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新唐書卷四十三上 志第三十三上 地理七

新唐書卷四十三上 志第三十三上 地理七

Chapter 43 of 新唐書 · New Book of Tang
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Chapter 43
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1
西 西 西 西 西 西 西 使 西 西 西 西 西 西 調 調
The Lingnan Circuit covered what had been the southern borderlands of ancient Yangzhou, corresponding to the Han-era commanderies of Nanhai, Yulin, Cangwu, Zhuya, Dan'er, Jiaozhi, Hepu, Jiuzhen, Rinan, and the like. East of Shao, Guang, Kang, Duan, Feng, Wu, Teng, Luo, Lei, and Ya lay the Xingji zodiacal division; Gui, Liu, Yulin, Fu, Zhao, Meng, Gong, Xiu, Rong, Bai, Luo to the west and Annam fell within the Chunwei division. The circuit comprised seventy-three prefectures, one protectorate-general, and three hundred fourteen counties. Notable mountains included Huangling and Lingzhou. The principal rivers were the Gui and Yu. Tax payments included plantain fiber, ramie, and hemp; tribute items comprised gold, silver, kingfisher plumes, rhinoceros horn, ivory, dyed rattan, and bamboo cloth. Guang Prefecture (Guangzhou), Nanhai Commandery: a mid-level area military command prefecture. Tribute from the region included silver, rattan mats, bamboo mats, litchi, softshell-turtle hide, turtle shell, python gall, dendrobium, agarwood, shell incense, sandalwood sugar. It registered 42,235 households and 221,500 persons. It governed thirteen counties. It maintained 2 garrison commands: Sui'nan and Panyu. Garrison troops were stationed at Pacification Army,Tunmen. Nanhai was rated upper grade. The locality produced nanhai shrine. Steep mountains and deep waters kept the people from well water until Area Commander Liu Julin first sank four wells. Garrison troops were stationed at Niubi. Chi'an and Zishi maintained two posts. Lingzhou Mountain lay within the Yu River. Panyu was rated upper grade. Zengcheng was rated middle grade. Sihui was rated middle grade. In 622, the fifth year of Wude, using Sihui, Huameng two counties to establish Nan Sui Prefecture; and concurrently carved out Xinzhao, Huazhu, Huamu three counties. 627 CE, the first year of the Zhenguan reign, xinzhao, Huazhu was abolished; using Huaiji, Jian'anwere placed under it from abolished Wei Prefecture of abolished Qi Prefecture. In the eighth year, renamed Zhen Prefecture, as recorded in the treatise. In the thirteenth year, the prefecture was abolished; huamu was abolished; sihui, Huameng, Huaiji, Jian'an was transferred here. Huameng was rated middle grade. One lead mine lay within the county. Huaiji was rated middle grade. In 622, the fifth year of Wude, established Wei Prefecture; and concurrently carved out Xingping, Huoqing, Weicheng three counties. 627 CE, the first year of the Zhenguan reign, the prefecture was abolished; xingping, Huoqing, Weicheng entered Huaiji was abolished. In 714, the second year of Kaiyuan, yonggu County was merged into it was abolished. Mount Piaoshan stood there, and the locality also had iron. Jianshui was rated middle grade. Formerly Jian'an; in 622, the fifth year of Wudeestablished Qi Prefecture; and concurrently carved out Xuanle, Songchang two counties. 627 CE, the first year of the Zhenguan reign, the prefecture was abolished; xuanle, Songchang entered Jian'an was abolished. In 757, the second year of Zhide, renamed. Dongguan was rated middle grade. Formerly Bao'an; in 757, the second year of Zhiderenamed. The locality produced salt. Mount Huangling Mountain lay in the locality. Qingyuan was rated middle grade. In 623, the sixth year of Wude, zhengpin County was merged into it was abolished. Hanheng was rated middle grade. In 622, the fifth year of Wude, using Hanheng, Zhenyang two counties to establish Kuang Prefecture; and concurrently carved out Wengyuan County. 627 CE, the first year of the Zhenguan reign, the prefecture was abolished; assigned Wengyuan to Shaozhou; hanheng, Zhenyangcame under this prefecture. Zhenyang was rated middle grade. Formerly Zhenyang; 627 CE, the first year of the Zhenguan reignrenamed. The locality produced iron. The former Kuangpu Pass lay to the southwest. Xinhui was rated middle grade. In 621, the fourth year of Wude, using Nanhai Commandery of Xinhui, Yining two counties to establish Gang PrefectureXinhui Commandery; named the prefecture for the local Jingang; and concurrently carved out Fengping, Fengle two counties. In 639, the thirteenth year of Zhenguan, the prefecture was abolished; fengping, Fengle was abolished; xinhui, Yining was transferred here. In that same year, again using Xinhui, Yining to establish Gang Prefecture; also carved out Yining to establish Fengle County. Fengle was later abolished. In Kaiyuan 23 (735) the prefecture was abolished, and Xinhui and Yining were transferred back here. The locality produced salt. Yining County. Its administrative grade was middle. Shaozhou, seat of the Shixing Commandery, was rated lower grade. Formerly Fan Prefecture; in 621, the fourth year of Wudesplit Guangzhou of Qujiang, Shixing, Lechang, Wengyuan to establish. It was soon renamed Dongheng Prefecture; 627 CE, the first year of the Zhenguan reignwas again renamed. Tribute from the region included bamboo cloth, stalactite, dendrobium. It registered 31,000 households and 168,948 persons. It governed six counties. Qujiang was rated upper grade. Linlong and Lianghua were established in Wude 4 (621) and abolished in Zhenguan 8 (634). Shixing was rated lower grade. A new road over the Dayu Range was opened in 729 CE on imperial orders to Zhang Jiuling. Garrison troops were posted to the northeast at An'yuan. Lechang was rated lower grade. Wengyuan was rated lower grade. Renhua was rated lower grade. Formerly under Guangzhou; in 688, the fourth year of Chuigongsplit Qujiang to establish; later transferred here. Zhenchang County. Its administrative grade was lower. 684 CE, the first year of the Guangzhe reign, split Shixing to establish. Xun Prefecture, seat of the Haifeng Commandery, was rated lower grade. Formerly Longchuan Commandery; 742 CE, the first year of the Tianbao reignrenamed. Tribute from the region included cloth,five-color rattan trays, mirror cases,python gall,shell extract,sharkskin,sedge-platform mats,ribbon grass. It registered 9,525 households. It governed six counties. Guishan was rated lower-middle grade. 627 CE, the first year of the Zhenguan reign, longchuan County was merged into it was abolished. Boluo was rated lower-middle grade. 627 CE, the first year of the Zhenguan reign, luoyang County was merged into it was abolished. Heyuan was rated lower-middle grade. Shicheng County was established in Wude 5 (622) and abolished in Zhenguan 1 (627). Haifeng was rated lower-middle grade. Lu'an County was established in Wude 5 (622) and abolished in Zhenguan 1 (627). Xingning; 627 CE, the first year of the Zhenguan reignQichang County was merged into it was abolished.. Leixiang County. Its administrative grade was lower-middle. In 691, the second year of Tianshou, established. Chaozhou, seat of the Chaoyang Commandery, was rated lower grade. Formerly Yi'an Commandery. Tribute from the region included plantain, sharkskin, shell incense, python gall, tortoise, stone wells, silver ore, water horses. It registered 4,420 households and 26,745 persons. It governed three counties. Haiyang was rated lower-middle grade. The locality produced salt. Chaoyang was rated lower-middle grade. The county was struck from the rolls early in the Yonghui reign (650 CE) and re-established early in Xiantian (712 CE). Chengxiang County. Its administrative grade was lower-middle. Kang Prefecture, seat of the Jinkang Commandery, was rated lower grade. Formerly Nankang Prefecture; in 623, the sixth year of Wudesplit Duan Prefecture of Duanxi to establish; in the ninth yearthe prefecture was abolished. Restored in Zhenguan 1 (627), abolished again in the eleventh year, restored in the twelfth year, and renamed Kang Prefecture. Tribute from the region included gold, silver. It registered 10,510 households and 17,219 persons. It governed four counties. Duanxi was rated lower grade. In 622, the fifth year of Wude, split Duan Prefecture of Bolin to establish Funuo County; later abolished. Jinkang was rated lower grade. Formerly Sui'an; in 757, the second year of Zhiderenamed. Yuecheng was rated lower grade. Formerly Lecheng; came under Duan Prefecture; in 622, the fifth year of Wudecame under this prefecture; later renamed. Ducheng County. Its administrative grade was lower. Long Prefecture, seat of the Kaiyang Commandery, was rated lower grade. Formerly Yongxi Commandery; 742 CE, the first year of the Tianbao reignrenamed. Tribute from the region included silver, dendrobium. It registered 3,627 households and 9,439 persons. It governed four counties. Longshui was rated lower grade. In 621, the fourth year of Wude, carved out and established Zhengyi County; and concurrently governing Huaide County. Zhengyi was later abolished, and Huaide was placed under Dou Prefecture. Kaiyang was rated lower grade. In 621, the fourth year of Wude, split Longshui to establish. Zhennan was rated lower grade. Formerly Annam; in 621, the fourth year of Wudeestablished Nanjian Prefecture; assigned Yongxi Commandery of An'sui, Yongxi, Yongye three counties to of. In the fifth year, split Longshui to establish Annam County, as recorded in the treatise. In 634, the eighth year of Zhenguan, changed Nanjian Prefecture to Yao Prefecture. In the eighteenth year, the prefecture was abolished; an'sui, Yongye was abolished; yongning, Annam was transferred here. In 757, the second year of Zhide, renamed. Jianshui County. Its administrative grade was lower. Formerly Yongxi; renamed Yongning in Wude 5 (622), renamed again in Tianbao 1 (742) because Jianshui lay to the west. Duan Prefecture, seat of the Gaoyao Commandery, was rated lower grade. Formerly Xin'an Commandery; 742 CE, the first year of the Tianbao reignrenamed. Tribute from the region included silver, citrus. It registered 9,500 households and 21,120 persons. It governed two counties. Gaoyao was rated lower grade. In 639, the thirteenth year of Zhenguan, bolin County was merged into it was abolished. The Qingqi garrison lay to the east. Pingxing County. Its administrative grade was lower. Qingtai was established in Wude 7 (624) and abolished in Zhenguan 13 (639). Xin Prefecture, seat of the Xinxing Commandery, was rated lower grade. Formerly Xinchang Commandery; established in Wude 4 (621) from Xinxing in Duan Prefecture. Tribute from the region included gold, silver, plantain. It registered 9,500 households. It governed two counties. Xinxing was rated lower grade. In 621, the fourth year of Wude, carved out and established Suolu, Xinchang, Shandie, Yongshun four counties. Xinchang and Shandie were later abolished, and Suolu was abolished again after the Qianyuan era. Yongshun County. Its administrative grade was lower. Feng Prefecture, seat of the Linfeng Commandery, was rated lower grade. Formerly Guangxin Commandery; 742 CE, the first year of the Tianbao reignrenamed. Tribute from the region included silver, sharkskin, dendrobium. It registered 3,900 households and 11,827 persons. It governed two counties. Fengchuan was rated lower grade. In 621, the fourth year of Wude, carved out and established Fengxing County; later abolished. Kaijian was rated lower grade. In 621, the fourth year of Wude, established. Pan Prefecture, seat of the Nanpan Commandery, was rated lower grade. Formerly Nandang Prefecture and the Nanba Commandery, it was established in Wude 4 (621) from Nanchang and Dingchuan in Hepu Commandery. The seat was originally at Nanchang; 627 CE, the first year of the Zhenguan reignseat moved to Dingchuan; in the eighth yearrenamed; later seat moved to Maoming. It was later abolished; territory enteredGao Prefecture. 650 CE, the first year of the Yonghui reign, restored using Maoming, Nanba, Maoshan three counties. Tribute from the region included silver. It registered 4,300 households and 8,967 persons. It governed three counties. Maoming was rated lower grade. Formerly under Gao Prefecture; named for the Maoming River; 627 CE, the first year of the Zhenguan reigncame under this prefecture. Panshui was rated lower grade. In 622, the fifth year of Wude, established; named for Panshui; also carved out Nanchang, Dingchuan to establish Luchuan, Sicheng, Wenshui, Dangchuan four counties. In 634, the eighth year of Zhenguan, sicheng was abolished; later assigned Dingchuan, Dangchuan to Lao Prefecture; luchuan, Wenshuicame under Yu Prefecture; later abolished Nanchang. In the twenty-third year, split Panshui to establish Maoshan County; named for Maoshan. Panshui County was later abolished. In 714, the second year of Kaiyuan, changed Maoshan to Panshui. The Bopan garrison lay to the south. Nanba County. Its administrative grade was lower. Formerly under Gao Prefecture; in 622, the fifth year of Wudeestablished; 650 CE, the first year of the Yonghui reigncame under this prefecture. Chun Prefecture, seat of the Nanling Commandery, was rated lower grade. Formerly Yangchun Commandery; established in Wude 4 (621) from Yangchun in Gaoliang Commandery; the commandery was renamed in Tianbao 1 (742). Tribute from the region included silver, stalactite, dendrobium. It registered 11,218 households. It governed two counties. Yangchun was rated lower grade. In 621, the fourth year of Wude, and also established Liunan County; in the fifth yearalso established Xicheng County; later all were abolished. The locality produced lead. Luoshui County. Its administrative grade was lower. After the Tianbao era, established. Qin Prefecture, seat of the Yunfu Commandery, was rated lower grade. Formerly Tongling Commandery; in 621, the fourth year of Wudesplit Chun Prefecture to establish; in the fifth yearthe prefecture was abolished. Restored in Wansui Tongtian 2 (697) and abolished again during the Chang'an era. After the pacification of Chun and Long prefectures in 730 CE, Chen Xingfan's surviving partisans held Tongling North Mountain until Guangzhou Area Commander Geng Renzhong petitioned to restore the prefecture, relocating the seat to Fulin Cave and establishing it as a county. 758 CE, the first year of the Qianyuan reign, seat moved to Tongling. Tribute from the region included gold, silver, dendrobium. It registered 682 households and 1,933 persons. It governed two counties. Tongling was rated lower grade. Formerly under Duan Prefecture; in 622, the fifth year of Wudecame under Chun Prefecture; later transferred here. The locality produced copper. Fulin County. Its administrative grade was lower. In 621, the fourth year of Wude, split Tongling to establish. After the prefecture was abolished, came under Chun Prefecture; later the county was also abolished; 758 CE, the first year of the Qianyuan reignwas restored. Luo Prefecture, seat of the Zhaoyi Commandery, was rated lower grade. Formerly Shicheng Commandery; established in Wude 5 (622) from Shilong and Wuchuan in Gaoliang Commandery, with the seat moved to Shicheng in the sixth year. Tribute from the region included silver, peacock, parrot. It registered 5,460 households and 8,041 persons. It governed four counties. Lianjiang was rated lower grade. Formerly Shicheng; named for the Shicheng River. In 622, the fifth year of Wude, split Shilong, Wuchuan to establish Nanhe, Shicheng, Zhaoyi, Linglü, Shilong, Lingluo, Longhua, Luobian, Cilian, Luofei ten counties. Subsequently Shilong and the six counties beneath it were assigned to Nan Shi Prefecture. 742 CE, the first year of the Tianbao reign, renamed. In 773, the eighth year of Dali, assigned Nanhe to Shun Prefecture. Wuchuan was rated lower grade. Ganshui was rated lower grade. Formerly Shilong; in 622, the fifth year of Wudecalled Zhaoyi; 742 CE, the first year of the Tianbao reignrenamed; named for Ganshui. Linglü County. Its administrative grade was lower. It was named for the Linglü River. Bian Prefecture, seat of the Lingshui Commandery, was rated lower grade. Formerly Nan Shi Prefecture and the Shilong Commandery; in Wude 6 (623) it was formed from Shilong, Lingluo, Longhua, Luobian, Cilian, and Luofei in Luo Prefecture. In 635, the ninth year of Zhenguan, renamed. In 904 CE, Zhu Quanzhong petitioned for a rename to Xun Prefecture because the name Bian (to dispute) and the name Bian (the Bian River) were homophones. Tribute from the region included silver, bamboo sandals. It registered 4,858 households and 16,209 persons. It governed two counties. Shilong was rated lower grade. 627 CE, the first year of the Zhenguan reign, cilian, Luofei two counties was merged into it was abolished. Lingluo County. Its administrative grade was lower. Gao Prefecture, seat of the Gaoliang Commandery, was rated lower grade. In 623, the sixth year of Wude, split Dianbai, Lianjiang from Guangzhou and established. The seat was originally at Gaoliang; in 649, the twenty-third year of Zhenguanseat moved to Liangde; in 776, the eleventh year of Daliseat moved to Dianbai. Tribute from the region included silver, python gall. It registered 12,400 households. It governed three counties. Dianbai was rated lower grade. Liangde was rated lower grade. Formerly under Long Prefecture, it was transferred here during the Wude era. Baoning County. Its administrative grade was lower. Formerly Lianjiang; in 717, the fifth year of Kaiyuancalled Bao'an; in 757, the second year of Zhiderenamed. En Prefecture, seat of the Enping Commandery, was rated lower grade. Formerly Qi'an Commandery; established in Zhenguan 23 (649) from Xiping, Qi'an, and Duling in Gao Prefecture. In 891, the second year of Dashun, seat moved to Enping. Tribute from the region included gold, silver. It registered 9,000 households. It governed three counties. The locality produced qinghai army. Enping was rated lower grade. Formerly Hai'an; in 622, the fifth year of Wudecalled Qi'an; in 757, the second year of Zhiderenamed. There was an Xiping County, originally Gaoliang, renamed in Wude 5 (622) and later abolished. Duling was rated lower grade. Formerly Duyuan; in 622, the fifth year of Wuderenamed. Yangjiang County. Its administrative grade was lower. The locality produced silver. Lei Prefecture, seat of the Haikang Commandery, was rated lower grade. Formerly Nan He Prefecture and the Xuwen Commandery; established in Wude 4 (621) from Haikang, Suikang, and Tieba in Hepu Commandery. 627 CE, the first year of the Zhenguan reign, renamed East He Prefecture; in the eighth yearwas again renamed. Tribute from the region included silk gauze, striped bamboo, peacock. It registered 4,320 households and 20,572 persons. It governed three counties. Haikang was rated middle grade. Suixi was rated lower grade. Formerly Tieba and Shenchuan counties; later merged, abolished, and renamed. Xuwen County. Its administrative grade was lower. Formerly Suikang; in 628, the second year of Zhenguanrenamed. Ya Prefecture, seat of the Zhuya Commandery, was rated lower grade. Tribute from the region included gold, silver, pearls, hawksbill shell, galangal. It registered 819 households. It governed three counties. Shecheng was rated lower grade; named for the Shecheng River. Garrison troops were posted to the southwest at Qinlian. Yancheng County, originally Yanlu, was renamed in Zhenguan 1 (627) and abolished after the Kaiyuan era. Chengmai was rated lower grade. Wenchang County. Its administrative grade was lower. Formerly Pingchang; in 622, the fifth year of Wudeestablished; 627 CE, the first year of the Zhenguan reignrenamed. Qiong Prefecture, seat of the Qiongshan Commandery: a lower area military command prefecture. In 631, the fifth year of Zhenguan, using Ya Prefecture of Qiongshanestablished. The prefecture fell to mountain-cave tribes after the Qianfeng era; Lingnan Military Commissioner Li Fu reconquered it in 789 CE. Tribute from the region included gold. It registered 649 households. It governed five counties. Qiongshan was rated lower grade. In 639, the thirteenth year of Zhenguan, carved out and established Zengkou, Yanluo, Rongqiong three counties. In 791, the seventh year of Zhenyuan, rongqiong was abolished. The locality produced salt. Lingao was rated lower grade. Formerly Linji; came under Ya Prefecture; in 631, the fifth year of Zhenguancame under this prefecture; when the prefecture was lost it came under Ya Prefecture. 713 CE, the first year of the Kaiyuan reign, renamed. Zengkou was rated lower grade. Lehui was rated lower grade. In 660, the fifth year of Xianqing, established. Yanluo County. Its administrative grade was lower. Zhen Prefecture, seat of the Yande Commandery, was rated lower grade. Formerly Linzhen Commandery; also calledNingyuan Commandery; 742 CE, the first year of the Tianbao reignrenamed. Tribute from the region included gold, five-color rattan trays, striped cloth, food mats. It registered 819 households and 2,821 persons. It governed five counties. Ningyuan was rated lower grade. It was named for the Ningyuan River. The locality produced salt. Yande was rated lower grade. It was named for the Yande River. Jiyang was rated lower grade. In 628, the second year of Zhenguan, split Yande to establish. Linchuan was rated lower grade. Luotun County. Its administrative grade was lower. After the Tianbao era, established. Dan Prefecture, seat of the Changhua Commandery, was rated lower grade. Formerly Dan'er Commandery at the Sui Zhuya commandery seat; renamed in Tianbao 1 (742). Tribute from the region included gold, sugar incense. It registered 3,395 households. Yilun was rated lower grade. The locality produced salt. Changhua was rated lower grade. Ji'an County was established in Zhenguan 1 (627) and abolished after the Qianyuan era. Ganen was rated lower grade. Luochang was rated lower grade. After the Qianyuan era, established. Fuluo County. Its administrative grade was lower. Formerly Pishan; in 622, the fifth year of Wuderenamed. Wan'an Prefecture, seat of the Wan'an Commandery, was rated lower grade. In 662, the second year of Longshuo, using Ya Prefecture of Wan'anestablished. In 721, the ninth year of Kaiyuan, seat moved to Lingshui. The commandery was renamed Wanquan in Zhide 2 (757). The seat returned to Wanquan in Zhenyuan 1 (785); the original name was later restored. Tribute from the region included gold, silver. It registered 2,997 households. It governed four counties. Wan'an was rated lower grade. Formerly under Qiong Prefecture; in 631, the fifth year of Zhenguansplit Wenchang to establish; and also established Fuyun, Boliao two counties. In the thirteenth year, came under Ya Prefecture; later transferred here. It was called Wanquan in Zhide 2 (757); the original name was later restored. Lingshui was rated lower grade. Formerly under Zhen Prefecture; later transferred here. Fuyun was rated lower grade. Boliao County. Its administrative grade was lower. Yong Prefecture, seat of the Langning Commandery: a lower area military command prefecture. Formerly Nan Jin Prefecture; established in Wude 4 (621) from Xuanhua in the Sui Yulin Commandery and renamed in Zhenguan 8 (634). Tribute from the region included gold, silver. The locality produced gold mine. It registered 2,893 households and 7,302 persons. It governed seven counties. The locality produced pacification army. Xuanhua was rated lower-middle grade. In 622, the fifth year of Wude, carved out and established Wuyuan, Jinxing, Langning, Hengshan four counties. After the Qianyuan era, hengshan was abolished. Because the Yu River issued from Qiyuan Prefecture in Man territory and chronically inundated the prefecture, Vice-Prefect Lü Ren during the Jingyun period (710–711 CE) excavated diversion channels to break its force; flooding ceased and settlements lined both banks. Wuyuan was rated lower-middle grade. The Duling garrison lay to the west. Jinxing was rated lower-middle grade. Langning was rated lower-middle grade. Silong was rated lower-middle grade. After the Qianyuan era, opened mountain caves and established. Ruhe was rated lower-middle grade. Formerly under Qin Prefecture; established in Wude 5 (622) from Nanbin and Anjing and transferred here in Jinglong 2 (708). Fengling County. Its administrative grade was lower-middle. After the Qianyuan era, opened mountain caves and established. Cheng Prefecture, seat of the Heshui Commandery, was rated lower grade. Formerly Nanfang Prefecture; established in Wude 4 (621) from Lingfang lands in Yulin Commandery and renamed in Zhenguan 8 (634). Tribute from the region included gold, silver. It registered 1,368 households and 8,580 persons. It governed four counties. Shanglin was rated lower grade. In Wude 4 (621) Wuyu, Langya, Sigan, Shanglin, and Zhige were carved out of Lingfang County territory. Wuyu was rated lower grade. Zhige was rated lower grade. Heshui County. Its administrative grade was lower. Formerly under Liu Prefecture; in 621, the fourth year of Wudesplit Maping to establish; in the eighth yearcame under this prefecture. Bin Prefecture, seat of the Lingfang Commandery, was rated lower grade. Formerly Ancheng Commandery; established in Zhenguan 5 (631) from Lingfang, Sigan, and Langya in Nanfang Prefecture and Ancheng in Nan Yin Prefecture. In 757, the second year of Zhide, renamed. Tribute from the region included rattan ware. It registered 1,976 households. Registered population: 8,580 persons. It governed three counties. Lingfang was rated lower-middle grade. In 638, the twelfth year of Zhenguan, sigan County was abolished. Langya was rated lower-middle grade. Baocheng County. Its administrative grade was lower-middle. Formerly Ancheng; in 757, the second year of Zhiderenamed. Heng Prefecture, seat of the Ningpu Commandery, was rated lower grade. Formerly Jian Prefecture; established in Wude 4 (621) from Ningpu and Leshan in Yulin Commandery. In the sixth year, called southJian Prefecture; in 634, the eighth year of Zhenguanrenamed. Tribute from the region included gold, silver. It registered 1,978 households and 8,342 persons. It governed three counties. Ningpu was rated lower-middle grade. In 621, the fourth year of Wude, carved out and established Mengze County. In the fifth year, gui Prefecture of Lingshan was transferred here. In 638, the twelfth year of Zhenguan, mengze was merged into it was abolished; later Lingshan was again abolished. Conghua was rated lower-middle grade. Formerly Chunfeng; in 621, the fourth year of Wudesplit Ningpu to establish; 805 CE, the first year of the Yongzhen reignrenamed. Leshan County. Its administrative grade was lower. Xun Prefecture, seat of the Xunjiang Commandery, was rated lower grade. In 633, the seventh year of Zhenguan, using Yan Prefecture of Guiping, Dabinestablished. In the thirteenth year, the prefecture was abolished; countycame under Gong Prefecture; later was restored. Tribute from the region included gold, silver. It registered 2,500 households and 6,836 persons. It governed three counties. Guiping was rated lower grade. Formerly under Gui Prefecture; in 622, the fifth year of Wudecame under Yan Prefecture. In the seventh year, established Lingjiang County; in the twelfth year was merged into it was abolished. Huanghua was rated lower grade. Formerly under Xiu Prefecture; in 633, the seventh year of Zhenguancame under this prefecture. Dabin County. Its administrative grade was lower. Luan Prefecture, seat of the Yongding Commandery, was rated lower grade. Formerly Chun Prefecture; established in Wude 4 (621) on former Qin Guilin Commandery territory and renamed in Yongzhen 1 (805). Tribute from the region included gold, silver. It registered 770 households and 3,803 persons. It governed three counties. Yongding was rated lower grade. Wuluo was rated lower grade. Lingzhu County. Its administrative grade was lower. Qin Prefecture, seat of the Ningyue Commandery. Tribute from the region included gold, silver, kingfisher plumes, galangal. It registered 2,700 households and 10,146 persons. It governed five counties. Qinjiang was rated lower grade. The Xiling garrison post lay to the southeast. Baojing was rated lower grade. Formerly Anjing; renamed in Zhide 2 (757). Neiting was rated lower grade. Nanting Prefecture was established in Wude 5 (622) from Neiting and Zunhua counties. In 628, the second year of Zhenguan, the prefecture was abolished; two countiescame under this prefecture. Zunhua was rated lower-middle grade. Lingshan County. Its administrative grade was lower. Formerly Nanbin; renamed in Zhenguan 10 (636). Gui Prefecture, seat of the Huaize Commandery, was rated lower grade. Formerly Nan Ding PrefectureYulin Commandery; in 621, the fourth year of Wudecalled Nan Yin Prefecture; in 634, the eighth year of Zhenguancalled Gui Prefecture; 742 CE, the first year of the Tianbao reignrenamed the commandery. Tribute from the region included gold, silver, lead ware, ramie cloth. It registered 3,026 households and 9,300 persons. It governed four counties. It maintained 1 garrison commands: Longshan. Yulin was rated lower-middle grade. Huaize was rated lower grade. In 621, the fourth year of Wude, established. Chaoshui was rated lower grade. In 621, the fourth year of Wude, split Yulin to establish. Yishan County. Its administrative grade was lower. In 621, the fourth year of Wude, changed Maling County to Madou. It was abolished after Zhenguan, re-established after Tianbao, and called Yishan. Gong Prefecture, seat of the Linjiang Commandery, was rated lower grade. In 633, the seventh year of Zhenguan, using Yan Prefectureformer seat; split Xun Prefecture of Wulin, Yan Prefecture of Taichuan to establish; later seat moved to Pingnan. Tribute from the region included silver. It registered 9,000 households and 21,000 persons. It governed five counties. Pingnan was rated lower grade. In 633, the seventh year of Zhenguan, established; also established Xiping, Guizheng, Datong three counties. In the twelfth year, taichuan entered Pingnan was abolished; guizheng, Xiping was again abolished. Wulin was rated lower grade. Formerly under Teng Prefecture; in 624, the seventh year of Wudecame under this prefecture. Suijian was rated lower grade. Formerly under Teng Prefecture; in 639, the thirteenth year of Zhenguancame under this prefecture. Datong was rated lower grade. Yangchuan County. Its administrative grade was lower. Formerly Yangjian; later renamed. Xiang Prefecture, seat of the Xiang Commandery, was rated lower grade. Formerly Guilin Commandery; established in Wude 4 (621) from Yangshou and Guilin in Shi'an Commandery and named for Xiang Mountain. In 639, the thirteenth year of Zhenguan, seat moved to Wuhua; in 776, the eleventh year of Daliagain administered fromYangshou. Tribute from the region included silver, rattan ware. It registered 5,500 households and 10,890 persons. It governed three counties. Yangshou was rated lower grade. In Wude 4 (621) Wude, Xining, and Wuxian were carved out of Guilin. Xining was merged into Wude in Zhenguan 12 (638); Wude was merged into Yangshou in Tianbao 1 (742). Wuxian was rated lower grade. 666 CE, the first year of the Qianfeng reign, guilin County was merged into it was abolished. Wuhua County. Its administrative grade was lower. Established in Wude 4 (621) by splitting Jianling from Gui Prefecture; first under Feng Prefecture, later under Yan Prefecture. Changfeng County was also split off from Yangshou and assigned to Yan Prefecture. When the prefecture was abolished, all its counties were transferred here. In 776, the eleventh year of Dali, changfeng was merged into it was abolished. Teng Prefecture, seat of the Ganyi Commandery, was rated lower grade. Formerly Yongping Commandery; renamed in Tianbao 1 (742). Tribute from the region included silver. It registered 3,980 households. It governed four counties. Xinjin was rated lower-middle grade. The seat was first at Yongping without Xinjin; Sui'an, Hechuan, and Ningren existed but were reorganized after Zhenguan, with Ningren assigned to Rong Prefecture and Yongping to Zhao Prefecture. The locality produced lead. Ganyi was rated lower grade. Formerly Chunmin; renamed during the Wude era. Yichang was rated lower grade. Formerly An'chang; in 757, the second year of Zhiderenamed. Ningfeng County. Its administrative grade was lower. In 622, the fifth year of Wude, using County to establish Yan Prefecture; assigned Gui Prefecture of Guiping to of. In 629 CE, Dabin from Teng Prefecture was added, along with Changgong, Taichuan, Chiyang, and Longyang; the seat was at Changgong. Four more counties were created in 631 CE. In 633 CE it became Tai Prefecture, relocated to Ningfeng, renamed Chiyang as Chen'en, and absorbed An'ji from Teng Prefecture. Liangshi and Luofeng were placed under Teng Prefecture. Changgong County was struck from the rolls. In the eighth year the seat moved to An'ji and the prefecture again became Yan Prefecture. In the twelfth year, longyang, Cheng'en two counties was abolished. In the eighteenth year, the prefecture was abolished; ningfeng was transferred here. Xinle、An'ji、Liangshi、Luofeng was later abolished. Yan Prefecture, seat of the Changle Commandery, was rated lower grade. Established in Diaolu 2 (680) from Heng and Gui prefectures and named for the north side of Yan Ridge. 742 CE, the first year of the Tianbao reign, called Anle Commandery; in 757, the second year of Zhiderenamed. Tribute from the region included gold. It registered 1,110 households. It governed four counties. Changle was rated lower grade. Formerly Anle; Xiao Xian carved out Xingde County to establish it. Abolished in Zhenguan 1 (627), restored in Qianfeng 1 (666) under Yulin Prefecture, and transferred here in Yonglong 1 (680). In 757, the second year of Zhide, renamed. Enfeng was rated lower grade. Formerly Fulong Cave on Danglao and Bai prefecture territory; established with Gaocheng and Shiyan in Diaolu 2 (680). Gaocheng was rated lower grade. It was named for the Gaocheng River. Shiyan County. Its administrative grade was lower. Yi Prefecture, seat of the Longshui Commandery, was rated lower grade. Opened in the Tang as Yue Prefecture and renamed during the Qianfeng era. The locality produced silver、cinnabar. It registered 1,220 households and 3,230 persons. It governed four counties. Longshui was rated lower grade. Yashan was rated lower grade. Dongxi was rated lower grade. Tianhe County. Its administrative grade was lower.
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Under the Yong Area Command; Xian, Wu, and Shen prefectures also existed but were later abolished. Rang Prefecture, seat of the Lintan Commandery, was rated lower grade. In 638, the twelfth year of Zhenguan, qingping DukeLi Hongjieopened Yi and Liao peoples and established. It registered 1,666 households. It governed four counties. Rangjiang was rated lower grade. Boling was rated lower grade. Hushan was rated lower grade. Hongyuan County. Its administrative grade was lower. After the Zhenyuan era only the prefecture and county names survived in name alone. Long Prefecture, seat of the Funan Commandery, was rated lower grade. In 638, the twelfth year of Zhenguan, li Hongjiepacified raw Man tribes and established. It registered 3,667 households. It governed seven counties. Wuqin was rated lower grade. Wuli was rated lower grade. Luolong was rated lower grade. Funan was rated lower grade. Long'e was rated lower grade. Wuguan was rated lower grade. Wujiang County. Its administrative grade was lower. Tian Prefecture, seat of the Hengshan Commandery, was rated lower grade. It was established by opening tribal caves in the Kaiyuan era, abolished in Zhenyuan 21 (805 CE), and later restored. It registered 4,168 households. It governed five counties. Dujiu was rated lower grade. Huijia was rated lower grade. Wulong was rated lower grade. Hengshan was rated lower grade. Rulai County. Its administrative grade was lower. Huan Prefecture, seat of the Zhengping Commandery, was rated lower grade. Li Hongjie opened raw Man territory and established the prefecture in Zhenguan 12 (638). It governed eight counties. Zhengping was rated lower grade. Fuling was rated lower grade. Longyuan was rated lower grade. Raomian was rated lower grade. Si'en was rated lower grade. Wushi was rated lower grade. Geliang was rated lower grade. Dumeng County. Its administrative grade was lower. Gui Prefecture, seat of the Shi'an Commandery: a mid-level area military command prefecture. The commandery was renamed Jianling in Zhide 2 (757); the original name was later restored. Tribute from the region included silver, bronze ware, roebuck-skin boots, matting. It registered 17,500 households and 71,018 persons. It governed eleven counties. The locality produced pacification army. Lingui was rated upper grade. Formerly Shi'an; in 621, the fourth year of Wudeestablished Fulu County; in 634, the eighth year of Zhenguan was merged into it was abolished; renamed. The Xiangsi Dam, constructed in 692 CE (Changshou 1), split the Xiangsi channel so water could run east and west. To the southeast, the Huitao Embankment was raised in 798 CE (Zhenyuan 14) to restrain the Gui River. Houshan lay in the locality. Liding was rated middle grade. Formerly Xing'an; in 621, the fourth year of Wudeestablished Xuanfeng County; in 638, the twelfth year of Zhenguan was merged into it was abolished. In 757, the second year of Zhide, renamed. Ten li west stood the Ling Canal, which diverted the Li River; it had been excavated by the Qin official Shi Lu and later fell into disuse. Early in the Baoli reign (827 CE), Observation Commissioner Li Bo installed eighteen lock-gates for grain transport, but the works were soon abandoned again. In 868 CE (Xiantong 9), Prefect Yu Mengwei built a forty-li stone training dike with eighteen tiers of timber lock-gates, enabling passage for large ships. Lingchuan was rated middle grade. In 662, the second year of Longshuo, split Shi'an to establish. Yangshuo was rated lower-middle grade. In 621, the fourth year of Wude, established Guiyi County; 627 CE, the first year of the Zhenguan reign was merged into it was abolished. Lipu was rated lower-middle grade. In 621, the fourth year of Wude, using Shi'an Commandery of Lipu, Jianling, Suihua three counties to establish Li Prefecture; also carved out and established Chongren, Chunyi, Dongqu three counties. In the fifth year, assigned Suihua, Dongqu to Nan Gong Prefecture; 627 CE, the first year of the Zhenguan reignassigned Jianling to Yan Prefecture. In the twelfth year, the prefecture was abolished; lipu, Chongren was transferred here. Chongren was later abolished, and Chunyi was assigned to Meng Prefecture. Fengshui was rated lower-middle grade. Formerly Yongfeng; came under Zhao Prefecture; in 621, the fourth year of Wudesplit Yangshuo to establish; later transferred here. In 823, the third year of Changqing, renamed. Xiuren was rated lower-middle grade. Formerly Jianling; 627 CE, the first year of the Zhenguan reignestablished Yan Prefecture; and also established Wulong, Wuhua, Changfeng three counties. In the twelfth year, the prefecture was abolished; wulong was abolished; assigned Wuhua, Changfeng to Xiang Prefecture; jianlingcame under this prefecture. In 823, the third year of Changqing, renamed. Gonghua was rated lower-middle grade. Formerly Chunhua; in 621, the fourth year of Wudesplit Shi'an to establish; 805 CE, the first year of the Yongzhen reignrenamed. Yongfu was rated lower-middle grade. In 621, the fourth year of Wude, split Shi'an to establish. Quanyi was rated lower-middle grade. Formerly Linyuan; in 621, the fourth year of Wudesplit Shi'an to establish; in 768, the third year of Dalirenamed. Gu County. In 895, the second year of Qianning, split Muhua to establish. Wu Prefecture, seat of the Cangwu Commandery, was rated lower grade. In 621, the fourth year of Wude, using Jing Prefecture of Cangwu, Haojing, Kaijiangestablished. Tribute from the region included silver, quartz. It registered 1,209 households. It governed three counties. Cangwu was rated lower grade. In 634, the eighth year of Zhenguan, he Prefecture of Suiyue was transferred here. Haojing was abolished in the twelfth year; Suiyue was later abolished as well, and Kaijiang returned to Fu Prefecture. Rongcheng was rated lower grade. Formerly under Teng Prefecture, it was transferred here during the Yonghui era. In 901 CE (Guanghua 4), Ma Yin petitioned to transfer the county to Gui Prefecture. Mengling County. Its administrative grade was lower. Formerly Mengling; came under Teng Prefecture; xiao Xianestablished. In 634, the eighth year of Zhenguan, came under this prefecture; renamed. During the Guanghua era (898–901 CE), Ma Yin petitioned to place the county under Gui Prefecture. He Prefecture, seat of the Linhe Commandery, was rated lower grade. Formerly Suiyue Commandery; established in Wude 4 (621) from Fuchuan in Shi'an, Guiling in Xiping, Fengsheng in Lingling, and Fengyang in Cangwu commanderies. Tribute from the region included silver. It registered 4,552 households and 20,570 persons. It governed six counties. Linhe was rated lower grade. In 621, the fourth year of Wude, established. A copper smelter stood on Jushan to the east. Guiling was rated lower grade. Iron was found at both Chaogang and Chenggang. Fengsheng was rated lower grade. The locality produced liping pass. Three tin smelters operated there. Fengyang was rated lower grade. Abolished in Zhenguan 1 (627) and restored in the ninth year. Fuchuan was rated lower grade. The locality produced fushui. Renamed Fushui in the Tianbao era; the original name was later restored. The locality produced tin. Three stalactite caves lay within the county. Dangshan County. Its administrative grade was lower. After the Tianbao era, established. Lian Prefecture, seat of the Lianshan Commandery, was rated lower grade. Formerly Xiping Commandery; 742 CE, the first year of the Tianbao reignrenamed. Tribute from the region included red cash coins, bamboo-ramie floss, fine white ramie, stalactite, mercury, cinnabar, white pewter. It registered 32,210 households and 143,533 persons. It governed three counties. Guiyang was rated upper grade. Guiyang Mountain, originally Lingshan, was renamed in Tianbao 8 (749). The locality had silver and iron. Yangshan was rated lower-middle grade. The locality produced iron. The former Qin Huangxi Pass lay there. Lianshan County. Its administrative grade was middle. The locality had gold, copper, and iron. Liu Prefecture, seat of the Longcheng Commandery, was rated lower grade. Formerly Kun Prefecture; established from Maping in Shi'an Commandery in Wude 4 (621), renamed Nan Kun Prefecture the same year, and renamed again in Zhenguan 8 (634) for its position under the Willow asterism. Tribute from the region included silver, python gall. It registered 2,232 households and 11,550 persons. It governed five counties. Maping was rated lower grade. In Wude 4 (621) Xinping, Wen'an, Heshui, and Guide were established; Guide was soon renamed Xiude and Wen'an Leshai. In the eighth year, assigned Heshui to Cheng Prefecture, as recorded in the treatise. In 633, the seventh year of Zhenguan, leshai was abolished; in the ninth yearestablished Yashan County; in the twelfth yearXinping was abolished. Yashan was later abolished again, and Xiude was placed under Yan Prefecture. Longcheng was rated lower grade. Long Prefecture was set up in Wude 4 (621), along with Liuling County. In Zhenguan 7 (633) the prefecture was abolished, Liuling was dropped, and Longcheng came under Liuzhou. Xiang was rated lower grade. Formerly under Guizhou, it later came under Liuzhou. Luocao was rated lower grade. Formerly Luofeng; it was renamed in Yuanhe 13 (818). Luorong County. Luorong was rated lower grade. It was established during the Zhenguan era. Fu Prefecture, seat of the Kaijiang commandery, was rated lower grade. Formerly Jing Prefecture and the Longping commandery, it was established in Wude 4 (621) from Longping and Haojing of Shian commandery and Cangwu of Cangwu commandery, and renamed in Zhenguan 8 (634). Tribute from the region included silver and patterned cloth. It registered one thousand four hundred sixty households and eight thousand five hundred eighty-six persons. It governed three counties. Longping was rated lower grade. In Wude 4 (621) Bolao, Guihua, Anle, and Kaijiang were carved out; Cangwu, Haojing, and Kaijiang were soon attached to Wuzhou, and in the ninth year Anle, Guihua, and Bolao were abolished. Siqin was rated lower grade. It was established after the Tianbao era. Majiang County. Majiang was rated lower grade. Formerly Kaijiang; it was later under Wuzhou and then again under Liuzhou. It was renamed in Changqing 3 (823). Zhao Prefecture, seat of the Pingle commandery, was rated lower grade. Formerly Le Prefecture, it was established in Wude 4 (621) from Pingle in Shian commandery and renamed in Zhenguan 8 (634). Tribute from the region included silver. It registered four thousand nine hundred eighteen households and twelve thousand six hundred ninety-one persons. It governed three counties. Pingle was rated lower grade. It was named for the Pingle River and had three stalactite caves. Shating was carved out in Wude 4 (621) and abolished in Zhenguan 7 (633). Gongcheng was rated lower grade. It was established by Xiao Xian. Twelve stalactite caves lay on Mount Yinzhang. Yongping County. Yongping was rated lower grade. Formerly under Teng Prefecture, it later came under Zhao Prefecture. Meng Prefecture, seat of the Mengshan commandery, was rated lower grade. Formerly Nangong Prefecture, it was established in Wude 5 (622) from Suihua of Lizhou and renamed in Zhenguan 8 (634). Tribute from the region included bran gold and silver. It registered one thousand fifty-nine households and five thousand nine hundred thirty-three persons. It governed three counties. Lishan was rated lower grade. Formerly Suihua; it was renamed in Wude 5 (622); Qinzheng was also carved out and established, then abolished in Zhenguan 12 (638). Dongqu was rated lower grade. It was established in Wude 5 (622) by splitting off from Lishan. In Zhenguan 6 (632) it was attached to Yan Prefecture and came under Meng Prefecture in the tenth year. Zhengyi County. Zhengyi was rated lower grade. Formerly Chunyi under Yan Prefecture, it came under Meng Prefecture in the tenth year. It was renamed in Yongzhen 1 (805). Yan Prefecture, seat of the Xunde commandery, was rated lower grade. In Qianfeng 2 (667) raw Liao were brought in and settled, and the prefecture was established on the former Qin Guilin commandery lands. Tribute from the region included silver. It registered one thousand eight hundred fifty-nine households and seven thousand fifty-one persons. It governed three counties. Laibin was rated lower grade. It was established in Qianfeng 2 (667). Xunde was rated lower grade. Formerly under Liuzhou, it later came under Yan Prefecture. Guihua County. Guihua was rated lower grade. It was established in Qianfeng 2 (667). Rong Prefecture, seat of the Rongshui commandery, was rated lower grade. It was established in Wude 4 (621) by carving out Yixi from Shian commandery. Tribute from the region included gold and cassia heartwood. It registered one thousand two hundred thirty-two households. It governed two counties. Rongshui was rated lower grade. Formerly Yixi; in Wude 4 (621) Linqiang, Huangshui, and Anxiu were carved out, and in the sixth year it was renamed. In Zhenguan 13 (639) Anxiu was abolished and merged into Linqiang. Wuyang County. Wuyang was rated lower grade. At the start of Tianbao, Huangshui and Linqiang were merged and re-established as Wuyang. Sitang Prefecture, seat of the Wulang commandery, was rated lower grade. It was established in Yonglong 2 (681) by splitting territory from Gong, Meng, and Xiang prefectures. In Kaiyuan 24 (736) it became a frontier-administered prefecture; in Jianzhong 1 (780) it became a regular prefecture. Tribute from the region included silver. It registered one hundred forty-one households. It governed two counties. Wulang was rated lower grade. Sihe County. Sihe was rated lower grade. Formerly Pingyuan; it was renamed in Changqing 3 (823). Gu Prefecture, seat of the Lexing commandery, was rated lower grade. In Zhenguan 12 (638), Li Hongjie opened the Yi and Liao and established the prefecture. Tribute from the region included wax. It registered two hundred eighty-five households. It governed three counties. Leshan, formerly Leyu, was renamed in Baoying 1 (762). Gushu was rated lower grade. Lexing County. Lexing was rated lower grade. Rong Prefecture, seat of the Puning commandery, was a lower-grade area military prefecture. Formerly Tong Prefecture, it was established in Wude 4 (621) from Beiliu and Puning in Hepu commandery. It was renamed in Zhenguan 8 (634). During the Yuanhe era the prefectural seat was moved to Puning. Tribute from the region included silver, cinnabar sand, and mercury. It registered four thousand nine hundred seventy households and seventeen thousand eighty-five persons. It governed six counties. The prefecture maintained a Pacification Army. Puning was rated lower grade. Beiliu was rated lower grade. In Wude 4 (621) Haoshi, Dangchang, Nanliu, Lingcheng, and Xin'an were carved out and established. In Zhenguan 11 (637) Xin'an was abolished; Haoshi and Dangchang were later abolished as well. Thirty li north lay Ghost Gate Pass, where two stones faced each other across a thirty-pace gap. Lingcheng was rated lower grade. Weilong was rated lower grade. It was established in Wude 4 (621) by splitting off from Puning. Xindao was rated lower grade. Formerly Ningren under Teng Prefecture. It was renamed in Zhenguan 23 (649) and came under Rong Prefecture. Luchuan County. Luchuan was rated lower grade. Formerly under Dong'e Prefecture, it came under Rong Prefecture at the end of the Tang. Lao Prefecture, seat of the Dingchuan commandery, was rated lower grade. Formerly Yi Prefecture, it was established in Wude 2 (619) on Man lands beyond the Ba-Shu frontier. In Zhenguan 11 (637) it was renamed for Lao Rock to the northeast, the seat was moved to Nanliu, and the prefecture was later abolished. In Qianfeng 3 (668), General Wang Gao pacified the Man and Liao and restored the prefecture. Tribute from the region included cloth and silver. It registered one thousand six hundred forty-one households and eleven thousand seven hundred fifty-six persons. It governed three counties. Nanliu was rated lower grade. Formerly under Rong Prefecture, Nanliu, Dingchuan, and Laochuan were carved out from Beiliu in Wude 4 (621); it was named for the Nanliu River a hundred paces south, and in Qianfeng 3 (668) all came under Lao Prefecture. Dingchuan was rated lower grade. Formerly under Pan Prefecture; it was named for the Dingchuan River. Dangchuan County. Dangchuan was rated lower grade. Formerly under Pan Prefecture; it was named for the Ludang River. Bai Prefecture, seat of the Nanchang commandery, was rated lower grade. Formerly Nan Prefecture, it was established in Wude 4 (621) on Hepu commandery lands and renamed in the sixth year. Tribute from the region included gold, silver, and pearls. It registered two thousand five hundred seventy-four households and nine thousand four hundred ninety-eight persons. It governed four counties. Bobai was rated lower grade. It was established in Wude 4 (621), along with Langping, Zhouluo, Longhao, Chunliang, and Jianning counties. In Zhenguan 6 (632) Dadu of Lian Prefecture was attached to it. In the twelfth year Langping and Chunliang were abolished; Dadu was later abolished as well. In Dali 8 (773) Longhao was attached to Shun Prefecture. One hundred li southwest lay Beishu Shoal; during the Xiantong era, Annan Protector-General Gao Pian recruited labor to level its dangerous rocks and open the water route. Jianning was rated lower grade. Zhouluo was rated lower grade. Nanchang County. Nanchang was rated lower grade. Formerly under Pan Prefecture, it later came under Bai Prefecture. Shun Prefecture, seat of the Shunyi commandery, was rated lower grade. In Dali 8 (773), Rong Circuit Pacification Commissioner Wang Hong carved out Yu, Luo, Bian, and Bai prefectures to establish it. Tribute from the region included silver. It registered five hundred nine households. It governed four counties. Longhua was rated lower grade. Established in Wude 4 (621) and named for Longhua River to the west; in the sixth year it was attached to Bian Prefecture. Wenshui was rated lower grade. Formerly under Yu Prefecture. Nanhe was rated lower grade. It was established in Wude 5 (622) from Shilong and attached to Luo Prefecture. Longhao County. It was carved out from Hepu in Wude 4 (621) and attached to Bai Prefecture. Xiu Prefecture, seat of the Changlin commandery, was rated lower grade. Formerly Lin Prefecture, it was established in Wude 4 (621) from Alin County and Yuping territory in Yulin commandery and renamed in the sixth year. Tribute from the region included gold. It registered nine thousand seven hundred seventy-three households. It governed three counties. Changlin was rated middle grade. It was established in Wude 4 (621), along with Luoxiu, Huanghua, and Guicheng counties. In Zhenguan 7 (633) Huanghua was attached to Xun Prefecture and Guicheng was abolished. Alin was rated lower-middle grade. Luoxiu County. Luoxiu was rated lower grade. Luyue was carved out in Wude 4 (621) and abolished into Luoxiu in Zhenguan 6 (632). Yulin Prefecture, seat of the Yulin commandery, was rated lower grade. Formerly Yu Prefecture, it was established in Linde 2 (665) from Shinan, Xingde, and Yuping of Gui Prefecture and renamed in Qianfeng 1 (666). Tribute from the region included cloth. It registered one thousand nine hundred eighteen households and nine thousand six hundred ninety-nine persons. It governed four counties. Yuping was rated lower grade. Formerly under Gui Prefecture, it later came under Yulin Prefecture. Xingye was rated lower grade. It was carved out from Shinan in Linde 2 (665); in Jianzhong 2 (781) Shinan was abolished and merged into it. Xingde was rated lower grade. Xiao Xian carved it out from Shinan, but it was soon abolished. It was restored in Wude 4 (621) by carving out from Yuping. Tanli County. Tanli was rated lower grade. Dang Prefecture, seat of the Ningren commandery, was rated lower grade. Formerly Yulin Prefecture territory, it was established in Yongchun 1 (682) by opening the ancient Dang cave. Tribute from the region included gold and silver. It registered one thousand one hundred forty-nine households and seven thousand four hundred four persons. It governed eight counties. Fu'an was rated lower grade. It lay in ancient Xiao'ou territory. Shanlao was rated lower-middle grade. Shanwen was rated lower grade. Ningren was rated lower grade. Rongshan was rated lower grade. Formerly Anren; in Yongchun 2 (682) Pingqin Prefecture was carved out from Dang Prefecture, governing Anren, Huaiyi, Fuyang, and Gufu. It was abolished in Chuigong 3 (687) and restored in Shenlong 3 (707). During the Zhide era Anren was renamed Rongshan. In Jianzhong 2 (781) the prefecture was abolished and all its counties came under Dang Prefecture. Huaiyi was rated lower grade. Fuyang was rated lower grade. Gufu County. Gufu was rated lower grade. Dou Prefecture, seat of the Huaide commandery, was rated lower grade. Formerly Nanfu Prefecture, it was established in Wude 4 (621) from Huaide in Yongxi commandery. When the Liao rebelled, the seat was provisionally at Long Prefecture; it was later moved to Xinyi. In Zhenguan 1 (627) the prefecture was abolished and the county was attached to Long Prefecture. It was restored in the second year; in the fifth year it was again abolished and the county was attached to Long Prefecture. It was restored in the sixth year and renamed in the eighth year. Tribute from the region included silver. It registered one thousand nineteen households and seven thousand three hundred thirty-nine persons. It governed four counties. Xinyi was rated lower-middle grade. Established in Wude 4 (621), with Tane carved out at the same time and Teliang carved out in the fifth year. Huaide was rated lower-middle grade. Tane was rated lower grade. Teliang County. Teliang was rated lower grade. Yu Prefecture, seat of the Wenshui commandery, was rated lower grade. Formerly Dong'e Prefecture; in Qianfeng 3 (668) General Wang Gao proposed carving out Bai, Bian, Dou, and Rong to establish it, and it was renamed in Zongzhang 2 (669). Tribute from the region included silver. It registered three thousand one hundred eighty households. It governed four counties. Eshi was rated lower grade. It was carved out from Wenshui of Bai Prefecture in Zongzhang 2 (669) and named for E Rock to the south. Luobian was rated lower grade. Formerly Luchuan under Bian Prefecture; it was later renamed. It lay in the territory of the Luobian cave. Fulai was rated lower grade. It was carved out from Xinyi in Wude 5 (622), attached to Dou Prefecture, and named for the Fulai River. It was abolished during the Zhenguan era and later restored. Dangchang County. Dangchang was rated lower grade. Formerly under Rong Prefecture. Lian Prefecture, seat of the Hepu commandery, was rated lower grade. Formerly He Prefecture, called Yue Prefecture in Wude 4 (621); it was renamed in Zhenguan 8 (634) from the former Daliang cave lands. Tribute from the region included silver. It registered three thousand thirty-two households and thirteen thousand twenty-nine persons. It governed four counties. Hepu was rated lower-middle grade. In Wude 5 (622) Anchang, Gaocheng, Daliang, and Dadu were established. Zhuchi County was established in Zhenguan 6 (632). Later Dadu was attached to Bai Prefecture. In the twelfth year Zhuchi and Anchang were abolished and merged into it. Fengshan was rated lower grade. In Wude 5 (622) Jiang Prefecture was established, along with Dongluo and Cailong counties. In Zhenguan 10 (636) the prefecture was abolished and Fengshan, Dongluo, and Cailong came under Lian Prefecture. Dongluo was later abolished. Cailong was rated lower grade. It was named for the Cailong cave. In Zhenguan 12 (638) Gaocheng was abolished and merged into it. Daliang County. Daliang was rated lower grade. Yi Prefecture, seat of the Liancheng commandery, was rated lower grade. Formerly Nanyi Prefecture, it was established in Wude 5 (622) on Yongye County territory in Yongxi commandery. In Zhenguan 1 (627) the prefecture was abolished and the county was attached to Nanjian Prefecture. It was restored in the second year; in the fifth year it was again abolished and the county was attached to Nanjian Prefecture. It was restored in the sixth year and later renamed Yi Prefecture. Tribute from the region included silver. It registered one thousand one hundred ten households and seven thousand three hundred three persons. It governed three counties. Cenxi was rated lower grade. Formerly Longcheng; established in Wude 5 (622), along with Anyi and Yicheng counties. During the Zhide era Longcheng was renamed Cenxi. Yicheng was later abolished as well. Commandery Mountain lay within the county. Yongye was rated lower grade. Formerly Anyi; it was renamed in the Zhide era. Liancheng County. Liancheng was rated lower grade. It was established in Wude 5 (622) by carving out Zhengyi from Long Prefecture. The Protectorate-General of the Central Capital of Annan; originally Jiaozhi commandery; in Wude 5 (622) it was called Jiao Prefecture with its seat at Jiaozhi. In Diaolu 1 (679) it became the Protectorate-General of Annan; in Zhide 2 (757) the Protectorate-General of the Pacified South; in Dali 3 (768) it reverted to Annan. In Baoli 1 (825) the seat was moved to Songping. Tribute from the region included plantains, betel nuts, shark leather, python gall, and kingfisher feathers. It registered twenty-four thousand two hundred thirty households and ninety-nine thousand six hundred fifty-two persons. It governed eight counties. The protectorate maintained a Pacification Army. Songping was rated upper grade. In Wude 4 (621) Song Prefecture was established, along with Hongjiao and Nanding counties. In the fifth year Jiaozhi and Huaide were carved out and attached to Jiao Prefecture. In the sixth year it was called Southern Song Prefecture. In Zhenguan 1 (627) the prefecture was abolished, Hongjiao and Huaide were dropped, Jiaozhi was moved to the former Nanci site, and Songping came under Annan. Nanding was originally under Song Prefecture; carved out from Songping in Wude 4 (621) and attached to Jiao Prefecture in the fifth year. It was abolished in Dali 5 (770) and restored in Zhenyuan 8 (792). Taiping was rated lower-middle grade. Formerly Longping; established in Wude 4 (621), with Long Prefecture set up on the county and Yilian and Fengxi also established, seat at Yilian. In the sixth year it was called Southern Long Prefecture. In Zhenguan 1 (627) the prefecture was abolished, Yilian was dropped, Fengxi went to Feng Prefecture, and Longping came under Annan. It was renamed in Xiantian 1 (712). Jiaozhi was rated lower-middle grade. In Wude 4 (621) Ci Prefecture was established with Cilian, Wuyan, and Wuli counties, named for the Cilian River. In the sixth year it was called Southern Ci Prefecture. In Zhenguan 1 (627) the prefecture and three counties were abolished and Jiaozhi was re-established. Zhuyuan was rated upper grade. In Wude 4 (621) Yuan Prefecture was established, along with Gaoling and Ding'an counties. In Zhenguan 1 (627) the prefecture was abolished, Gaoling and Ding'an were dropped, and Zhuyuan came under Annan. Longbian was rated lower-middle grade. In Wude 4 (621) Long Prefecture was established, along with Wuning and Pingle counties. In Zhenguan 1 (627) the prefecture was abolished, Wuning and Pingle were dropped, Longbian went to Xian Prefecture, and when that prefecture was abolished it came under Annan. Pingdao was rated lower-middle grade. In Wude 4 (621) Dao Prefecture was established, along with Changguo County. In the sixth year it was called Southern Dao Prefecture and that same year renamed Xian Prefecture. In Zhenguan 10 (636) the prefecture was abolished, Changguo was dropped, and Pingdao came under Annan. Wuping County. Wuping was rated lower-middle grade. Formerly under Dao Prefecture, it came under Annan in Wude 5 (622). Lu Prefecture, seat of the Yushan commandery, was rated lower grade. Formerly Yushan Prefecture, it was established in Wude 5 (622) from Anhai and Yushan in Ningyue commandery. In Zhenguan 2 (628) the prefecture was abolished and its counties were attached to Qin Prefecture. It was restored and renamed in Shangyuan 2 (675) under Emperor Gaozong. Tribute from the region included silver, tortoise shell, soft-shelled turtle hide, kingfisher feathers, and aloeswood. It registered four hundred ninety-four households and two thousand six hundred seventy-four persons. It governed three counties. Wulei was rated lower grade. Huaqing was rated lower grade. Formerly Yushan; it was renamed in the Tianbao era. Ninghai County. Ninghai was rated lower grade. Formerly Anhai. Haiping was also established in Wude 4 (621) and abolished in Zhenguan 12 (638). It was renamed in Zhide 2 (757). Feng Prefecture, seat of the Chenghua commandery, was a lower-grade area military prefecture. It was established in Wude 4 (621) from Jianing in Jiaozhi commandery. Tribute from the region included silver, rattan ware, white tin, python gall, and cardamom. It registered one thousand nine hundred twenty households. It governed five counties. Jianing was rated lower grade. In Wude 4 (621) Xinchang, Anren, Zhuge, and Shidi were established, and it also governed Fengxi County. In Zhenguan 1 (627) Shidi and Fengxi were abolished into Jianing; Anren was later abolished as well. Chenghua was rated lower grade. Xinchang was rated lower grade. In Zhenguan 1 (627) Zhuge was abolished and merged into it. Gaoshan was established after the Yuanhe era. Zhulü County. It was established after the Yuanhe era. Ai Prefecture, seat of the Jiuzhen commandery, was rated lower grade. Tribute from the region included gauze, silk, and peacock tails. It registered fourteen thousand seven hundred households. It governed six counties. Jiuzhen was rated lower grade. In Wude 5 (622) Songyuan, Yangshan, and Anyu were established. In Zhenguan 1 (627) Yangshan and Anyu were abolished; Songyuan was abolished in the ninth year. Gold and stone chimes were found there. Anshun was rated lower grade. In Wude 5 (622) Shun Prefecture was established, with Donghe, Jianchang, and Bianhe carved out. In Zhenguan 1 (627) the prefecture was abolished, the three counties were merged into Anshun, and it came under Ai Prefecture. Chongping was rated lower grade. Formerly Long'an. In Wude 5 (622) An Prefecture was established with Jiaoshan, Jiandao, and Douwo, and Shan Prefecture with Gangshan, Zhenrun, Gu'an, Xi'an, and Jianchu. In Zhenguan 1 (627) An Prefecture was abolished, Jiaoshan, Jiandao, and Douwo were merged into Long'an, and it came under Ai Prefecture; Shan Prefecture was also abolished, Gangshan, Zhenrun, Gu'an, and Xi'an were merged into Jianchu, and it came under Ai Prefecture. In the eighth year Jianchu was abolished. In Xiantian 1 (712) Long'an was renamed Chong'an; in Zhide 2 (757) it was renamed again as Chongping. Jun'ning was rated lower grade. Formerly Jun'an; in Wude 5 (622) the county established Yong Prefecture; in the seventh year it was called Du Prefecture. In Zhenguan 1 (627) the prefecture was abolished and it was attached to Nanling Prefecture. It was renamed in Zhide 2 (757). Rinan was rated lower grade. In Wude 5 (622) Ji Prefecture was established with Jishan, Jinwu, and Fangzai; Qianzhen Prefecture was also established on Yifeng territory with Jiugao, Jianzheng, and Zhenning; Xu Prefecture was also established on Xupu with Panlong, Ruhou, Bodu, and Zhenxing. In the ninth year Ji Prefecture became Nanling Prefecture; in Zhenguan 1 (627) it was called Houzhen Prefecture. That year Qianzhen was abolished, Jiugao, Jianzheng, and Zhenning were dropped, and Yifeng went to Nanling; Xu Prefecture was also abolished, Panlong, Ruhou, Bodu, and Zhenxing were dropped, and Xupu went to Nanling. In the tenth year the prefecture was abolished and Jun'an, Rinan, Yifeng, and Xupu came under Ai Prefecture; Yifeng and Xupu were abolished in the Tianbao era. Changlin County. Changlin was rated lower grade. Formerly Wubian. Huan Prefecture, seat of the Rinan commandery, was a lower-grade area military prefecture. Formerly Nande Prefecture; called De Prefecture in Wude 8 (625) and renamed again in Zhenguan 1 (627). Tribute from the region included gold, gold leaf, yellow filings, ivory, rhinoceros horn, aloeswood, and spotted bamboo. It registered nine thousand six hundred nineteen households and fifty thousand eight hundred eighteen persons. It governed four counties. Jiude was rated lower-middle grade. In Wude 5 (622) Anyuan, Tanluo, and Guang'an were established. That year Guang'an set up Yuan Prefecture with Shuiyuan, Anyin, Helong, and Changjiang. In Zhenguan 8 (634) it was renamed A Prefecture; in the thirteenth year the prefecture was abolished, Shuiyuan, Helong, and Changjiang were dropped, and Guang'an and Anyin came under Huan Prefecture. Anyuan, Tanluo, Guang'an, and Anyin were later all abolished. Puyang was rated lower grade. Yuechang was rated lower grade. In Wude 5 (622) Ming Prefecture was established with Wan'an, Minghong, and Mingding; Zhi Prefecture was also established on Wengu and Jinning of Rinan commandery with Xinzhen and Chanyuan. In Zhenguan 1 (627) it was renamed Southern Zhi Prefecture and Xinzhen and Chanyuan were abolished. In the thirteenth year Ming Prefecture was abolished, Wan'an, Minghong, and Mingding were merged into Yuechang, and it was attached to Zhi Prefecture. Later Zhi Prefecture was abolished, Wengu and Jinning were merged into Yuechang, and it came under Huan Prefecture. Initially Lin Prefecture was set on the Sui Linyi commandery and Bi Prefecture on the Bijing commandery. Bi Prefecture was renamed Southern Jing Prefecture; in Zhenguan 2 (628) Linyi was pacified and the seat was provisionally on Huan Prefecture's southern border, governing Bijing and Zhuwu, with Youwen also established. In the eighth year it was renamed Jing Prefecture. In the ninth year Lin Prefecture was established, also provisionally on Huan Prefecture's southern border, governing Linyi, Jinlong, and Haijie. Shan Prefecture was also established, governing Longchi and Penshan. The Puyang garrison lay within the prefecture. It registered one thousand three hundred twenty households and five thousand two hundred persons. Later it became Longchi commandery. All were abolished at the end of the Zhenyuan era. Huaihuan County. Huaihuan was rated lower grade. Formerly Xianhuan; in Wude 5 (622) Huan Prefecture was established with Anren, Fuyan, Xiangjing, and Xiyuan, seat at Anren. In Zhenguan 1 (627) it was renamed Yan Prefecture. In the thirteenth year Xiangjing was abolished. In the sixteenth year the prefecture was abolished, Anren, Fuyan, and Xiyuan were dropped, and Xianhuan came under Huan Prefecture. Later Xianhuan was renamed Huaihuan. Chang Prefecture, seat of the Wenyang commandery, was rated lower grade. It was established in the Tang. Tribute from the region included gold. It registered six hundred forty-eight households. It governed four counties. Wenyang was rated lower grade. Tongcai was rated lower grade. Changshan was rated lower grade. Qichang County. Qichang was rated lower grade. Fulu Prefecture, seat of the Tanglin commandery, was rated lower grade. Formerly Fulu commandery; in Zongzhang 2 (669), Zhi Prefect Xie Facheng pacified raw Liao of Kunming, Beilou, and more than seven thousand households on former Tanglin lands. In Dazu 1 (701) it was renamed Anwu Prefecture; in Zhide 2 (757) the commandery became Tanglin; in Qianyuan 1 (758) the prefecture name was restored. Tribute from the region included white tin and purple gold. It registered three hundred seventeen households. It governed three counties. Rouyuan, formerly Anyuan, was renamed in Zhide 2 (757). Tanglin; in early Tang Tanglin and Anyuan counties had established Tanglin Prefecture; later both prefecture and counties were abolished and re-established. Fulu County. Fulu was rated lower grade. Tang Prefecture, seat of the Tangquan commandery, was rated lower grade. It was established in Tang on former Qin Xiang commandery lands. Tribute from the region included gold. It governed three counties. Tangquan was rated lower grade. Lüshui was rated lower grade. Luoshao County. Luoshao was rated lower grade. Zhi Prefecture, seat of the Xincheng commandery, was rated lower grade. It was established in the Tang. It registered one thousand two hundred households and five thousand three hundred persons. It governed seven counties. Xincheng was rated lower grade. Fuchuan was rated lower grade. Pingxi was rated lower grade. Leguang was rated lower grade. Leyan was rated lower grade. Duoyun was rated lower grade. Silong County. Silong was rated lower grade. Wu'e Prefecture, seat of the Wu'e commandery, was rated lower grade. It was established in the Tang. It registered one thousand eight hundred fifty households and five thousand three hundred twenty persons. It governed seven counties. Wu'e was rated lower grade. Ruma was rated lower grade. Wuyi was rated lower grade. Wuyuan was rated lower grade. Wulao was rated lower grade. Liangshan County. Liangshan was rated lower grade. Yan Prefecture, seat of the Longchi commandery, was rated lower grade. Formerly the Zhongyi commandery, also called the Yanshui commandery. It was abolished in the Zhenguan era and restored in Guangde 2 (763) by carving out from Huan Prefecture. Tribute from the region included gold. It registered one thousand four hundred fifty households. It governed seven counties. Zhongyi was rated lower grade. Huaihuan was rated lower grade. Longchi was rated lower grade. Sinong was rated lower grade. Wulang was rated lower grade. Wurong was rated lower grade. Wujin County. Wujin was rated lower grade. Wu'an Prefecture, seat of the Wuqu commandery, was rated lower grade. Tribute from the region included gold and morning-glow cloth. It registered four hundred fifty households. It governed two counties. Wu'an was rated lower grade. Linjiang County. Linjiang was rated lower grade.
3
𨥥
In the Kaiyuan era Annan also governed Pang Prefecture, whose tribute included peacock tails and purple gold; there was also Nandeng Prefecture. Later all were abolished.
4
使
Above: the Lingnan Pacification Commissioner, with his seat at Guangzhou.
5
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Collation note 0.85em|columns=2
6
Frontier-administered prefectures
7
西 西西
When Tang arose it first had no leisure for the four quarters; after Taizong pacified the Turks, northwestern tribes and Man and Yi gradually submitted, and their tribes were immediately registered as prefectures and counties. The larger groups became area commands; their chieftains were made area commanders and prefects, all with hereditary office. Although tribute and household registers often were not reported to the Ministry of Revenue, wherever imperial instruction reached was governed by frontier prefects and protector-generals, as set forth in statutes. The list of those pacified, submitted, and opened is recorded here to show their extent. Thereafter some submitted and some rebelled; regulation was not uniform and cannot be fully detailed. Turks, Uyghurs, Tangut, and Tuyuhun under the Guannei circuit: twenty-nine area commands and ninety prefectures. Other divisions of the Turks and of Xi, Khitan, Mohe, surrendered Hu, and Koguryo under Hebei: fourteen area commands and forty-six prefectures. Other divisions of Turks, Uyghurs, Tangut, and Tuyuhun, and of Kucha, Khotan, Karasahr, Kashgar, Hexi Hu, and the sixteen Western Region states under Longyou: fifty-one area commands and one hundred ninety-eight prefectures. Qiang and Man under Jiannan: two hundred sixty-one prefectures. Man under Jiangnan: fifty-one prefectures; under Lingnan: ninety-two prefectures. There were also twenty-four Tangut prefectures of unknown subordination. In all, eight hundred fifty-six area commands and prefectures, collectively called frontier-administered. Guannei Circuit
8
Nineteen Turkic prefectures, five area commands.
9
Dingxiang Area Command; in Zhenguan 4 (630) the Eastern Turk left wing was split and the left portion established it, seat provisionally at Ningshuo. It governed four prefectures. In Zhenguan 23 (649) three prefectures were established by dividing the tribes. Ade Prefecture was established from the Ashide tribe. Zhishi Prefecture was established from the Zhishi tribe. Sunong Prefecture was established from the Sunong tribe. Bayan Prefecture
10
Above subordinate to Xia Prefecture Area Command
11
Yunzhong Area Command; in Zhenguan 4 (630) the Eastern Turk right wing was split to establish it. Its seat was provisionally administered in Shuofang territory. It governed five prefectures. In Zhenguan 23 (649) three prefectures were established by dividing the tribes. Shelie Prefecture was established from the Shelie Tuli tribe. Ashina Prefecture was established from the Ashina tribe. Chuo Prefecture was established from the Chuo tribe. Sibi Prefecture; Baideng Prefecture was under the Yanran Protectorate at the end of Zhenguan and later came under Yunzhong.
12
Sanggan Area Command; in Longshuo 3 (663) it was split from Dingxiang, seat provisionally at Shuofang. It governed four prefectures. In Zhenguan 23 (649) three prefectures were established by dividing the tribes. Yushe Prefecture from the Yushe tribe; initially under Dingxiang, later under Sanggan. Yishi Prefecture was established from the Duodi Yishi tribe. Beishi Prefecture from the Beishi tribe; initially under Dingxiang, later under Sanggan. Chilüe Prefecture
13
𨁂
Huyan Area Command; established in Zhenguan 20 (646). It governed three prefectures. In Zhenguan 23 (649) two prefectures were established by dividing the tribes. Helu Prefecture from the Helu tribe; initially under Yunzhong, later under Huyan. Geluo Prefecture from the Geluo and Yidan tribes; initially under Yunzhong, later under Huyan. Diedie Prefecture; initially an area command under Beiting, later a prefecture under Huyan.
14
祿 祿
Above subordinate to Shanyu Protectorate-General; Xinli Prefecture in Zhenguan 23 (649) from Chebi Khan's son Jiemantuo tribe. Initially an area command, later a prefecture. Hunhe Prefecture; in Yonghui 1 (650) from Chebi Khan's remaining Geluolu Wudejian left-wing tribe. Langshan Prefecture; in Yonghui 1 (650) from the Geluolu right-wing tribe; an area command under Yunzhong Protectorate. In Xianqing 3 (658) it became a prefecture and came under Shanyu Protectorate.
15
Jiankun Area Command; in Zhenguan 22 (648) from the Shaboluo Yehu tribe.
16
Above subordinate to Anbei Protectorate-General
17
Eighteen Uyghur prefectures, nine area commands. In Zhenguan 21 (647) the Uyghur tribes were divided to establish them.
18
鹿 鹿 西
Yanran Prefecture on Duolangege lands; initially an area command with Jilu, Jitian, and Zhulong under the Yanran Protectorate. In Kaiyuan 1 (713) it came under Lingzhou, seat provisionally at Huile. Jilu Prefecture from the Xijie tribe; seat provisionally at Huile. Jitian Prefecture from the Adie tribe; seat provisionally at Huile. Donggaolan from the Hun tribe; initially an area command with Qilian for Yantuo remnants; later the command was abolished and East and West split; all abolished in Yonghui 3 (652). Later Donggaolan was restored, seat provisionally at Mingsha. Zhulong Prefecture; in Zhenguan 22 (648) from the Juoluowu tribe of Hanhai; seat provisionally at Wenchí. Yanshan Prefecture; seat provisionally at Wenchí.
19
Above subordinate to Ling Prefecture Area Command
20
Dahun Area Command from the Yantuo tribe; seat provisionally at Ningshuo. It governed five prefectures. Guyan Prefecture; Buqiruo Prefecture; Xidan Prefecture in the Yonghui era for scattered Yantuo tribes. Hu Prefecture; Disu Prefecture
21
Anhua Prefecture Area Command; seat provisionally at Shuofang.
22
Ningshuo Prefecture Area Command; seat provisionally at Shuofang.
23
Pugu Prefecture Area Command; seat provisionally at Shuofang.
24
Above subordinate to Xia Prefecture Area Command
25
Yuxi Prefecture was established from the Qibi tribe. Tiyan Prefecture was established from the Baiyuxi tribe. Juyan Prefecture was established from a division of the Baiyuxi tribe. Jiluo Prefecture; originally Gaoque Prefecture from the Husad tribe. In Yonghui 1 (650) Gaoque was abolished for Jiluo; later abolished again; restored in the third year from the Ate tribe. Yuwu Prefecture; originally Xuanque from the Guligan tribe in the Zhenguan era; renamed in Longshuo.
26
Junji Prefecture; Xian'e Prefecture; initially under Hanhai Protectorate, later under Xia.
27
Hanhai Area Command was established from the Uyghur tribe.
28
Jinwei Area Command was established from the Pugu tribe.
29
Youling Area Command was established from the Bayegu tribe.
30
Guilin Area Command; in Zhenguan 2 (628) from the Tongluo tribe.
31
Jiankun Area Command was established from the Jiegu tribe.
32
Above subordinate to Anbei Protectorate-General
33
調 祿
Fifty-one Tangut prefectures, fifteen area commands. In Zhenguan 3 (629) chieftain Xifeng Bulai submitted; later chieftains of other clans followed, and their lands were registered as prefectures and counties under Song Prefecture Area Command. In the fifth year sixteen more prefectures and forty-seven counties were opened on their territory; Thirty-two prefectures were also established from the Tuoba Chihe tribe. In Qianfeng 2 (667) twelve prefectures were abolished because of Tibetan invasion; in Xianheng 2 (671) Can and Li were also abolished. In the An Lushan rebellion the He and Long circuits fell to Tibet, and surviving Tangut prefectures were moved to the Ling, Qing, Yin, and Xia borderlands. Qingse Prefecture; Guide Prefecture; seat provisionally in Yin Prefecture territory.
34
Lanchi Area Command
35
Fangchi Area Command
36
Xiangxing Area Command
37
Yongping Area Command
38
Xuding Area Command
39
Qingning Area Command
40
Zhongshun Area Command
41
Ningbao Area Command
42
Jingsai Area Command
43
Wanji Area Command
44
Rongrong Prefecture Area Command; governing one prefecture. Dongxia Prefecture
45
西 西 西 西
Jingbian Prefecture Area Command; established in the Zhenguan era, initially in Longyou, later seat provisionally in Qing Prefecture territory. It governed twenty-five prefectures. Bu Prefecture; Beixia Prefecture; Siyi Prefecture; Sile Prefecture; Changsai Prefecture; Wu Prefecture; in Tianshou 2 (691) Wu, Chao, Gui, and Fu were established. Chao Prefecture; in one variant the name is written Peng instead of Chao. Gui Prefecture; in one variant the name is written Yang instead of Gui. Fu Prefecture; You Prefecture; established in Zhenguan 4 (630), governing Kuochuan and Guiding. Bei Prefecture; Xigui Prefecture; Zhang Prefecture; established in Zhenguan 4 (630). Four counties: Luoping, Xianchuan, Guichuan, and Xianping. Shi Prefecture; Kaiyuan Prefecture; Guishun Prefecture; originally west of the Southern Mountains; in Baoying 1 (762) submitted to the Liang Prefect. Chun Prefecture; in Zhenguan 12 (638) surrendered households were settled in Tao Prefecture territory with Suogong and Wucheng counties. Abolished in the Kaiyuan era; later became frontier-administered. Wulong Prefecture; Xu Prefecture; Cuo Prefecture; established in Zhenguan 5 (631). One county: Xiangji. Xiangji; originally under Xi Huai Prefecture; came under Jingbian in Zhenguan 10 (636). Gai Prefecture; originally Xi Tang Prefecture; established in Zhenguan 4 (630), renamed in the eighth year. Four counties: Xiangshui, Hetang, Quling, and Youchuan. Yue Prefecture; Huile Prefecture; Wuzhang Prefecture; Nuo Prefecture; established in Zhenguan 5 (631). Three counties: Nuochuan, Degui, and Líwei.
46
Above subordinate to Ling Prefecture Area Command
47
西使
Fangchi Prefecture Area Command; seat provisionally at Huai'an; all Yeli clan settlements. It governed nine prefectures. Ningjing Prefecture; Zhong Prefecture; Yu Prefecture; established in Zhenguan 5 (631). Two counties: Yushan and Daihe. Pu Prefecture; Lin Prefecture; Yin Prefecture; Wei Prefecture; established in Zhenguan 4 (630). Two counties: Weifeng and Xishi. Chang Prefecture; Bao Prefecture
48
西
Yiding Prefecture Area Command; originally Anding, later renamed. It governed seven prefectures. Dang Prefecture; Qiao Prefecture; established in Zhenguan 6 (632). Wu Prefecture; Xirong Prefecture; established in Zhenguan 5 (631) from the Tuoba Chihe tribe. Initially an area command, later a prefecture, came under Yiding. Yeli Prefecture; Mi Prefecture; Huan Prefecture
49
西 西
Anhua Prefecture Area Command; governing seven prefectures. Yonghe Prefecture; Wei Prefecture; Xu Prefecture; Mo Prefecture; Xicang Prefecture; established in Zhenguan 6 (632), renamed Tai in the eighth year, later restored. Cong Prefecture; Ru Prefecture; originally Xi Yan Prefecture; established in Zhenguan 5 (631) from the Tuoba tribe at former Northern Wei Honghe Lanchuan; renamed in the eighth year. Abolished in the Kaiyuan era; later became frontier-administered.
50
Above subordinate to Qing Prefecture Area Command
51
Two Tuyuhun prefectures.
52
Ningshuo Prefecture; initially under Rongrong Area Command; came under Xia in the Daizong era.
53
Above subordinate to Xia Prefecture Area Command
54
西
Hun Prefecture; in the Yifeng era submitters from Liang Prefecture were settled west of Jinming.
55
Above subordinate to Yan Prefecture Area Command. Hebei Circuit
56
Two Turkic prefectures.
57
Shun Prefecture, Shunyi commandery; in Zhenguan 4 (630) after pacifying the Turks, Shun, You, Hua, and Chang area commands and Beikai, Beining, Beifu, and Beian were established in the You-Ling borderlands; Beikai, Beining, Beifu, and Beian area commands were also established. In the sixth year Shun Prefecture was provisionally at the Wuliu garrison south of Ying Prefecture; Yanran County was split from the Sinong tribe and provisionally at Yangqu; Huaihua County was split from the Sijie tribe and provisionally at Xiurong under Shun Prefecture; later all were abolished. You, Hua, Chang, and the four Beikai commands were abolished, and Shun Prefecture was provisionally inside You Prefecture city. Annual tribute: musk. One county: Binyi. Rui Prefecture; originally Wei Prefecture; in Zhenguan 10 (636) from the Wutuhan Daghan tribe in Ying Prefecture territory. Renamed in the Xianheng era. Later the seat was provisionally at Guangyang city in Liangxiang. One county: Laiyuan.
58
Above initially under Ying Prefecture Area Command; when Li Jinzhong took Ying Prefecture, Shun went to You and Rui moved to Song Prefecture territory. At the beginning of Shenlong they returned north and were also under You Prefecture Area Command.
59
Nine Xi prefectures, one area command.
60
Xian Prefecture; in Wude 5 (622) split from Raole Area Command. Seat provisionally at the old city of Gu in Lu. One county: Bincong. Chong Prefecture; in Wude 5 (622) from the Khan tribe of Raole Area Command. In Zhenguan 3 (629) renamed Northern Li Prefecture, seat at Ying Prefecture's abandoned Yangshi garrison. In the eighth year the former name was restored. Later with Xian Prefecture it was provisionally at the old city of Gu in Lu. One county: Changli. Shunhua Prefecture; one county: Huaiyuan. Guiyi Prefecture, Guide commandery; in the Zongzhang era for Silla households, seat provisionally at Guangyang in Liangxiang. One county: Guiyi. Later abolished. In the Kaiyuan era Prince Xin'an Wei submitted the Khitan Li Shi tribe with five thousand tents and it was restored with their people.
61
Fengcheng Area Command; originally Raole Area Command; established in early Tang, later abolished. In Zhenguan 22 (648) re-established for the submitted Xi Keduzhe tribe, with five prefectures including Ruoshui from five other chieftain divisions. Renamed in Kaiyuan 23 (735). It governed five prefectures. Ruoshui Prefecture was established from the Ahui tribe. Qili Prefecture was established from the Chuhe tribe. Luohuan Prefecture was established from the Aoshi tribe. Tailu Prefecture was established from the Duqi tribe. Keye Prefecture was established from the Yuan Yixi tribe.
62
Seventeen Khitan prefectures, one area command.
63
便
Xuan Prefecture; in Zhenguan 20 (646) from the Hezhu Quju tribe. Seat provisionally at Luo village in Fanyang. One county: Jingfan. Wei Prefecture; originally Liao Prefecture; in Wude 2 (619) from the Neiji tribe. Initially seat at Yanzhi city; later provisionally inside Ying Prefecture city. Renamed in Zhenguan 1 (627). Later the seat was at Shiku fort in Liangxiang. One county: Weihua. Chang Prefecture; in Zhenguan 2 (628) from the Songmo tribe, seat provisionally at Ying Prefecture's Jingfan garrison. In the seventh year moved to Sanhe garrison; later seat at former Changdao city in Anzhi. One county: Longshan. Shi Prefecture; in Zhenguan 3 (629) from Khitan and Shiwei tribes, seat provisionally at Ying's abandoned Yangshi garrison; later at Donglü in Liangxiang. One county: Yangshi. Dai Prefecture; in Zhenguan 10 (636) from the Yishige tribe. Seat provisionally at Qingshui post in Changping. One county: Guzhu. Guishun Prefecture, Guihua commandery; originally Tanhan Prefecture; in Zhenguan 22 (648) from the submitted Khitan chieftain's Xi Hebian division. Renamed in Kaiyuan 4 (716). One county: Huairou. Wo Prefecture; in the Zaichu era split from Chang Prefecture. Lost to Li Jinzhong in Wansui Tongtian 1 (697); restored in Kaiyuan 2 (714). Later seat provisionally at Nanhui city in Ji. One county: Binhai. Xin Prefecture; in Wansui Tongtian 1 (697) from the Yishihuo tribe. Seat provisionally in Fanyang territory. One county: Huanglong. Qingshan Prefecture; in Jingyun 1 (710) split from Xuan Prefecture. Seat provisionally at Shuimen village in Fanyang. One county: Qingshan.
64
便
Songmo Area Command; in Zhenguan 22 (648) from the submitted Khitan Kuge tribe; seven chieftain divisions also established Qiaoluo and seven other prefectures. Abolished after Li Jinzhong's rebellion; restored in Kaiyuan 2 (714). It governed eight prefectures. Qiaoluo Prefecture was established from the Daji tribe. Wufeng Prefecture was established from the Duhuo tribe. Yuling Prefecture was established from the Fenwen tribe. Bailian Prefecture was established from the Tubian tribe. Tuhe Prefecture was established on the Ruixi tribe. Wandan Prefecture was established on the Duijin tribe. Pili Prefecture was established on the Fu tribe. Chishan Prefecture was established by splitting off part of the Fu tribe.
65
Guicheng Prefecture.
66
There were three Mohe prefectures and three protectorates.
67
Shen Prefecture was established at the start of the Wude era on the Sumo and Wusugu tribes. Its seat was provisionally at Gudu Township in former Liangxiang. It governed one county: Fenglong. Yibin Prefecture was established in the Qianfu era on the Chousi Ridge tribe, with its seat provisionally at ancient Guangyang City in Liangxiang. It governed one county: Laisu. Li Prefecture was established in Zaichu 2 (689) by splitting off from Shen Prefecture. Its seat was provisionally at Gudu Township in former Liangxiang. It governed one county: Xinli.
68
The Black River Prefecture area command was established in Kaiyuan 14 (726).
69
The Bohai area command.
70
The Anjing area command.
71
使
At first all were subordinate to the Yingzhou area command. When Li Jinzhong seized Ying Prefecture, Xuan Prefecture was moved into Xu and Song territory, Wei Prefecture into Youzhou territory, five prefectures into Qingzhou territory, two into Zi and Qing territory, Yibin into Xuzhou, and Li into Song—ten prefectures south of the Yellow River. In early Shenlong they were sent back north; in Shenlong 2 all came under the Youzhou area command.
72
There was one surrendered-Hu prefecture.
73
Lin Prefecture was established at the start of the Tianbao era, with its seat provisionally in Fanyang territory.
74
It was subordinate to the Youzhou area command.
75
There were fourteen Goryeo surrendered-household prefectures and nine area commands. When Emperor Taizong campaigned in person and took Gaimou Fortress, he established Gai Prefecture; when he took Liaodong City, he established Liao Prefecture; when he took Baiya Fortress, he established Yan Prefecture. When the army returned, the people of Gai and Liao prefectures were uprooted and brought back. When Emperor Gaozong destroyed Goryeo he established nine area commands and forty-two prefectures; later only fourteen prefectures remained. At first, in Xianqing 5 (660) Baekje was pacified and its lands were organized as five area commands—Xiongjin, Maghan, Dongming, Jinlian, and De'an—and Daifang Prefecture was also established; all were abolished after Longde. Nansu, Gaimou, Daina, Cangyan, Momi, Jili, Lishan, Yanjin, Mudi, Anshi, Zhabei, Shili, Funie, and Baihan prefectures.
76
The Xincheng Prefecture area command.
77
The Liaocheng Prefecture area command.
78
The Gewu Prefecture area command.
79
The Weile Prefecture area command.
80
The Sheli Prefecture area command.
81
The Jusu Prefecture area command.
82
The Yuexi Prefecture area command.
83
The Qudan Prefecture area command.
84
The Jian'an Prefecture area command.
85
They were subordinate to the Andong Protectorate. Longyou Circuit.
86
There were three Turkic prefectures and twenty-seven area commands.
87
Gaolan Prefecture was established in Zhenguan 22 (648) on the Ashide Tejian tribe; at first it was subordinate to the Yanran Protectorate and later came under [subsequent jurisdiction].
88
The Xingxi area command.
89
It was subordinate to the Liangzhou area command.
90
祿
Tejia Prefecture and Jiluo Prefecture—in the Kaiyuan era there were also Huoba and Gelu prefectures, which later disappear from the record.
91
Mengchi Protectorate: in Zhenguan 23 (649) the Ashina Helu tribe was used to establish the Yaochi area command; it was abolished in Yonghui 4 (653). In Xianqing 2 (657) Helu was captured; his lands were divided and two protectorates and eight area commands were established, and all dependent tribes of the various Hu became prefectures.
92
The Kunling Protectorate.
93
The Fuyan area command was established on the Chumukun tribe.
94
鹿
The Wenlu Prefecture area command was established on the Tujue Qishi Suoge Moho tribe.
95
The Jieshan area command was established on the Tujue Qishi Alishi tribe.
96
The Shuanghe area command was established on the Shesheti Tun tribe.
97
The Yingsuo area command was established on the Shunishi Chuban tribe.
98
祿
The Yanbo Prefecture area command was established on the Hulwu Que tribe.
99
祿
Yinshan Prefecture area command: in Xianqing 3 (658) three offices were established by splitting the Geluolu tribes; this one was established on the Mouluo tribe.
100
祿
The Damozhou area command was established on the Geluolu Chisi tribe.
101
祿
The Xuanchi Prefecture area command was established on the Geluolu Tashi tribe.
102
The Jinfu Prefecture area command was established by splitting off from Damo Prefecture.
103
The Luntai Prefecture area command.
104
滿
Jinman Prefecture area command: in Yonghui 5 (654) the Chuyue tribe was established as a prefecture subordinate to Luntai. In Longshuo 2 (662) it became an area command.
105
Yanmian Prefecture area command: at first Xuanchi and Yanmian were prefectures subordinate to Yanran; in Chang'an 2 (702) they became area commands subordinate to Beiting.
106
祿
The Yanlu Prefecture area command.
107
The Gexi Prefecture area command.
108
The Gushu Prefecture area command.
109
西
The Xiyan Prefecture area command.
110
The Dongyan Prefecture area command.
111
The Chile Prefecture area command.
112
The Jiase Prefecture area command.
113
The Pingluo Prefecture area command.
114
The Shatuo Prefecture area command.
115
The Dalan Prefecture area command.
116
They were subordinate to the Beiting Protectorate.
117
There were three Uyghur prefectures and one area command.
118
Duilin Prefecture was established on the Sijie splinter tribe. Jinshui Prefecture and Helan Prefecture.
119
The Lushan area command was established on the Sijie tribe.
120
At first it was subordinate to the Yanran Protectorate; in Zongzhang 1 (668) it came under the Liangzhou area command.
121
There were seventy-three Tangut prefectures, one area command, and one county.
122
Mayi Prefecture was established in Kaiyuan 17 (729), in the valleys between Qin and Cheng prefectures. In Baoying 1 (762) it was moved to the old Salt Well city in Cheng Prefecture.
123
It was subordinate to the Qinzhou area command.
124
Baosai Prefecture.
125
It was subordinate to the Linzhou area command.
126
Migong County was destroyed by the Tibetans in Shangyuan 3 (676) and abolished; it was later restored.
127
It was subordinate to Taozhou.
128
西 西 西 西 西 西
Cong Prefecture was established in Zhenguan 3 (629). It governed three counties: Ningyuan, Linquan, and Linhe. Qi Prefecture was established in Zhenguan 1 (627) on surrendered households. It governed two counties: Jiangyuan and Luoji. Feng Prefecture was originally Western Ren Prefecture, established in Zhenguan 1 (627) and renamed in the eighth year. It governed three counties: Fengde, En'an, and Yongci. Yan Prefecture was originally Western Jin Prefecture, established in Zhenguan 5 (631) and renamed in the eighth year. It governed three counties: Jinchi, Gansong, and Danyan. Yuan Prefecture was originally Western Huai Prefecture, established in Zhenguan 4 (630) and renamed in the eighth year. It governed two counties: Luoshui and Xiaobuchuan. Lin Prefecture was originally Western Lin Prefecture, established in Zhenguan 5 (631) and renamed in the eighth year. It governed seven counties: Xiachuan, Heshan, Jianju, Xiayuan, Sanjiao, Ligong, and Dongling. Ke Prefecture was originally Western Yi Prefecture, established in Zhenguan 4 (630) and renamed in the eighth year. It governed three counties: Yicheng, Qinghua, and Jingfang. Kuo Prefecture was established in Zhenguan 5 (631). It governed two counties: Kuoyuan and Luowu. Peng Prefecture was originally Hong Prefecture, established in Zhenguan 3 (629) and renamed in the seventh year. It governed four counties: Hongchuan, Guiyuan, Linjin, and Guizheng. Zhi Prefecture was originally Western Ji Prefecture, established in Zhenguan 5 (631) and renamed in the eighth year. It governed two counties: Jichuan and Xinchuan. Si Prefecture was established in Zhenguan 5 (631). It governed four counties: Guitang, Fangcong, Yanshui, and Moshan. Xu Prefecture was established in Zhenguan 10 (636). Jing Prefecture was established in Xianheng 3 (672) on tribes that submitted from within.
129
The Gui Prefecture area command was established in Zhenguan 2 (628) on the Xifeng Bulai tribe. It governed four counties: Yucheng, Jinyuan, Eche, and Tongchuan. The above had registered populations.
130
Yan, Tanna, Ji, Pi, He, Gan, Qiong, Xi, Kan, Pei, Ru, Ma, Ba, Chan, Guang, Zhiliang, Ye, Side, Tong, Gugong, Dawei, Wanbei, Ci, Rongtaozhou, Zhi, Dazhen, Shuihe, Wuluo, Qidi, Miao, Shimu, Siduo, Zhi, Zhaozhou, Qiuyi, Tuo, Zhide, Yanbi, Lue, Suojing, Zhegang, Mingsang, Baidou, Zan, Qiouhe, Hexi, Zhu, Suochuan, Bajie, Gu, Fei, Suoqu, Mu, Baojian, Jin, Zhezhong, and Ji prefectures—the above had no registered populations.
131
西西
At first they were subordinate to the Songzhou area command. In the Suzong era Yi, Gai, Cuo, Nuo, Zhang, You, Tai, Qiao, Fu, Bao, Yu, Wei, Ru, Gui, Xu, and Xirong, Xicang, Rongrong, and Guide prefectures all moved inward; the rest were lost to the Tibetans.
132
Qianfeng, Guiyi, Shunhua, He'ning, Heyi, Baoshan, Ningding, Luoyun, and Chaofeng prefectures—the above submitted from within in Baoying 1 (762). Yongding Prefecture: in Yongtai 1 (765) tribes of the twelve Yongding prefectures submitted from within and fifteen prefectures were established by splitting them off. Yifang Prefecture—the remainder is missing.
133
Right: missing.
134
There was one Tuyuhun prefecture.
135
Hemen Prefecture.
136
It was subordinate to the Liangzhou area command.
137
西
Four Garrisons area commands; prefectures: thirty-four. In Xianheng 1 (670) the Tibetans took Anxi and the Four Garrisons were abolished; in Changshou 2 (693) they were restored.
138
The Kucha area command was established in Zhenguan 20 (646) when Kucha was pacified. It governed nine prefectures. Missing.
139
The Pisha area command was originally the kingdom of Khotan; it submitted from within in Zhenguan 22 (648), and at first five prefectures were established; in Shangyuan 2 (675) the command was established and the prefectures were split into ten. It governed ten prefectures. Missing.
140
調
The Yanqi area command was established in Zhenguan 18 (644) when Yanqi was destroyed. There was Suyab City; in Tiaolu 1 (679) Protector-General Wang Fangyi built it with twelve gates on four sides, made to appear winding and hidden with ambush positions.
141
The Shule area command was established in Zhenguan 9 (635) when Shule submitted from within. It governed fifteen prefectures. Missing.
142
西
Various Hu within Hexi: twelve prefectures and two area commands.
143
耀滿滿
Wulei, Hemozhou, Wenfuzhou, Weitou, Biancheng, Yaojian, Yindu, Zhubo, Daman, Pushun, Yingjimman, and Qizha prefectures.
144
The Guisai area command.
145
The Quli area command.
146
西 使西
Western Region area commands: sixteen; prefectures: seventy-two. In Longshuo 1 (661), Wang Mingyuan of Longzhou's Nanyou was made envoy of the Tuhuoluo circuit to establish prefectures and counties; from Khotan west to Persia east there were sixteen kingdoms in all, with each royal capital made an area command and each dependent division made a prefecture or county. In all there were eighty-eight prefectures, one hundred ten counties, and one hundred twenty-six garrisons and commands.
147
祿 西
The Yuezhi area command was established at Ahuan City, seat of the Tuhuoluo yabghu. It governed twenty-five prefectures. Lanshi Prefecture was established at Bibo City. Daxia Prefecture was established at Fuchi City. Hanlou Prefecture was established at Julujian City. Fudi Prefecture was established at Wuluozhan City. Shalü Prefecture was established at Zhuo City. Guishui Prefecture was established at Jie City. Panyue Prefecture was established at Hubo City. Numi Prefecture was established at Wuluohun City. Jiabei Prefecture was established at Moyan City. Sute Prefecture was established at Anala City. Boluo Prefecture was established at Lan City. Shuangquan Prefecture was established at Xijimi Side City. Siwei Prefecture was established at Hunmo City. Chisan Prefecture was established at Ximiyan City. Fulou Prefecture was established at Qishiyan City. Dingling Prefecture was established at Nishe City. Bozhi Prefecture was established at Ximian City. Taohuai Prefecture was established at Ala City. Datan Prefecture was established on the Jueyijicheng Jueguan tribe at Yicheng. Fulu Prefecture was established at Bosa City. Shendu Prefecture was established at Qisezhi City. Xirong Prefecture was established at Tujueshi Dijia City. Miejie Prefecture was established at Qishidi City. Diezhang Prefecture was established at Fabuluo City. Yuantang Prefecture was established at Batieshan City.
148
宿 西 西
The Dahan area command was established at Huolu City of the Yeda tribe. It governed fifteen prefectures. Fumo Prefecture was established at Nuna City. Yancai Prefecture was established at Hulu City. Yinai Prefecture was established at Duoduohengsadajian City. Li Prefecture was established on the Shaoju tribe. Yuling Prefecture was established at Wumoyan City. Anwu Prefecture was established at Zheseduo City. Jiling Prefecture was established at Shushi City. Jieshi Prefecture was established at Jiashafenzhe City. Bozhi Prefecture was established at Jielaozhi City. Wudan Prefecture was established at Wunas City. Nuose Prefecture was established at Suli City. Mimi Prefecture was established at Shunwen City. Pandun Prefecture was established at Zha City. Suli Prefecture was established on the Songshigu tribe. Hena Prefecture was established on the Hanyao tribe. The Tiaozhi area command was established at Fubaosedian City of the Hedalazhi kingdom. It governed nine prefectures. Xiliu Prefecture was established at Huwen City. Yuquan Prefecture was established at Zanhousedian City. Liqí Prefecture was established on the Juse tribe. Yanzi Prefecture was established on the Ehu tribe. Juque Prefecture was established at Wulinan City. Yi Prefecture was established on the Yilan tribe. Xihai Prefecture was established at Haosada City. Zhenxi Prefecture was established on the Huohen tribe. Gantu Prefecture was established on the Bolang tribe.
149
The Tianma area command was established at Shuman City of the Jiesu kingdom. It governed two prefectures. Luona Prefecture was established at Hulun City. Shuli Prefecture was established at Dalibohe City.
150
The Gaofu area command was established at Wosha City of the Gutushi tribe. It governed two prefectures. Wuxi Prefecture was established at Geluoqian City. Xiumi Prefecture was established at Wusi City.
151
The Xiuxian area command was established at Ehe City of the Kapisa kingdom. It governed ten prefectures. Pishe Prefecture was established at Luoman City. Yinmi Prefecture was established at Jianna City. Bolu Prefecture was established at Helan City. Longchi Prefecture was established at Yihan City. Wuyi Prefecture was established at Saibenniluosi City. Luoluo Prefecture was established at Lanqian City. Tante Prefecture was established at Banzhi City. Wuli Prefecture was established at Boyi City. Mo Prefecture was established at Hehuan City. Xuandu Prefecture was established at Buluqian City.
152
The Xiefeng area command was established at Luolan City of the Fanyan kingdom. It governed four prefectures. Xiegu Prefecture was established at Jianna City. Linglun Prefecture was established at Qilin City. Xiwan Prefecture was established at Fushifuo City. Qiandun Prefecture was established at Weilasadan City.
153
The Yueban Prefecture area command was established at Yan City of the Shihanna kingdom. It governed Shuangmi Prefecture. It was established at Julan City.
154
The Qisha Prefecture area command was established at Emi City of the Hushijian kingdom. It governed two prefectures. Peili Prefecture was established at Manshan City. Daqin Prefecture was established at Ruimi City.
155
The Gumo Prefecture area command was established at Danmo City of the Danmo kingdom. It governed Liyi Prefecture. It was established at Nujie City.
156
The Lü'ao Prefecture area command was established at Mojie City of the Wulahe kingdom.
157
The Kunxu Prefecture area command was established at Dibaona City of the Duolejian kingdom.
158
The Zhiba Prefecture area command was established at Chuse City of the Jumi kingdom.
159
The Wufei Prefecture area command was established at Mojue City of the Humiduo kingdom. It governed Bohe Prefecture. It was established at Suolesehe City.
160
The Wangting Prefecture area command was established at Bushi City of the Jiuyuede Qian kingdom.
161
The Persia area command was established at Jiling City of the Persian kingdom.
162
西
They were subordinate to the Anxi Protectorate.
163
Jiannan Circuit.
164
Various Qiang prefectures: one hundred sixty-eight.
165
西
Xiya Prefecture was established in Zhenguan 5 (631). It governed three counties: Xincheng, Sanquan, and Shilong. E Prefecture was established in Zhenguan 5 (631). It governed two counties: Changping and Nachuan. Gong Prefecture was established in Xianqing 1 (656) on the Bonan Fulangkong tribe. Jian Prefecture was established in Yonghui 5 (654) on the great chieftain Dongjiu tribe.
166
It was subordinate to the Songzhou area command.
167
西 西 西 西 西
Tu Prefecture was established in Wude 1 (618) when the Lintu Qiang submitted from within, governing Lintu, Duanyuan, and Polan counties. In Zhenguan 1 (627) the prefecture was abolished and the counties were also dropped. In the second year the Duanyuan garrison of Maozhou was split off and restored; it governed three counties: Duanyuan, Lintu, and Xilin. Yan Prefecture was originally Western Feng Prefecture, opened on the Sheng Qiang in Zhenguan 5 (631) and renamed in the eighth year. It governed three counties: Dafeng, Muxian, and Yichuan. Che Prefecture was established in Zhenguan 6 (632) on the Western Qiang Dongdonggui tribe. It governed three counties: Wenche, E'er, and Wenjin. Xiang Prefecture was established in Zhenguan 5 (631) on the Sheng Qiang. It governed two counties: Beizuo and Xiang'er. Ran Prefecture was originally Western Ran Prefecture, established in Zhenguan 6 (632) on lands of the Lianwai Lianzai Qiang and renamed in the eighth year; in the ninth year it was again made Ran Prefecture. It governed four counties: Ranshan, Moshan, Yuxi, and Jinshui. Qiong Prefecture was originally Western Bo Prefecture, established in Zhenguan 5 (631) on the Sheng Qiang and renamed in the eighth year. It governed five counties: Xiaochuan, Chedang, Bichuan, Dangbo, and Gong'er. Zha Prefecture was originally Western Gong Prefecture, established in Zhenguan 7 (633) on Baigou Qiang households and renamed in the eighth year. It governed three counties: Suidu, Tingquan, and Bisi. Penglü Prefecture: in Yonghui 2 (651), more than ten thousand households of the Telang Sheng Qiang led by Dongxifengqiu and Puhuisheng Qiang Bozhanmo submitted from within, and thirty-two prefectures were also established by splitting them off. Jiang, Shu, Ge, Wu, Di, Zhan, Da, Lang, Bin, Lian, Bu, Lai, Na, Ju, Duo, Er, She, Duo, Ke, Pingji, Shi, Jian, Po, Hao, Zhi, Ju, Ke, Dang, Guihua, Nai, Zhu, and Zhuo prefectures.
168
They were subordinate to the Maozhou area command.
169
Siliang, Du, Chuhan, Fuchuan, Quchuan, Qiulu, You, Ji, Longshi, Yueluan, Langmi, Yuebian, Tuan, Gui, Weichuan, and Miqiang prefectures.
170
They were subordinate to the Xizhou area command.
171
西西 耀
Dangma Prefecture—the following twenty-one prefectures were established before Tianbao. Linbo, Zhongchuan, Linshao, Qianshi, Huiye, Dangren, Jinlin, Dongjialiang, Xijialiang, Dongshiru, Xishiru, Sheqiong, Wendong, Feilin, Xuqu, Qiangji, Changbi, Yangchang, and Luoyan prefectures—at first subordinate to the Lizhou area command and later came under [subsequent jurisdiction]. Zhi Prefecture and Chuimei Prefecture—the following thirty-six prefectures were established after Kaiyuan. Sanjing, Shufeng, Mingpei, Qiangong, Xiegong, Huazhong, Luolin, Longyang, Longfeng, Ganchuan, Jingchuan, Kuomei, Muzhu, Dangpin, Yancheng, Changlei, Qianbing, Zuozhong, Kuolin, Sangong, Bulan, Qianma, Luopeng, Lunchuan, Rangchuan, Yuannan, Beilu, Kuilong, Yaochuan, Jinchuan, Yanjing, Liangchuan, Xi, Fuhe, and Juecha prefectures.
172
They were subordinate to the Yazhou area command.
173
Fengshang Prefecture—the following twenty-two prefectures were established before Kaiyuan. Zherong, Juchuan, Heqin, Pengkou, Bolu, Mingchuan, Tizhi, Pengshi, Dadu, Michuan, Mushu, Hedong, Fulan, Changming, and Guihua prefectures—at first subordinate to Xizhou and later came under [subsequent jurisdiction]. Xiangchuan, Congxia, Heliang, Hedou, Fushu, Dongchuan, and Shanggui prefectures—the following twenty-eight prefectures were established in Kaiyuan 17 (729). Huachuan, Bichuan, Jichuan, Fue, Bidi, Cangrong, Yechuan, Qiongdong, Guilin, Diezhen, Langmi, Langguo, Shangqin, Shipeng, Yanma, Qiongchuan, Huqiong, Jiaochuan, Kaiwang, Shangpeng, Bipeng, Bochong, Jiuhu, Yaojian, Mingchang, Huchuan, and Suogu prefectures—the following three prefectures were established before the Dahe era. Nuozha Prefecture and Baipo Prefecture.
174
They were subordinate to the Lizhou area command.
175
Various Man prefectures: ninety-two. All had no walled cities; with topknots and leather garments they gathered only at the area command, where they dressed in Chinese-style robes and caps.
176
西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 西 祿 使 西 祿
Nanning Prefecture was the land of ancient Yelang. In Wude 1 (618) the south was opened and it was established on former Tongle County, seat at Wei. In the fourth year a general command headquarters was established. In the fifth year administration was provisionally at Yizhou. In the eighth year the seat returned to Wei and it was renamed Lang Prefecture. In Zhenguan 1 (627) the area command was abolished. In Kaiyuan 5 (717) the former name was restored. At the end of Tianbao it was lost to the Man and abolished. At the end of Tang the prefecture was restored at Qingxi Town, twenty-nine days' travel from Qian Prefecture. It governed seven counties: Wei, Tongle, Shengma, Tongqi, Xinfeng, Longdi, and Quanma. Kun Prefecture was originally established in Sui; it was abolished in the Sui disorders. In Wude 1 (618) the south was opened and it was restored. Local tribute: ox bezoar. It governed four counties: Yining, Jinning, Anning, and Qinzang. There is Dian Lake, in Jinning. Its Qinzang is the land of former Zanghan. Li Prefecture was originally Western Ning Prefecture, established in Wude 7 (624) by splitting two counties from Nanning Prefecture and renamed in Zhenguan 8 (634). It bordered Kun Prefecture to the north. It governed two counties: Liangshui and Jiang. Kuang Prefecture was originally Nanyun Prefecture, established in Wude 7 (624) and renamed in Zhenguan 8 (634). It lay in the land of Han Yongchang commandery. It governed two counties: Bolong and Kuangchuan. Mao Prefecture was originally Western Pu Prefecture, established in Wude 4 (621) and renamed in Zhenguan 11 (637). It lay in the land of Han Yuexi commandery and bordered Ya Prefecture to the south. It governed four counties: Pushui, Qingling, Qixing, and Tongshan. Yin Prefecture was established in Wude 4 (621), bordering Mao Prefecture to the north. It governed five counties: Mayi, Tianchi, Yanquan, Baiquan, and Yongquan. Zeng Prefecture was established in Wude 4 (621), bordering Kuang Prefecture to the west. It governed five counties: Zeng, Sanbu, Shenquan, Longting, and Changhe. Gou Prefecture was originally Nanlong Prefecture, established in Wude 7 (624) and renamed in Zhenguan 11 (637). It bordered Kun Prefecture to the northeast. It governed two counties: Wangshui and Tangfeng. Pou Prefecture was established in Wude 7 (624). Originally Nongdong territory; it bordered Ya Prefecture to the south. It governed two counties: Yangbi and Leqiang. Zong Prefecture was originally Western Zong Prefecture, established in Wude 7 (624); in Zhenguan 11 (637) it was again named Zong Prefecture. It bordered Ya Prefecture to the north. It governed three counties: Zongju, Shita, and Hexi. Wei Prefecture was originally Western Li Prefecture, established in Wude 7 (624) and renamed in Zhenguan 11 (637). It bordered Mi Prefecture to the north. It governed two counties: Shenli and Shibu. Mi Prefecture was originally Western Yu Prefecture, established in Wude 7 (624) and renamed in Zhenguan 3 (629). It bordered Ya Prefecture to the south. At first it was an area command governing Mi, Wang, and Xiluo prefectures; the area command was later abolished. It governed two counties: Moyu and Qibu. Wang Prefecture was established at the end of Zhenguan when various Man submitted from within and was established together with neighboring prefectures; at first subordinate to the Lang Prefecture area command and later came under [subsequent jurisdiction]. Xiluo Prefecture; Pan Prefecture was originally Western Ping Prefecture, established in Wude 4 (621) and renamed in Zhenguan 8 (634). Former Xinggu commandery territory; to its south was Jiao Prefecture. It governed three counties: Futang, Pingyi, and Panshui. Ma Prefecture was established in Zhenguan 22 (648) by splitting off from Lang Prefecture. Ying, Sheng, Qin, and Bang prefectures—in Zhenguan 23 (649) the final Man tribes Motuozhi and Jianwang submitted from within and Bang, Wang, Qiu, and Lan—five prefectures—were established. Qiu, Lan, Xian, Luci, Guiwu, Yan, Tangwang, Wude, Zoulong, and Wuzhen prefectures—originally Wuheng; renamed to avoid the taboo name of Emperor Muzong. Nantang and Lian prefectures—six counties: Dangwei, Dunning, Luoyou, Luolong, Jiaping, and Qingkan. Nan Prefecture was established by splitting off from Ying Prefecture. It governed three counties: Bozheng, Birong, and Honglu. De Prefecture was established by splitting off from Zhi Prefecture. It governed two counties: Luolian and Wanyan. Wei Prefecture was established by splitting off from Fude Prefecture. It governed two counties: Fu and Luoseng. Luo Prefecture was established by splitting off from Jing Prefecture. It governed four counties: Linjin, Binyi, Zengcheng, and Congyao. Yi Prefecture was established by splitting off from Yue Prefecture. It governed three counties: Yidang, Linhe, and Tangling. Yue Prefecture—six counties: Ganquan, Qingbin, Linchuan, Yueshui, Yilin, and Hufan. Jing Prefecture—six counties: Yilang, Bintang, Xilin, Conglian, Chilin, and Yebing. Yun Prefecture—eight counties: Yanshui, Yunshan, Luoyu, Linju, Chenglan, Linkun, Tangchuan, and Xunyuan. Zhi Prefecture—"Zhi" in one version reads "Zong". It governed four counties: Fuping, Jiwei, Yibin, and Hexi. Ying Prefecture—four counties: Yingchuan, Tousai, Boling, and Shiyan. Wuchang Prefecture—seven counties: Hongwu, Luohong, Langlin, Yilang, Laibin, Luoxin, and Qipo. Fude Prefecture—three counties: Songshui, Fude, and Ayin. Bolang Prefecture was established by splitting off from Gong Prefecture. It governed three counties: Bosheng, Congyan, and Shunhua. Xin, Ju, Yan, and Xun prefectures—five counties: Xunlu, Tianchi, Fangtuo, Luocang, and Bocheng. Cheng Prefecture—two counties: Humu and Luoxiang. Langchuan Prefecture: in Zhenyuan 13 (797) Circuit Commissioner Wei Gao memorialized to establish it. It governed five counties: Langlang, Langwei, Hedou, Langren, and Yinhe. Xie Prefecture was originally established in Sui; it was abolished in the Sui disorders. In Wude 1 (618) the south was opened and it was restored; it governed three counties: Dong'an, Xi'an, and Hujin. Jing Prefecture was established by splitting off from Xie Prefecture. It governed two counties: Jingchuan and Fenxie. Qu Prefecture was originally Gong Prefecture, established in Sui and abolished in the Sui disorders. In Wude 1 (618) the south was opened and it was restored; it was renamed in the eighth year. Former Zhuti commandery; it bordered Xie Prefecture to the north. It governed two counties: Zhuti and Tangxing. Zhuti was originally Anshang; it was renamed in Wude 7 (624). Boling Prefecture was established by splitting off from Ying Prefecture. Qian Prefecture was established by splitting off from Kaibian County. Geling Prefecture and Hao Prefecture—three counties: Gongping, Saogong, and Luogu. Qieqi Prefecture—four counties: Liuchi, Zoulu, Mituo, and Tongshi. Pin Prefecture—three counties: Bacheng, Songhua, and Mu. Cong Prefecture—six counties: Conghua, Kunshi, Wu'an, Luolin, Tishan, and Nanning. Qianlian Prefecture—three counties: Qianlian, Luoming, and Xinshu. Nianwei Prefecture—three counties: Majin, Nianwei, and Fuma.
177
They were subordinate to the Rongzhou area command.
178
Yu Prefecture: in Wude 4 (621), because the people of the ancient Dian kingdom were mostly surnamed Yao, the Ya Prefecture area command was established together with thirteen prefectures. Yi, Wuling, Shao, Hewang, Sheli, Fandeng, Yegong, Honglang, Rinan, Meideng, Taibei, and Luonuo prefectures.
179
They were subordinate to the Yao Prefecture area command.
180
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Na Prefecture, Dunning commandery—established in Yifeng 2 (677) by opening mountain caves. It governed eight counties: Luowei, Boluo, Shiyang, Dunning, Luodang, Luolan, Du, and Humao. In Xiantian 2 (713) it was demoted to ji-mi status together with Sa, Yan, and Gong. Sa Prefecture, Huangchi commandery—established in Yifeng 2 (677) by recruiting Sheng Liao. It governed two counties: Huangchi and Boling. Yan Prefecture, Luoyang commandery—established in Yifeng 2 (677) by recruiting Sheng Liao. It governed seven counties: Si'e, Qianyin, Xinbin, Fulai, Siyan, Duowang, and Luoyang. Gong Prefecture, Yinzhong commandery—established in Yifeng 2 (677) by opening mountain caves. It governed five counties: Duolou, Dutang, Bopo, Biqiu, and Bolang. Feng Prefecture—established in Yifeng 2 (677) by opening mountain caves. It governed two counties: Qianli and Luopeng. Zhe Prefecture—established in Yifeng 2 (677) by opening mountain caves. It governed four counties: Zheyuan, Yuebin, Luochuan, and Linshan. Shun Prefecture—established in Zaichu 2 (689). It governed five counties: Qushui, Shunshan, Lingyan, Laiyuan, and Longchi. Si'e Prefecture—established in Tianshou 2 (691). It governed two counties: Duoxi and Luoxi. Yu Prefecture—established in Jiushi 1 (700). It governed four counties: Xinding, Yuchuan, Gucheng, and Julao. Neng Prefecture—established in Dazu 1 (701). It governed four counties: Changning, Laiyin, Juchi, and Yuanshan. Gao Prefecture—three counties: Qianba, Yifu, and Tuxi. Song Prefecture—four counties: Qianlong, Qianzhi, Songshui, and Luwu. Changning Prefecture—four counties: Poyuan, Boju, Qinglu, and Luomen. Ding Prefecture—two counties: Zhijiang and Fude.
181
They were subordinate to the Luzhou area command.
182
Jiangnan Circuit.
183
Various Man prefectures: fifty-one.
184
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Qiang Prefecture was established in Wude 3 (620) on the territory of Qiangke chieftain Xie Longyu; in the fourth year it was renamed Ke Prefecture and later the former name was restored. At first Qiang, Yan, Zhuang, Chong, Ying, and Ju—six prefectures—were all lower-grade prefectures; in the Kaiyuan era Qiang, Yan, and Zhuang were demoted to ji-mi status, and in Tianbao 3 (744) Chong, Ying, and Ju were also demoted to ji-mi status. It governed three counties: Jian'an, Binhua, and Xinxing. Jian'an was originally Qiangke; it was renamed in Wude 2 (619). Xinxing was established together with the prefecture. Yan Prefecture was established in Zhenguan 4 (630). It governed five counties: Wuhou, Wangjiang, Yingjiang, Shi'an, and Dongnan. In the Zhenguan era it also governed Longkun and Yanchuan counties; both were later dropped. Zhuang Prefecture was originally Nanshou Prefecture, established in Zhenguan 3 (629) on the territory of Southern Xie Man chieftain Xie Qiang, renamed in the fourth year, made an area command in the eleventh year, and the area command was abolished in Jinglong 2 (708). Former Sui Qiangke commandery territory. One hundred li south is Guiling Pass. It governed seven counties: Shiniu, Nanyang, Qingshui, Duole, Le'an, Shicheng, and Xin'an. In the Zhenguan era it also governed Qinglan County; it was later dropped. Chong Prefecture was established in Wude 3 (620) on a Qiangke Man splinter tribe; seven counties: Pingman, Dongting, Shaoming, Qiangke, Dongling, Chenshui, and Siwang. Ying Prefecture was established in Zhenguan 3 (629) on the territory of Eastern Xie chieftain Xie Yuanshen; five counties: Dushang, Polan, Yingjiang, Tuolong, and Luogong. Ju Prefecture was established in Wude 4 (621). Ming Prefecture was established in the Zhenguan era on the territory of Western Zhao chieftain Zhao Mochou. Wei, Lao, Xi, Fu, Qian, Bang, Qing, E, and Man prefectures—one county: Bajiang. [Shangshanxia Ou] Prefecture—"[Shangshanxia Ou]" in one version reads "Gu". Ru Prefecture and Lin Prefecture—three counties: Duomei, Guyang, and Duofeng. Luan, Ling, Na, Hui, Du, and Zong prefectures—in Xianheng 3 (672) fourteen surnames of the Kunming led twenty thousand households to submit from within and were split off to establish prefectures. Dun Prefecture was established in Xianheng 3 (672) by splitting off from submitted Kunming tribes; six counties: Wuning, Goushui, Guzhi, Kunchuan, Congyan, and Guyun. Yin Prefecture was established in Xianheng 3 (672) by splitting off from Kunming tribes; it was later abolished. In Kaiyuan 15 (727) it was restored by splitting off from Rong Prefecture; it was later abolished again. In Zhenyuan 2 (786) Circuit Commissioner Wei Gao memorialized to restore it. Former Southern Han territory. It governed five counties: Yinchuan, Donggong, Longyuan, Weichuan, and Binchuan. At first both it and Dun Prefecture were subordinate to the Rongzhou area command; later came under [subsequent jurisdiction]. Hou, Huang, Fan, Leng, Tian, Puning, Gong, Liang, Maolong, Yan, Xun, and Qing prefectures—established in Zhenguan 15 (641). Shuangcheng, Zheng, Xuan, and Fushui prefectures—four counties: Fushui, Gulao, Duopeng, and Jingshui. Siyuan, Yi, Nanping, Xun, Xi, and Bao prefectures—established in Wansui Tongtian 2 (697) when Kunming Yi submitted from within. Jiang and Hong prefectures—five counties: Lehong, Siweng, Dubu, Xinting, and Linchuan.
185
They were subordinate to the Qian Prefecture area command.
186
Lingnan Circuit.
187
Various Man prefectures: ninety-two.
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Xu Prefecture—six counties: Dongqu, Jiling, Bin'an, Nanshan, Dubang, and Xuzhi. Guisi and Sishun prefectures—five counties: Luozun, Lubo, Duen, Jinan, and Xushui. Fan Prefecture—three counties: Fanshui, Duyi, and Siliao. Wenquan Prefecture, Wenquan commandery—local tribute: gold. It governed two counties: Wenquan and Luofu. Shukun Prefecture—local tribute: cassia heartwood. It governed five counties: Yimeng, Yishui, Gugui, Linshan, and Dulong. Ge Prefecture.
189
It was subordinate to the Guizhou area command.
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Wei Prefecture—eight counties: Zhengping, Fuping, Longyuan, Si'en, Raomian, Wuzhao, Duxiang, and Geliang. Guishun Prefecture was originally Guichun; it was renamed at the start of the Yuanhe era (806). Sigang, Hou, Guicheng, Lun, Shixi, Si'en, Sitong, and Siming prefectures—one county: Xianchuan. Wanxing, Wancheng, Shangsi, Tan, Silang, Bo, Yuan, Gongrao, Wande, Zuo, Sicheng, Yi, Guile, Qing, De, and Qiyuan prefectures.
191
They were subordinate to the Yong Prefecture area command.
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Dehua Prefecture—established in Yongtai 2 (766) on the Lin Dufu tribe. It governed two counties: Dehua and Guiyi. Langmang Prefecture—established in Yongtai 2 (766) by splitting off from the Lin Dufu tribe. It governed two counties: Langmang and Guyong. Longwu Prefecture—established in the Dali era on the Pan Guiguo tribe. It governed two counties: Longqiu and Fuyu. Guihua Prefecture—four counties: Guichao, Luodu, Luohui, and Luowei. Jun Prefecture—local tribute: white tin and peacock tails. It governed two counties: Junkou and Le'an. Wanquan Prefecture—one county: Lushui. Sinong Prefecture—three counties: Wulang, Wurong, and Wuquan. Wei Prefecture—three counties: Dulong, Hanhui, and Wuling. Xiyuan Prefecture—three counties: Luohe, Gulin, and Luodan. Linxi Prefecture—two counties: Linxi and Ganjü. Sikuo Prefecture—three counties: Dunning, Kunyang, and Luofang. Wuling Prefecture—three counties: Wenge, Ganlang, and Suwu. Xin'an Prefecture—three counties: Guihua, Binyang, and Ande. Jinkuo Prefecture—three counties: Luojia, Wenlong, and Lurong. Tishang Prefecture—three counties: Changbin, Titou, and Zhulü. Gantang Prefecture—one county: Zhongcheng. Wuding Prefecture—three counties: Fulu, Rouyuan, and Kanglin. Dujin Prefecture—four counties: Wenquan, Jialing, Ganyang, and Dujin. Liang Prefecture—two counties: Wuxing and Gudu. Wulu Prefecture: in Kaicheng 3 (838) Protector-General Ma Zhi memorialized to establish it on Wulu County. Pingyuan Prefecture—established in Kaicheng 4 (839) by splitting off Pingyuan Post from Dujin Prefecture. It governed three counties: Longshi, Pinglin, and Longdang. Long, Wuding, Zhen, Xin, Siling, and Lu prefectures—in the Zhongzong era there was Danle County; it was later dropped. Nanping, Xiping, Men, Yu, Kui, and Jinlin prefectures—established in Yifeng 1 (676). Shu, Luofu, Danling, Fande, Jinlong, and Gefu prefectures—established in Zhenyuan 12 (796). Shangsi Prefecture—established in Zhenyuan 12 (796). Ande Prefecture—established in Zhenyuan 12 (796).
193
They were subordinate to the Annan Protectorate.
194
Shu Cuan Man prefectures: eighteen—prefecture names lost in Zhenyuan 7 (791).
195
They were subordinate to the Feng Prefecture area command.
196
使 西 西西
The Tang established ji-mi prefectures all along the outer marches, or gave provisional names among tribal settlements. Yet the various Yi who communicated with China were very numerous; for those whom generals and ministers campaigned against or whom envoys comforted and rewarded, there ought to be a record of where they came from. In the Tianbao era Emperor Xuanzong asked about the distances of the various fan kingdoms; Director of the Court of Dependencies Wang Zhongsi answered with a map of the Western Regions covering only a dozen-odd states. Later, in the Zhenyuan era, Chief Minister Jia Dan compiled the most detailed reckoning of regional distances; for those entering the Four Yi through border prefectures and communicating via translation at the Court of Dependencies, none went unrecorded. The seven most important routes into the Four Yi and their key passes and mustering points are: first, the Yingzhou route into the Andong circuit; second, the Dengzhou sea route into Goryeo and Bohai; third, the Xiazhou outer route through the Tongda Yunzhong route; fourth, the Middle Accepted-Submission City route into the Uyghurs; fifth, the Anxi route into the Western Regions; sixth, the Annan route into India; seventh, the Guangzhou route through the sea to the maritime Yi. Their mountains and rivers, settlements, and frontiers near and far are all broadly listed. Where prefectures and counties have names not recorded above, they are sometimes names used by the Yi and Di themselves.
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One hundred li northwest of Ying Prefecture is Songling Ridge; to its west are the Xi; to its east are the Khitan. Four hundred li north of Ying Prefecture one reaches the Huangshui. One hundred eighty li east of Ying Prefecture one reaches Yancheng. Passing also through the Ruoluo garrison and crossing the Liao River, it is five hundred li to the Andong Protectorate. The seat is the former Han Xiangping city. Southeast to Pyongyang city is eight hundred li; southwest to Duli Harbor is six hundred li; west to Jian'an city is three hundred li—the former Zhongguo county; south to the north bank of the Yalu River at Zhuocheng is seven hundred li—the former Anping county. From the protectorate northeast through ancient Gaimou and Xincheng, and again through Bohai's Changling prefecture, it is one thousand five hundred li to the Bohai royal city; the city faces the Huhai Sea, and thirty li southwest is the ancient Sushen city; north through Deli Post it is one thousand li to the southern Heishui Mohe.
198
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From Deng Prefecture northeast by sea, passing Great Xie Island, Guixin Island, Mo Island, and Wuhu Island is three hundred li. Crossing north over the Wuhu Sea, to Duli Town east of Mashi Mountain is two hundred li. Following the coastal rim east, passing Qingnipo, Taohuapo, Xinghuapo, Shirenwang, Tuotuowan, and Wugu River is eight hundred li. Then south along the coastal rim, passing Wumu Island, Beijiangkou, and Jiaodao, one reaches Changkou Town in northwest Silla. Passing again Qinwang Stone Bridge, Matian Island, Gusi Island, and Dewu Island, it is one thousand li to Tang'en Ford on the Yalu River. Then overland southeast, seven hundred li to the Silla royal city. From the Yalu River mouth by boat a hundred-odd li, then by small craft upstream northeast thirty li to Zhuokou, reaching Bohai territory. Again upstream five hundred li to Wandu County city—the former Goryeo royal capital. Again upstream northeast two hundred li to Shenzhou. Again overland four hundred li to Xian Prefecture—the Tianbao-era royal seat. Again due north like east six hundred li to the Bohai royal city.
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From Xia Prefecture crossing north over the Wu River, passing Helin Marsh, Baligan Marsh, then sand, next Neihengchua, Woye Marsh, Changze, and Baicheng, one hundred twenty li to the Kezhuhun River source. Again passing the former Yangcheng Marsh, Hengchua North Gate, Tuoheli Marsh, and Shiziling, a hundred-odd li to A'ui Spring. Again passing the Great Feiku Salt Lake, sixty-six li to Helan Post. Again passing Kuye Marsh, Miyu Marsh, and Yuluhun Marsh, a hundred-odd li to Ditu Marsh. Again passing Bozhuo Spring old city, eighty-eight li crossing the Wuna River, passing Huluo Salt Lake and Hewogan Spring, forty-eight li crossing Kujie Sand—also called Punasha—twenty-eight li crossing Hengshui, fifty-nine li to Shiben old city, and again ten li to Ningyuan Post. Again crossing Tungen River, fifty li to Anle Garrison; the garrison is on the west riverbank, and on the east bank is the ancient Datong city. The present Datong city is the former Yongji Stockade. North through Great Marsh, seventeen li to the Jin River. Again passing the former Later Wei Woye Garrison city beside the Jin River, crossing the ancient Great Wall, ninety-two li to Tujulin River. Following the water, passing Poluohan Mountain and Heyue Spring, one hundred thirty-one li to Bujiduo Mountain. Again northeast twenty li to Xiete Spring. Again east sixty li to Heren Mountain; on the mountain's west gravel pass is Jietejian Marsh. West of Tujulin River water is a city; southeast from the city passing Bajiena Mountain is two hundred thirty li to Digeda City. Again northeast to Nuozhen River fork. Again southeast one hundred eighty-seven li, passing the ancient Kehan city to Xian Marsh. Again southeast passing Wudugu, two hundred seven li to the ancient Yunzhong city. Again west fifty-five li is Suiyuan city. All are tribal settlements north of Ling and Xia.
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使 鷿鹿鹿 西綿
From Middle Accepted-Submission City due north like east eighty li is Huyan Valley; at the valley's south mouth is Huyan Stockade, at the north mouth is Guitang Stockade—a cart road used by envoys to the Uyghurs. Again five hundred li to Pilu Spring, again ten li entering gravel, passing Milu Mountain, Lu'er Mountain, and Cuojia Mountain, eight hundred li to Shanyanzi Well. Again northwest passing Mimi Mountain, Dada Marsh, Yema Marsh, Kehan Spring, Hengling, Mian Spring, and Jing Marsh, seven hundred li to the Uyghur yurt.
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Another route from north of Pilu Spring passes Princess City, Meijian City, Taluosi Mountain, Chiya, Salt Marsh, Hunyi River, and Mulao Ridge; one thousand five hundred li also reaches the Uyghur yurt. To the east is open plain; to the west it rests on Wudejian Mountain; to the south it relies on Wokun River; north six or seven hundred li to Xian'e River, and on the river's north bank is Fugui City. Again due north like east, passing Snow Mountain pine-fir forest and various spring marshes, one thousand five hundred li to Guligan; again west thirteen days' travel to the Dubo tribe; again north six or seven days to the Jian Kun tribe, which has Lao Mountain and Sword River.
202
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Again from the yurt northeast crossing Xian'e River, two thousand li to the Shiwei. East of Guligan and west of the Shiwei is the Ju tribe, also called the Gai tribe. Fifteen days' travel east is the Yuzhe kingdom, also a Shiwei tribe. Again due north ten days' travel is the Dahan kingdom; again north is the Gushi kingdom. North of Guligan and Dubo tribes is a small sea; when the ice is firm horses can cross in eight days. North of the sea are many great mountains; the people are very tall in appearance and their customs resemble Guligan; the day is long and the evening short.
203
The Uyghurs have Yanzhi River—also called Yantele Marsh, also called Yantele Sea. East and west of Wudejian Mountain the Wokun and Duluo rivers both wind northeast; five hundred li northeast of the yurt they join. More than one thousand li northeast of the marsh is Julun Marsh; on all four sides of the marsh are Shiwei.
204
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From Anxi west out of Zhejue Pass, crossing White Horse River, one hundred eighty li west enters the Jubiluo gravel desert. Passing Kujing, one hundred twenty li to Jubiluo city. Again sixty li to Axiyan city. Again sixty li to Bohuan city—also called Weirong city, also called Gumo Prefecture; south it faces the Sihun River. Then northwest crossing Bohuan River and Zhonghe, one hundred twenty li from the Sihun River to Xiaoshi city. Again twenty li to Khotan territory's Huluh River. Again sixty li to Dashi city—also called Yuzhu, also called Wensu Prefecture. Again northwest thirty li to Suilou Beacon. Again forty li crossing Badaling. Again fifty li to Duoduo city—the Chishan city where the Wusun ruled. Again thirty li crossing Zhenzhu River, again northwest crossing Fazha Ridge, fifty li crossing Xuehai, again thirty li to Suibo Garrison; beside Suibo water fifty li to Rehai. Again forty li to Dongcheng, again one hundred ten li to Helie city, again thirty li to Yezhi city; exiting the valley to Suyab River mouth, eighty li to Peiluo General's city. Again west twenty li to Suyab city; north of the city is Suyab water; forty li north of the water is Jiedan Mountain, where the Ten-Surname qaghan each enthroned a ruler. From Suyab west ten li to Miguo city, again thirty li to Xincheng, again sixty li to Dunjian city, again fifty li to Ashibulai city, again seventy li to Julan city, again ten li to Shuijian city, again fifty li to Taluosi city.
205
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From Bohuan and Suyab southwest crossing the Hun River, one hundred eighty li is Jizhuo Post—the former Heping post station. Again passing former Dagan city, one hundred twenty li to Yezhe Post. Again sixty li to Jushide city—Kucha territory; also called Yutou Prefecture, on Ghe River's north bank at Gushi Mountain. Crossing Chi River, passing Qishan, three hundred forty li to Jialu Post. Again passing Daman city, one hundred forty li to Shule garrison; north, south, and west all have mountains, and the city stands in the water. East of the city is also a Han city, likewise on the shoals. Chi River comes from Geluo Ridge west of Shule; at the city's west it divides, joining east-northeast of the city and entering Jushide territory. From Bohuan south and east, passing Kunlun, crossing Chi River, again southwest passing Shenshan, Suiyang, and Xianbo, again south passing Shushu, nine hundred thirty li to Khotan garrison city.
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西西西滿 西 西 西西 西 西 西西 西西西
Fifty li west of Khotan is Weiguan; again west passing Boye, northwest crossing Xiguan River, six hundred twenty li to Zhijimancheng—also called Qinan Prefecture. Again northwest passing Kujing and Huangqu, three hundred twenty li to Shuangqu—the former Jiefan post station. Again northwest passing Bancheng, one hundred sixty li to Yandu Prefecture, again north eighty li to Shule garrison. From Shule southwest entering Jianmogu, Qingshan Ridge, Qingling, and Buren Ridge, six hundred li to Congling garrison—the former Jiankuotuo kingdom; a garrison established in the Kaiyuan era, the Anxi frontier's outermost post. There is Ningmi old city—also called Dadeli city, also called Hanmi kingdom, also called Jumi city. Three hundred ninety li east of Khotan is Jiandeli River; seven hundred li east is the Jingjue kingdom. Three hundred eighty li southwest of Khotan is Pishan city, bordering Gumo to the north. Dongling Mountain is seven hundred li southwest of the Khotan kingdom. Again three hundred li east of Khotan is Kancheng garrison; six hundred li east is Lancheng garrison; six hundred li south is Hunu garrison; two hundred li west is Gucheng garrison; three hundred ninety li west is Jiliang garrison. East of Khotan to Qiemi garrison is one thousand six hundred li. From Yanqi west fifty li passing Tiemen Pass, again twenty li to Yushu garrison city, again two hundred li to Yulin garrison, again fifty li to Longquan garrison, again sixty li to Dongyipi garrison, again seventy li to Xiyipi garrison, again sixty li to Chian garrison, again one hundred twenty li to the Anxi Protectorate.
207
西西 西 西使西 西 西 西 西
Another route from Shazhou Shouchang County west ten li to Yangguan old city, again west to the south bank of the Puchang Sea one thousand li. From the Puchang Sea's south bank, west passing Qitun city—the Han Yixiu city. Again west eighty li to Shicheng garrison—the Han Loulan kingdom, also called Shanshan, three hundred li south of the Puchang Sea; Kang Yan was garrison commander to communicate with the Western Regions. Again west two hundred li to Xincheng—also called Nuzhi city, built by Yan. Again west passing Tele well, crossing Qiemi River, five hundred li to Boxian garrison—the former Qiemi city, renamed in the Shangyuan era of Gaozong. Again west passing Xilizhi well, Yao well, and Wuzhe water, five hundred li to Khotan's east Lancheng garrison. Again west passing Yidu fort, Penghuai fort, and Kancheng garrison, three hundred li to Khotan.
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From Annan through Jiaozhi Taiping, a hundred-odd li to Feng Prefecture. Again passing Nantian, one hundred thirty li to Enlou County; then forty li by water to Zhongcheng Prefecture. Again two hundred li to Duoli Prefecture, again three hundred li to Zhugui Prefecture, again four hundred li to Dantang Prefecture—all raw Liao. Again four hundred fifty li to ancient Yongbu; by water route from Annan in all one thousand five hundred fifty li. Again one hundred eighty li passing Fudong Mountain and Tianjing Mountain—the mountains have sky-wells along the path, in places too narrow for half a pace for thirty li. Two days' travel to Tangquan Prefecture. Again fifty li to Luosuo Prefecture, again fifteen li to Longwu Prefecture—all Cuan Man Annan territory. Again eighty-three li to Tangchídun, again passing Baping city, eighty li to Dongzao water, again passing Nanting, one hundred sixty li to Qujiang—Jiannan territory. Again passing Tonghai garrison, one hundred sixty li crossing Haihe and Lishui to Jiang County. Again eighty li to Jinning Post—Rong Prefecture territory. Again eighty li to Zhedong city, again eighty li to Anning old city, again four hundred eighty li to Yunnan city, again eighty li to Baiya city, again seventy li to Mengshe city, again eighty li to Longwei city, again ten li to Dahe city, again twenty-five li to Yangjumie city.
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From Yangjumie city west to Yongchang old commandery is three hundred li. Again west crossing the Nu River to Zhuge Liang city is two hundred li. Again south to Le city is two hundred li. Again entering Pyu territory, passing eight tribes including Wangong, to Xili city is seven hundred li. Again passing Tumin city to Pyu is one thousand li. Again from Pyu west crossing Black Mountain to East Tianzhu Kampos kingdom is one thousand six hundred li. Again northwest crossing the Karot River to Banabhuvarna kingdom is six hundred li. Again southwest to Middle Tianzhu kingdom's east border south bank of the Ganges at Kajurapura kingdom is four hundred li. Again west to Magadha kingdom is six hundred li.
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西 西 西 西西 西 西 西
One route from Zhuge Liang city west to Tengchong city is two hundred li. Again west to Mi city one hundred li. Again west crossing mountains, two hundred li to Lishui city. Then west crossing Lishui and Longquan water, two hundred li to Anxi city. Then west crossing Minuo River water, one thousand li to Great Qin Brahmana kingdom. Again west crossing Great Ridge, three hundred li to East Tianzhu north border Gemo kingdom. Again southwest one thousand two hundred li to Middle Tianzhu kingdom northeast border Banabhuvarna kingdom, joining the Pyu-to-Brahmana route.
211
One route from Huan Prefecture east two days' travel to Tanglin Prefecture Anyuan County; south passing ancient Luo River, two days' travel to Huanwang kingdom's Tandong River. Again four days to Zhuyai, again passing Danbu garrison, two days to Huanwang kingdom city—former Han Rinan commandery territory.
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From Huan Prefecture southwest three days' travel, crossing Wuwun Ridge, again two days to Tang Prefecture Riluo County, again passing Luolun River and ancient Langdong's Shimi Mountain, three days to Tang Prefecture Wenyang County. Again passing Xixi Stream, four days to Wendant kingdom's Suantai County, again three days to Wendant outer city, again one day to inner city—also called Land Chenla; south of it is Water Chenla. Again south to a small sea; south of it is Luoyue kingdom, again south to the great sea.
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西 西 西西 西 西 西 西西 西 西西 西使 西 西
From Guangzhou southeast by sea, two hundred li to Tunmen Mountain; then with favorable wind sailing west, two days to Jiuzhou Rock. Again south two days to Xiangshi. Again southwest three days' travel to Zhanbulao Mountain—the mountain is two hundred li east of Huanwang kingdom in the sea. Again south two days to Lingshan. Again one day's travel to Mendu kingdom. Again one day's travel to Guda kingdom. Again half a day's travel to Bentuolang Continent. Again two days to Juntuong Mountain. Again five days to the sea strait—the fan call it "Zhi"; north and south one hundred li; on the north bank is Luoyue kingdom, on the south bank is Foshi kingdom; from Foshi kingdom east by water four or five days to Heling kingdom—the greatest state in the southern islands. Again west out of the strait, three days to Gegesengqi kingdom—a separate island northwest of Foshi; the people are much given to piracy and those traveling by ship fear them. On its north bank is Jieluo kingdom. West of Jieluo is Gegeguo kingdom. Again from Gegesengqi four or five days' travel to Shengdeng Continent. Again west five days' travel to Bolu kingdom. Again six days' travel to Boguo Galan Continent. Again north four days' travel to Shizi kingdom; its north coast is one hundred li from South Tianzhu's great shore. Again west four days' travel, passing Meilai kingdom—South Tianzhu's southernmost border. Again northwest passing more than ten small kingdoms to Brahmana west border. Again northwest two days' travel to Bafu kingdom. Again ten days' travel, passing five small kingdoms on Tianzhu's west border, to Tifu kingdom; that kingdom has the Milan River—also called Xintou River—coming from North Bohun kingdom in the west, flowing west to Tifu kingdom's north and entering the sea. Again from Tifu kingdom west twenty days' travel, passing more than twenty small kingdoms, to Tiluhe kingdom—also called Luoheyi kingdom; the people set up ornamental columns in the sea, and at night place torches on them so ships travel by night without losing their way. Again west one day's travel to Wula kingdom—the Dashi kingdom's Fulila River, flowing south into the sea. By small craft upstream, two days to Moluo kingdom—a Dashi stronghold. Again northwest overland one thousand li to Maomen King's capital Fuda city.
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西西西 西 西 西
From Brahmana south border, from Meilai kingdom to Wula kingdom, all travel along the sea's east bank; on its west bank's west all is Dashi kingdom; its westernmost south is called the Sanlan kingdom. From Sanlan kingdom due north twenty days' travel, passing more than ten small kingdoms, to She kingdom. Again ten days' travel, passing six or seven small kingdoms, to Sayihejie kingdom, on the sea's west bank. Again west six or seven days' travel, passing six or seven small kingdoms, to Moxun kingdom. Again northwest ten days' travel, passing more than ten small kingdoms, to Baligemo kingdom. Again one day's travel to Wula kingdom, joining the east-bank route.
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西西西滿
In the Western Regions is Tuobasidan kingdom, twenty-five thousand li southwest of Shule; east one month's travel to Boda kingdom, west one month's travel to Nieman kingdom, south half a month's travel to Luoshazhi kingdom, north two months' travel to the sea.
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Luoshazhi kingdom east half a month's travel to Dupan kingdom, west to Shalan kingdom, south to Dashi kingdom—all twenty days' travel.
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Dupan kingdom east half a month's travel to Dashi kingdom, south twenty-five days' travel to Dashi kingdom, north one month's travel to Boda kingdom.
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Boda kingdom east two months' travel to Dashi kingdom, northwest twenty days' travel to Qilan kingdom, north one month's travel to Dashi kingdom.
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Hemei kingdom southeast half a month's travel to Tuoba kingdom, northwest twenty days' travel to Qilan kingdom, south one month's travel to Shalan kingdom, north two months' travel to the sea.
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西滿
Qilan kingdom west two months' travel to Dashi kingdom, south twenty days' travel to Nieman kingdom, north five days' travel to the sea.
221
滿西
Nieman kingdom west two months' travel to Dashi kingdom, south one month's travel to Dashi kingdom, north twenty days' travel to Qilan kingdom.
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Shalan kingdom south twenty-five days' travel to Dashi kingdom, north twenty-five days' travel to Nieman kingdom.
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Shi kingdom east one hundred li to Bahana kingdom, southwest five hundred li to Dongmi kingdom.
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Kapisa kingdom is four thousand li southwest of Shule; east seven hundred li to Julan city kingdom, west one thousand li to Dashi kingdom, south five hundred li to Brahmana kingdom, north two hundred li to Tuhuoluo kingdom.
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Dongmi kingdom is two thousand li northwest of An kingdom; east five thousand li to Suyab kingdom, southwest one thousand five hundred li to Shi kingdom, south one thousand five hundred li to Bahana kingdom.
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Shi kingdom is two thousand li west of Shule; east one thousand li to Jumi kingdom, west two thousand li to Dashi kingdom, south two hundred li to Tuhuoluo kingdom, northwest seven hundred li to Kang kingdom.
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