split from Xucheng in Chang'an year 4. Lianshui County was of upper grade. In Wude year 4 the county was made Lian Prefecture, and Jincheng County was also established. In Zhenguan year 1 the prefecture was abolished; Jincheng was abolished and Lianshui came here. In Zongzhang year 1 it was assigned to Chu Prefecture; in Xianheng year 5 the former jurisdiction was restored. It had the New Transport Canal, running south to the Huai; opened in Chuigong year 4 to reach Hai, Yi, and Mi prefectures. Xuyi County was of close grade. In Wude year 4 the county was made Western Chu Prefecture; the prefecture was abolished in Wude year 8 and it was assigned to Chu Prefecture. In the Guangzhai era it was named Jianzhong, then the former name was restored. It came under Si Prefecture in Jianzhong year 2. It had the Straight River; in Taiji year 1 Commissioner Wei Jingqing drew Huai River water to Huangtu Hill to reach Yang Prefecture. Xucheng County. It was of middle grade. Hao Prefecture, Zhongli Commandery, was of upper grade. The name was first written with the character for "hero"; in Yuanhe year 3 it was changed to the form with the water radical. Local tribute included xi silk, cotton, silk cloth, and mica. It registered 21,864 households and 138,361 persons. It administered three counties. Zhongli County was of close grade. In Wude year 7 Tushan County was abolished and merged into Zhongli. To the south lay the old Qianren Pond, repaired in the Qianfeng era to irrigate fields. It had Tushan. Dingyuan County was of close grade. Originally Linhao, it was renamed in Wude year 3. Zhaoyi County. It was of upper grade. Originally Huaming; in Wude year 2 Suiling County was split off; in Wude year 3 Huaming was renamed Zhaoyi; in Wude year 4 Suiling was abolished. At the end of Daye the commoner Ma Bo seized it and styled it Hua Prefecture. Later Yang Yide killed Bo, styled himself prefect, and also established Jiyin County; that year he surrendered. In Zhenguan year 1 Hua Prefecture was abolished and Jiyin was abolished. Su Prefecture was of upper grade. In Yuanhe year 4 Fuli of Xuzhou, Qi of Qi Prefecture, and Hong of Si Prefecture were split off to establish it. In Taihe year 3 the prefecture was abolished; in Taihe year 7 it was restored. Initially the seat was at Hong; later it moved to Fuli. Local tribute included silk. It administered four counties. Fuli County was established in Wude year 4. In Zhenguan year 1 Zhuyang of Xuzhou was abolished and merged into Fuli. It had West Gou Mountain, also called Stone Fortress. Ninety li to the northeast lay the Sui-era Paihu Dike, irrigating more than five hundred qing; it was repaired in the Xianqing era. Hong County was of middle grade. Originally Xiaqiu. In Wude year 4 Xiaqiu and Guyang were made into Ren Prefecture; Xiaqiu was split to form Hong and Longkang counties. In Wude year 6 Xiaqiu was abolished. In Zhenguan year 8 the prefecture was abolished; Longkang was abolished; Hong was assigned to Si Prefecture and Guyang to Northern Bo Prefecture. It had copper deposits. It had the Guangji New Canal; in Kaiyuan year 27 Surveillance Commissioner Qi Huan opened it from Hong to eighteen li north of Huaiyin to enter the Huai for transport; once completed the current was too swift and it was abandoned. Qi County was of upper grade. In Xianqing year 1 Guyang was abolished and merged into Qi. Linhuai County. It was of close grade. In Wude year 4 Linhuai, Yongcheng, Shansang, and Qi were made into Northern Bo Prefecture. In Zhenguan year 8 it additionally administered Guyang. In Zhenguan year 17 the prefecture was abolished; Linhuai, Yongcheng, and Shansang were assigned to Bo Prefecture and Guyang and Qi to Xuzhou. After Yuanhe it came under Su Prefecture. Yan Prefecture, Dongping Commandery, was of close grade. Originally seated at Yancheng, it moved to Xuchang in Zhenguan year 8. Local tribute included silk and siler root. It registered 83,048 households and 501,509 persons. It administered nine counties. Xuchang County was of upper grade. In Zhenguan year 8 Sucheng County was abolished and merged into Xuchang. In Jinglong year 3 Sucheng County was re-established. In Zhenyuan year 4 it was named Dongping; in Taihe year 4 Tianping; in Taihe year 6 it was abolished and merged into Xuchang. Shouzhang County was of close grade. In Wude year 4 the county was made Shou Prefecture, and Shouliang County was also established. In Wude year 5 the prefecture was abolished; Shouliang was abolished and Shouzhang came here. It had Mount Daoliang. Yancheng County was of close grade. In Tianyou year 2 it was named Wan'an. Juye County was of upper grade. In Wude year 4 the county was made Lin Prefecture. In Wude year 5 the prefecture was abolished and Juye was placed under Yan Prefecture. In Zhenguan year 1 Chengqiu County was abolished and merged into Juye. Later it was assigned to Dai Prefecture; when that prefecture was abolished it came here. Lu County was of close grade. Originally Ji Prefecture; in Wude year 4 Dongping Commandery was split off to establish it. In Sui it was called Jibei Commandery; in Tianbao year 1 it was renamed Jiyang Commandery. It administered Lu, Pingyin, Changqing, Dong'e, Yanggu, and Fan counties, and also established Changcheng, Jibei, Gucheng, Xiaogan, Jiqiu, and Meizheng counties. In Wude year 6 Meizheng, Xiaogan, Gucheng, Jiqiu, and Changcheng were abolished; in Wude year 8 Fan was assigned to Pu Prefecture; in Zhenguan year 1 Jibei was abolished; in Tianbao year 13 the commandery was abolished — Changqing went to Qi Prefecture and Lu, Pingyin, Dong'e, and Yanggu came here. To the north lay the Que'ao Ford old pass. Pingyin County was of close grade. In Dahe year 6 it was abolished and merged into Lu and Dong'e. It was re-established in Kaiyuan year 2. It had Long Mountain. Dong'e County was of close grade. Yanggu County was of upper grade. Zhongdu County. It was of upper grade. Originally Pinglu, it was subordinate to Yan Prefecture. It was renamed in Tianbao year 1. It came under Yan Prefecture in Zhenyuan year 14. Qi Prefecture, Jinan Commandery, was of upper grade. Originally Qi Commandery, it was renamed Linzi in Tianbao year 1 and renamed again in Tianbao year 5. Local tribute included silk, kudzu fiber, gauze, cotton, siler root, talc, and mica. It registered 62,485 households and 365,972 persons. It administered six counties. Licheng County was of upper grade. It had Mount Huabu. It had iron deposits. Zhangqiu County was of upper grade. In Wude year 2 the commoner Li Yiman surrendered the county; Tan Prefecture was established at Pingling with Pingling County, and Zhangqiu, Tingshan, Yingcheng, and Linyi were placed under it. In Wude year 8 Yingcheng was abolished and merged into Pingling; it also administered Linji and Zouping. In Zhenguan year 1 the prefecture was abolished; Pingcheng, Tingshan, Zhangqiu, Linyi, and Linji came here and Zouping was assigned to Zi Prefecture. In Zhenguan year 17 Prince You of Qi rebelled; the people of Pingling did not follow and the county was renamed Quanjie. In Yuanhe year 15 Quanjie was abolished and merged into Licheng and Tingshan into Zhangqiu. It had Mount Dahu and Mount Changbai. Linyi County was of upper grade. In Yuanhe year 13 Ande of De Prefecture was split to form Guihua County, assigned to De Prefecture. In Taihe year 2 it came here; in Taihe year 4 it was abolished and merged into Linyi. To the north lay the old Lujiao Pass. Linji County was of upper grade. In Wude year 1 Linji, Zouping, Changshan, and Gaoyuan, with Putai of Cang Prefecture, were made into Zou Prefecture. In Wude year 8 the prefecture was abolished; Changshan, Gaoyuan, and Putai were assigned to Zi Prefecture. Changqing County was of middle grade. Originally under Ji Prefecture, it came here in Zhenguan year 17. In Wude year 1 Shanzhi County was split off; in Tianbao year 1 it was named Fengqi; in Yuanhe year 10 it was abolished. It had Mount Niu. To the southwest lay the Four Passes, abolished in the Wude era. Yucheng County. It was of upper grade. Originally Zhu'e; in Zhenguan year 1 Yuanyang County was abolished and merged into it. It was renamed in Tianbao year 1. Cao Prefecture, Jiyin Commandery, was of upper grade. Local tribute included silk, cotton, large-snake millet, and pennycress seed. It registered 100,352 households and 716,848 persons. It administered six counties. Jiyin County was of close grade. In Wude year 4 Mengze County was split off; in Zhenguan year 1 it and Dingtao were abolished and merged into Jiyin. Kaocheng County was of upper grade. In Wude year 4 the county was made Eastern Liang Prefecture; the prefecture was abolished in Wude year 5 and it came here. Temporarily assigned to Song Prefecture in Yuanhe year 14, then restored. Wanju County was of upper grade. In Wude year 4 Jiyang County was split off and assigned to Qiu Prefecture. In Zhenguan year 1 it was abolished. Chengshi County was of upper grade. In Wude year 4 Yangjin County was established and soon abolished. Nanhua County was of upper grade. Originally Lihu, it was renamed in Tianbao year 1. Chengwu County. It was of close grade. In Wude year 4 Chengwu and Shanfu and Chuqiu of Song Prefecture were made into Dai Prefecture, and Gaoxiang and Zaocheng counties were also established; Gaoxiang and Zaocheng were soon abolished and merged into Shanfu. In Zhenguan year 17 the prefecture was abolished and Chengwu came here. In Guanghua year 2 Zhu Quanzhong petitioned to place the county under Hui Prefecture. Pu Prefecture, Puyang Commandery, was of upper grade. It was established in Wude year 4. Local tribute included silk and dogs. It registered 57,782 households and 400,648 persons. It administered five counties. Juancheng County was of close grade. In Wude year 4 Yongding County was split off; it was abolished in Wude year 8. To the north lay Lingjin Pass. Puyang County was of closely-attached grade. In Wude year 4 Kunwu County was split off; it was abolished in Wude year 5. Fan County was of upper grade. In Wude year 2 the county was made Fan Prefecture. In Wude year 5 the prefecture was abolished and it was placed under Ji Prefecture. It came under Pu Prefecture in Zhenguan year 8. Leize County was of upper grade. In Wude year 4 Lincheng County was split off; it was abolished in Wude year 8. Linpu County. It was of close grade. Split from Leize in Wude year 4, and Changcheng and Anqiu counties were also established. In Wude year 5 Changcheng and Anqiu were abolished. Qing Prefecture, Beihai Commandery, was of upper grade. Local tribute included immortal-pattern ling, silk, jujubes, madder, and purple gromwell. It registered 73,148 households and 402,704 persons. It administered seven counties. Yidu County was of upper grade. Linzi County was of close grade. In Wude year 8 Shishui County was abolished and merged into Linzi. Qiancheng County was of close grade. In Wude year 2 Qiancheng, Bochang, and Shouguang were made into Sheng Prefecture, and Xinhe County was also established. In Wude year 6 Xinhe was abolished. In Wude year 8 the prefecture was abolished and the counties came here. Bochang County was of upper grade. In Wude year 8 Le'an and Anping counties were abolished and merged into Bochang. It had Mount Ling. Shouguang County was of close grade. It was established in Wude year 2. Linqu County was of upper grade. Established in Wude year 5; in Wude year 8 Banyang County was abolished and merged into Linqu. Beihai County. It was of close grade. At the start of Tang the Yingqiu commoner Ji Si led his township to resist bandits and provisionally established Qiu Prefecture. In Wude year 2 it again became Yingqiu County. That year Beihai, Yingqiu, and Xiami were made into Wei Prefecture; Lianyong, Pingshou, Huachi, Chengdu, Dongyang, Hanshui, Ziting, Weishui, Wenyang, Jiaodong, Huawan, Chang'an, and Chengping thirteen counties were also established; all were abolished in Wude year 6. In Wude year 8 the prefecture was abolished; Yingqiu and Xiami were abolished and merged into Beihai, which came here. In the Chang'an era Magistrate Dou Yan cut a canal northeast of old Yingqiu city, drawing Bailang water in thirty li of bends to irrigate fields — called Magistrate Dou's Canal. Zi Prefecture, Zichuan Commandery, was of upper grade. In Wude year 1 Zichuan of Qi Prefecture was split off to establish it. Local tribute included siler root and talc. It registered 42,737 households and 233,821 persons. It administered four counties. Zichuan County was of upper grade. In Wude year 1 Changbai County was split off; it was abolished in Wude year 6. It had iron deposits. Changshan County was of upper grade. Gaoyuan County was of upper grade. In Jinglong year 1 Jiyang County was split off; it was abolished in Yuanhe year 15. To the south lay Bahui Ford. Zouping County. It was of upper grade. It was established in Wude year 1. Deng Prefecture, Dongmou Commandery, was a middle area military governorship. In Ruyi year 1 Muping, Huang, and Wendeng of Laizhou were split off to establish it. In Shenlong year 3 the seat moved to Penglai. Local tribute included zi cloth, scallion-rush mats, stone ware, wen clams, and cattle gallstones. It registered 22,298 households and 108,909 persons. It administered four counties. It maintained the Pinghai Army, also called the Dongmou defense command. Penglai, originally Huang County, was renamed in Shenlong year 3. It had Silver Mountain and Dragon Mountain. Muping County was of middle grade. In Wude year 4 Muping and Huang were made into Mou Prefecture. In Wude year 6 Guanyang of Deng Prefecture was assigned to Laizhou. In Qinde year 1 Muping was split from Wendeng and re-established, coming under Deng Prefecture. It had Mount Zhifu. Wendeng County: in Wude year 4 Deng Prefecture was established and Guanyang of Donglai Commandery was placed under it. In Wude year 6 Qingyang and Kuoding counties were split off. When the prefecture was abolished, Qingyang and Kuoding were abolished and Wendeng came here. It had Mount Cheng. Huang County. It was of middle grade. Split from Penglai in Xiantian year 1. It had Mount Lai. Laizhou, Donglai Commandery, was of middle grade. Local tribute included zi cloth, scallion-rush mats, stone ware, wen clams, and cattle gallstones. It registered 26,998 households and 171,516 persons. It administered four counties. It maintained the Donglai defense command, also called the "Regiment Camp." It also maintained Penglai garrison troops, also called the "Strongbow Troops." Ye County was of upper grade. In Zhenguan year 1 Qucheng, Dangli, and Qutai three counties were abolished and merged into Ye. It had the Eastern Sea shrine. It had two salt wells. Changyang County was of upper grade. In Zhenguan year 1 Luxiang County was abolished and merged into Changyang. It had silver and iron deposits. One hundred forty li to the east lay the Huangyin Pit, worked from the early Zhenguan era. Jiaoshui County was of middle grade. In Zhenguan year 1 Jiaodong County was abolished and merged into Jiaoshui. It had salt production. Jimo County. It was of middle grade. It had Mount Ma, Mount Zhongci, and Mount Nvgu. To the southeast lay a barrage; in Zhenguan year 10 Magistrate Qiu Yuan built it to hold back Huai floodwaters. It had salt production. Di Prefecture, Le'an Commandery, was of upper grade. In Wude year 4 Yangxin, He, Leling, and Yanci of Cang Prefecture were split off to establish it. In Wude year 8 the prefecture was abolished and the counties returned to Cang Prefecture. In Zhenguan year 17 Yanci of Cang Prefecture and Qinghe and Yangxin of De Prefecture were again used to establish it. Local tribute included silk. It registered 39,150 households and 238,159 persons. It administered five counties. Yanci County was of upper grade. In Zhenguan year 1 it was placed under De Prefecture. Qinghe County was of middle grade. In Zhenguan year 1 it was placed under De Prefecture. Yangxin County was of upper grade. Abolished in Zhenguan year 1; re-established in Zhenguan year 8. Putai County was of close grade. Originally under Zi Prefecture; in Zhenguan year 6 it was abolished and merged into Gaoyuan; re-established in Zhenguan year 7. In Jinglong year 1 it came under Di Prefecture. Bohai County. It was of close grade. Split from Putai and Yanci in Chuigong year 4. It had salt production. Yanzhou, Lu Commandery, was a superior area military governorship. Local tribute included mirror-flower ling, double-spur ling, silk, mica, siler root, and purple stone. It registered 87,987 households and 580,608 persons. It administered ten counties. Xiaqiu County was of upper grade. Qufu County was of close grade. Abolished in Zhenguan year 1; re-established in Zhenguan year 8. Qianfeng County was of upper grade. Originally Bocheng. In Wude year 5 Bocheng, Liangfu, and Ying were made into Eastern Tai Prefecture, and Feicheng and Dai counties were also established. In Zhenguan year 1 the prefecture was abolished; Liangfu, Ying, Feicheng, and Dai were abolished and merged into Bocheng, which came here. Renamed Qianfeng in Qianfeng year 1; in Zongzhang year 1 again named Bocheng; in Shenlong year 1 again named Qianfeng. It had Mount Tai, the Eastern Peak shrine, Mount Liangfu, Mount Tingting, Mount Yiyi, Mount Yunyun, Mount Sheshou, Mount Siran, Mount Shilü, and Mount Haoli. Sishui County was of upper grade. Zou County was of upper grade. It had Mount Yi. Rencheng County was of close grade. Gongqiu County was of middle grade. Jinxiang County was of upper grade. In Wude year 4 Jinxiang and Fangyu were made into Jin Prefecture. In Wude year 5 the prefecture was abolished; the county was placed under Dai Prefecture, which moved its seat here, and Jinxiang was split to form Changyi County. In Wude year 8 Changyi was abolished. In Zhenguan year 17 Shanfu and Chuqiu were assigned to Song Prefecture, Chengwu to Cao Prefecture, and Juye to Yan Prefecture. Yutai County was of upper grade. Originally Fangyu, it was renamed in Baoying year 1. Temporarily assigned to Xuzhou in Yuanhe year 14, then restored. Laiwu County. It was of middle grade. Originally under Zi Prefecture; in Wude year 6 it was abolished and merged into Bocheng. In Chang'an year 4 it was re-established from abolished Ying County; in Yuanhe year 15 it was abolished and merged into Qianfeng; re-established in Taihe year 1. It had thirteen iron smelteries, eighteen copper smelteries, and four copper pits. It had tin deposits. Fifteen li to the northwest lay the Puji Canal; in Kaiyuan year 6 Magistrate Zhao Jiansheng opened it. Hai Prefecture, Donghai Commandery, was of upper grade. Local tribute included ling damask, Chu cloth, and purple laver. It registered 28,549 households and 184,900 persons. It administered four counties. Qushan County was of upper grade. In Wude year 4 Longju, Quyang, Licheng, Houqiu, and Xinle five counties were split from the prefecture. In Wude year 6 Xinle was renamed Zhuqi. In Wude year 8 Longju and Quyang were abolished and merged into Qushan; Licheng and Zhuqi into Huairen; Houqiu into Shuyang. Twenty li to the east lay Yong'an Dike, joining the mountains to the north and encircling the city for ten li to hold back sea tides; built in Kaiyuan year 14 by Prefect Du Lingzhao. Donghai County was of upper grade. In Wude year 4 the county was made Huan Prefecture, and Qingshan, Shicheng, and Ganyu three counties were also established. In Wude year 8 the prefecture was abolished; Qingshan, Shicheng, and Ganyu were abolished and Donghai came here. Shuyang County was of middle grade. In Zongzhang year 1 it was assigned to Si Prefecture; in Xianheng year 5 the former jurisdiction was restored. Huairen County. It was of middle grade. Yi Prefecture, Langye Commandery, was of upper grade. Local tribute included purple stone and stalactite. It registered 33,510 households and 195,737 persons. It administered five counties. Linyi County was of upper grade. In Wude year 4 Lanshan, Linshu, and Changle three counties were split off; all were abolished in Wude year 6. Fei County was of upper grade. In Zhenguan year 1 Zhuanxu County was abolished and merged into Fei. Cheng County was of upper grade. Originally Lanling; in Wude year 4 the county was made Zeng Prefecture and renamed, and Lanling and Zengcheng counties were also established. In Zhenguan year 1 the prefecture was abolished; Lanling and Zengcheng were abolished and Cheng came here. It had iron deposits. It had thirteen barrages storing water to irrigate fields, all built since the Zhenguan era. Yishui County was of upper grade. In Wude year 5 Yishui, Xintai, and Ju were made into Ju Prefecture. In Zhenguan year 8 the prefecture was abolished; Ju was assigned to Mi Prefecture and Yishui and Xintai came here. It had copper deposits. It had Mount Yi and Mount Long. To the north lay Muleng Pass. Xintai County. It was of upper grade. It had Mount Meng. Mi Prefecture, Gaomi Commandery, was of upper grade. Local tribute included zi cloth, sea clams, and cattle gallstones. It registered 28,292 households and 146,524 persons. It administered four counties. Zhucheng County was of upper grade. It had salt production. Futang County was of upper grade. Originally Anqiu; in Wude year 6 Yucheng County was abolished and merged into it. It was renamed in Qianyuan year 2. Gaomi County was of upper grade. Established in Wude year 3; in Wude year 6 Jiaoxi County was abolished and merged into it. Ju County. It was of upper grade. It had salt production.
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At right: the Henan Surveillance Commissioner, seated at Bian Prefecture.
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Editorial collation note from the source edition; not part of the original Tang text.
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