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卷三十九 志第二十九 地理三

Volume 39 Treatises 33: Gepgraphy 3

Chapter 39 of 新唐書 · New Book of Tang
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The Hedong Circuit lay within the ancient Jizhou region, covering the Han commanderies of Hedong, Taiyuan, Shangdang, Xihe, Yanmen, and Dai together with the principalities of Julu, Changshan, Zhao, and Guangping. Hezhong, Jiang, Jin, Ci, Xi, Shi, Taiyuan, Fen, Xin, Lu, Ze, Qin, and Liao fell within the Shen asterism division; Dai, Yun, Shuo, Wei, Wu, Xin, Lan, and Xian within the Daliang division. The circuit comprised two superior prefectures, nineteen prefectures, and one hundred ten counties. Its notable mountains were Leishou, Jie, Huo, and Wutai. Its major rivers were the Fen, Qin, Dan, and Lu. Its assessed tribute consisted of cloth and fine ramie textiles. Its presented tribute included cloth, mats, leopard tails, bear hides, and hawk feathers. Hezhong Superior Prefecture (Hedong Commandery designation), chief seat. It was formerly Puzhou, ranked as an upper auxiliary prefecture. In the first year of Yining the administration was at Sangquan; in the third year of Wude it was relocated to Hedong. In the eighth year of Kaiyuan the Central Capital was established and made a superior prefecture; that same year the capital was abolished and it again became a prefecture. In the third year of Qianyuan it was restored as a superior prefecture. Its local tribute products were felt, woven fans, dragon bones, jujubes, and Fengqi pears. It had 70,800 households and a population of 469,213. It administered thirteen counties. It had eighteen military establishments, called Xingzheng, Fuhua, Ningjing, Dongwo, Wuquan, Changning, Zhijie, Fenyang, Jingzhi, Xintong, Jinyuan, Wenyang, Qingding, Fengchuan, Zhumi, Ranghu, Xihu, and Wengu. Within the city it had Tianbing Army, abolished in Kaiyuan year eleven. It had thirty-three military establishments, called Xingle, Deyi, Hubi, Longting, Qingyuan, Yonghe, Taocheng, Huoshan, Fenshui, Shouyang, Shougui, Guiren, Changqu, Yucheng, Tongrun, Baoding, Yanhai, Guichun, Dayang, Yong'an, Fengxin, Yongxing, Youwei, Fenyin, Ganquan, Pingchuan, Anbao, Shimen, Suihua, Tandao, Anyi, Chongyi, and the Six Armies. It also had Yaode Army, established in Qianyuan year two and abolished in Guangde year two. Hedong was second-rank metropolitan. It had the Fangyun Office, which drew water from the river for brewing; it was established in Wude year three and abolished in Zhenguan year ten. To the south was Fengling Pass, established in Shengli year one. It had Li Mountain. Hexi was second-rank metropolitan. In Kaiyuan year eight it was divided from Hedong and established, but was soon abolished. In Qianyuan year three, Chaoyi of Tongzhou was renamed Hexi and came under this prefecture. In Dali year five it was returned to Tongzhou, and Chaoyi and Hedong were divided off to establish it separately. It had Pujin Pass, also called Puban. In Kaiyuan year twelve eight oxen were cast, each ox having a man driving it; beneath the oxen were mountains, all of iron, set on both banks to hold the floating bridge. In year fifteen the River Temple was moved here from Chaoyi. Linjin was second-rank metropolitan. It was originally Sangquan; in Wude year three Wenquan County was divided off and established, and in year nine it was abolished. In Tianbao year thirteen its name was changed. Xie was second-rank metropolitan. It was originally Yuxiang; in Wude year one its name was changed. In Zhenguan year seventeen it was abolished and its territory entered Yuxiang; in year twenty-two it was restored. It had the Salt Pond, and also the Women's Salt Pond. It had the Ziquan Office, established in Qianyuan year one, and had twelve copper caves. Yishi was second-rank metropolitan and had Gu Mountain. Yuxiang was second-rank metropolitan. It was separately established in Wude year one. In Zhenguan year twenty-two it was abolished and its territory entered Xie; in Tianshou year two it was restored. Fifteen li north was the Sushui Canal, opened in Zhenguan year seventeen by the prefect Xue Wanche, who led the Sushui from Wenxi down into Linjin. Yongle was second-rank metropolitan. It was established in Wude year one and originally belonged to Ruizhou; when that province was abolished, it belonged to Dingzhou; in Zhenguan year eight it came under this prefecture; later it again belonged to Guozhou, and in Shenlong year one it was restored to its former status. It had Leishou Mountain. Anyi was second-rank metropolitan. In Yining year one, Anyi, Yuxiang, and Xia formed Anyi Commandery. In Wude year one it was called Yuzhou, and Tongxiang County was also divided off and established. In year three Xingle County was divided from Anyi and established. In Zhenguan year one it was abolished. In year seventeen the province was abolished, Tongxiang was abolished into Wenxi, and Anyi and Xie came under this prefecture. In Zhide year two, Anyi was changed to Yuyi; in Qianyuan year one it belonged to Shaanzhou; in Dali year four its former name was restored; and in Yuanhe year three it came under this prefecture. It had Longchi Palace, established in Kaiyuan year eight. It had salt ponds, which together with Xie's formed the two ponds; in Dali year twelve milk-salt appeared there, and they were given the name Baoying Lingqing Pond. It had a silver office. Baoding was second-rank metropolitan. It was originally Fenyin. In Yining year one, Fenyin and Longmen formed Fenyin Commandery; in Wude year one it was called Taizhou; when the province was abolished, it came under this prefecture. In Kaiyuan year ten a precious tripod was obtained, so the name was changed. It had the Shrine of Houtu. Xiangling was close-ranked. It originally belonged to Jinzhou; in Yuanhe year fourteen it belonged to Jiangzhou, and in Dahe year one it came under this prefecture. Jishan was upper-ranked. Its counties included Hedong, Hexi, Linjin, Xie, and Yishi (secondary metropolitan vicinity), the last having Gushan. Yuxiang, Yongle, Anyi, Baoding, Xiangling, and Jishan were upper-ranked. It had originally been subordinate to Jiang Prefecture and was transferred here in the late Tang. It contains Mount Ji. Wanquan was upper-ranked. It originally belonged to Taizhou. In Wude year three, territory from Jishan, Anyi, Yishi, Fenyin, and Longmen was divided off to establish it. When the province was abolished it belonged to Jiangzhou, and in Dashun year two it came under this prefecture. It had Jie Mountain. Longmen was second-rank metropolitan. In Wude year two Taizhou was moved to govern there, and in year five Wanchun County was divided off and established. In Zhenguan year seventeen the province was abolished, Wanchun was abolished into Longmen, and it belonged to Jiangzhou. At the beginning of Yuanhe it came under this prefecture. It had Longmen Pass. It had the Temple of Gaozu, established during Zhenguan. Thirty li north was Guagushan Weir, built in Zhenguan year ten. Twenty-three li southeast was Shishilu Canal; in year twenty-three the county magistrate Zhangsun Shu dug it, irrigating good fertile fields that yielded ten shi per mu. Twenty-one li west was Ma'anwu Canal, also dug by Shu. It had Longmen Granary, established in Kaiyuan year two. Jinzhou, Pingyang Commandery, was eminent. Wanquan and Longmen. Jin Prefecture (Pingyang Commandery designation), distinguished rank. It was formerly Linfen Commandery and was renamed in the second year of Yining. Its local tribute included candles; it had a Pingyang Bureau alum monopoly. It had 64,836 households and a population of 429,221. It administered eight counties. Pingji was upper-ranked. Two li east was Guangrun Marsh, which drew Taibai Canal to pour into it; twenty li southeast was Bihong. Both were opened by the magistrate Gong Zhiyuan in Yonghui year five to store and release water. Ningjin was close-ranked. It was originally Yingtao; in Tianbao year one its name was changed. The land was dry and saline. Southwest was New Canal; during Shangyuan the magistrate Cheng Chumo led Xiao water into the city to irrigate fields, running more than ten li, and the land became rich and moist, so the people's food became sweet. Zhaoqing was eminent. It was originally Dalu; in Wude year four it was called Xiangcheng, and in Tianbao year one its name was changed. Twenty li southwest were Jianchu Mausoleum and Qiyun Mausoleum, the two mausoleums sharing one cemetery. Below the city was Fengshui Canal; in Yifeng year three the magistrate Li Xuan opened it to irrigate fields and connect transport. Baixiang was upper-ranked. Longgang was upper-ranked. In Wude year one Qingshan County was divided from Longgang and Neiqiu and established; in Kaicheng year five it was abolished into Longgang. Shahe was upper-ranked. In Wude year one Wenzhou was established; in year four the province was abolished and it came under this prefecture. It had iron. Nanhe was close-ranked. In Wude year one Hezhou was established; in year four the province was abolished and it came under this prefecture. Julu was upper-ranked. In Wude year one Qizhou was established, and Baiqi County was also divided off and established. In year four the province was abolished, Baiqi was abolished, and Julu belonged to Zhaozhou. In Zhenguan year one it came under this prefecture. It had Dalu Marsh. It had salty springs, boiled to make salt. Pingxiang was upper-ranked. In Wude year one Fengzhou was established; in year four the province was abolished and it came under this prefecture. During Zhenyuan, the prefect Yuan Yi shifted the Zhang River so that it emerged twenty li east of the prefectural seat and entered the old river ten li north of Julu. Ren was middle-ranked. It was established in Wude year four. Yaoshan was upper-ranked. It was originally Bairen. In Wude year one Eastern Longzhou was established; in year four the province was abolished and it belonged to Zhaozhou; in year five it came under this prefecture. In Tianbao year one its name was changed. Neiqiu was upper-ranked. In Wude year four it belonged to Zhaozhou, and in year five it came under this prefecture. It had iron. Mingzhou, Guangping Commandery, was eminent. It had fifteen garrison commands: Shenshan, Pingyang, Fengning, Jicheng, Anxin, Wan'an, Yichang, Yingtai, Yueyang, Renshou, Gaoyang, Linfen, Jin'an, Baizhuang, Gaohua, and Rende. Linfen was eminent. Ten li northeast was Gaoliang Weir, which during Wude drew Gaoliang water to irrigate fields and entered Baijin Marsh. In Zhenguan year thirteen it was destroyed by water. In Yonghui year two the prefect Li Kuan led Jue water from Xiachai Weir twenty-five li to the east to irrigate fields, and ordered Tao Shanding to restore Baijin Marsh, also drawing Jue water to irrigate fields. In Qianfeng year two the weir collapsed, so Jin water was led from the west. It had Gushe Mountain. Hongdong was eminent. It was originally Yang, and in Yining year two its name was changed. In Wude year one, Xihe County was divided from Hongdong and Linfen and established; in Zhenguan year seventeen it was abolished into Linfen. Shenshan was middle-ranked. It was originally Fushan; in Wude year two it was divided from Xiangling and established. To the southeast it had Yangjiao Mountain. In year four its name was changed because of the Shrine of Laozi. Yueyang was middle-ranked. Linfen, Hongtong, Shenshan, and Yueyang were middle-ranked. To its east lay the garrison-city pass. It had iron deposits. Wenxi was eminent. It was established in Wude year one. It had copper smelteries. Thirty-five li southeast was Sha Canal; in Yifeng year two an edict ordered water from Zhongtiao Mountain to be drawn below the southern slope, flowing west for sixteen li to irrigate fields south of the Su. Yuan was upper-ranked. In Yining year one, Yuan and Wangwu formed Shaoyuan Commandery, and Qinglian and Bocheng counties were also established. In Wude year one it was called Shaozhou. In year two Changquan County was established; that year Changquan was assigned to Huaizhou and was later abolished. In year five Bocheng was abolished into Yuan. In Zhenguan year one the province was abolished, Qinglian was abolished into Yuan, and it came under this prefecture. In Longshuo year two it belonged to Luozhou, in Chang'an year two its former status was restored; in Zhenyuan year three it belonged to Shaanzhou, and in Yuanhe year three its former status was restored. Cizhou, Wencheng Commandery, was lower-ranked. Huoyi was upper-ranked. In Yining year one, Huoyi, Zhaocheng, Fenxi, and Lingshi formed Huoshan Commandery. In Wude year one it was called Luzhou. In Zhenguan year seventeen the province was abolished; Lingshi belonged to Fenzhou, while Huoyi, Zhaocheng, and Fenxi came under this prefecture. It had the Shrine of Huoshan of the Northwest Marchmount. Zhaocheng was upper-ranked. In Yining year one it was divided from Huoyi and established. Fenxi was middle-ranked. Huoyi, Zhaocheng, and Fenxi were middle-ranked. They had iron deposits. Jishi. Middle rank. Jiang Prefecture (Jiang Commandery designation), powerful rank. Its local tribute included white silk gauze, millet, pears, ink, candles, and saposhnikovia root. It had 82,204 households and a population of 517,331. It administered seven counties. Southwest was Henghai Army, established in Kaiyuan year fourteen, abolished after Tianbao, and restored in Dali year one. Qingchi was close-ranked. Fifty-five li northwest were two Yongji dikes, built in Yonghui year two. Forty-five li west were two Minggou River dikes, and fifty li west were the eastern dike of Libiao Marsh and the western dike of the Tuhai River, all built in year three. Forty li west were two Hengzhang dikes, built in Xianqing year one. Sixty li northwest was the eastern dike of the Hengzhang, built in Kaiyuan year ten. Twenty li southeast was a canal pouring into the Maoshi River, and seventy li southeast was a canal pouring into the Zhang; both drew Fu water and were opened by the prefect Jiang Shidu. Fifty-seven li southwest was the Wudi River, and fifteen li southeast was the Yangtong River, both opened in Kaiyuan year sixteen. Fifteen li south were the Fu River Dike and the Yangtong River Dike, and thirty li farther south was the northern dike of Yongji, also built that year. It had two sweet wells; in year ten, because the magistrate Mao's mother was elderly and the bitter, salty water gave him no way to support her, the ground at the county office was dug, and a spring gushed out sweet; the people called it Lord Mao's Well. It had salt. Yanshan was close-ranked. In Wude year four Eastern Yanzhou was established. In year five, Qingchi of Jingzhou was combined with territory divided from Yanshan to establish Fushui County, which belonged to it. In Zhenguan year one the province was abolished, Fushui was abolished, and Qingchi and Yanshan came under this prefecture. It had salt. Changlu was upper-ranked. It originally belonged to Yingzhou. In Wude year four, Jingzhou was established from Changlu, Pingshu, Lucheng, and Qingchi of Cangzhou. In Zhenguan year one the province was abolished; Pingshu returned to Yingzhou, and Changlu and Lucheng came under this prefecture. Leling was upper-ranked. It originally belonged to Dizhou; in Wude year eight it came under this prefecture, in Dahe year two it again belonged to Dizhou, and soon again came under this prefecture. Rao'an was upper-ranked. In Wude year four Gejin County was divided off and established; in Zhenguan year one it was abolished into Leling. Wudi was upper-ranked. In Zhenguan year one it was abolished into Yangxin, in year eight it was restored, in Dahe year two it belonged to Dizhou, and soon came under this prefecture. It had Wudi Canal connecting to the sea; it was abandoned at the end of Sui, and in Yonghui year one the prefect Xue Dading opened it. Qianfu was upper-ranked. It was originally Lucheng. In Qianfu year one wild rice grew in more than two thousand qing of water-grain fields, and famine refugees from Yan and Wei went there to eat, so its name was changed. Jingzhou was upper-ranked. Luze was upper-ranked. In Xiantian year two it was divided from Raoyang and Lucheng and established. Raoyang was eminent. In Wude year four Wulou County was divided off and established; in Zhenguan year one it was abolished. Shulu was upper-ranked. It was originally Lucheng; in Tianbao year fifteen its name was changed. Anping was upper-ranked. Boye was eminent. It originally belonged to Manzhou. In Wude year five, Lizhou was established from Boye, Qingyuan, and Yifeng of Dingzhou; in year eight the province was abolished and the counties returned to their former jurisdictions; in year nine it was again established from Boye and Qingyuan. In Zhenguan year one the province was abolished, and Boye and Qingyuan belonged to Yingzhou. During Yongtai, Boye came under this prefecture. In Yuanhe year ten it again belonged to Yingzhou, and later again came under this prefecture. Leshou was close-ranked. It originally belonged to Yingzhou; during Dali it came under this prefecture; in Yuanhe year ten it again belonged to Yingzhou, and later again came under this prefecture. Xiabo was upper-ranked. It originally belonged to Jizhou; in Zhenguan year one it came under this prefecture. When the province was abolished, it returned to Jizhou. Later it again came under this prefecture. In Kaiyuan year two it belonged to Jizhou. In Yongtai year one it again came under this prefecture. It had Yongning Army, established in Zhenyuan year ten. Zhaozhou, Zhao Commandery, was eminent. It had thirty-three garrison commands: Xintian, Taiping, Zhengping, Wucheng, Changshe, Daxiang, Yuancheng, Shuchuan, Jiangchuan, Gaisong, Fengting, Yanguang, Pingyuan, Gaoliang, Shenquan, Tongxiang, Wanquan, Yicheng, Pishi, Dongze, Lingyuan, Shichi, Yanfu, Yongkang, Jingshan, Zhouyang, Xiatai, Guting, Chongle, Jiangyi, Changping, Wuyang, and Puyi. Zhengping was distinguished rank. To its west lay the former Wuping Pass. Taiping was close-ranked. It had Taiping Pass, established in Zhenguan year seven. Quwo was eminent. Thirty-five li northeast was Xinjiang Canal; in Yonghui year one the magistrate Cui Yi drew Gudui water to irrigate more than one hundred qing of fields. In the mountains thirteen li south there was copper. Yicheng was eminent. In Yining year one, Yicheng and Jiang formed Yicheng Commandery, and Xiaoxiang County was also established. In Wude year one it was called Huizhou; in year two it was called Northern Huizhou; in year four the province was abolished and all the counties came under this prefecture; in year nine Xiaoxiang was abolished into Yicheng. In Tianyou year two its name was changed to Huichuan. It had two mints, Tongyuan and Xianggao. It had Huigao Mountain, copper, and iron. Jiang was eminent. Taiping, Quwo, Yicheng, and Jiang were distinguished rank. They had iron deposits. Wenxi and Yuan. Ci Prefecture (Wencheng Commandery designation), lower rank. It was formerly Fen Prefecture; in the fifth year of Wude it was called South Fen Prefecture and was renamed in the eighth year of Zhenguan. Its local tribute included white honey and candles. It had 11,616 households and a population of 62,486. It administered five counties. Hejian was eminent. In Wude year five Wuyuan County was established, and in Zhenguan year one it was abolished into Hejian. One hundred li northwest was Changfeng Canal, opened by the prefect Zhu Tan in year twenty-one. Five li southwest was also Changfeng Canal; in Kaiyuan year twenty-five the prefect Lu Hui led the Hutuo from Shucheng and Pingshu eastward into the Qi to connect water transport and irrigate more than five hundred qing of fields. Gaoyang was upper-ranked. In Wude year four Manzhou was established from Gaoyang, Mo, Boye, and Qingyuan. In year five Boye and Qingyuan were assigned to Lizhou. In Zhenguan year one the province was abolished, and Mo and Gaoyang came under this prefecture. Pingshu was upper-ranked. Ji was close-ranked. In Wude year one Yizhou was established from Ji and Xinxiang. In year four the province was abolished; Ji came under this prefecture, and Xinxiang belonged to Yinzhou. Wei was close-ranked. In Zhenguan year seventeen Qingqi County was abolished into it. In Chang'an year three Qingqi County was restored, and in Shenlong year one it was again abolished. On the Yu River there was one stone weir, built in Zhenguan year seventeen. It had Sumen Mountain. Gongcheng was upper-ranked. In Wude year one Gongzhou was established from the county, and Fancheng County was also divided off and established. In year four the province was abolished, Fancheng was abolished, and Gongcheng belonged to Yinzhou. In year six Bowang County was abolished into it. It had Bailu Mountain. Xinxiang was eminent. It had Heyang Army, established in Jianzhong year four. Heyang was eminent. In Wude year four, Heyang, Jicheng, and Wen of Huaizhou were divided off at Heyang Palace to establish Mengzhou. In year eight the province was abolished, Jicheng was abolished into Heyang, and Wen belonged to Huaizhou. In Xianqing year two it belonged to Luozhou. It had Heyang Pass. It had the old city of Huiluo. It had a pond; in Yonghui year four Ji River water was led in to fill it, and during Kaiyuan it was used to raise yellow fish. Sishui was eminent. It originally belonged to Zhengzhou. In Wude year four Chenggao County was divided off and established; in Zhenguan year one it was abolished; in Xianqing year two it belonged to Luozhou; in Chuigong year four it was called Guangwu; and in Shenlong year one its former name was restored. It had Hulao Pass. To the southeast was the old Chenggao Pass. To the southwest was the old Xuanmen Pass. It had Niukou Isle. One li west, on Fugui Mountain, was Zhaowu Temple, established in Huichang year five. Heyin was eminent. In Kaiyuan year twenty-two it was divided from Sishui, Yingze, and Wuzhi and established; it belonged to Henan Prefecture and governed Heyin Granary, and in Huichang year three it came under this prefecture. It had Duke Liang's Weir, between the Yellow River and the Bian; in Kaiyuan year two Li Jie, governor of Henan, dredged it along an old canal to facilitate water transport. Wen was eminent. In Wude year four the Sui magistrate Zhou Zhongyin brought the county away from Wang Shichong and surrendered; Pingzhou was established, and the county town was named Li City. That year the province was abolished and it belonged to Huaizhou. In Xianqing year two it belonged to Luozhou. Jiyuan was eminent. In Wude year two Wang Shichong's general Ding Bode surrendered with the county; Western Jizhou was established, and Xiuyang, Zhengchuan, and Shaoyuan counties were also divided off and established. In year four the province was abolished, Xiuyang, Zhengchuan, and Shaoyuan were abolished, and Jiyuan belonged to Huaizhou. In Zhenguan year one Zhi County of Huaizhou was abolished into it. In Xianqing year two it belonged to Luozhou. It had Fangkou Weir; in Dahe year five the military governor Wen Zao dredged an old canal, irrigating five thousand qing of fields in Jiyuan, Henei, Wen, and Wuzhi. It had the Shrine of Jidu and the Shrine of Beihai. To the west was the old Zhi Pass. Huaizhou, Henei Commandery, was strong. It had three military establishments, called Wutai, Dongye, and Yanmen. It had garrison troops. To its north was Datong Army, originally Dawu Army; in Diaolu year two it was called Shenwu Army, in Tianshou year two it was called Pingdi Army, and in Dazu year one its name was again changed. To its west was Tian'an Army, established in Tianbao year twelve. It also had Daibei Army, established in Yongtai year one. It had three garrison commands: Wucheng, Jichang, and Pingchang. Jichang was middle rank. It had iron deposits. Wencheng was middle rank. During the Tianyou era it was renamed Quyi. It had Mount Mengmen and Mount Shigu. Changning was middle rank. It had iron deposits. Luxiang, originally Pingchang, was a middle-ranked county created from Wucheng in Yining 1 and renamed in Zhenguan 1. Wucheng followed. Middle rank. It had Mount Ji. Xi Prefecture (Daning Commandery designation), lower rank. It was formerly Longquan Commandery and was renamed in the first year of Tianbao. Its local tribute included Hu-woman cloth, honey, and candles. It had 19,455 households and a population of 134,420. It administered six counties. It had Tangxing Army, established in Kaiyuan year fourteen. To the north it also had Bohai Army. Mo was close-ranked. It was originally Mo; in Kaiyuan year thirteen its name was changed. It had ninety-nine marshes. Qingyuan was upper-ranked. Wen'an was upper-ranked. In Zhenguan year one Fengli County was abolished into it. Renqiu was upper-ranked. In Wude year five it was divided from Mo and established. It had Tongli Canal, opened by the magistrate Yu Sixian in Kaiyuan year four to drain embanked marshes; from five li south of the county to northwest of the city it entered the Kou, gaining more than two hundred qing of land. Changfeng was middle-ranked. It was originally Lifeng; in Kaiyuan year ten it was divided from Wen'an and Renqiu and established, and that year its name was changed. Tangxing was upper-ranked. It was originally Wuxing; in Ruyi year one it was divided from Hejian and established. In Chang'an year four it belonged to Yizhou; that year it was returned to Yingzhou. In Shenlong year one its name was changed. Pingzhou, Beiping Commandery, was lower-ranked. It had Zhaoyi Army, established in Dali year one. Anyang was close-ranked. In Wude year four Lingquan County was abolished, and in year five Xiang County was abolished into it. Twenty li west was Gaoping Canal; the prefect Li Jing led Anyang water eastward to irrigate fields and enter Guangrun Marsh, opening it in Xianheng year three. Ye was close-ranked. Five li south was Jinfeng Canal, which drew the lower flow of Tianping Canal to irrigate fields; it was opened in Xianheng year three. It had iron. Tangyin was upper-ranked. It was originally Dangyin. In Wude year four Dangyuan County was divided from Anyang and established, belonging to Weizhou; in year six it came under this prefecture. In Zhenguan year one Dangyuan was changed to Tangyin. Linlü was upper-ranked. In Wude year two Yanzhou was established from the county; in year five the province was abolished and it came under this prefecture. It had iron. It had Linlü Mountain. Yaocheng was upper-ranked. In Tianyou year three it was changed to Yongding. Forty-five li north was Wanjin Canal, which led Zhang water into the old Qidu Supervisory Canal to irrigate fields; it was opened in Xianheng year three. Linzhang was upper-ranked. To the south was Juhua Canal, which drew Tianping Canal water from Ye to irrigate fields, winding for thirty li. Thirty li north was also Liwu Canal, which ran down from Fuyang into Cheng'an and likewise took Tianping Canal water to irrigate fields; both were opened by the magistrate Li Renchuo in Xianheng year four. Weizhou, Ji Commandery, was eminent. Liaocheng was close-ranked. In Wude year four Chiping County was divided off and established, and Xinting County was also divided from Shen of Weizhou and established. In Zhenguan year one both were abolished. In Tianyou year three its name was changed to Liaoyi, and the territory of Liaoyi, Boping, Gaotang, and Wushui beyond the Yellow River was also put into Yunzhou. To the southeast was the old Sikou Pass. Boping was upper-ranked. In Wude year three Lingquan County was divided off and established, and in year four it was abolished. In Zhenguan year seventeen Boping was abolished into Liaocheng, and in Tianshou year two it was restored. Wushui was upper-ranked. Qingping was upper-ranked. It was established in Wude year four. Tangyi was upper-ranked. It had six garrison commands: Xichuan, Dayi, Xiaojing, Xiushan, Yucheng, and Quchan. Xichuan was middle rank. Pu was middle-ranked. In Wude year two, Changzhou was established from the county, and Wucheng, Chang'an, and Changyuan counties were also established. In Zhenguan year one the province was abolished; Changyuan, Wucheng, and Chang'an were abolished, and Pu came under this prefecture. Southwest it had Chang'an Plain. Daning was middle-ranked. It was originally Wucheng; in Wude year two its name was changed, and that year Zhongzhou was established, together with Dayi and Bailong counties. In Zhenguan year one the province was abolished; Dayi and Bailong were abolished, and Daning came under this prefecture. It had Kong Mountain. To the west was Madou Pass. Yonghe was middle-ranked. In Wude year two Donghezhou was established, and in year six Loushan County was divided off and established. In Zhenguan year two the province was abolished; Loushan was abolished, and Yonghe came under this prefecture. To the northwest was Yonghe Pass. Shilou was middle-ranked. In Wude year two Xidezhou was established from the county, and Changshou and Linhe counties were also established. In Zhenguan year one the province was abolished; Changshou and Linhe were abolished, and Shilou belonged to Donghezhou; when that province was abolished, it came under this prefecture. To the north was Shangping Ford. Wenquan was middle-ranked. In Wude year three Northern Wenzhou was established, together with Xincheng and Gaotang counties. In Zhenguan year one the province was abolished; Xincheng and Gaotang were abolished, and Wenquan came under this prefecture. It had iron. The Northern Capital was established in Tianshou year one, abolished in Shenlong year one, restored in Kaiyuan year eleven, called Beijing in Tianbao year one, abolished in Shangyuan year two, and restored as Northern Capital in Suzong's first year. Jinyang Palace lay northwest of the capital. The palace wall measured 2,520 paces around and was four zhang eight chi high. The capital city had the Fen on its left and the Jin on its right, with Qian Hill in its center; it was 4,321 paces long, 3,122 paces wide, and 15,153 paces around, and its height was four zhang. East of the Fen was called the Eastern City, built by the senior administrator Li Ji in Zhenguan year eleven. Between the two cities was the Middle City, built in Empress Wu's time to join the Eastern City. South of the palace was Daming City, the old palace city. East of the palace city was the Hall of Raising Righteousness. Inside the granary city was the Altar for Receiving Auspicious Signs. At the beginning of Tang, Gaozu had his son Yuanji remain as garrison commander; when an auspicious stone was found, its inscription read, "Li Yuan, ten thousand auspiciousnesses." An altar was built, and sacrifices were offered with the lesser victim. Taiyuan Prefecture, Taiyuan Commandery, was originally Bingzhou; in Kaiyuan year eleven it became a prefecture. Pu, Daning, Yonghe, Shilou, and Wenquan. The Northern Capital was established in the first year of Tianshou, abolished in the first year of Shenlong, restored in the eleventh year of Kaiyuan, renamed Beijing in the first year of Tianbao, abolished in the second year of Shangyuan, and restored as the Northern Capital in the first year of Suzong. Taiyuan Superior Prefecture (Taiyuan Commandery designation) was originally Bing Prefecture and became a superior prefecture in the eleventh year of Kaiyuan. Its local tribute included bronze mirrors, iron mirrors, saddles, pears, grape wine, ground jade powder, dragon bones, cypress fruit kernels, yellow stone ore, licorice, ginseng, alum, and arsenic ore. It had 128,905 households and a population of 778,278. It administered thirteen counties. Taiyuan was chief rank. The city wells yielded bitter, undrinkable water; during the Zhenguan era Chief Administrator Li Ji built an aqueduct from the Fen River to channel Jin River water into the eastern city for the people's drinking supply, known as the Jin Canal. Jinyang was metropolitan. It had the Hall of Commands, where Gaozu swore in the righteous army. Fifteen li northwest were the Military Instruction Terrace and the Flying Gallery, built in Xianqing year five. It had Long Mountain. Taigu was metropolitan. In Wude year three, Taizhou was established from Taigu and Qi; in year six the province was abolished, and the two counties came under this prefecture. Eighty li southeast, on Maling, there was a long wall stretching three hundred li from Pingcheng to Lukou; it was abolished in Zhenguan year one. Qi was metropolitan. Wenshui was metropolitan. In Wude year three it belonged to Fenzhou, in year six it came under this prefecture, in year seven it again belonged to Fenzhou, and in Zhenguan year one its former status was restored. In Tianshou year one its name was changed to Wuxing, and in Shenlong year one its former name was restored. Twenty li northwest was Zhacheng Canal; in Zhenguan year three the people together drew Wengu water to irrigate several hundred qing of fields. Ten li west was Chang Canal; in Wude year two Xiao Yi, prefect of Fenzhou, led Wenshui south into Fenzhou. Fifty li northeast was Ganquan Canal, twenty-five li northeast was Dangsha Canal, twenty li northeast was Lingchang Canal, and there was also Qianmu Canal; all drew Wengu water and passed it on to irrigate several thousand qing of fields, and all were dug by the magistrate Dai Qian in Kaiyuan year two. Yuci was metropolitan. Yu was metropolitan. In Wude year three, Shouzhou was established from Yu and Shouyang; in Zhenguan year one Wuhe County of Bingzhou was abolished into it. It had copper and iron. To the northeast was the old Baima Pass. Shouyang was metropolitan. It was originally Shouyang. In Wude year six Shouzhou was moved to govern there, and Shiai and Leping of Liaozhou were also assigned to it. In Zhenguan year eight the province was abolished and all the counties came under this prefecture; in year eleven its name was changed. It had Fang Mountain. Leping was metropolitan. Guangyang was metropolitan. It was originally Shiai; in Tianbao year one its name was changed. To the east was the old Jing Pass. To the northeast were the old Panshi Pass and Weize Pass. Qingyuan was metropolitan. It was established in Wude year one. Jiaocheng was metropolitan. In Xiantian year two Lingchuan County was divided off and established; in Kaiyuan year two it was abolished. It had iron. Yangqu was metropolitan. It was originally Yangzhi. In Wude year three Fenyang County was divided off and established; in year seven Yangzhi was abolished, Fenyang was changed to Yangqu, and Luoyin County was still divided off and established. In Zhenguan year one it was abolished. In year six, Yanran County of the Sunong tribes was assigned to Shunzhou; in year eight it was lodged at Yangqu, and in year seventeen it was abolished. It had Chitang Pass and Tianmen Pass. Fenzhou, Xihe Commandery, was eminent. Jinyang, Taigu, and Qi were metropolitan vicinity rank. Wenshui and Yuci were metropolitan vicinity rank. Yu, Shouyang, and Leping were metropolitan vicinity rank. Guangyang, Qingyuan, Jiaocheng, and Yangqu. Fen Prefecture (Xihe Commandery designation), distinguished rank. It was formerly Haozhou and was renamed in the third year of Wude. Its local tribute included saddle-face felt, dragon-whisker mats, gypsum, and saltpeter. It had 59,450 households and a population of 320,230. It administered five counties. It had twelve garrison commands: Jiashan, Liubi, Chongde, Huaxia, Lingfu, Wuliu, Jingling, Jiexiu, Jiahu, Ninggu, Kaiyuan, and Qingsheng. Xihe was distinguished rank. It was formerly Xicheng and was renamed in the first year of Suzong's Shangyuan era. Xiaoyi, Jiexiu, and Pingyao are restored with their ranks, former names, brief prefectural history, and mountain notes. Lingshi. Upper rank. It had Jiahu Fort, where Song Jingang resisted the Tang armies and where Emperor Gaozu made his camp. To its southwest were Yindi Pass and Changning Pass. Qin Prefecture (Yangcheng Commandery designation), lower rank. It was formerly Yining Commandery, established in the first year of Yining; the commandery designation was changed in the first year of Tianbao. Its local tribute included dragon-whisker mats and hemp cord. It had 6,308 households and a population of 34,963. It administered three counties. It had two military establishments, called Yuyang and Linqu. Two hundred li south was Jingsai Army, originally Zhangsai Army; in Kaiyuan year nineteen its name was changed. It also had Xiongwu Army, the old Guanghanchuan. Ninety li northeast was Hongshui Garrison, thirty li farther northeast was Yancheng Garrison, and farther northeast across the Luan River was old Lulong Fortified Town, as well as Douxing Fortified Town. From old Lulong north through Jiujing Ridge, Shoumi City, and Zhanghong Pass, crossing Shiling, to the tent of the Xi king was six hundred li. Traveling farther northeast along Tuhuzhen River for five hundred li reached the administrative tents of the Xi and Khitan. Another one hundred li north reached the Shiwei tents. Yuyang was middle-ranked. In Shenlong year one it belonged to Yingzhou, and in Kaiyuan year four it was returned to Youzhou. It had Pinglu Canal, which cut a transport route alongside the sea to avoid the dangers of the sea, and north of it the swollen water formed a ditch to resist the Khitan; both were opened during Shenlong by Jiang Shidu, prefect of Cangzhou. Sanhe was middle-ranked. In Kaiyuan year four it was divided from Lu and established. Twelve li north was Quhe Pond. Sixty li northwest was Gushan Embankment, irrigating three thousand qing of fields. Yutian was middle-ranked. It was originally Wuzhong; it was established in Wude year two, abolished in Zhenguan year one, restored in Qianfeng year two, renamed in Wansui Tongtian year one, belonged to Yingzhou in Shenlong year one, returned to Youzhou in Kaiyuan year four, belonged to Yingzhou in year eight, and again belonged to Youzhou in year eleven. It had seven garrisons, including Haomen, Miting, Sangu, Jiangshi, Fanggong, and Baiyang. Yingzhou, Liucheng Commandery, was an upper-ranked area command. It had one military establishment, called Lulong. It had Lulong Army, established in Tianbao year two, 743. It also had Liucheng Army, established in Yongtai year one. It had twelve garrisons, Wengou, Baiwang, Western Xiashi, Eastern Xiashi, Luchou, Mizhuan, Changyang, Huanghua, Zimeng, Bailang, Changli, Liaoxi, and others, and two fortified towns, Aichuan and Zhoukui. To the northeast were Mingdie Pass, Huhu City, and Niumao City. Lulong was middle-ranked. It was originally Feiru; in Wude year two its name was changed, and Funing County was also established; in year seven it was abolished. Shicheng was middle-ranked. It was originally Linyu; in Wude year seven it was abolished, in Zhenguan year fifteen it was restored, and in Wansui Tongtian year two its name was changed. It had Linyu Pass, also called Linlü Pass. It had Dahai Pass. It had Jieshi Mountain. It had Wenchang Fortified Town. Macheng was middle-ranked. It was the ancient Haiyang City; in Kaiyuan year twenty-eight it was established to connect water transport. Northeast it had Qianjin Smeltery. East of the city was Maoxiang Fortified Town. Guizhou, Guichuan Commandery, was upper-ranked. To the northeast was Hengye Army; in Qianyuan year one Tiancheng Army was moved to join it, and Hengye Army was abolished. To the west was Qingsai Army, originally Qingsai Garrison City, established in Zhenyuan year fifteen. It had two garrison commands: Yanshuang and Anle. Qinyuan now includes the short-lived Zhaoyuan County and Chaidian Pass; Hechuan was created from Qinyuan in Yining 1. Mianshang followed. Middle rank. It had iron deposits. Liao Prefecture, Leping Commandery designation, lower rank. In the third year of Wude it was carved out of Leping, Liaoshan, Pingcheng, and Shi'ai in Bing Prefecture; in the sixth year the seat moved to Liaoshan; in the eighth year it was named Ji Prefecture. In the first year of Xiantian it was renamed Yi Prefecture to avoid the personal name of Emperor Xuanzong. In the third year of Zhonghe it reverted to the name Liao Prefecture. Its local tribute included ginseng and wax. It had 9,882 households and a population of 54,580. It administered four counties. Gonggao was upper-ranked. It originally belonged to Dezhou. In Wude year four, Guanzhou was established from Gonggao, Husu, Dongguang, Fucheng, Tiao, Anling, and Guanjin of Jizhou, while Anling County was divided from Dongguang and established, and Guanjin County was divided from Tiao and established. In year six Husu belonged to Cangzhou. In Zhenguan year one Guanjin was abolished, and Husu was again assigned to Guanzhou. In year seventeen the province was abolished; Gonggao, Dongguang, and Husu belonged to Cangzhou, Tiao and Anling belonged to Dezhou, and Fucheng returned to Jizhou. Dongguang was upper-ranked. It had three garrison commands: Liaocheng, Qinggu, and Longcheng. Liaoshan was middle rank. Yushe and Pingcheng now preserve the Yining creation of Yushe, the brief Yu Prefecture, the Yanwu County episode, and their middle rank. Heshun was middle-ranked; Yixing County was briefly split from it and then abolished. Lan Prefecture, Loufan Commandery, was lower-ranked. It was formerly East Huizhou and was renamed in the sixth year of Wude. Its local tribute included bear hides and musk. It had 16,748 households and a population of 84,006. It administered four counties. It had one garrison command: Lanshan. It maintained frontier garrison troops. Yifang was middle-ranked. It was originally Lancheng; in Wude year four its name was changed, and Fengrun and Hehui counties were divided off and established. In year five Fengrun was abolished, and in year six Hehui was abolished. Jingle was middle-ranked. In Wude year four Guanzhou was established, and Fenyang and Liudu counties were still divided off and established. In year five it was called Northern Guanzhou. In year six the province was abolished, Fenyang and Liudu were abolished, and Jingle came under this prefecture. It had the Shrine of Tianchi. It had Guancen Mountain. To the north was Loufan Pass, and there was the old Sui Fenyang Palace. Hehe was middle-ranked. It was originally Linquan. In Wude year three it was called Linjin; in year four it belonged to East Huizhou, and in year nine Taihe County was abolished into it. In Zhenguan year one its name was changed; in year three Dahe was restored, and in year eight it was again abolished. To the north was Hehe Pass. To the east was Weifen Pass. Langu was middle-ranked. In Chang'an year three it was divided from Yifang and established, in Shenlong year two it was abolished, and in Kaiyuan year twelve it was restored. It had Kelan Army. In Yongchun year two, Kelan Garrison became a stockade; in Chang'an year three it became an army; during Jinglong, Zhang Rendan moved that army to Shuofang, and those who remained were called Kelan Garrison and belonged to Datong. Xianzhou was lower-ranked. Yifang, Jingle, Hehe, and Langu. Xian Prefecture, lower rank. It was originally the Loufan Pasturage Office, overseen by the prefect of Lan Prefecture. In the fifteenth year of Zhenyuan a separate Pasturage Commissioner was installed. In the first year of Longji, Li Keyong petitioned to establish the prefecture, administering three counties. Loufan was lower rank. Xuanchi was lower rank. It had iron deposits. Tianchi. Lower rank. It had Yanmen Pass. Shi Prefecture, Changhua Commandery designation, lower rank. It was formerly Lishi Commandery and was renamed in the first year of Tianbao. Its local tribute included Hu-woman cloth, dragon-whisker mats, honey, candles, and wuyi herb. It had 14,294 households and a population of 66,935. It administered five counties. It had two garrison commands: Lishi and Changhua. Lishi was middle rank. Pingyi was middle rank. It had Mount Xiaowen. Dinghu was middle-ranked. In Wude year three Western Dingzhou was established. In Zhenguan year two the province was abolished and it came under this prefecture; Mengmen County was also divided off and established, and in year seven it was abolished. To the west was Mengmen Pass. Linquan was middle-ranked. It was originally Taihe. In Wude year three its name was changed and Northern Hezhou was established, while Taihe County was separately divided off and established. In year four Taihe belonged to East Huizhou. In Zhenguan year three the province was abolished, and Linquan came under this prefecture. Fangshan was middle-ranked. In Wude year two Fangzhou was established from the county; in year three the province was abolished and it came under this prefecture. Xinzhou, Dingxiang Commandery, was lower-ranked. Dinghu, Linquan, and Fangshan. Xin Prefecture, Dingxiang Commandery designation, lower rank. It was formerly Xinxing Commandery; in the first year of Yining it was established from Xiurong in Loufan Commandery. Its local tribute included musk and leopard tails. It had 14,806 households and a population of 82,032. It administered two counties. It had Weiwu Army, established in Wansui Tongtian year one; it was originally Yuyang, and in Kaiyuan year nineteen its name was changed. It also had Zhenyuan Army, the old Heichengchuan. It had Sancha City, Hengshan City, and Mi City. It had seven fortified towns: Dawang, Beilai, Baoyao, Lugu, Chicheng, Yaolu, and Shizijian. It had two garrisons, Linhe and Huangya. It had four garrison commands: Xiurong, Gaocheng, Zhangyuan, and Dingxiang. It maintained frontier garrison troops. Xiurong and Dingxiang now include their ranks, Huaihua County for the Sijie tribe, Mount Xizhou, iron, and Shiling Pass. Dai Prefecture, Yanmen Commandery, was a middle-ranked area command. Its local tribute included honey, green glaze pigments, musk, leopard tails, and white hawk feathers. It had 21,280 households and a population of 100,350. It administered five counties. Yanmen was upper rank. It had East Xing Pass and West Xing Pass. Wutai was middle rank. Baigu had silver, copper, and iron. It had Mount Wutai. Fanshi was middle rank. Guo was middle rank. It had Shimen Pass. Tanglin, originally Wuyan, was a middle-ranked county created from Wutai and Guo and renamed in Tanglong 1. Yun Prefecture, Yunzhong Commandery, was a lower-ranked area command. In the fourteenth year of Zhenguan the seat was moved from North Dingxiang City in Shuozhou to Dingxiang County. In the first year of Yongchun it was overrun by Mojie; the population was moved to Shuozhou. It was restored in the eighteenth year of Kaiyuan. Its local tribute included yak tails and hawk feathers. It had 3,169 households and a population of 7,930. It administered one county. It had Pinglu Army, established at the beginning of Kaiyuan. To the east was Zhen'an Army, originally Yanjun Garrison City; in Zhenyuan year two it became an army city. Four hundred eighty li west was Yuguan Garrison City. It also had four garrison cities: Ruluo, Huaiyuan, Wulü, and Xiangping. It had two frontier garrisons: Yunzhong and Loufan. East of the city lay Niupi Pass. Yunzhong now includes its origin as Hengan Garrison, the North Heng Prefecture and Dingxiang County episodes, and the two military routes. Shuo Prefecture, Mayi Commandery, was lower-ranked. The seat was originally at Shanyang; in the Jianzhong era Military Commissioner Ma Sui moved it to Mayi, then later restored the former seat. Its local tribute included white hawk feathers, leopard tails, and licorice. It had 5,493 households and a population of 24,533. It administered two counties. Shanyang and Mayi now include their middle rank, the Changning merger, and Mayi creation at Datong Army city. Wei Prefecture, Xingtang Commandery, was lower-ranked. It was formerly Anbian Commandery. It lay in the territory of Lingqiu in Sui's Yanmen Commandery and Feihu in Shanggu Commandery. In early Tang the Turks were defeated. In the sixth year of Wude the prefecture was established along with Lingqiu and Feihu counties, with a provisional seat at Yangqu. In the seventh year the provisional seat was at Fanshi. In the eighth year the provisional seat was at the old Northern Hengzhou city in Xiurong. In the fifth year of Zhenguan the Turks were defeated, the former territory recovered, and the seat returned to Lingqiu. In early Kaiyuan the seat was moved to Anbian. In the second year of Zhide the commandery designation was changed and the former seat restored. Its local tribute included bear hides, leopard tails, and pine nuts. It had 5,052 households and a population of 20,958. It administered three counties. Lingqiu was middle rank. It had Zhigu Pass. To its north were Kongling Pass and Da'an Fort. Feihu and Xingtang now include their ranks, Feihu temporary seat and copper works, and Xingtang former name at Hengye Army. Wu Prefecture. The entry is deficient. It administered one county. Wende. Xin Prefecture. The entry is deficient. It administered four counties. Yongxing, Fanshan, Longmen, and Huai'an. Lu Prefecture, Shangdang Commandery designation, great-area military governorship. Its local tribute included coarse cloth, ginseng, rock honey, and ink. It had 68,391 households and a population of 388,661. It administered ten counties. It had Yiwu Army, established in Jianzhong year four. To the west was Beiping Army, established during Kaiyuan. Anxi was close-ranked. It was originally Xianyu; in Wude year four its name was changed. Yifeng was close-ranked. In Wansui Tongtian year two its name was changed to Lijie because of resistance to the Khitan, and in Shenlong year one its former name was restored. Beiping was upper-ranked. In Wansui Tongtian year two its name was changed to Xunzhong because of resistance to the Khitan, and in Shenlong year one its former name was restored. Northwest was the old Anyang Pass. Wangdu was upper-ranked. It was established in Wude year four. Quyang was upper-ranked. It was originally Hengyang; in Yuanhe year fifteen its name was changed, and that year Hengyue was also changed to Zhenyue, with a shrine to the Marchmount. Xingyi was middle-ranked. It was originally Suichang; in Wude year four it was called Tangchang, and in Tianbao year one its name was changed. Tang was upper-ranked. It had one garrison command: Kanli. Shangdang, Huguan, and Changzi now include their ranks, Xuanzong old residence, palace and mountain notes, and Huguan creation from Shangdang. Tunliu was upper rank. It had the Three Song Mountains. Lucheng was upper-ranked. In Tianyou year two it was changed to Luzi. Xiangyuan was upper-ranked. In Wude year one, Hanzhou was established from Xiangyuan, Licheng, She, Tongdi, and Xiang; in Zhenguan year seventeen the province was abolished, and all the counties came under this prefecture. To the east was the old Jinggu Pass. Licheng was upper-ranked. In Tianyou year two it was changed to Liting. It had Copper Mountain. To the east was the old Hukou Pass. She was middle-ranked. Lucheng, Xiangyuan, Licheng, and She were middle rank. It had iron deposits. Tongdi and Wuxiang now include their ranks, Jiashui County, prefectural transfers, Wuxiang former names, and Angche Pass. Ze Prefecture, Gaoping Commandery, was upper-ranked. It was formerly Changping Commandery, seated at Huoze; in the eighth year of Wude the seat moved to Duanshi; in the first year of Zhenguan to Jincheng; in the first year of Tianbao the commandery designation was changed. Its local tribute included ginseng, quartz, and pheasants. It had 27,822 households and a population of 157,090. It administered six counties. It had five garrison commands: Danchuan, Yonggu, Ping'an, Qinshui, and Baizhuang. Jincheng was upper-ranked. It was originally Danchuan. In Wude year one Jianzhou was established. In year three Jincheng was divided from Danchuan and established to belong to it. In year six the province was abolished and it belonged to Gaizhou, and Gaizhou was moved to govern there. In year nine Danchuan and Gaicheng were abolished into Jincheng. In Zhenguan year one the province was abolished, and Jincheng, Gaoping, and Lingchuan came under this prefecture. In Tianyou year two it was changed to Danchuan. To the south was Tianjing Pass, also called Taihang Pass. Duanshi was middle-ranked. Jincheng and Duanshi were middle rank. It had Mount Kui. Lingchuan was middle rank. Yangcheng and Qinshui now include their middle rank, Yangcheng former name, later reversion, and metal resources. Gaoping. It was upper-ranked. It was originally Sui's Changping Commandery. In Wude year one it was called Gaizhou, governing Gaoping, Danchuan, and Lingchuan counties, and Gaicheng County was also divided off and established to belong to it. It had Xuan River, also called Dan River; in Zhenyuan year one the magistrate Ming Ji led it into the city, and it was called Sweet Spring. It had the Valley for Redressing Wrongs, originally Killing Valley; when Xuanzong visited Luzhou and passed it, its name was changed. To the north was Changping Pass.
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At right: the Hedong Surveillance Commissioner, with his seat at Puzhou. The Hebei Circuit lay within ancient You and Ji, covering the Han commanderies and principalities of Henei, Wei, Bohai, Qinghe, Pingyuan, Changshan, Shanggu, Zhuo, Yuyang, Right Beiping, Liaoxi, Zhending, Zhongshan, Xindu, Hejian, and Guangyang, with portions of Dong, Hedong, Shangdang, and Julu as well. Meng, Huai, Chan, Wei, and the southern portions of Wei, Bo, and Xiang fell within the Zuzi asterism division; Xing, Ming, Hui, Bei, Ji, Shen, Zhao, Zhen, Ding, and the northern portions of Wei, Bo, and Xiang within the Daliang division; Cang, Jing, and De within the Xuanxiao division; and Ying, Mo, You, Yi, Zhuo, Ping, Gui, Tan, Ji, Ying, and Andong within the Ximu Ford division. It comprised twenty-nine prefectures, one protectorate, and one hundred seventy-four counties. Its notable mountains were Linlu, Bailu, Fenglong, Jingxing, Jieshi, and Changyue. Its major rivers were the Zhang, Qi, and Hutuo. Its assessed tribute consisted of silk, gauze, and cotton. Its presented tribute included gauze, damask, pongee, yarn, and phoenix-wing reed mats. Meng Prefecture, distinguished rank. In the second year of Jianzhong the tax revenues of Heyang, Heqing, Jiyuan, and Wen from Henan Superior Prefecture were assigned to the Heyang Three Cities Commissioner, augmented by the revenues of Sishui. In the third year of Huichang the five counties were constituted as a prefecture. Its local tribute included yellow croaker. It administered five counties. Heyang, Sishui, Heyin, Wen, and Jiyuan. Huai Prefecture, Henei Commandery designation, powerful rank. In the second year of Wude it fell to Wang Shichong and the seat was provisionally at Baiya City in Jiyuan. In the fourth year, with Shichong subdued, the former seat was restored. Its local tribute included plain gauze, plain pongee, bitter orange peel, tea, and ox-knee herb. It had 55,349 households and a population of 318,126. It administered five counties. It had two garrison commands: Danshui and Wuze. Henei was eminent. In Wude year three, Taihang, Zhongyi, and Ziling counties were divided off and established, and Gudan County was divided from Heyang and established. In year four they were all abolished. It had Taihang Mountain. It had Dan River, renamed Huai River in Kaiyuan year eleven. Wude was eminent. It was originally Anchang; in Wude year two its name was changed, and that year Northern Yizhou was established. In year four the province was abolished and it came under this prefecture. One hundred li north was the old Dahu Pass on Taihang Mountain. Huojia was eminent. In Wude year four, Yinzhou was established from Huojia, Wuzhi, Xiuwu, Xinxiang, and Gongcheng, and Bowang County was also established. In Zhenguan year one the province was abolished; Huojia, Wuzhi, and Xiuwu came under this prefecture, while Xinxiang, Gongcheng, and Bowang belonged to Weizhou. Wuzhi was eminent. In Zhenguan year one Huai County was abolished into it. Xiuwu was close-ranked. In Wude year two, Li Houde, a commoner of Henei, surrendered with Zhuolu City; Zhizhou was established, and Xiuwu County was also established. In year four the county seat was moved to old Xiuwu, Xiuwu was changed to Wuzhi, and a separate Xiuwu County was established. That year the province was abolished and it belonged to Yinzhou. Twenty li northwest was New River, which combined with Huangdan Spring water below Liuzhen Mountain and flowed south into Wuze Marsh; the magistrate Du opened it. Weizhou, Wei Commandery, was a grand commandery governor's office and was strong. Henei, Wude, Huojia, Wuzhi, and Xiuwu. Wei Prefecture, Wei Commandery designation, great-area military governorship, powerful rank. It was formerly Wuyang Commandery; renamed Ji Prefecture in the second year of Longshuo, restored as Wei Prefecture in the third year of Xianheng, and the commandery designation changed in the first year of Tianbao. Its local tribute included patterned pongee, cotton pongee, plain pongee, silk tabby, silk, and purple madder. It had 151,596 households and a population of 1,109,873. It administered fourteen counties. Guixiang was eminent. It had Western Canal; in Kaiyuan year twenty-eight the prefect Lu Yun shifted Yongji Canal, drawing its flow from Shihuike to the west of the city and pouring it into Wei Bridge, in order to convey goods from the Yangzi and Huai regions. Yuancheng was eminent. In Zhenguan year seventeen it was abolished into Guixiang, and in Shengli year two it was restored. Wei was eminent. In Wude year four Zhangyin County was established, and in Zhenguan year one it was abolished into Wei. Guantao was eminent. In Wude year five, Maozhou was established from Guantao, Guanshi, Tangyi of Bozhou, and Linqing and Qingshui of Beizhou, and Shaqiu County was divided from Linqing and established. In Zhenguan year one the province was abolished; Qingshui was abolished into Guanshi, Shaqiu was abolished into Linqing, and the remaining counties all returned to their former jurisdictions. Guanshi was eminent. Shen was upper-ranked. In Wude year five, Shenzhou was established from Shen, Linhuang, Wuyang, and Wushui of Bozhou; in Zhenguan year one the province was abolished and the counties returned to their former jurisdictions. Chaocheng was close-ranked. It was originally Wuyang; in Zhenguan year seventeen it was abolished into Linhuang and Shen. In Yongchang year one it was restored and called Wusheng. In Kaiyuan year seven its name was changed. During Yuanhe it belonged to Chanzhou, and later again came under this prefecture. In Tianyou year three it was changed to Wuyang, and the territory of Wuyang and Shen beyond the Yellow River was also put into Yunzhou. Changle was eminent. It was established in Wude year five, and in Zhenguan year eighteen Fanshui was abolished into it. Linhe was upper-ranked. In Wude year two it belonged to Lizhou, and in Zhenguan year seventeen Chanshui County was abolished into it. Chanshui was originally Chanyuan; its name was changed to avoid Gaozu's personal name. When the province was abolished, it belonged to Xiangzhou, and in Tianyou year three it came under this prefecture. Huanshui was upper-ranked. It originally belonged to Xiangzhou and in Tianyou year three came under this prefecture. Cheng'an was upper-ranked. It originally belonged to Xiangzhou; in Tianyou year two its name was changed to Chiqiu, and in year three it came under this prefecture. Neihuang was close-ranked. It originally belonged to Xiangzhou; in Wude year four Fanyang County was divided off and established and belonged to Lizhou; in Zhenguan year one it was abolished, and in Tianyou year three it came under this prefecture. Zongcheng was eminent. It originally belonged to Beizhou. In Wude year four, Zongzhou was established from Zongcheng, Jingcheng, and Nanxiangong and Binjiang of Jizhou, and Fucheng County was divided from Jingcheng and established. In year nine the province was abolished; Fucheng was abolished into Jingcheng, Binjiang was abolished into Qinghe, and the remaining counties all returned to their former jurisdictions. In Tianyou year three it was called Guangzong, and that year it came under this prefecture. Yongji was upper-ranked. It originally belonged to Beizhou. In Dali year seven, Tian Chengsi divided Linqing of Weizhou to establish it. In Tianyou year three it came under this prefecture. Bozhou, Boping Commandery, was upper-ranked. Guixiang, Yuancheng, Wei, Guantao, and Guanshi were distinguished rank. Shen, Chaocheng, Changle, Linhe, Huanshui, Cheng'an, Neihuang, and Yongji. Bo Prefecture, Boping Commandery designation, upper rank. In the fourth year of Wude it was established from Liaocheng, Wushui, Tangyi, and Gaotang of Wei Prefecture. Its local tribute included damask and plain pongee. It had 52,631 households and a population of 408,252. It administered six counties. Liaocheng, Boping, and Wushui were upper rank. Qingping and Tangyi were upper rank. Gaotang was upper-ranked; it was briefly renamed Chongwu and then restored to its old name. Xiang Prefecture, Ye Commandery, was eminent. It was formerly Wei Commandery and was renamed in the first year of Tianbao. Its local tribute included yarn, silk, barrier cloth, phoenix-wing mats, flower-mouth gourds, anemarrhena root, and lead powder. It had 101,142 households and a population of 591,196. It administered six counties. Anyang, Ye, Tangyin, and Linlu were upper rank. Yaocheng and Linzhang. Wei Prefecture, Ji Commandery designation, distinguished rank. The seat was originally at Wei; in the first year of Zhenguan it was moved to Ji. Its local tribute included damask, silk, cotton, and lead powder. It had 48,056 households and a population of 284,630. It administered five counties. Ji, Wei, Gongcheng, and Xinxiang were distinguished rank. To its northeast lay the former Linqing Pass. To its southeast lay the former Yanjin Pass. Liyang. It was upper-ranked. In Wude year two Lizhou was established from the county, but soon fell to Dou Jiande. In year four, after Jiande was pacified, it was again established from Liyang, Linhe, Neihuang, Chanshui, Guancheng and Dunqiu of Weizhou, and Dangyuan of Xiangzhou. That year Dunqiu and Guancheng were returned to Weizhou, and Dangyuan was returned to Xiangzhou. In Zhenguan year seventeen the province was abolished; Chanshui was abolished, Liyang came under this prefecture, and Neihuang and Linhe belonged to Xiangzhou. It had Baima Ford, also called Liyang Pass. It had Dapi Mountain, also called Liyang Mountain. It had New River; in Yuanhe year eight the surveillance commissioner Tian Hongzheng and Xue Ping, military governor of Zheng-Hua, opened it. It was fourteen li long, sixty paces wide, and one zhang seven chi deep; it breached the Yellow River and poured into its old channel, so Huazhou no longer suffered flood damage. Beizhou, Qinghe Commandery, was eminent. Bei Prefecture, Qinghe Commandery designation, distinguished rank. The seat was originally at Qinghe; in the sixth year of Wude it was moved to Liting; in the eighth year the former seat was restored. Its local tribute included silk, felt, and saddle-cover felt. It had 100,015 households and a population of 834,757. It administered eight counties. Qinghe was close-administered rank. Qingyang and Wucheng now include Qingyang close rank, the brief Xiajin County, and Wucheng upper rank. Jingcheng, Linqing, and Zhangnan now include their ranks, Zhangjia River, and Linqing transfer history. Liting was upper rank. Xiajin was upper-ranked, originally Shu, and renamed in Tianbao 1. Chan Prefecture was upper-ranked. In the fourth year of Wude it was established from Chanshui in Li Prefecture and Dunqiu and Guancheng in Wei Prefecture. In the first year of Zhenguan the prefecture was abolished and the counties returned to their former jurisdictions. In the seventh year of Dali, Tian Chengsi petitioned to restore it with Dunqiu and Linhuang from Wei Prefecture. Its local tribute included horn bows, phoenix-wing mats, and lead powder. It administered four counties. Dunqiu was distinguished rank. Qingfeng, Guancheng, and Linhuang now include Qingfeng naming, Guancheng rank, and Guancheng abolition and restoration. Close-administered rank. To its southeast was Lujin Pass, also called Gaoling Ford. Xing Prefecture, Julu Commandery designation, upper rank. It was formerly Xiangguo Commandery and was renamed in the first year of Tianbao. Its local tribute included silk cloth, porcelain, knives, and ornamental stone. It had 70,189 households and a population of 382,798. It administered eight counties. Longgang, Shahe, Nanhe, Julu, Pingxiang, Ren, Yaoshan, and Neiqiu. Ming Prefecture, Guangping Commandery designation, distinguished rank. It was formerly Wu'an Commandery and was renamed in the first year of Tianbao. Its local tribute included silk tabby, cotton, pongee, and oiled garments. It had 91,666 households and a population of 683,280. It administered six counties. Yongnian was distinguished rank. Ping'en was upper rank. Linming was close-ranked. In Wude year one, Zizhou was established from Linming, Wu'an, Feixiang, and Handan; in year four the province was abolished and all the counties belonged to Cizhou; in year six Linming and Feixiang came under this prefecture. On Gou Mountain were Taizong's old ramparts; he campaigned against Liu Heita there. Jize was upper-ranked. It was established in Wude year four. It had Pule County, established at the beginning of Wude; later it fell to Dou Jiande and was then abolished. It had two southern dikes on the Zhang and Ming rivers and one southern dike on the Sha River, built in Yonghui year five. Feixiang was upper-ranked. The province also governed Qingzhang and Chishui counties. In Huichang year three Qingzhang was abolished into Feixiang and Chishui into Quzhou. Quzhou was upper-ranked. It was established in Wude year four. Huizhou was upper-ranked. It was originally Cizhou; in Wude year one it was established from Fuyang, Linshui, and Cheng'an of Xiangzhou. Linming, Jize, Feixiang, and Quzhou. Hui Prefecture, upper rank; originally Ci Prefecture; in the first year of Wude it was established from Fuyang, Linshui, and Cheng'an of Xiang Prefecture. In the first year of Zhenguan the prefecture was abolished and Fuyang and Cheng'an returned to Xiang Prefecture. In the first year of Yongtai, Zhaoyi Military Commissioner Xue Song petitioned to restore it with Fuyang from Xiang Prefecture and Handan and Wu'an from Ming Prefecture. In the third year of Tianyou it was renamed because the characters for 'ci' and 'hui' sounded alike. Its local tribute included yarn and magnetite. It administered four counties. Fuyang was distinguished rank. Handan, Wuan, and Zhaoyi now include their ranks, transfers, former name, restoration, and metal notes. Zhen Prefecture, Changshan Commandery, was a great area command. It was formerly Heng Prefecture, Hengshan Commandery, seated at Shiyi; established in the first year of Yining from Sui's Gaoyang Commandery. In the fourth year of Wude the seat was moved to Zhending. In the first year of Tianbao the commandery designation was changed; in the fifteenth year it was called Pingshan, soon restored as Hengshan. In the fifteenth year of Yuanhe it was renamed to avoid the taboo name of Emperor Muzong. Its local tribute included peacock gauze, melon-seed gauze, spring gauze, and pears. It had 54,633 households and a population of 342,134. It administered eleven counties. It had the Hengyang Army, established in the Kaiyuan era. Zhending was eminent. In Wude year six Hengshan County was divided off and established, and in Zhenguan year one it was abolished. In Zaichu year one it was called Zhongshan, and in Shenlong year one its former name was restored. Gaocheng was close-ranked. In Yining year one Julu Commandery was established, and Baisi, Xinfeng, and Yi'an counties were also divided off and established. In Wude year one it was called Lianzhou. In year four, Gucheng of Zhaozhou, Wuji of Dingzhou, and Lucheng of Jizhou were assigned to it, and Baisi, Xinfeng, and Yi'an were abolished into Gaocheng. In Zhenguan year one the province was abolished; Lucheng belonged to Shenzhou, Gucheng and Wuji belonged to Dingzhou, and Gaocheng came under this prefecture. In Tianyou year two it was changed to Gaoping. Shiyi was close-ranked. Jiumen was upper-ranked. In Yining year one Jiumen Commandery was established, and Xinshi and Xinyi counties were also divided off and established. In Wude year one it was called Guanzhou; in year five the province was abolished, Xinyi and Xinshi were abolished, and Jiumen came under this prefecture. Xingtang was middle-ranked. In Wude year four Yucheng County was established, and in year five Ziyang County was abolished into it. In Changshou year two it was called Zhangwu, and in Shenlong year one its former name was restored. In Dali year three Dizhou was established from the county, and Lingshou and Hengyang of Dingzhou were also assigned to it. In year nine the province was abolished and the counties returned to their former jurisdictions. Jingxing was middle-ranked. In Yining year one Jingxing Commandery was established, and Weize County was also divided off and established. In Wude year one it was called Jingzhou, and later it also governed Luquan, Fangshan, Puwu, and Lingshou. In Zhenguan year one Puwu was abolished into Fangshan, and Luquan and Weize into Jingxing. In year seventeen the province was abolished, and all the counties came under this prefecture. It had iron. It had Lige Mountain. Pingshan was middle-ranked. It was originally Fangshan. In Yining year one Fangshan Commandery was established, and Puwu County was also established. In Wude year one it was called Yuezhou; in year four the province was abolished and all the counties belonged to Jingzhou. In Tianbao year fifteen its name was changed. It had iron. It had Baima Pass. It had Fang Mountain. Huolu was middle-ranked. It was originally Luquan; in Tianbao year fifteen its name was changed. It had the old Jingxing Pass, also called Tumen Pass. Ten li northeast was Datang Canal, which ran from Pingshan to Shiyi and drew Taibai Canal to irrigate fields. It had Lijiao Canal; in Zongzhang year two it drew Taibai Canal from northwest of Shiyi eastward into the territory of Zhending to irrigate fields. In Tianbao year two, 743, Datang Canal was again drawn from Shiyi southeast for forty-three li into Taibai Canal. It had Baodu Mountain. Lingshou was middle-ranked. In Yining year one Yanzhou was established from the county; in year four the province was abolished and it belonged to Jingzhou. Gucheng was middle-ranked. It originally belonged to Dingzhou, and in Dali year three it came under this prefecture. Luancheng was middle-ranked. It originally belonged to Zhaozhou; in Dali year two it came under this prefecture, and in Tianyou year two its name was changed to Luanshi. Jizhou, Xindu Commandery, was upper-ranked. Zhending, Gaocheng, and Shiyi were close-administered rank. Jiumen, Xingtang, Jingxing, Pingshan, Huolu, Lingshou, Gucheng, and Luancheng. Ji Prefecture, Xindu Commandery designation, upper rank. The seat was originally at Xindu; in the sixth year of Wude moved to Xiabo; in the first year of Zhenguan restored to the former seat; renamed Wei Prefecture in the second year of Longshuo; restored to the former name in the third year of Xianheng. Its local tribute included silk and cotton. It had 113,885 households and a population of 830,520. It administered nine counties. Xindu was eminent. In Tianyou year two it was changed to Yaodu. Two li east was Gerong Embankment; in Zhenguan year eleven the prefect Li Xinggong opened it, drawing Zhaozhao Canal water to pour into it. Nangong was eminent. Fifty-nine li west was the Zhuozhang Dike, built in Xianqing year one. It had Tongli Canal, opened in Yanzai year one. Tangyang was upper-ranked. Thirty li southwest was a canal that entered the county territory from Julu and flowed down into Nangong, opened in Jinglong year one. Ten li west was the Zhang River Dike, built in Kaiyuan year six. Zaoqiang was upper-ranked. Wuyi was upper-ranked. In Wude year four Changting County was divided off and established; in Zhenguan year one it was abolished. Thirty li north was the right dike of the Hengzhang, built in Xianqing year one. Hengshui was upper-ranked. Xindu, Nangong, Tangyang, and Zaoqiang were upper rank. Wuyi and Hengshui were upper rank. One li to the south lay the Magistrate Yang Canal; in the early Zai era Magistrate Yang Yuangui diverted the Zhang River northward, channeling it through the city to fill the moat. Fucheng, Tiao, and Wuqiang now include ranks, Fucheng later name, and Wuqiang repeated transfers. Shen Prefecture, Raoyang Commandery, was upper-ranked. In the fourth year of Wude it was established from Anping in Ding Prefecture and Raoyang in Ying Prefecture; the seat was soon moved to Raoyang. In the seventeenth year of Zhenguan the prefecture was abolished and the counties returned to their former jurisdictions. In the second year of Xiantian it was restored with Raoyang from Ying Prefecture, Lucheng, Xiabo, and Wuqiang from Ji Prefecture, and Anping from Ding Prefecture. Its local tribute included silk. It had 18,825 households and a population of 346,472. It administered seven counties. Luze, Raoyang, Shulu, and Anping were upper rank. Anling was eminent and briefly transferred to Jing Prefecture in Jingfu 1 before returning. Zhao Prefecture, Zhao Commandery designation, distinguished rank. In early Wude the seat was at Baixiang; in the fourth year moved to Pingji; in the fifth year renamed Luan Prefecture; in early Zhenguan restored to the former name. Its local tribute included silk. It had 63,454 households and a population of 395,238. It administered eight counties. Pingji, Ningjin, Zhaoqing, and Baixiang were upper rank. To its west were the Thousand-Gold Canal and Ten-Thousand-Gold Weir, dredged and built in the Kaiyuan era by Magistrate Wang Zuo to drain accumulated floodwater. Gaoyi was middle rank. Lincheng and Zanhuang now include their middle rank and Lincheng former and later name. Yuanshi. Upper rank. It had Mount Ling and Mount Fenglong. Cang Prefecture, Jingcheng Commandery designation, upper rank. It was formerly Bohai Commandery, seated at Qingchi; in the first year of Wude moved to Rao'an; in the sixth year to Husu; in the first year of Zhenguan restored to Qingchi. Its local tribute included silk cloth, willow boxes, reed mats, sugar crabs, and snakehead fish. It had 124,024 households and a population of 825,705. It administered seven counties. Yanshan, Changlu, Leling, Rao'an, Wudi, and Qianfu. Jing Prefecture, upper rank. Rongcheng and Suicheng now include Rongcheng former name, North Yi Prefecture, resistance to the Khitan, and later renamings. In the first year of Changqing the prefecture was abolished and the counties returned to Cang Prefecture; in the second year it was restored with Gonggao, Dongguang, Linjin, Nanpi, and Jingcheng. In the fourth year of Dahe the prefecture was again abolished and the counties returned to Cang Prefecture. It was restored in the first year of Jingfu. Its local tribute included reed mats. It administered four counties. Gonggao and Dongguang were upper rank. Twenty li to the south lay the Jin River, opened in the Kaiyuan era to run from Anling into the Fu River. Linjin and Nanpi now include ranks, Linjin former name, the old Mao River, and Tangchang Army. De Prefecture, Pingyuan Commandery, was upper-ranked. Its local tribute included silk and damask. It had 83,211 households and a population of 659,855. It administered six counties. Ande was close-administered rank. Changhe was upper rank. To its southeast lay the former Zhanggong Pass. Pingyuan and Pingchang were both upper-ranked and were briefly assigned to Qi Prefecture before returning; Pingchang absorbed Ban County and had Majia River, known as "New River." Jiangling was eminent. Anling. Ding Prefecture, Boling Commandery designation, upper rank. It was formerly Gaoyang Commandery and was renamed in the first year of Tianbao. Its local tribute included gauze, pongee, fine damask, auspicious damask, paired-medallion damask, single-medallion damask, double-wrapped damask, and boiled-thread damask. It had 78,090 households and a population of 496,676. It administered ten counties. Anxi, Yifeng, Beiping, Wangdu, Quyang, Xingyi, and Tang were upper rank. It had copper and iron. To its northwest lay the former Badu Pass and Daoma Pass. To its north lay the former Weisu Pass. Xinle was middle rank. Twenty li to the southeast lay Mudao Ditch, named for a man named Mudao who lived beside it. Wuji was upper-ranked; its written "wu" was altered in Wansui Tongtian 2, and it had Mount Wuji. In Jingfu 2 Wang Chucun petitioned to make Qi Prefecture from Wuji and Shenze. Middle rank. Jingcheng now includes its upper rank and repeated transfers among Cang, Jing, and this prefecture. Its local tribute included pongee, cotton, and ink. It had 44,230 households and a population of 258,779. It administered six counties. It had nine garrison commands: Suicheng, Anyi, Xiuwu, Dexing, Xin'an, Guting, Wusui, Changle, and Longshui. It had the Gaoyang Army. Yi was upper rank. Rongcheng and Suicheng now include Rongcheng former name, North Yi Prefecture, resistance to the Khitan, and later renamings. Laishui was upper rank. Mancheng and Wuhui now include their ranks, Mancheng former name, Mount Lang, Yongqing Army, and the short-lived Wuhui county group. You Prefecture, Fanyang Commandery, was a great area command. It was formerly Zhuo Commandery and was renamed in the first year of Tianbao. Its local tribute included damask, cotton, silk, horn bows, ginseng, and chestnuts. It had 67,243 households and a population of 371,312. It administered nine counties. It had fourteen garrison commands: Lüping, Zhuocheng, Dewen, Lucheng, Leshang, Qinghua, Hongyuan, Liangxiang, Kaifu, Zhenghe, Ting'an, Zhehe, Liangdu, and Xianning. Within the city stood the Jinglue Army; there was also the Surrender Reception Army, originally the Surrender Reception garrison city in the old Dingling River region. To its southwest lay the Ansei Army and Helian City. It had three garrison cities—Zongwang, Qianjian, and Tiankou—and four outposts: Zhaodui, Chefang, Haocheng, and Hepang. Ji was eminent. In Tianbao year one Guangning County was divided off and established; in year three it was abolished. It had iron. It had the old Sui Linshuo Palace. Youdu was eminent. It was originally territory of Ji County. Sui established Liaoxi Commandery at old Ruluo City within the territory of Yingzhou to settle surrendered Sumo Mohe people. In Wude year one it was called Yanzhou and governed three counties: Liaoxi, Luhe, and Huaiyuan. Its tribute was leopard tails. That year Luhe was abolished. In year six it was moved from Yingzhou into the city of Youzhou, with its chieftains serving as hereditary prefects. In Zhenguan year one Huaiyuan was abolished. In Kaiyuan year twenty-five its seat was moved to Taogu Mountain north of Youzhou. In Tianbao year one it was called Guide Commandery. It had 2,045 households and 11,603 mouths. In Jianzhong year two it was destroyed by Zhu Tao, and was consequently abolished into a county. Guangping was upper-ranked. In Tianbao year one it was divided from Ji and established; in year three it was abolished, and after Zhide it was restored. Lu was upper-ranked. In Wude year two Yuyang Commandery was moved here from Wuzhong and Xuanzhou was established, governing Lu and Yuyang, and Linju County was also established. In Zhenguan year one the province was abolished; Linju and Wuzhong were abolished, and Lu and Yuyang came under this prefecture. Wuqing was upper-ranked. It was originally Yongnu; in Tianbao year one its name was changed. Yongqing was close-ranked. It was originally Wulong; in Ruyi year one it was divided from Anci and established; in Jingyun year one it was called Huichang, and in Tianbao year one its name was changed. Anci was upper-ranked. Liangxiang was eminent. In Shengli year one it was called Gujie, and in Shenlong year one its former name was restored. It had Dafang Mountain. Changping. Ji, Youdu, Guangping, Lu, Wuqing, Yongqing, and Anci were upper rank. Liangxiang and Changping. Distinguished rank. Fifteen li to the north lay Jundu Pass. Thirty-five li to the northwest lay Nakuan Pass, the former Juyong Pass, also called Jundu Pass. To its north lay the Defense Army in the ancient Xiayang River region. It had Langshan. Zhuo Prefecture, upper rank. In the fourth year of Dali, Military Commissioner Zhu Xicai petitioned to carve out Fanyang, Guiyi, and Gu'an from You Prefecture. It administered five counties. Fanyang, Guiyi, and Gu’an now include their ranks, Fanyang former name, and Guiyi abolition, restoration, and transfer history. Xinchang and Xincheng now include their upper rank and creation histories. Ying Prefecture, Hejian Commandery, was upper-ranked. Its local tribute included silk. It had 98,018 households and a population of 663,171. It administered five counties. Hejian, Gaoyang, and Pingshu were upper rank. Shucheng was upper rank. Jingcheng. Mo Prefecture, Wen’an Commandery, was upper-ranked. It was formerly Mao Prefecture; in the second year of Jingyun it was established from Mao, Renqiu, Wen'an, Qingyuan, and Tangxing in Ying Prefecture and Guiyi in You Prefecture. In the thirteenth year of Kaiyuan it was renamed because the characters for 'Mao' and 'Zheng' were graphically similar. Its local tribute included silk and cotton. It had 53,493 households and a population of 339,972. It administered six counties. Mo and Qingyuan were upper rank. Wen'an, Renqiu, Changfeng, and Tangxing. Ping Prefecture, Beiping Commandery designation, lower rank. The seat was originally at Linru; in the first year of Wude it was moved to Lulong. Its local tribute included bear hides, chaste-tree fruit, and ginseng. It had 3,113 households and a population of 25,086. It administered three counties. Lulong, Shicheng, and Macheng. Gui Prefecture, Guichuan Commandery designation, upper rank. It was formerly North Yan Prefecture; in the seventh year of Wude, with Gao Kaidao subdued, it was established from Huairou in You Prefecture. It was renamed in the eighth year of Zhenguan. Its local tribute included birch bark, Hu-lu wood, armor elm, arrow shafts, and musk. It had 2,263 households and a population of 11,584. It administered one county. It had two garrison commands: Miyun and Baitan. It had the Qingyi Army, established in the Chuigong era. It had four garrison forces: Huaibei, Baiyangdu, Yunzhi, and Guangbian. It had two outposts: Henghe and Chaicheng. It had Yangmen City. It had two passes: Yongding and Yaozi. There was also the Huairou Army, in the territory of Gui and Wei prefectures. Huairou. Upper rank. In the Tianbao era Guichuan County was carved out and soon abolished. The Gui River ran through its center. Ninety li to the north lay the Great Wall, built by Zhang Yue in the Kaiyuan era. Fifty li to the southeast lay Juyong Pass; eastward it connected with Lulong and Jieshi, westward with the Taihang and Changshan ranges—truly the greatest strategic barrier under Heaven. It had Tiemen Pass. To its west lay the Ningwu Army. Farther north lay the Guangbian Army at the old Baiyun City. Tan Prefecture, Miyun Commandery designation; formerly Anle Commandery; renamed in the first year of Tianbao. Its local tribute included ginseng and musk. It had 6,064 households and a population of 30,246. It administered two counties. Miyun was middle rank. It had Mount Kui. Yanle. Middle rank. One hundred eighty-five li to the northeast lay the Dongjun and Beikou frontier garrisons. Beikou was the Great Wall Pass. Eight hundred li farther north lay the Tuhuzhen River, the seat of the Xi king. Ji Prefecture, Yuyang Commandery designation, lower rank. It was established in the eighteenth year of Kaiyuan from You Prefecture. Its local tribute included white glue. It had 5,317 households and a population of 18,521. It administered three counties. Yuyang, Sanhe, and Yutian. Ying Prefecture, Liucheng Commandery designation, upper military governorship. It was formerly Liaoxi Commandery; in the first year of Wansui Tongtian it fell to the Khitan; in the second year of Shengli the seat was provisionally at Yuyang; in the fifth year of Kaiyuan it returned to Liucheng; renamed in the first year of Tianbao. Its local tribute included ginseng, musk, leopard tails, and hide-and-bone saddles. It had 997 households and a population of 3,789. It administered one county. Liucheng. Middle rank. To the northwest it bordered the Xi; to the north the Khitan; it had the Northeast Garrison Shrine to Mount Yiwulü. Farther east lay Mount Jieshi. The Andong Protectorate, upper protectorate. In the first year of Zongzhang, Li Ji subdued Goguryeo, taking one hundred seventy-six cities; the territory was divided into nine area commands, forty-two prefectures, and one hundred counties; the Andong Protectorate was established at Pyongyang to govern them, appointing their tribal chiefs as area commanders, prefects, and magistrates. In the third year of Shangyuan it was moved to the old Liaodong Commandery city; in the second year of Yifeng it was moved again to Xincheng. In the first year of Shengli it was renamed the Andong Area Command; in the first year of Shenlong it was restored to the former name. In the second year of Kaiyuan it was moved to Ping Prefecture; in the second year of Tianbao (743) it was moved again to the old Liaoxi commandery city. It was abolished after the Zhide era. Its local tribute included ginseng. It had Andong Garrison. It had Huaiyuan Army, established in Tianbao year two, 743. It also had Baoding Army.
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使
At right: the Hebei Surveillance Commissioner, with his seat at Wei Prefecture.
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Collation notes
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