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嶺南道嶺南道,蓋古揚州之南境,漢南海、鬱林、蒼梧、珠崖、儋耳、交趾、合浦、九真、日南等郡。 韶、廣、康、端、封、梧、藤、羅、雷、崖以東為星紀分,桂、柳、鬱林、富、昭、蒙、龔、繡、容、白、羅而西及安南為鶉尾分。 為州七十有三,都護府一,縣三百一十四。 其名山:黃嶺、靈洲。 其大川:桂、鬱。 厥賦:蕉、紵、落麻、厥貢:金、銀、孔翠、犀、象、綵藤、竹布。 廣州廣州南海郡,中都督府。 土貢:銀、藤簟、竹席、荔支、鼊皮、鼈甲、蚺蛇膽、石斛、沈香、甲香、詹糖香。 戶四萬二千二百三十五,口二十二萬一千五百。 縣十三。 有府二,曰綏南、番禺。 有經略軍,屯門鎮兵。 南海,上。 有南海祠。 山峻水深,民不井汲,都督劉巨麟始鑿井四。 有牛鼻鎮兵。 有赤岸、紫石二戍。 有靈洲山,在鬱水中。 番禺,上。 增城,中。 四會,中。 武德五年以四會、化蒙二縣置南綏州,幷析置新招、化注、化穆三縣。 貞觀元年省新招、化注,以廢威州之懷集、廢齊州之洊安隸之。 八年更名湞州。 十三年州廢,省化穆,以四會、化蒙、懷集、洊安來屬。 化蒙,中。 有鉛穴一。 懷集,中。 武德五年置威州,幷析置興平、霍清、威成三縣。 貞觀元年州廢,省興平、霍清、威成入懷集。 開元二年省永固縣入焉。 有驃山,有鐵。 洊水,中。 本洊安,武德五年置齊州,幷析置宣樂、宋昌二縣。 貞觀元年州廢,省宣樂、宋昌入洊安。 至德二載更名。 東莞,中。 本寶安,至德二載更名。 有鹽。 有黃嶺山。 清遠,中。 武德六年省政賓縣入焉。 浛洭,中。 武德五年以浛洭、真陽二縣置洭州,幷析置翁源縣。 貞觀元年州廢,以翁源隸韶州,浛洭、真陽來屬。 湞陽,中。 本真陽,貞觀元年更名。 有鐵。 西南有洭浦故關。 新會,中。 武德四年,以南海郡之新會、義寧二縣置岡州新會郡,以地有金岡以名州,幷析置封平、封樂二縣。 貞觀十三年州廢,省封平、封樂,以新會、義寧來屬。 是年,復以新會、義寧置岡州,又析義寧置封樂縣。 後省封樂。 開元二十三年州廢,以新會、義寧復來屬。 有鹽。 義寧。 中。 韶州韶州始興郡,下。 本番州,武德四年析廣州之曲江、始興、樂昌、翁源置。 尋更名東衡州,貞觀元年又更名。 土貢:竹布、鍾乳、石斛。 戶三萬一千,口十六萬八千九百四十八。 縣六。 曲江,上。 武德四年置臨瀧、良化二縣,貞觀八年省。 始興,下。 有大庾嶺新路,開元十七年,詔張九齡開。 東北有安遠鎮兵。 樂昌,下。 翁源,下。 仁化,下。 本隸廣州,垂拱四年析曲江置,後來屬。 湞昌。 下。 光宅元年析始興置。 循州循州海豐郡,下。 本龍川郡,天寶元年更名。 土貢:布,五色藤盤、鏡匣,蚺蛇膽,甲煎,鮫革,荃臺,綬草。 戶九千五百二十五。 縣六。 歸善,中下。 貞觀元年省龍川縣入焉。 博羅,中下。 貞觀元年省羅陽縣入焉。 河源,中下。 武德五年析置石城縣,貞觀元年省。 海豐,中下。 武德五年析置陸安縣,貞觀元年省。 興寧,貞觀元年省齊昌縣入焉。 雷鄉。 中下。 天授二年置。 潮州潮州潮陽郡,下。 本義安郡。 土貢:蕉、鮫革、甲香、蚺蛇膽、龜、石井、銀石、水馬。 戶四千四百二十,口二萬六千七百四十五。 縣三。 海陽,中下。 有鹽。 潮陽,中下。 永徽初省,先天初復置。 程鄉。 中下。 康州康州晉康郡,下。 本南康州,武德六年析端州之端溪置,九年州廢。 貞觀元年復置,十一年又廢,十二年復置,更名康州。 土貢:金、銀。 戶萬五百一十,口萬七千二百一十九。 縣四。 端溪,下。 武德五年析端州之博林置撫納縣,後省。 晉康,下。 本遂安,至德二載更名。 悅城,下。 本樂城,隸端州,武德五年來屬,後更名。 都城。 下。 瀧州瀧州開陽郡,下。 本永熙郡,天寶元年更名。 土貢:銀、石斛。 戶三千六百二十七,口九千四百三十九。 縣四。 瀧水,下。 武德四年析置正義縣,幷領懷德縣。 後省正義,以懷德隸竇州。 開陽,下。 武德四年析瀧水置。 鎮南,下。 本安南,武德四年置南建州,以永熙郡之安遂、永熙、永業三縣隸之。 五年析瀧水置安南縣。 貞觀八年更南建州曰藥州。 十八年州廢,省安遂、永業,以永寧、安南來屬。 至德二載更名。 建水。 下。 本永熙,武德五年曰永寧,天寶元年復更名,以建水在西也。 端州端州高要郡,下。 本信安郡,天寶元年更名。 土貢:銀、柑。 戶九千五百,口二萬一千一百二十。 縣二。 高要,下。 貞觀十三年省博林縣入焉。 東有青岐鎮。 平興。 下。 武德七年析置清泰縣,貞觀十三年省。 新州新州新興郡,下。 本新昌郡,武德四年以端州之新興置。 土貢:金、銀、蕉。 戶九千五百。 縣二。 新興,下。 武德四年析置索盧、新昌、單牒、永順四縣。 後省新昌、單牒,乾元後又省索盧。 永順。 下。 封州封州臨封郡,下。 本廣信郡,天寶元年更名。 土貢:銀、鮫革、石斛。 戶三千九百,口萬一千八百二十七。 縣二。 封川,下。 武德四年析置封興縣,後省。 開建,下。 武德四年置。 潘州潘州南潘郡,下。 本南宕州南巴郡,武德四年以合浦郡之南昌、定川置。 本治南昌,貞觀元年徙治定川,八年更名,後徙治茂名。 後廢,地入高州。 永徽元年復以茂名、南巴、毛山三縣置。 土貢:銀。 戶四千三百,口八千九百六十七。 縣三。 茂名,下。 本隸高州,以茂名水名,貞觀元年來屬。 潘水,下。 武德五年置,以潘水名,又析南昌、定川置陸川、思城、溫水、宕川四縣。 貞觀八年省思成,後以定川、宕川隸牢州,陸川、溫水隸禺州,後省南昌。 二十三年析潘水置毛山縣,以毛山名。 其後省潘水縣。 開元二年改毛山曰潘水。 南有博畔鎮。 南巴。 下。 本隸高州,武德五年置,永徽元年來屬。 春州春州南陵郡,下。 本陽春郡,武德四年以高涼郡之陽春置,天寶元年更郡名。 土貢:銀、鍾乳、石斛。 戶萬一千二百一十八。 縣二。 陽春,下。 武德四年幷置流南縣,五年又置西城縣,後皆省。 有鉛。 羅水。 下。 天寶後置。 勤州勤州雲浮郡,下。 本銅陵郡,武德四年析春州置,五年州廢。 萬歲通天二年復置,長安中復廢。 開元十八年平春、瀧等州,首領陳行範餘黨保銅陵北山,廣州都督耿仁忠奏復置州,治富林洞,因以為縣。 乾元元年徙治銅陵。 土貢:金、銀、石斛。 戶六百八十二,口千九百三十三。 縣二。 銅陵,下。 本隸端州,武德五年隸春州,後來屬。 有銅。 富林。 下。 武德四年析銅陵置。 州廢,隸春州,後縣亦廢,乾元元年復置。 羅州羅州招義郡,下。 本石城郡,武德五年以高涼郡之石龍、吳川置,六年徙治石城。 土貢:銀、孔雀、鸚鵡。 戶五千四百六十,口八千四十一。 縣四。 廉江,下。 本石城,以石城水名。 武德五年,析石龍、吳川置南河、石城、招義、零綠、石龍、陵羅、龍化、羅辯、慈廉、羅肥十縣。 後以石龍而下六縣隸南石州。 天寶元年更名。 大曆八年以南河隸順州。 吳川,下。 幹水,下。 本石龍,武德五年曰招義,天寶元年更名,以幹水名。 零綠。 下。 以零綠水名。 辯州辯州陵水郡,下。 本南石州石龍郡,武德六年,以羅州之石龍、陵羅、龍化、羅辯、慈廉、羅肥置。 貞觀九年更名。 天祐元年,朱全忠以「辯」「汴」聲近,表更名勳州。 土貢:銀、竹鞵。 戶四千八百五十八,口萬六千二百九。 縣二。 石龍,下。 貞觀元年省慈廉、羅肥二縣入焉。 陵羅。 下。 高州高州高涼郡,下。 武德六年分廣州之電白、連江置。 本治高涼,貞觀二十三年徙治良德,大曆十一年徙治電白。 土貢:銀、蚺蛇膽。 戶萬二千四百。 縣三。 電白,下。 良德,下。 本隸瀧州,武德中來屬。 保寧。 下。 本連江,開元五年曰保安,至德二載更名。 恩州恩州恩平郡,下。 本齊安郡,貞觀二十三年以高州之西平、齊安、杜陵置。 大順二年徙治恩平。 土貢:金、銀。 戶九千。 縣三。 有清海軍。 恩平,下。 本海安,武德五年曰齊安,至德二載更名。 有西平縣,本高涼,亦武德五年更名,後省。 杜陵,下。 本杜原,武德五年更名。 陽江。 下。 有銀。 雷州雷州海康郡,下。 本南合州徐聞郡,武德四年以合浦郡之海康、隋康、鐵杷置。 貞觀元年更名東合州,八年又更名。 土貢:絲電、班竹、孔雀。 戶四千三百二十,口二萬五百七十二。 縣三。 海康,中。 遂溪,下。 本鐵杷、椹川二縣,後併省,更名。 徐聞。 下。 本隋康,貞觀二年更名。 崖州崖州珠崖郡,下。 土貢:金、銀、珠、玳瑁、高良薑。 戶八百一十九。 縣三。 舍城,下,以舍城水名。 西南有勤連鎮兵。 有顏城縣,本顏盧,貞觀元年更名,開元後省。 澄邁,下。 文昌。 下。 本平昌,武德五年置,貞觀元年更名。 瓊州瓊州瓊山郡,下都督府。 貞觀五年以崖州之瓊山置。 自乾封後沒山洞蠻,貞元五年,嶺南節度使李復討復之。 土貢:金。 戶六百四十九。 縣五。 瓊山,下。 貞觀十三年析置曾口、顏羅、容瓊三縣。 貞元七年省容瓊。 有鹽。 臨高,下。 本臨機,隸崖州,貞觀五年來屬,州沒隸崖州。 開元元年更名。 曾口,下。 樂會,下。 顯慶五年置。 顏羅。 下。 振州振州延德郡,下。 本臨振郡,又曰寧遠郡,天寶元年更名。 土貢:金、五色藤盤、班布、食單。 戶八百一十九,口二千八百二十一。 縣五。 寧遠,下。 以寧遠水名。 有鹽。 延德,下。 以延德水名。 吉陽,下。 貞觀二年析延德置。 臨川,下。 落屯。 下。 天寶後置。 儋州儋州昌化郡,下。 本儋耳郡,隋珠崖郡治,天寶元年更名。 土貢:金、糖香。 戶三千三百九縣五。 義倫,下。 有鹽。 昌化,下。 貞觀元年析置吉安縣,乾元後省。 感恩,下。 洛場,下。 乾元後置。 富羅。 下。 本毗善,武德五年更名。 萬安州萬安州萬安郡,下。 龍朔二年以崖州之萬安置。 開元九年徙治陵水。 至德二載更名萬全郡。 貞元元年復治萬全,後復故名。 土貢:金、銀。 戶二千九百九十七。 縣四。 萬安,下。 本隸瓊州,貞觀五年析文昌置,幷置富雲、博遼二縣。 十三年隸崖州,後來屬。 至德二載曰萬全,後復故名。 陵水,下。 本隸振州,後來屬。 富雲,下。 博遼。 下。 邕州邕州朗寧郡,下都督府。 本南晉州,武德四年以隋鬱林郡之宣化置,貞觀八年更名。 土貢:金、銀。 有金坑。 戶二千八百九十三,口七千三百二。 縣七。 有經略軍。 宣化,中下。 武德五年析置武緣、晉興、朗寧、橫山四縣。 乾元後省橫山。 鬱水自蠻境七源州流出,州民常苦之,景雲中,司馬呂仁引渠分流以殺水勢,自是無沒溺之害,民乃夾水而居。 武緣,中下。 西有都稜鎮。 晉興,中下。 朗寧,中下。 思籠,中下。 乾元後開山洞置。 如和,中下。 本隸欽州,武德五年析南賓、安京置,景龍二年來屬。 封陵。 中下。 乾元後開山洞置。 澄州澄州賀水郡,下。 本南方州,武德四年以鬱林郡之嶺方地置,貞觀八年更名。 土貢:金、銀。 戶千三百六十八,口八千五百八十。 縣四。 上林,下。 武德四年,析嶺方縣地置無虞、琅邪、思干、上林、止戈五縣。 無虞,下。 止戈,下。 賀水。 下。 本隸柳州,武德四年析馬平置,八年來屬。 賓州賓州嶺方郡,下。 本安城郡,貞觀五年,析南方州之嶺方、思干、琅邪,南尹州之安城置。 至德二載更名。 土貢:藤器。 戶千九百七十六。 口八千五百八十。 縣三。 嶺方,中下。 貞觀十二年省思干縣。 琅邪,中下。 保城。 中下。 本安城,至德二載更名。 橫州橫州寧浦郡,下。 本簡州,武德四年以鬱林郡之寧浦、樂山置。 六年曰南簡州,貞觀八年更名。 土貢:金、銀。 戶千九百七十八,口八千三百四十二。 縣三。 寧浦,中下。 武德四年析置蒙澤縣。 五年以貴州之嶺山來屬。 貞觀十二年省蒙澤入焉,後又省嶺山。 從化,中下。 本淳風,武德四年析寧浦置,永貞元年更名。 樂山。 下。 潯州潯州潯江郡,下。 貞觀七年以鷰州之桂平、大賓置。 十三年州廢,縣隸龔州,後復置。 土貢:金、銀。 戶二千五百,口六千八百三十六。 縣三。 桂平,下。 本隸貴州,武德五年隸鷰州。 七年置陵江縣,十二年省入焉。 皇化,下。 本隸繡州,貞觀七年來屬。 大賓。 下。 巒州巒州永定郡,下。 本淳州,武德四年以故秦桂林郡地置,永貞元年更名。 土貢:金、銀。 戶七百七十,口三千八百三。 縣三。 永定,下。 武羅,下。 靈竹。 下。 欽州欽州寧越郡。 土貢:金、銀、翠羽、高良薑。 戶二千七百,口萬一百四十六。 縣五。 欽江,下。 東南有西零戍。 保京,下。 本安京,至德二載更名。 內亭,下。 武德五年以內亭、遵化二縣置南亭州。 貞觀二年州廢,二縣來屬。 遵化,中下。 靈山。 下。 本南賓,貞觀十年更名。 貴州貴州懷澤郡,下。 本南定州鬱林郡,武德四年曰南尹州,貞觀八年曰貴州,天寶元年更郡名。 土貢:金、銀、鉛器、紵布。 戶三千二十六,口九千三百。 縣四。 有府一,曰龍山。 鬱林,中下。 懷澤,下。 武德四年置。 潮水,下。 武德四年析鬱林置。 義山。 下。 武德四年更馬嶺縣曰馬度。 貞觀後省,天寶後更置,曰義山。 龔州龔州臨江郡,下。 貞觀七年,以鷰州故治,析潯州之武林、鷰州之泰川置,後徙治平南。 土貢:銀。 戶九千,口二萬一千。 縣五。 平南,下。 貞觀七年置,又置西平、歸政、大同三縣。 十二年省泰川入平南,又省歸政、西平。 武林,下。 本隸藤州,武德七年來屬。 隋建,下。 本隸藤州,貞觀十三年來屬。 大同,下。 陽川。 下。 本陽建,後更名。 象州象州象郡,下。 本桂林郡,武德四年以始安郡之陽壽、桂林置,以象山為州名。 貞觀十三年徙治武化,大曆十一年復治陽壽。 土貢:銀、藤器。 戶五千五百,口萬八百九十。 縣三。 陽壽,下。 武德四年析桂林置武德、西寧、武仙三縣。 貞觀十二年省西寧入武德,天寶元年省武德入陽壽。 武仙,下。 乾封元年省桂林縣入焉。 武化。 下。 武德四年析桂州之建陵置,本隸封州,後隸晏州; 又析陽壽置長風縣,隸晏州。 州廢,縣皆來屬。 大曆十一年省長風入焉。 藤州藤州感義郡,下。 本永平郡,天寶元年更名。 土貢:銀。 戶三千九百八十。 縣四。 鐔津,中下。 初州治永平,無鐔津,又有隋安、賀川、寧人等縣,皆貞觀後省併更置,而寧人隸容州,永平隸昭州。 有鉛。 感義,下。 本淳民,武德中更名。 義昌,下。 本安昌,至德二載更名。 寧風。 下。 武德五年以縣置鷰州,以貴州之桂平隸之。 貞觀三年又以藤州之大賓隸之,增領長恭、泰川、池陽、龍陽四縣,治長恭,五年置新樂、寧風、梁石、羅風四縣。 七年更名泰州,徙治寧風,更池陽曰承恩,復以藤州之安基隸之; 以梁石、羅風隸藤州; 省長恭縣。 八年徙治安基,復為鷰州。 十二年省龍陽、承恩二縣。 十八年州廢,以寧風來屬。 後省新樂、安基、梁石、羅風。 巖州巖州常樂郡,下。 調露二年析橫、貴二州置,以巖岡之北因為名。 天寶元年曰安樂郡,至德二載更名。 土貢:金。 戶千一百一十。 縣四。 常樂,下。 本安樂,蕭銑分興德縣置。 貞觀元年省,乾封元年復置,隸鬱林州,永隆元年來屬。 至德二載更名。 恩封,下。 本伏龍洞,當牢、白二州之境,調露二年與高城、石巖同置。 高城,下。 以高城水名。 石巖。 下。 宜州宜州龍水郡,下。 唐開置,本粵州,乾封中更名。 有銀、丹沙。 戶千二百二十,口三千二百三十。 縣四。 龍水,下。 崖山,下。 東璽,下。 天河。 下。
The Lingnan Circuit covered what had been the southern borderlands of ancient Yangzhou, corresponding to the Han-era commanderies of Nanhai, Yulin, Cangwu, Zhuya, Dan'er, Jiaozhi, Hepu, Jiuzhen, Rinan, and the like. East of Shao, Guang, Kang, Duan, Feng, Wu, Teng, Luo, Lei, and Ya lay the Xingji zodiacal division; Gui, Liu, Yulin, Fu, Zhao, Meng, Gong, Xiu, Rong, Bai, Luo to the west and Annam fell within the Chunwei division. The circuit comprised seventy-three prefectures, one protectorate-general, and three hundred fourteen counties. Notable mountains included Huangling and Lingzhou. The principal rivers were the Gui and Yu. Tax payments included plantain fiber, ramie, and hemp; tribute items comprised gold, silver, kingfisher plumes, rhinoceros horn, ivory, dyed rattan, and bamboo cloth. Guang Prefecture (Guangzhou), Nanhai Commandery: a mid-level area military command prefecture. Tribute from the region included silver, rattan mats, bamboo mats, litchi, softshell-turtle hide, turtle shell, python gall, dendrobium, agarwood, shell incense, sandalwood sugar. It registered 42,235 households and 221,500 persons. It governed thirteen counties. It maintained 2 garrison commands: Sui'nan and Panyu. Garrison troops were stationed at Pacification Army,Tunmen. Nanhai was rated upper grade. The locality produced nanhai shrine. Steep mountains and deep waters kept the people from well water until Area Commander Liu Julin first sank four wells. Garrison troops were stationed at Niubi. Chi'an and Zishi maintained two posts. Lingzhou Mountain lay within the Yu River. Panyu was rated upper grade. Zengcheng was rated middle grade. Sihui was rated middle grade. In 622, the fifth year of Wude, using Sihui, Huameng two counties to establish Nan Sui Prefecture; and concurrently carved out Xinzhao, Huazhu, Huamu three counties. 627 CE, the first year of the Zhenguan reign, xinzhao, Huazhu was abolished; using Huaiji, Jian'anwere placed under it from abolished Wei Prefecture of abolished Qi Prefecture. In the eighth year, renamed Zhen Prefecture, as recorded in the treatise. In the thirteenth year, the prefecture was abolished; huamu was abolished; sihui, Huameng, Huaiji, Jian'an was transferred here. Huameng was rated middle grade. One lead mine lay within the county. Huaiji was rated middle grade. In 622, the fifth year of Wude, established Wei Prefecture; and concurrently carved out Xingping, Huoqing, Weicheng three counties. 627 CE, the first year of the Zhenguan reign, the prefecture was abolished; xingping, Huoqing, Weicheng entered Huaiji was abolished. In 714, the second year of Kaiyuan, yonggu County was merged into it was abolished. Mount Piaoshan stood there, and the locality also had iron. Jianshui was rated middle grade. Formerly Jian'an; in 622, the fifth year of Wudeestablished Qi Prefecture; and concurrently carved out Xuanle, Songchang two counties. 627 CE, the first year of the Zhenguan reign, the prefecture was abolished; xuanle, Songchang entered Jian'an was abolished. In 757, the second year of Zhide, renamed. Dongguan was rated middle grade. Formerly Bao'an; in 757, the second year of Zhiderenamed. The locality produced salt. Mount Huangling Mountain lay in the locality. Qingyuan was rated middle grade. In 623, the sixth year of Wude, zhengpin County was merged into it was abolished. Hanheng was rated middle grade. In 622, the fifth year of Wude, using Hanheng, Zhenyang two counties to establish Kuang Prefecture; and concurrently carved out Wengyuan County. 627 CE, the first year of the Zhenguan reign, the prefecture was abolished; assigned Wengyuan to Shaozhou; hanheng, Zhenyangcame under this prefecture. Zhenyang was rated middle grade. Formerly Zhenyang; 627 CE, the first year of the Zhenguan reignrenamed. The locality produced iron. The former Kuangpu Pass lay to the southwest. Xinhui was rated middle grade. In 621, the fourth year of Wude, using Nanhai Commandery of Xinhui, Yining two counties to establish Gang PrefectureXinhui Commandery; named the prefecture for the local Jingang; and concurrently carved out Fengping, Fengle two counties. In 639, the thirteenth year of Zhenguan, the prefecture was abolished; fengping, Fengle was abolished; xinhui, Yining was transferred here. In that same year, again using Xinhui, Yining to establish Gang Prefecture; also carved out Yining to establish Fengle County. Fengle was later abolished. In Kaiyuan 23 (735) the prefecture was abolished, and Xinhui and Yining were transferred back here. The locality produced salt. Yining County. Its administrative grade was middle. Shaozhou, seat of the Shixing Commandery, was rated lower grade. Formerly Fan Prefecture; in 621, the fourth year of Wudesplit Guangzhou of Qujiang, Shixing, Lechang, Wengyuan to establish. It was soon renamed Dongheng Prefecture; 627 CE, the first year of the Zhenguan reignwas again renamed. Tribute from the region included bamboo cloth, stalactite, dendrobium. It registered 31,000 households and 168,948 persons. It governed six counties. Qujiang was rated upper grade. Linlong and Lianghua were established in Wude 4 (621) and abolished in Zhenguan 8 (634). Shixing was rated lower grade. A new road over the Dayu Range was opened in 729 CE on imperial orders to Zhang Jiuling. Garrison troops were posted to the northeast at An'yuan. Lechang was rated lower grade. Wengyuan was rated lower grade. Renhua was rated lower grade. Formerly under Guangzhou; in 688, the fourth year of Chuigongsplit Qujiang to establish; later transferred here. Zhenchang County. Its administrative grade was lower. 684 CE, the first year of the Guangzhe reign, split Shixing to establish. Xun Prefecture, seat of the Haifeng Commandery, was rated lower grade. Formerly Longchuan Commandery; 742 CE, the first year of the Tianbao reignrenamed. Tribute from the region included cloth,five-color rattan trays, mirror cases,python gall,shell extract,sharkskin,sedge-platform mats,ribbon grass. It registered 9,525 households. It governed six counties. Guishan was rated lower-middle grade. 627 CE, the first year of the Zhenguan reign, longchuan County was merged into it was abolished. Boluo was rated lower-middle grade. 627 CE, the first year of the Zhenguan reign, luoyang County was merged into it was abolished. Heyuan was rated lower-middle grade. Shicheng County was established in Wude 5 (622) and abolished in Zhenguan 1 (627). Haifeng was rated lower-middle grade. Lu'an County was established in Wude 5 (622) and abolished in Zhenguan 1 (627). Xingning; 627 CE, the first year of the Zhenguan reignQichang County was merged into it was abolished.. Leixiang County. Its administrative grade was lower-middle. In 691, the second year of Tianshou, established. Chaozhou, seat of the Chaoyang Commandery, was rated lower grade. Formerly Yi'an Commandery. Tribute from the region included plantain, sharkskin, shell incense, python gall, tortoise, stone wells, silver ore, water horses. It registered 4,420 households and 26,745 persons. It governed three counties. Haiyang was rated lower-middle grade. The locality produced salt. Chaoyang was rated lower-middle grade. The county was struck from the rolls early in the Yonghui reign (650 CE) and re-established early in Xiantian (712 CE). Chengxiang County. Its administrative grade was lower-middle. Kang Prefecture, seat of the Jinkang Commandery, was rated lower grade. Formerly Nankang Prefecture; in 623, the sixth year of Wudesplit Duan Prefecture of Duanxi to establish; in the ninth yearthe prefecture was abolished. Restored in Zhenguan 1 (627), abolished again in the eleventh year, restored in the twelfth year, and renamed Kang Prefecture. Tribute from the region included gold, silver. It registered 10,510 households and 17,219 persons. It governed four counties. Duanxi was rated lower grade. In 622, the fifth year of Wude, split Duan Prefecture of Bolin to establish Funuo County; later abolished. Jinkang was rated lower grade. Formerly Sui'an; in 757, the second year of Zhiderenamed. Yuecheng was rated lower grade. Formerly Lecheng; came under Duan Prefecture; in 622, the fifth year of Wudecame under this prefecture; later renamed. Ducheng County. Its administrative grade was lower. Long Prefecture, seat of the Kaiyang Commandery, was rated lower grade. Formerly Yongxi Commandery; 742 CE, the first year of the Tianbao reignrenamed. Tribute from the region included silver, dendrobium. It registered 3,627 households and 9,439 persons. It governed four counties. Longshui was rated lower grade. In 621, the fourth year of Wude, carved out and established Zhengyi County; and concurrently governing Huaide County. Zhengyi was later abolished, and Huaide was placed under Dou Prefecture. Kaiyang was rated lower grade. In 621, the fourth year of Wude, split Longshui to establish. Zhennan was rated lower grade. Formerly Annam; in 621, the fourth year of Wudeestablished Nanjian Prefecture; assigned Yongxi Commandery of An'sui, Yongxi, Yongye three counties to of. In the fifth year, split Longshui to establish Annam County, as recorded in the treatise. In 634, the eighth year of Zhenguan, changed Nanjian Prefecture to Yao Prefecture. In the eighteenth year, the prefecture was abolished; an'sui, Yongye was abolished; yongning, Annam was transferred here. In 757, the second year of Zhide, renamed. Jianshui County. Its administrative grade was lower. Formerly Yongxi; renamed Yongning in Wude 5 (622), renamed again in Tianbao 1 (742) because Jianshui lay to the west. Duan Prefecture, seat of the Gaoyao Commandery, was rated lower grade. Formerly Xin'an Commandery; 742 CE, the first year of the Tianbao reignrenamed. Tribute from the region included silver, citrus. It registered 9,500 households and 21,120 persons. It governed two counties. Gaoyao was rated lower grade. In 639, the thirteenth year of Zhenguan, bolin County was merged into it was abolished. The Qingqi garrison lay to the east. Pingxing County. Its administrative grade was lower. Qingtai was established in Wude 7 (624) and abolished in Zhenguan 13 (639). Xin Prefecture, seat of the Xinxing Commandery, was rated lower grade. Formerly Xinchang Commandery; established in Wude 4 (621) from Xinxing in Duan Prefecture. Tribute from the region included gold, silver, plantain. It registered 9,500 households. It governed two counties. Xinxing was rated lower grade. In 621, the fourth year of Wude, carved out and established Suolu, Xinchang, Shandie, Yongshun four counties. Xinchang and Shandie were later abolished, and Suolu was abolished again after the Qianyuan era. Yongshun County. Its administrative grade was lower. Feng Prefecture, seat of the Linfeng Commandery, was rated lower grade. Formerly Guangxin Commandery; 742 CE, the first year of the Tianbao reignrenamed. Tribute from the region included silver, sharkskin, dendrobium. It registered 3,900 households and 11,827 persons. It governed two counties. Fengchuan was rated lower grade. In 621, the fourth year of Wude, carved out and established Fengxing County; later abolished. Kaijian was rated lower grade. In 621, the fourth year of Wude, established. Pan Prefecture, seat of the Nanpan Commandery, was rated lower grade. Formerly Nandang Prefecture and the Nanba Commandery, it was established in Wude 4 (621) from Nanchang and Dingchuan in Hepu Commandery. The seat was originally at Nanchang; 627 CE, the first year of the Zhenguan reignseat moved to Dingchuan; in the eighth yearrenamed; later seat moved to Maoming. It was later abolished; territory enteredGao Prefecture. 650 CE, the first year of the Yonghui reign, restored using Maoming, Nanba, Maoshan three counties. Tribute from the region included silver. It registered 4,300 households and 8,967 persons. It governed three counties. Maoming was rated lower grade. Formerly under Gao Prefecture; named for the Maoming River; 627 CE, the first year of the Zhenguan reigncame under this prefecture. Panshui was rated lower grade. In 622, the fifth year of Wude, established; named for Panshui; also carved out Nanchang, Dingchuan to establish Luchuan, Sicheng, Wenshui, Dangchuan four counties. In 634, the eighth year of Zhenguan, sicheng was abolished; later assigned Dingchuan, Dangchuan to Lao Prefecture; luchuan, Wenshuicame under Yu Prefecture; later abolished Nanchang. In the twenty-third year, split Panshui to establish Maoshan County; named for Maoshan. Panshui County was later abolished. In 714, the second year of Kaiyuan, changed Maoshan to Panshui. The Bopan garrison lay to the south. Nanba County. Its administrative grade was lower. Formerly under Gao Prefecture; in 622, the fifth year of Wudeestablished; 650 CE, the first year of the Yonghui reigncame under this prefecture. Chun Prefecture, seat of the Nanling Commandery, was rated lower grade. Formerly Yangchun Commandery; established in Wude 4 (621) from Yangchun in Gaoliang Commandery; the commandery was renamed in Tianbao 1 (742). Tribute from the region included silver, stalactite, dendrobium. It registered 11,218 households. It governed two counties. Yangchun was rated lower grade. In 621, the fourth year of Wude, and also established Liunan County; in the fifth yearalso established Xicheng County; later all were abolished. The locality produced lead. Luoshui County. Its administrative grade was lower. After the Tianbao era, established. Qin Prefecture, seat of the Yunfu Commandery, was rated lower grade. Formerly Tongling Commandery; in 621, the fourth year of Wudesplit Chun Prefecture to establish; in the fifth yearthe prefecture was abolished. Restored in Wansui Tongtian 2 (697) and abolished again during the Chang'an era. After the pacification of Chun and Long prefectures in 730 CE, Chen Xingfan's surviving partisans held Tongling North Mountain until Guangzhou Area Commander Geng Renzhong petitioned to restore the prefecture, relocating the seat to Fulin Cave and establishing it as a county. 758 CE, the first year of the Qianyuan reign, seat moved to Tongling. Tribute from the region included gold, silver, dendrobium. It registered 682 households and 1,933 persons. It governed two counties. Tongling was rated lower grade. Formerly under Duan Prefecture; in 622, the fifth year of Wudecame under Chun Prefecture; later transferred here. The locality produced copper. Fulin County. Its administrative grade was lower. In 621, the fourth year of Wude, split Tongling to establish. After the prefecture was abolished, came under Chun Prefecture; later the county was also abolished; 758 CE, the first year of the Qianyuan reignwas restored. Luo Prefecture, seat of the Zhaoyi Commandery, was rated lower grade. Formerly Shicheng Commandery; established in Wude 5 (622) from Shilong and Wuchuan in Gaoliang Commandery, with the seat moved to Shicheng in the sixth year. Tribute from the region included silver, peacock, parrot. It registered 5,460 households and 8,041 persons. It governed four counties. Lianjiang was rated lower grade. Formerly Shicheng; named for the Shicheng River. In 622, the fifth year of Wude, split Shilong, Wuchuan to establish Nanhe, Shicheng, Zhaoyi, Linglü, Shilong, Lingluo, Longhua, Luobian, Cilian, Luofei ten counties. Subsequently Shilong and the six counties beneath it were assigned to Nan Shi Prefecture. 742 CE, the first year of the Tianbao reign, renamed. In 773, the eighth year of Dali, assigned Nanhe to Shun Prefecture. Wuchuan was rated lower grade. Ganshui was rated lower grade. Formerly Shilong; in 622, the fifth year of Wudecalled Zhaoyi; 742 CE, the first year of the Tianbao reignrenamed; named for Ganshui. Linglü County. Its administrative grade was lower. It was named for the Linglü River. Bian Prefecture, seat of the Lingshui Commandery, was rated lower grade. Formerly Nan Shi Prefecture and the Shilong Commandery; in Wude 6 (623) it was formed from Shilong, Lingluo, Longhua, Luobian, Cilian, and Luofei in Luo Prefecture. In 635, the ninth year of Zhenguan, renamed. In 904 CE, Zhu Quanzhong petitioned for a rename to Xun Prefecture because the name Bian (to dispute) and the name Bian (the Bian River) were homophones. Tribute from the region included silver, bamboo sandals. It registered 4,858 households and 16,209 persons. It governed two counties. Shilong was rated lower grade. 627 CE, the first year of the Zhenguan reign, cilian, Luofei two counties was merged into it was abolished. Lingluo County. Its administrative grade was lower. Gao Prefecture, seat of the Gaoliang Commandery, was rated lower grade. In 623, the sixth year of Wude, split Dianbai, Lianjiang from Guangzhou and established. The seat was originally at Gaoliang; in 649, the twenty-third year of Zhenguanseat moved to Liangde; in 776, the eleventh year of Daliseat moved to Dianbai. Tribute from the region included silver, python gall. It registered 12,400 households. It governed three counties. Dianbai was rated lower grade. Liangde was rated lower grade. Formerly under Long Prefecture, it was transferred here during the Wude era. Baoning County. Its administrative grade was lower. Formerly Lianjiang; in 717, the fifth year of Kaiyuancalled Bao'an; in 757, the second year of Zhiderenamed. En Prefecture, seat of the Enping Commandery, was rated lower grade. Formerly Qi'an Commandery; established in Zhenguan 23 (649) from Xiping, Qi'an, and Duling in Gao Prefecture. In 891, the second year of Dashun, seat moved to Enping. Tribute from the region included gold, silver. It registered 9,000 households. It governed three counties. The locality produced qinghai army. Enping was rated lower grade. Formerly Hai'an; in 622, the fifth year of Wudecalled Qi'an; in 757, the second year of Zhiderenamed. There was an Xiping County, originally Gaoliang, renamed in Wude 5 (622) and later abolished. Duling was rated lower grade. Formerly Duyuan; in 622, the fifth year of Wuderenamed. Yangjiang County. Its administrative grade was lower. The locality produced silver. Lei Prefecture, seat of the Haikang Commandery, was rated lower grade. Formerly Nan He Prefecture and the Xuwen Commandery; established in Wude 4 (621) from Haikang, Suikang, and Tieba in Hepu Commandery. 627 CE, the first year of the Zhenguan reign, renamed East He Prefecture; in the eighth yearwas again renamed. Tribute from the region included silk gauze, striped bamboo, peacock. It registered 4,320 households and 20,572 persons. It governed three counties. Haikang was rated middle grade. Suixi was rated lower grade. Formerly Tieba and Shenchuan counties; later merged, abolished, and renamed. Xuwen County. Its administrative grade was lower. Formerly Suikang; in 628, the second year of Zhenguanrenamed. Ya Prefecture, seat of the Zhuya Commandery, was rated lower grade. Tribute from the region included gold, silver, pearls, hawksbill shell, galangal. It registered 819 households. It governed three counties. Shecheng was rated lower grade; named for the Shecheng River. Garrison troops were posted to the southwest at Qinlian. Yancheng County, originally Yanlu, was renamed in Zhenguan 1 (627) and abolished after the Kaiyuan era. Chengmai was rated lower grade. Wenchang County. Its administrative grade was lower. Formerly Pingchang; in 622, the fifth year of Wudeestablished; 627 CE, the first year of the Zhenguan reignrenamed. Qiong Prefecture, seat of the Qiongshan Commandery: a lower area military command prefecture. In 631, the fifth year of Zhenguan, using Ya Prefecture of Qiongshanestablished. The prefecture fell to mountain-cave tribes after the Qianfeng era; Lingnan Military Commissioner Li Fu reconquered it in 789 CE. Tribute from the region included gold. It registered 649 households. It governed five counties. Qiongshan was rated lower grade. In 639, the thirteenth year of Zhenguan, carved out and established Zengkou, Yanluo, Rongqiong three counties. In 791, the seventh year of Zhenyuan, rongqiong was abolished. The locality produced salt. Lingao was rated lower grade. Formerly Linji; came under Ya Prefecture; in 631, the fifth year of Zhenguancame under this prefecture; when the prefecture was lost it came under Ya Prefecture. 713 CE, the first year of the Kaiyuan reign, renamed. Zengkou was rated lower grade. Lehui was rated lower grade. In 660, the fifth year of Xianqing, established. Yanluo County. Its administrative grade was lower. Zhen Prefecture, seat of the Yande Commandery, was rated lower grade. Formerly Linzhen Commandery; also calledNingyuan Commandery; 742 CE, the first year of the Tianbao reignrenamed. Tribute from the region included gold, five-color rattan trays, striped cloth, food mats. It registered 819 households and 2,821 persons. It governed five counties. Ningyuan was rated lower grade. It was named for the Ningyuan River. The locality produced salt. Yande was rated lower grade. It was named for the Yande River. Jiyang was rated lower grade. In 628, the second year of Zhenguan, split Yande to establish. Linchuan was rated lower grade. Luotun County. Its administrative grade was lower. After the Tianbao era, established. Dan Prefecture, seat of the Changhua Commandery, was rated lower grade. Formerly Dan'er Commandery at the Sui Zhuya commandery seat; renamed in Tianbao 1 (742). Tribute from the region included gold, sugar incense. It registered 3,395 households. Yilun was rated lower grade. The locality produced salt. Changhua was rated lower grade. Ji'an County was established in Zhenguan 1 (627) and abolished after the Qianyuan era. Ganen was rated lower grade. Luochang was rated lower grade. After the Qianyuan era, established. Fuluo County. Its administrative grade was lower. Formerly Pishan; in 622, the fifth year of Wuderenamed. Wan'an Prefecture, seat of the Wan'an Commandery, was rated lower grade. In 662, the second year of Longshuo, using Ya Prefecture of Wan'anestablished. In 721, the ninth year of Kaiyuan, seat moved to Lingshui. The commandery was renamed Wanquan in Zhide 2 (757). The seat returned to Wanquan in Zhenyuan 1 (785); the original name was later restored. Tribute from the region included gold, silver. It registered 2,997 households. It governed four counties. Wan'an was rated lower grade. Formerly under Qiong Prefecture; in 631, the fifth year of Zhenguansplit Wenchang to establish; and also established Fuyun, Boliao two counties. In the thirteenth year, came under Ya Prefecture; later transferred here. It was called Wanquan in Zhide 2 (757); the original name was later restored. Lingshui was rated lower grade. Formerly under Zhen Prefecture; later transferred here. Fuyun was rated lower grade. Boliao County. Its administrative grade was lower. Yong Prefecture, seat of the Langning Commandery: a lower area military command prefecture. Formerly Nan Jin Prefecture; established in Wude 4 (621) from Xuanhua in the Sui Yulin Commandery and renamed in Zhenguan 8 (634). Tribute from the region included gold, silver. The locality produced gold mine. It registered 2,893 households and 7,302 persons. It governed seven counties. The locality produced pacification army. Xuanhua was rated lower-middle grade. In 622, the fifth year of Wude, carved out and established Wuyuan, Jinxing, Langning, Hengshan four counties. After the Qianyuan era, hengshan was abolished. Because the Yu River issued from Qiyuan Prefecture in Man territory and chronically inundated the prefecture, Vice-Prefect Lü Ren during the Jingyun period (710–711 CE) excavated diversion channels to break its force; flooding ceased and settlements lined both banks. Wuyuan was rated lower-middle grade. The Duling garrison lay to the west. Jinxing was rated lower-middle grade. Langning was rated lower-middle grade. Silong was rated lower-middle grade. After the Qianyuan era, opened mountain caves and established. Ruhe was rated lower-middle grade. Formerly under Qin Prefecture; established in Wude 5 (622) from Nanbin and Anjing and transferred here in Jinglong 2 (708). Fengling County. Its administrative grade was lower-middle. After the Qianyuan era, opened mountain caves and established. Cheng Prefecture, seat of the Heshui Commandery, was rated lower grade. Formerly Nanfang Prefecture; established in Wude 4 (621) from Lingfang lands in Yulin Commandery and renamed in Zhenguan 8 (634). Tribute from the region included gold, silver. It registered 1,368 households and 8,580 persons. It governed four counties. Shanglin was rated lower grade. In Wude 4 (621) Wuyu, Langya, Sigan, Shanglin, and Zhige were carved out of Lingfang County territory. Wuyu was rated lower grade. Zhige was rated lower grade. Heshui County. Its administrative grade was lower. Formerly under Liu Prefecture; in 621, the fourth year of Wudesplit Maping to establish; in the eighth yearcame under this prefecture. Bin Prefecture, seat of the Lingfang Commandery, was rated lower grade. Formerly Ancheng Commandery; established in Zhenguan 5 (631) from Lingfang, Sigan, and Langya in Nanfang Prefecture and Ancheng in Nan Yin Prefecture. In 757, the second year of Zhide, renamed. Tribute from the region included rattan ware. It registered 1,976 households. Registered population: 8,580 persons. It governed three counties. Lingfang was rated lower-middle grade. In 638, the twelfth year of Zhenguan, sigan County was abolished. Langya was rated lower-middle grade. Baocheng County. Its administrative grade was lower-middle. Formerly Ancheng; in 757, the second year of Zhiderenamed. Heng Prefecture, seat of the Ningpu Commandery, was rated lower grade. Formerly Jian Prefecture; established in Wude 4 (621) from Ningpu and Leshan in Yulin Commandery. In the sixth year, called southJian Prefecture; in 634, the eighth year of Zhenguanrenamed. Tribute from the region included gold, silver. It registered 1,978 households and 8,342 persons. It governed three counties. Ningpu was rated lower-middle grade. In 621, the fourth year of Wude, carved out and established Mengze County. In the fifth year, gui Prefecture of Lingshan was transferred here. In 638, the twelfth year of Zhenguan, mengze was merged into it was abolished; later Lingshan was again abolished. Conghua was rated lower-middle grade. Formerly Chunfeng; in 621, the fourth year of Wudesplit Ningpu to establish; 805 CE, the first year of the Yongzhen reignrenamed. Leshan County. Its administrative grade was lower. Xun Prefecture, seat of the Xunjiang Commandery, was rated lower grade. In 633, the seventh year of Zhenguan, using Yan Prefecture of Guiping, Dabinestablished. In the thirteenth year, the prefecture was abolished; countycame under Gong Prefecture; later was restored. Tribute from the region included gold, silver. It registered 2,500 households and 6,836 persons. It governed three counties. Guiping was rated lower grade. Formerly under Gui Prefecture; in 622, the fifth year of Wudecame under Yan Prefecture. In the seventh year, established Lingjiang County; in the twelfth year was merged into it was abolished. Huanghua was rated lower grade. Formerly under Xiu Prefecture; in 633, the seventh year of Zhenguancame under this prefecture. Dabin County. Its administrative grade was lower. Luan Prefecture, seat of the Yongding Commandery, was rated lower grade. Formerly Chun Prefecture; established in Wude 4 (621) on former Qin Guilin Commandery territory and renamed in Yongzhen 1 (805). Tribute from the region included gold, silver. It registered 770 households and 3,803 persons. It governed three counties. Yongding was rated lower grade. Wuluo was rated lower grade. Lingzhu County. Its administrative grade was lower. Qin Prefecture, seat of the Ningyue Commandery. Tribute from the region included gold, silver, kingfisher plumes, galangal. It registered 2,700 households and 10,146 persons. It governed five counties. Qinjiang was rated lower grade. The Xiling garrison post lay to the southeast. Baojing was rated lower grade. Formerly Anjing; renamed in Zhide 2 (757). Neiting was rated lower grade. Nanting Prefecture was established in Wude 5 (622) from Neiting and Zunhua counties. In 628, the second year of Zhenguan, the prefecture was abolished; two countiescame under this prefecture. Zunhua was rated lower-middle grade. Lingshan County. Its administrative grade was lower. Formerly Nanbin; renamed in Zhenguan 10 (636). Gui Prefecture, seat of the Huaize Commandery, was rated lower grade. Formerly Nan Ding PrefectureYulin Commandery; in 621, the fourth year of Wudecalled Nan Yin Prefecture; in 634, the eighth year of Zhenguancalled Gui Prefecture; 742 CE, the first year of the Tianbao reignrenamed the commandery. Tribute from the region included gold, silver, lead ware, ramie cloth. It registered 3,026 households and 9,300 persons. It governed four counties. It maintained 1 garrison commands: Longshan. Yulin was rated lower-middle grade. Huaize was rated lower grade. In 621, the fourth year of Wude, established. Chaoshui was rated lower grade. In 621, the fourth year of Wude, split Yulin to establish. Yishan County. Its administrative grade was lower. In 621, the fourth year of Wude, changed Maling County to Madou. It was abolished after Zhenguan, re-established after Tianbao, and called Yishan. Gong Prefecture, seat of the Linjiang Commandery, was rated lower grade. In 633, the seventh year of Zhenguan, using Yan Prefectureformer seat; split Xun Prefecture of Wulin, Yan Prefecture of Taichuan to establish; later seat moved to Pingnan. Tribute from the region included silver. It registered 9,000 households and 21,000 persons. It governed five counties. Pingnan was rated lower grade. In 633, the seventh year of Zhenguan, established; also established Xiping, Guizheng, Datong three counties. In the twelfth year, taichuan entered Pingnan was abolished; guizheng, Xiping was again abolished. Wulin was rated lower grade. Formerly under Teng Prefecture; in 624, the seventh year of Wudecame under this prefecture. Suijian was rated lower grade. Formerly under Teng Prefecture; in 639, the thirteenth year of Zhenguancame under this prefecture. Datong was rated lower grade. Yangchuan County. Its administrative grade was lower. Formerly Yangjian; later renamed. Xiang Prefecture, seat of the Xiang Commandery, was rated lower grade. Formerly Guilin Commandery; established in Wude 4 (621) from Yangshou and Guilin in Shi'an Commandery and named for Xiang Mountain. In 639, the thirteenth year of Zhenguan, seat moved to Wuhua; in 776, the eleventh year of Daliagain administered fromYangshou. Tribute from the region included silver, rattan ware. It registered 5,500 households and 10,890 persons. It governed three counties. Yangshou was rated lower grade. In Wude 4 (621) Wude, Xining, and Wuxian were carved out of Guilin. Xining was merged into Wude in Zhenguan 12 (638); Wude was merged into Yangshou in Tianbao 1 (742). Wuxian was rated lower grade. 666 CE, the first year of the Qianfeng reign, guilin County was merged into it was abolished. Wuhua County. Its administrative grade was lower. Established in Wude 4 (621) by splitting Jianling from Gui Prefecture; first under Feng Prefecture, later under Yan Prefecture. Changfeng County was also split off from Yangshou and assigned to Yan Prefecture. When the prefecture was abolished, all its counties were transferred here. In 776, the eleventh year of Dali, changfeng was merged into it was abolished. Teng Prefecture, seat of the Ganyi Commandery, was rated lower grade. Formerly Yongping Commandery; renamed in Tianbao 1 (742). Tribute from the region included silver. It registered 3,980 households. It governed four counties. Xinjin was rated lower-middle grade. The seat was first at Yongping without Xinjin; Sui'an, Hechuan, and Ningren existed but were reorganized after Zhenguan, with Ningren assigned to Rong Prefecture and Yongping to Zhao Prefecture. The locality produced lead. Ganyi was rated lower grade. Formerly Chunmin; renamed during the Wude era. Yichang was rated lower grade. Formerly An'chang; in 757, the second year of Zhiderenamed. Ningfeng County. Its administrative grade was lower. In 622, the fifth year of Wude, using County to establish Yan Prefecture; assigned Gui Prefecture of Guiping to of. In 629 CE, Dabin from Teng Prefecture was added, along with Changgong, Taichuan, Chiyang, and Longyang; the seat was at Changgong. Four more counties were created in 631 CE. In 633 CE it became Tai Prefecture, relocated to Ningfeng, renamed Chiyang as Chen'en, and absorbed An'ji from Teng Prefecture. Liangshi and Luofeng were placed under Teng Prefecture. Changgong County was struck from the rolls. In the eighth year the seat moved to An'ji and the prefecture again became Yan Prefecture. In the twelfth year, longyang, Cheng'en two counties was abolished. In the eighteenth year, the prefecture was abolished; ningfeng was transferred here. Xinle、An'ji、Liangshi、Luofeng was later abolished. Yan Prefecture, seat of the Changle Commandery, was rated lower grade. Established in Diaolu 2 (680) from Heng and Gui prefectures and named for the north side of Yan Ridge. 742 CE, the first year of the Tianbao reign, called Anle Commandery; in 757, the second year of Zhiderenamed. Tribute from the region included gold. It registered 1,110 households. It governed four counties. Changle was rated lower grade. Formerly Anle; Xiao Xian carved out Xingde County to establish it. Abolished in Zhenguan 1 (627), restored in Qianfeng 1 (666) under Yulin Prefecture, and transferred here in Yonglong 1 (680). In 757, the second year of Zhide, renamed. Enfeng was rated lower grade. Formerly Fulong Cave on Danglao and Bai prefecture territory; established with Gaocheng and Shiyan in Diaolu 2 (680). Gaocheng was rated lower grade. It was named for the Gaocheng River. Shiyan County. Its administrative grade was lower. Yi Prefecture, seat of the Longshui Commandery, was rated lower grade. Opened in the Tang as Yue Prefecture and renamed during the Qianfeng era. The locality produced silver、cinnabar. It registered 1,220 households and 3,230 persons. It governed four counties. Longshui was rated lower grade. Yashan was rated lower grade. Dongxi was rated lower grade. Tianhe County. Its administrative grade was lower.
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邕管所領,又有顯州、武州、沈州,後皆廢省。 瀼州瀼州臨潭郡,下。 貞觀十二年,清平公李弘節開夷獠置。 戶千六百六十六。 縣四。 瀼江,下。 波零,下。 鵠山,下。 弘遠。 下。 貞元後州、縣名存而已。 籠州籠州扶南郡,下。 貞觀十二年,李弘節招慰生蠻置。 戶三千六百六十七。 縣七。 武勤,下。 武禮,下。 羅龍,下。 扶南,下。 龍額,下。 武觀,下。 武江。 下。 田州田州橫山郡,下。 開元中開蠻洞置,貞元二十一年廢,後復置。 戶四千一百六十八。 縣五。 都救,下。 惠佳,下。 武龍,下。 橫山,下。 如賴。 下。 環州環州整平郡,下。 貞觀十二年,李弘節開拓生蠻置。 縣八。 正平,下。 福零,下。 龍源,下。 饒勉,下。 思恩,下。 武石,下。 歌良,下。 都蒙。 下。 桂州桂州始安郡,中都督府。 至德二載更郡曰建陵,後復故名。 土貢:銀、銅器、麖皮鞾、簟。 戶萬七千五百,口七萬一千一十八。 縣十一。 有經略軍。 臨桂,上。 本始安,武德四年置福祿縣,貞觀八年省入焉,更名。 有相思埭,長壽元年築,分相思水使東西流。 又東南有回濤堤,以捍桂水,貞元十四年築。 有侯山。 理定,中。 本興安,武德四年置宣風縣,貞觀十二年省入焉。 至德二載更名。 西十里有靈渠,引灕水,故秦史祿所鑿,後廢。 寶曆初,觀察使李渤立斗門十八以通漕,俄又廢。 咸通九年,刺史魚孟威以石為鏵隄,亙四十里,植大木為斗門,至十八重,乃通巨舟。 靈川,中。 龍朔二年析始安置。 陽朔,中下。 武德四年置歸義縣,貞觀元年省入焉。 荔浦,中下。 武德四年,以始安郡之荔浦、建陵、隋化三縣置荔州,又析置崇仁、純義、東區三縣。 五年以隋化、東區隸南恭州,貞觀元年以建陵隸晏州。 十二年州廢,以荔浦、崇仁來屬。 崇仁後省,純義隸蒙州。 豐水,中下。 本永豐,隸昭州,武德四年析陽朔置,後來屬。 長慶三年更名。 修仁,中下。 本建陵,貞觀元年置晏州,幷置武龍、武化、長風三縣。 十二年州廢,省武龍,以武化、長風隸象州,建陵來屬。 長慶三年更名。 恭化,中下。 本純化,武德四年析始安置,永貞元年更名。 永福,中下。 武德四年析始安置。 全義,中下。 本臨源,武德四年析始安置,大曆三年更名。 古。 乾寧二年析慕化置。 梧州梧州蒼梧郡,下。 武德四年以靜州之蒼梧、豪靜、開江置。 土貢:銀、白石英。 戶千二百九。 縣三。 蒼梧,下。 貞觀八年以賀州之綏越來屬。 十二年省豪靜,其後又省綏越,而開江復隸富州。 戎城,下。 本隸藤州,永徽中來屬。 光化四年,馬殷表以縣隸桂州。 孟陵。 下。 本猛陵,隸藤州,蕭銑置。 貞觀八年來屬,更名。 光化中,馬殷表以縣隸桂州。 賀州賀州臨賀郡,下。 本綏越郡,武德四年,以始安郡之富川、熙平郡之桂嶺、零陵郡之馮乘、蒼梧郡之封陽置。 土貢:銀。 戶四千五百五十二,口二萬五百七十。 縣六。 臨賀,下。 武德四年置。 東有銅冶,在橘山。 桂嶺,下。 朝岡、程岡皆有鐵。 馮乘,下。 有荔平關。 有錫冶三。 封陽,下。 貞觀元年省,九年復置。 富川,下。 有富水。 天寶中更名富水,後復故名。 有錫。 有鍾乳穴三。 蕩山。 下。 天寶後置。 連州連州連山郡,下。 本熙平郡,天寶元年更名。 土貢:赤錢、竹紵練、白紵細布、鍾乳、水銀、丹沙、白鑞。 戶三萬二千二百一十,口十四萬三千五百三十三。 縣三。 桂陽,上。 有桂陽山,本靈山,天寶八載更名。 有銀,有鐵。 陽山,中下。 有鐵。 有故秦湟溪關。 連山。 中。 有金,有銅,有鐵。 柳州柳州龍城郡,下。 本昆州,武德四年以始安郡之馬平置,是年,更名南昆州,貞觀八年又以地當柳星更名。 土貢:銀、蚺蛇膽。 戶二千二百三十二,口萬一千五百五十。 縣五。 馬平,下。 武德四年析置新平、文安、賀水、歸德四縣,尋更名歸德曰脩德,文安曰樂沙。 八年以賀水隸澄州。 貞觀七年省樂沙,九年置崖山縣,十二年省新平。 其後又省崖山,以脩德隸嚴州。 龍城,下。 武德四年置龍州,幷置柳嶺縣。 貞觀七年州廢,省柳嶺,以龍城來屬。 象,下。 本隸桂州,後來屬。 洛曹,下。 本洛封,元和十三年更名。 洛容。 下。 貞觀中置。 富州富州開江郡,下。 本靜州龍平郡,武德四年,以始安郡之龍平、豪靜,蒼梧郡之蒼梧置,貞觀八年更名。 土貢:銀、班布。 戶千四百六十,口八千五百八十六。 縣三。 龍平,下。 武德四年析置博勞、歸化、安樂、開江四縣,尋以蒼梧、豪靜、開江隸梧州,九年省安樂、歸化、博勞。 思勤,下。 天寶後置。 馬江。 下。 本開江,後隸梧州,又復隸柳州。 長慶三年更名。 昭州昭州平樂郡,下。 本樂州,武德四年以始安郡之平樂置,貞觀八年更名。 土貢:銀。 戶四千九百一十八,口萬二千六百九十一。 縣三。 平樂,下。 以平樂水名之,有鍾乳穴三。 武德四年析置沙亭縣,貞觀七年省沙亭。 恭城,下。 蕭銑置。 有鍾乳穴十二,在銀帳山。 永平。 下。 本隸藤州,後來屬。 蒙州蒙州蒙山郡,下。 本南恭州,武德五年析荔州之隋化置,貞觀八年更名。 土貢:麩金、銀。 戶千五十九,口五千九百三十三。 縣三。 立山,下。 本隋化,武德五年更名; 又析置欽政縣,貞觀十二年省。 東區,下。 武德五年析立山置。 貞觀六年隸鷰州,十年來屬。 正義。 下。 本純義,隸鷰州,十年來屬。 永貞元年更名。 嚴州嚴州循德郡,下。 乾封二年招致生獠,以秦故桂林郡地置。 土貢:銀。 戶千八百五十九,口七千五十一。 縣三。 來賓,下。 乾封二年置。 循德,下。 本隸柳州,後來屬。 歸化。 下。 乾封二年置。 融州融州融水郡,下。 武德四年析始安郡之義熙置。 土貢:金、桂心。 戶千二百三十二。 縣二。 融水,下。 本義熙,武德四年析置臨牂、黃水、安脩三縣,六年更名。 貞觀十三年省安脩入臨牂。 武陽。 下。 天寶初併黃水、臨牂二縣更置。 思唐州思唐州武郎郡,下。 永隆二年析龔、蒙、象三州置。 開元二十四年為羈縻州,建中元年為正州。 土貢:銀。 戶百四十一。 縣二。 武郎,下。 思和。 下。 本平原,長慶三年更名。 古州古州樂興郡,下。 貞觀十二年,李弘節開夷獠置。 土貢:蠟。 戶二百八十五。 縣三。 樂山,本樂預,寶應元年更名。 古書,下。 樂興。 下。 容州容州普寧郡,下都督府。 本銅州,武德四年以合浦郡之北流、普寧置。 貞觀八年更名。 元和中徙治普寧。 土貢:銀、丹沙、水銀。 戶四千九百七十,口萬七千八十五。 縣六。 有經略軍。 普寧,下。 北流,下。 武德四年析置豪石、宕昌、南流、陵城、新安五縣。 貞觀十一年省新安,後又省豪石、宕昌。 北三十里有鬼門關,兩石相對,中闊三十步。 陵城,下。 渭龍,下。 武德四年析普寧置。 欣道,下。 本寧人,隸藤州。 貞觀二十三年更名,來屬。 陸川。 下。 本隸東峩州,唐末來屬。 牢州牢州定川郡,下。 本義州,武德二年以巴蜀徼外蠻夷地置。 貞觀十一年以東北有牢石,因更名,徙治南流,後廢。 乾封三年,將軍王杲平蠻獠復置。 土貢:布、銀。 戶千六百四十一,口萬一千七百五十六。 縣三。 南流,下。 本隸容州,武德四年析北流置南流、定川、牢川三縣,以南百步有南流江名之,乾封三年皆來屬。 定川,下。 本隸潘州,定川水名之。 宕川。 下。 本隸潘州,因瀘宕水名之。 白州白州南昌郡,下。 本南州,武德四年以合浦郡之合浦地置,六年更名。 土貢:金、銀、珠。 戶二千五百七十四,口九千四百九十八。 縣四。 博白,下。 武德四年置,幷置朗平、周羅、龍豪、淳良、建寧五縣。 貞觀六年以廉州之大都隸之。 十二年省朗平、淳良,後又省大都。 大曆八年以龍豪隸順州。 西南百里有北戍灘,咸通中,安南都護高駢募人平其險石,以通舟檝。 建寧,下。 周羅,下。 南昌。 下。 本隸潘州,後來屬。 順州順州順義郡,下。 大曆八年,容管經略使王翃析禺、羅、辯、白四州置。 土貢:銀。 戶五百九。 縣四。 龍化,下。 武德四年置,以西有龍化水名之,六年隸辯州。 溫水,下。 本隸禺州。 南河,下。 武德五年析石龍置,隸羅州。 龍豪。 武德四年析合浦置,隸白州。 繡州繡州常林郡,下。 本林州,武德四年以鬱林郡之阿林縣及鬱平縣地置,六年更名。 土貢:金。 戶九千七百七十三。 縣三。 常林,中。 武德四年置,又置羅繡、皇化、歸誠三縣。 貞觀七年以皇化隸潯州,省歸誠。 阿林,中下。 羅繡。 下。 武德四年析置盧越縣,貞觀六年縣廢入焉。 鬱林州鬱林州鬱林郡,下。 本鬱州,麟德二年析貴州之石南、興德、鬱平置,乾封元年更名。 土貢:布。 戶千九百一十八,口九千六百九十九。 縣四。 鬱平,下。 本隸貴州,後來屬。 興業,下。 麟德二年析石南置,建中二年省石南入焉。 興德,下。 蕭銑析石南置,尋廢。 武德四年析鬱平復置。 潭栗。 下。 黨州黨州寧仁郡,下。 本鬱林州地,永淳元年開古黨洞置。 土貢:金、銀。 戶千一百四十九,口七千四百四。 縣八。 撫安,下。 古西甌地。 善勞,中下。 善文,下。 寧仁,下。 容山,下。 本安仁,永淳二年析黨州置平琴州平琴郡,領安仁、懷義、福陽、古符四縣。 垂拱三年廢,神龍三年復置。 至德中更安仁曰容山。 建中二年州廢,縣皆來屬。 懷義,下。 福陽,下。 古符。 下。 竇州竇州懷德郡,下。 本南扶州,武德四年以永熙郡之懷德置。 以獠叛,僑治瀧州,後徙治信義。 貞觀元年州廢,以縣隸瀧州。 二年復置,五年又廢,以縣隸瀧州。 六年復置,八年更名。 土貢:銀。 戶千一十九,口七千三百三十九。 縣四。 信義,中下。 武德四年置,幷析置潭峩縣,五年又析置特亮縣。 懷德,中下。 潭峩,下。 特亮。 下。 禺州禺州溫水郡,下。 本東峩州,乾封三年,將軍王杲奏析白、辯、竇、容四州置,總章二年更名。 土貢:銀。 戶三千一百八十。 縣四。 峩石,下。 總章二年析白州之溫水置,以南有峩石名之。 羅辯,下。 本陸川,隸辯州,後更名。 本羅辯洞地。 扶萊,下。 武德五年析信義縣置,隸竇州,以扶萊水名之。 貞觀中省,後復置。 宕昌。 下。 本隸容州。 廉州廉州合浦郡,下。 本合州,武德四年曰越州,貞觀八年更名,以本大廉洞地。 土貢:銀。 戶三千三十二,口萬三千二十九。 縣四。 合浦,中下。 武德五年置安昌、高城、大廉、大都四縣。 貞觀六年置珠池縣。 後以大都隸白州。 十二年省珠池、安昌入焉。 封山,下。 武德五年置姜州,幷置東羅、蔡龍二縣。 貞觀十年州廢,以封山、東羅、蔡龍來屬。 後省東羅。 蔡龍,下。 以蔡龍洞名之。 貞觀十二年省高城縣入焉。 大廉。 下。 義州義州連城郡,下。 本南義州,武德五年以永熙郡之永業縣地置。 貞觀元年州廢,以縣隸南建州。 二年復置,五年又廢,以縣隸南建州。 六年復置,後第名義州。 土貢:銀。 戶千一百一十,口七千三百三。 縣三。 岑溪,下。 本龍城,武德五年置,幷置安義、義城二縣。 至德中更龍城曰岑溪。 其後又省義城。 有郡山。 永業,下。 本安義,至德中更名。 連城。 下。 武德五年析瀧州之正義置。 安南中都護府安南中都護府,本交趾郡,武德五年曰交州,治交趾。 調露元年曰安南都護府,至德二載曰鎮南都護府,大曆三年復為安南。 寶曆元年徙治宋平。 土貢:蕉、檳榔、鮫革、蚺蛇膽、翠羽。 戶二萬四千二百三十,口九萬九千六百五十二。 縣八。 有經略軍。 宋平,上。 武德四年置宋州,幷置弘教、南定二縣。 五年析置交趾、懷德二縣,隸交州。 六年曰南宋州。 貞觀元年州廢,省弘教、懷德,徙交趾于故南慈州,來屬。 南定,本隸宋州,武德四年析宋平置,五年隸交州。 大曆五年省,貞元八年復置。 太平,中下。 本隆平,武德四年置,以縣置隆州,幷置義廉、封溪二縣,治義廉。 六年曰南隆州。 貞觀元年州廢,省義廉,以封溪隸峯州,隆平來屬。 先天元年更名。 交趾,中下。 武德四年置慈州,幷置慈廉、烏延、武立三縣,以慈廉水因名之。 六年曰南慈州。 貞觀元年州廢,省三縣更置。 朱鳶,上。 武德四年置鳶州,幷置高陵、定安二縣。 貞觀元年州廢,省高陵、定安,以朱鳶來屬。 龍編,中下。 武德四年置龍州,幷置武寧、平樂二縣。 貞觀元年州廢,省武寧、平樂,以龍編隸仙州,州廢來屬。 平道,中下。 武德四年置道州,幷置昌國縣。 六年曰南道州,是年更名仙州。 貞觀十年州廢,省昌國,以平道來屬。 武平。 中下。 本隸道州,武德五年來屬。 陸州陸州玉山郡,下。 本玉山州,武德五年以寧越郡之安海、玉山置。 貞觀二年州廢,縣隸欽州。 高宗上元二年復置,更名。 土貢:銀、玳瑁、鼊皮、翠羽、甲香。 戶四百九十四,口二千六百七十四。 縣三。 烏雷,下。 華清,下。 本玉山,天寶中更名。 寧海。 下。 本安海。 武德四年又置海平縣,貞觀十二年省。 至德二載更名。 峯州峯州承化郡,下都督府。 武德四年以交趾郡之嘉寧置。 土貢:銀、藤器、白鑞、蚺蛇膽、豆蔻。 戶千九百二十。 縣五。 嘉寧,下。 武德四年置新昌、安仁、竹格、石堤四縣,又領封溪縣。 貞觀元年省石堤、封溪入嘉寧,後又省安仁。 承化,下。 新昌,下。 貞觀元年省竹格縣入焉。 高山,元和後置。 珠綠。 元和後置。 愛州愛州九真郡,下。 土貢:紗、絁、孔雀尾。 戶萬四千七百。 縣六。 九真,下。 武德五年置松源、楊山、安預三縣。 貞觀元年省楊山、安預,九年省松源。 有金,有石磬。 安順,下。 武德五年置順州,幷析置東河、建昌、邊河三縣。 貞觀元年州廢,省三縣入安順,來屬。 崇平,下。 本隆安。 武德五年置安州,幷置教山、建道、都握三縣,又置山州,幷置岡山、真潤、古安、西安、建初五縣。 貞觀元年廢安州,省教山、建道、都握入隆安,來屬; 又廢山州,省岡山、真潤、古安、西安入建初,來屬。 八年省建初。 先天元年更隆安曰崇安,至德二載又更名。 軍寧,下。 本軍安,武德五年以縣置永州,七年曰都州。 貞觀元年州廢,隸南陵州。 至德二載更名。 日南,下。 武德五年置積州,又置積善、津梧、方載三縣; 又以移風縣地置前真州,幷置九皋、建正、真寧三縣; 又以胥浦縣置胥州,幷置攀龍、如侯、博犢、鎮星四縣。 九年更積州曰南陵州,貞觀元年曰後真州。 是年廢前真州,省九皋、建正、真寧,以移風隸南陵州; 又廢胥州,省攀龍、如侯、博犢、鎮星,以胥浦隸南陵州。 十年州亦廢,以軍安、日南、移風、胥浦來屬,天寶中省移風、胥浦。 長林。 下。 本無編。 驩州驩州日南郡,下都督府。 本南德州,武德八年曰德州,貞觀元年又更名。 土貢:金、金薄、黃屑、象齒、犀角、沈香、班竹。 戶九千六百一十九,口五萬八百一十八。 縣四。 九德,中下。 武德五年置安遠、曇羅、光安三縣。 是年,以光安置源州,又置水源、安銀、河龍、長江四縣。 貞觀八年更名阿州十三年州廢,省水源、河龍、長江,以光安、安銀來屬。 安遠、曇羅、光安、安銀後皆省。 浦陽,下。 越裳,下。 武德五年置明州,幷置萬安、明弘、明定三縣; 又以日南郡之文谷、金寧二縣置智州,幷置新鎮、闍員二縣。 貞觀元年更曰南智州,省新鎮、闍員。 十三年廢明州,省萬安、明弘、明定入越裳,隸智州。 後廢智州,省文谷、金寧入越裳,來屬。 初以隋林邑郡置林州,比景郡置匕州。 又更名匕州曰南景州,貞觀二年綏懷林邑,乃僑治驩州之南境,領比景、朱吾二縣,幷置由文縣。 八年第名景州。 九年置林州,亦寄治驩州之南境,領林邑、金龍、海界三縣。 又置山州,領龍池、盆山二縣。 有浦陽戍。 戶千三百二十,口五千二百。 後為龍池郡。 皆貞元末廢。 懷驩。 下。 本咸歡,武德五年置驩州,幷置安人、扶演、相景、西源四縣,治安人。 貞觀元年更名演州。 十三年省相景。 十六年州廢,省安人、扶演、西源,以咸驩來屬。 後更咸驩曰懷驩。 長州長州文楊郡,下。 唐置。 土貢:金。 戶六百四十八。 縣四。 文陽,下。 銅蔡,下。 長山,下。 其常。 下。 福祿州福祿州唐林郡,下。 本福祿郡,總章二年,智州刺史謝法成招慰生獠昆明、北樓等七千餘落,以故唐林州地置。 大足元年更名安武州,至德二載更郡曰唐林,乾元元年復州故名。 土貢:白鑞、紫𨥥。 戶三百一十七。 縣三。 柔遠,本安遠,至德二載更名。 唐林,唐初以唐林、安遠二縣置唐林州,後州、縣皆廢,更置。 福祿。 下。 湯州湯州湯泉郡,下。 唐以故秦象郡地置。 土貢:金。 縣三。 湯泉,下。 綠水,下。 羅韶。 下。 芝州芝州忻城郡,下。 唐置。 戶千二百,口五千三百。 縣七。 忻城,下。 富川,下。 平西,下。 樂光,下。 樂豔,下。 多雲,下。 思龍。 下。 武峩州武峩州武峩郡,下。 唐置。 戶千八百五十,口五千三百二十。 縣七。 武峩,下。 如馬,下。 武義,下。 武緣,下。 武勞,下。 梁山。 下。 演州演州龍池郡,下。 本忠義郡,又曰演水郡。 貞觀中廢,廣德二年析驩州復置。 土貢:金。 戶千四百五十。 縣七。 忠義,下。 懷驩,下。 龍池,下。 思農,下。 武郎,下。 武容,下。 武金。 下。 武安州武安州武曲郡,下。 土貢:金、朝霞布。 戶四百五十。 縣二。 武安,下。 臨江。 下。
Under the Yong Area Command; Xian, Wu, and Shen prefectures also existed but were later abolished. Rang Prefecture, seat of the Lintan Commandery, was rated lower grade. In 638, the twelfth year of Zhenguan, qingping DukeLi Hongjieopened Yi and Liao peoples and established. It registered 1,666 households. It governed four counties. Rangjiang was rated lower grade. Boling was rated lower grade. Hushan was rated lower grade. Hongyuan County. Its administrative grade was lower. After the Zhenyuan era only the prefecture and county names survived in name alone. Long Prefecture, seat of the Funan Commandery, was rated lower grade. In 638, the twelfth year of Zhenguan, li Hongjiepacified raw Man tribes and established. It registered 3,667 households. It governed seven counties. Wuqin was rated lower grade. Wuli was rated lower grade. Luolong was rated lower grade. Funan was rated lower grade. Long'e was rated lower grade. Wuguan was rated lower grade. Wujiang County. Its administrative grade was lower. Tian Prefecture, seat of the Hengshan Commandery, was rated lower grade. It was established by opening tribal caves in the Kaiyuan era, abolished in Zhenyuan 21 (805 CE), and later restored. It registered 4,168 households. It governed five counties. Dujiu was rated lower grade. Huijia was rated lower grade. Wulong was rated lower grade. Hengshan was rated lower grade. Rulai County. Its administrative grade was lower. Huan Prefecture, seat of the Zhengping Commandery, was rated lower grade. Li Hongjie opened raw Man territory and established the prefecture in Zhenguan 12 (638). It governed eight counties. Zhengping was rated lower grade. Fuling was rated lower grade. Longyuan was rated lower grade. Raomian was rated lower grade. Si'en was rated lower grade. Wushi was rated lower grade. Geliang was rated lower grade. Dumeng County. Its administrative grade was lower. Gui Prefecture, seat of the Shi'an Commandery: a mid-level area military command prefecture. The commandery was renamed Jianling in Zhide 2 (757); the original name was later restored. Tribute from the region included silver, bronze ware, roebuck-skin boots, matting. It registered 17,500 households and 71,018 persons. It governed eleven counties. The locality produced pacification army. Lingui was rated upper grade. Formerly Shi'an; in 621, the fourth year of Wudeestablished Fulu County; in 634, the eighth year of Zhenguan was merged into it was abolished; renamed. The Xiangsi Dam, constructed in 692 CE (Changshou 1), split the Xiangsi channel so water could run east and west. To the southeast, the Huitao Embankment was raised in 798 CE (Zhenyuan 14) to restrain the Gui River. Houshan lay in the locality. Liding was rated middle grade. Formerly Xing'an; in 621, the fourth year of Wudeestablished Xuanfeng County; in 638, the twelfth year of Zhenguan was merged into it was abolished. In 757, the second year of Zhide, renamed. Ten li west stood the Ling Canal, which diverted the Li River; it had been excavated by the Qin official Shi Lu and later fell into disuse. Early in the Baoli reign (827 CE), Observation Commissioner Li Bo installed eighteen lock-gates for grain transport, but the works were soon abandoned again. In 868 CE (Xiantong 9), Prefect Yu Mengwei built a forty-li stone training dike with eighteen tiers of timber lock-gates, enabling passage for large ships. Lingchuan was rated middle grade. In 662, the second year of Longshuo, split Shi'an to establish. Yangshuo was rated lower-middle grade. In 621, the fourth year of Wude, established Guiyi County; 627 CE, the first year of the Zhenguan reign was merged into it was abolished. Lipu was rated lower-middle grade. In 621, the fourth year of Wude, using Shi'an Commandery of Lipu, Jianling, Suihua three counties to establish Li Prefecture; also carved out and established Chongren, Chunyi, Dongqu three counties. In the fifth year, assigned Suihua, Dongqu to Nan Gong Prefecture; 627 CE, the first year of the Zhenguan reignassigned Jianling to Yan Prefecture. In the twelfth year, the prefecture was abolished; lipu, Chongren was transferred here. Chongren was later abolished, and Chunyi was assigned to Meng Prefecture. Fengshui was rated lower-middle grade. Formerly Yongfeng; came under Zhao Prefecture; in 621, the fourth year of Wudesplit Yangshuo to establish; later transferred here. In 823, the third year of Changqing, renamed. Xiuren was rated lower-middle grade. Formerly Jianling; 627 CE, the first year of the Zhenguan reignestablished Yan Prefecture; and also established Wulong, Wuhua, Changfeng three counties. In the twelfth year, the prefecture was abolished; wulong was abolished; assigned Wuhua, Changfeng to Xiang Prefecture; jianlingcame under this prefecture. In 823, the third year of Changqing, renamed. Gonghua was rated lower-middle grade. Formerly Chunhua; in 621, the fourth year of Wudesplit Shi'an to establish; 805 CE, the first year of the Yongzhen reignrenamed. Yongfu was rated lower-middle grade. In 621, the fourth year of Wude, split Shi'an to establish. Quanyi was rated lower-middle grade. Formerly Linyuan; in 621, the fourth year of Wudesplit Shi'an to establish; in 768, the third year of Dalirenamed. Gu County. In 895, the second year of Qianning, split Muhua to establish. Wu Prefecture, seat of the Cangwu Commandery, was rated lower grade. In 621, the fourth year of Wude, using Jing Prefecture of Cangwu, Haojing, Kaijiangestablished. Tribute from the region included silver, quartz. It registered 1,209 households. It governed three counties. Cangwu was rated lower grade. In 634, the eighth year of Zhenguan, he Prefecture of Suiyue was transferred here. Haojing was abolished in the twelfth year; Suiyue was later abolished as well, and Kaijiang returned to Fu Prefecture. Rongcheng was rated lower grade. Formerly under Teng Prefecture, it was transferred here during the Yonghui era. In 901 CE (Guanghua 4), Ma Yin petitioned to transfer the county to Gui Prefecture. Mengling County. Its administrative grade was lower. Formerly Mengling; came under Teng Prefecture; xiao Xianestablished. In 634, the eighth year of Zhenguan, came under this prefecture; renamed. During the Guanghua era (898–901 CE), Ma Yin petitioned to place the county under Gui Prefecture. He Prefecture, seat of the Linhe Commandery, was rated lower grade. Formerly Suiyue Commandery; established in Wude 4 (621) from Fuchuan in Shi'an, Guiling in Xiping, Fengsheng in Lingling, and Fengyang in Cangwu commanderies. Tribute from the region included silver. It registered 4,552 households and 20,570 persons. It governed six counties. Linhe was rated lower grade. In 621, the fourth year of Wude, established. A copper smelter stood on Jushan to the east. Guiling was rated lower grade. Iron was found at both Chaogang and Chenggang. Fengsheng was rated lower grade. The locality produced liping pass. Three tin smelters operated there. Fengyang was rated lower grade. Abolished in Zhenguan 1 (627) and restored in the ninth year. Fuchuan was rated lower grade. The locality produced fushui. Renamed Fushui in the Tianbao era; the original name was later restored. The locality produced tin. Three stalactite caves lay within the county. Dangshan County. Its administrative grade was lower. After the Tianbao era, established. Lian Prefecture, seat of the Lianshan Commandery, was rated lower grade. Formerly Xiping Commandery; 742 CE, the first year of the Tianbao reignrenamed. Tribute from the region included red cash coins, bamboo-ramie floss, fine white ramie, stalactite, mercury, cinnabar, white pewter. It registered 32,210 households and 143,533 persons. It governed three counties. Guiyang was rated upper grade. Guiyang Mountain, originally Lingshan, was renamed in Tianbao 8 (749). The locality had silver and iron. Yangshan was rated lower-middle grade. The locality produced iron. The former Qin Huangxi Pass lay there. Lianshan County. Its administrative grade was middle. The locality had gold, copper, and iron. Liu Prefecture, seat of the Longcheng Commandery, was rated lower grade. Formerly Kun Prefecture; established from Maping in Shi'an Commandery in Wude 4 (621), renamed Nan Kun Prefecture the same year, and renamed again in Zhenguan 8 (634) for its position under the Willow asterism. Tribute from the region included silver, python gall. It registered 2,232 households and 11,550 persons. It governed five counties. Maping was rated lower grade. In Wude 4 (621) Xinping, Wen'an, Heshui, and Guide were established; Guide was soon renamed Xiude and Wen'an Leshai. In the eighth year, assigned Heshui to Cheng Prefecture, as recorded in the treatise. In 633, the seventh year of Zhenguan, leshai was abolished; in the ninth yearestablished Yashan County; in the twelfth yearXinping was abolished. Yashan was later abolished again, and Xiude was placed under Yan Prefecture. Longcheng was rated lower grade. Long Prefecture was set up in Wude 4 (621), along with Liuling County. In Zhenguan 7 (633) the prefecture was abolished, Liuling was dropped, and Longcheng came under Liuzhou. Xiang was rated lower grade. Formerly under Guizhou, it later came under Liuzhou. Luocao was rated lower grade. Formerly Luofeng; it was renamed in Yuanhe 13 (818). Luorong County. Luorong was rated lower grade. It was established during the Zhenguan era. Fu Prefecture, seat of the Kaijiang commandery, was rated lower grade. Formerly Jing Prefecture and the Longping commandery, it was established in Wude 4 (621) from Longping and Haojing of Shian commandery and Cangwu of Cangwu commandery, and renamed in Zhenguan 8 (634). Tribute from the region included silver and patterned cloth. It registered one thousand four hundred sixty households and eight thousand five hundred eighty-six persons. It governed three counties. Longping was rated lower grade. In Wude 4 (621) Bolao, Guihua, Anle, and Kaijiang were carved out; Cangwu, Haojing, and Kaijiang were soon attached to Wuzhou, and in the ninth year Anle, Guihua, and Bolao were abolished. Siqin was rated lower grade. It was established after the Tianbao era. Majiang County. Majiang was rated lower grade. Formerly Kaijiang; it was later under Wuzhou and then again under Liuzhou. It was renamed in Changqing 3 (823). Zhao Prefecture, seat of the Pingle commandery, was rated lower grade. Formerly Le Prefecture, it was established in Wude 4 (621) from Pingle in Shian commandery and renamed in Zhenguan 8 (634). Tribute from the region included silver. It registered four thousand nine hundred eighteen households and twelve thousand six hundred ninety-one persons. It governed three counties. Pingle was rated lower grade. It was named for the Pingle River and had three stalactite caves. Shating was carved out in Wude 4 (621) and abolished in Zhenguan 7 (633). Gongcheng was rated lower grade. It was established by Xiao Xian. Twelve stalactite caves lay on Mount Yinzhang. Yongping County. Yongping was rated lower grade. Formerly under Teng Prefecture, it later came under Zhao Prefecture. Meng Prefecture, seat of the Mengshan commandery, was rated lower grade. Formerly Nangong Prefecture, it was established in Wude 5 (622) from Suihua of Lizhou and renamed in Zhenguan 8 (634). Tribute from the region included bran gold and silver. It registered one thousand fifty-nine households and five thousand nine hundred thirty-three persons. It governed three counties. Lishan was rated lower grade. Formerly Suihua; it was renamed in Wude 5 (622); Qinzheng was also carved out and established, then abolished in Zhenguan 12 (638). Dongqu was rated lower grade. It was established in Wude 5 (622) by splitting off from Lishan. In Zhenguan 6 (632) it was attached to Yan Prefecture and came under Meng Prefecture in the tenth year. Zhengyi County. Zhengyi was rated lower grade. Formerly Chunyi under Yan Prefecture, it came under Meng Prefecture in the tenth year. It was renamed in Yongzhen 1 (805). Yan Prefecture, seat of the Xunde commandery, was rated lower grade. In Qianfeng 2 (667) raw Liao were brought in and settled, and the prefecture was established on the former Qin Guilin commandery lands. Tribute from the region included silver. It registered one thousand eight hundred fifty-nine households and seven thousand fifty-one persons. It governed three counties. Laibin was rated lower grade. It was established in Qianfeng 2 (667). Xunde was rated lower grade. Formerly under Liuzhou, it later came under Yan Prefecture. Guihua County. Guihua was rated lower grade. It was established in Qianfeng 2 (667). Rong Prefecture, seat of the Rongshui commandery, was rated lower grade. It was established in Wude 4 (621) by carving out Yixi from Shian commandery. Tribute from the region included gold and cassia heartwood. It registered one thousand two hundred thirty-two households. It governed two counties. Rongshui was rated lower grade. Formerly Yixi; in Wude 4 (621) Linqiang, Huangshui, and Anxiu were carved out, and in the sixth year it was renamed. In Zhenguan 13 (639) Anxiu was abolished and merged into Linqiang. Wuyang County. Wuyang was rated lower grade. At the start of Tianbao, Huangshui and Linqiang were merged and re-established as Wuyang. Sitang Prefecture, seat of the Wulang commandery, was rated lower grade. It was established in Yonglong 2 (681) by splitting territory from Gong, Meng, and Xiang prefectures. In Kaiyuan 24 (736) it became a frontier-administered prefecture; in Jianzhong 1 (780) it became a regular prefecture. Tribute from the region included silver. It registered one hundred forty-one households. It governed two counties. Wulang was rated lower grade. Sihe County. Sihe was rated lower grade. Formerly Pingyuan; it was renamed in Changqing 3 (823). Gu Prefecture, seat of the Lexing commandery, was rated lower grade. In Zhenguan 12 (638), Li Hongjie opened the Yi and Liao and established the prefecture. Tribute from the region included wax. It registered two hundred eighty-five households. It governed three counties. Leshan, formerly Leyu, was renamed in Baoying 1 (762). Gushu was rated lower grade. Lexing County. Lexing was rated lower grade. Rong Prefecture, seat of the Puning commandery, was a lower-grade area military prefecture. Formerly Tong Prefecture, it was established in Wude 4 (621) from Beiliu and Puning in Hepu commandery. It was renamed in Zhenguan 8 (634). During the Yuanhe era the prefectural seat was moved to Puning. Tribute from the region included silver, cinnabar sand, and mercury. It registered four thousand nine hundred seventy households and seventeen thousand eighty-five persons. It governed six counties. The prefecture maintained a Pacification Army. Puning was rated lower grade. Beiliu was rated lower grade. In Wude 4 (621) Haoshi, Dangchang, Nanliu, Lingcheng, and Xin'an were carved out and established. In Zhenguan 11 (637) Xin'an was abolished; Haoshi and Dangchang were later abolished as well. Thirty li north lay Ghost Gate Pass, where two stones faced each other across a thirty-pace gap. Lingcheng was rated lower grade. Weilong was rated lower grade. It was established in Wude 4 (621) by splitting off from Puning. Xindao was rated lower grade. Formerly Ningren under Teng Prefecture. It was renamed in Zhenguan 23 (649) and came under Rong Prefecture. Luchuan County. Luchuan was rated lower grade. Formerly under Dong'e Prefecture, it came under Rong Prefecture at the end of the Tang. Lao Prefecture, seat of the Dingchuan commandery, was rated lower grade. Formerly Yi Prefecture, it was established in Wude 2 (619) on Man lands beyond the Ba-Shu frontier. In Zhenguan 11 (637) it was renamed for Lao Rock to the northeast, the seat was moved to Nanliu, and the prefecture was later abolished. In Qianfeng 3 (668), General Wang Gao pacified the Man and Liao and restored the prefecture. Tribute from the region included cloth and silver. It registered one thousand six hundred forty-one households and eleven thousand seven hundred fifty-six persons. It governed three counties. Nanliu was rated lower grade. Formerly under Rong Prefecture, Nanliu, Dingchuan, and Laochuan were carved out from Beiliu in Wude 4 (621); it was named for the Nanliu River a hundred paces south, and in Qianfeng 3 (668) all came under Lao Prefecture. Dingchuan was rated lower grade. Formerly under Pan Prefecture; it was named for the Dingchuan River. Dangchuan County. Dangchuan was rated lower grade. Formerly under Pan Prefecture; it was named for the Ludang River. Bai Prefecture, seat of the Nanchang commandery, was rated lower grade. Formerly Nan Prefecture, it was established in Wude 4 (621) on Hepu commandery lands and renamed in the sixth year. Tribute from the region included gold, silver, and pearls. It registered two thousand five hundred seventy-four households and nine thousand four hundred ninety-eight persons. It governed four counties. Bobai was rated lower grade. It was established in Wude 4 (621), along with Langping, Zhouluo, Longhao, Chunliang, and Jianning counties. In Zhenguan 6 (632) Dadu of Lian Prefecture was attached to it. In the twelfth year Langping and Chunliang were abolished; Dadu was later abolished as well. In Dali 8 (773) Longhao was attached to Shun Prefecture. One hundred li southwest lay Beishu Shoal; during the Xiantong era, Annan Protector-General Gao Pian recruited labor to level its dangerous rocks and open the water route. Jianning was rated lower grade. Zhouluo was rated lower grade. Nanchang County. Nanchang was rated lower grade. Formerly under Pan Prefecture, it later came under Bai Prefecture. Shun Prefecture, seat of the Shunyi commandery, was rated lower grade. In Dali 8 (773), Rong Circuit Pacification Commissioner Wang Hong carved out Yu, Luo, Bian, and Bai prefectures to establish it. Tribute from the region included silver. It registered five hundred nine households. It governed four counties. Longhua was rated lower grade. Established in Wude 4 (621) and named for Longhua River to the west; in the sixth year it was attached to Bian Prefecture. Wenshui was rated lower grade. Formerly under Yu Prefecture. Nanhe was rated lower grade. It was established in Wude 5 (622) from Shilong and attached to Luo Prefecture. Longhao County. It was carved out from Hepu in Wude 4 (621) and attached to Bai Prefecture. Xiu Prefecture, seat of the Changlin commandery, was rated lower grade. Formerly Lin Prefecture, it was established in Wude 4 (621) from Alin County and Yuping territory in Yulin commandery and renamed in the sixth year. Tribute from the region included gold. It registered nine thousand seven hundred seventy-three households. It governed three counties. Changlin was rated middle grade. It was established in Wude 4 (621), along with Luoxiu, Huanghua, and Guicheng counties. In Zhenguan 7 (633) Huanghua was attached to Xun Prefecture and Guicheng was abolished. Alin was rated lower-middle grade. Luoxiu County. Luoxiu was rated lower grade. Luyue was carved out in Wude 4 (621) and abolished into Luoxiu in Zhenguan 6 (632). Yulin Prefecture, seat of the Yulin commandery, was rated lower grade. Formerly Yu Prefecture, it was established in Linde 2 (665) from Shinan, Xingde, and Yuping of Gui Prefecture and renamed in Qianfeng 1 (666). Tribute from the region included cloth. It registered one thousand nine hundred eighteen households and nine thousand six hundred ninety-nine persons. It governed four counties. Yuping was rated lower grade. Formerly under Gui Prefecture, it later came under Yulin Prefecture. Xingye was rated lower grade. It was carved out from Shinan in Linde 2 (665); in Jianzhong 2 (781) Shinan was abolished and merged into it. Xingde was rated lower grade. Xiao Xian carved it out from Shinan, but it was soon abolished. It was restored in Wude 4 (621) by carving out from Yuping. Tanli County. Tanli was rated lower grade. Dang Prefecture, seat of the Ningren commandery, was rated lower grade. Formerly Yulin Prefecture territory, it was established in Yongchun 1 (682) by opening the ancient Dang cave. Tribute from the region included gold and silver. It registered one thousand one hundred forty-nine households and seven thousand four hundred four persons. It governed eight counties. Fu'an was rated lower grade. It lay in ancient Xiao'ou territory. Shanlao was rated lower-middle grade. Shanwen was rated lower grade. Ningren was rated lower grade. Rongshan was rated lower grade. Formerly Anren; in Yongchun 2 (682) Pingqin Prefecture was carved out from Dang Prefecture, governing Anren, Huaiyi, Fuyang, and Gufu. It was abolished in Chuigong 3 (687) and restored in Shenlong 3 (707). During the Zhide era Anren was renamed Rongshan. In Jianzhong 2 (781) the prefecture was abolished and all its counties came under Dang Prefecture. Huaiyi was rated lower grade. Fuyang was rated lower grade. Gufu County. Gufu was rated lower grade. Dou Prefecture, seat of the Huaide commandery, was rated lower grade. Formerly Nanfu Prefecture, it was established in Wude 4 (621) from Huaide in Yongxi commandery. When the Liao rebelled, the seat was provisionally at Long Prefecture; it was later moved to Xinyi. In Zhenguan 1 (627) the prefecture was abolished and the county was attached to Long Prefecture. It was restored in the second year; in the fifth year it was again abolished and the county was attached to Long Prefecture. It was restored in the sixth year and renamed in the eighth year. Tribute from the region included silver. It registered one thousand nineteen households and seven thousand three hundred thirty-nine persons. It governed four counties. Xinyi was rated lower-middle grade. Established in Wude 4 (621), with Tane carved out at the same time and Teliang carved out in the fifth year. Huaide was rated lower-middle grade. Tane was rated lower grade. Teliang County. Teliang was rated lower grade. Yu Prefecture, seat of the Wenshui commandery, was rated lower grade. Formerly Dong'e Prefecture; in Qianfeng 3 (668) General Wang Gao proposed carving out Bai, Bian, Dou, and Rong to establish it, and it was renamed in Zongzhang 2 (669). Tribute from the region included silver. It registered three thousand one hundred eighty households. It governed four counties. Eshi was rated lower grade. It was carved out from Wenshui of Bai Prefecture in Zongzhang 2 (669) and named for E Rock to the south. Luobian was rated lower grade. Formerly Luchuan under Bian Prefecture; it was later renamed. It lay in the territory of the Luobian cave. Fulai was rated lower grade. It was carved out from Xinyi in Wude 5 (622), attached to Dou Prefecture, and named for the Fulai River. It was abolished during the Zhenguan era and later restored. Dangchang County. Dangchang was rated lower grade. Formerly under Rong Prefecture. Lian Prefecture, seat of the Hepu commandery, was rated lower grade. Formerly He Prefecture, called Yue Prefecture in Wude 4 (621); it was renamed in Zhenguan 8 (634) from the former Daliang cave lands. Tribute from the region included silver. It registered three thousand thirty-two households and thirteen thousand twenty-nine persons. It governed four counties. Hepu was rated lower-middle grade. In Wude 5 (622) Anchang, Gaocheng, Daliang, and Dadu were established. Zhuchi County was established in Zhenguan 6 (632). Later Dadu was attached to Bai Prefecture. In the twelfth year Zhuchi and Anchang were abolished and merged into it. Fengshan was rated lower grade. In Wude 5 (622) Jiang Prefecture was established, along with Dongluo and Cailong counties. In Zhenguan 10 (636) the prefecture was abolished and Fengshan, Dongluo, and Cailong came under Lian Prefecture. Dongluo was later abolished. Cailong was rated lower grade. It was named for the Cailong cave. In Zhenguan 12 (638) Gaocheng was abolished and merged into it. Daliang County. Daliang was rated lower grade. Yi Prefecture, seat of the Liancheng commandery, was rated lower grade. Formerly Nanyi Prefecture, it was established in Wude 5 (622) on Yongye County territory in Yongxi commandery. In Zhenguan 1 (627) the prefecture was abolished and the county was attached to Nanjian Prefecture. It was restored in the second year; in the fifth year it was again abolished and the county was attached to Nanjian Prefecture. It was restored in the sixth year and later renamed Yi Prefecture. Tribute from the region included silver. It registered one thousand one hundred ten households and seven thousand three hundred three persons. It governed three counties. Cenxi was rated lower grade. Formerly Longcheng; established in Wude 5 (622), along with Anyi and Yicheng counties. During the Zhide era Longcheng was renamed Cenxi. Yicheng was later abolished as well. Commandery Mountain lay within the county. Yongye was rated lower grade. Formerly Anyi; it was renamed in the Zhide era. Liancheng County. Liancheng was rated lower grade. It was established in Wude 5 (622) by carving out Zhengyi from Long Prefecture. The Protectorate-General of the Central Capital of Annan; originally Jiaozhi commandery; in Wude 5 (622) it was called Jiao Prefecture with its seat at Jiaozhi. In Diaolu 1 (679) it became the Protectorate-General of Annan; in Zhide 2 (757) the Protectorate-General of the Pacified South; in Dali 3 (768) it reverted to Annan. In Baoli 1 (825) the seat was moved to Songping. Tribute from the region included plantains, betel nuts, shark leather, python gall, and kingfisher feathers. It registered twenty-four thousand two hundred thirty households and ninety-nine thousand six hundred fifty-two persons. It governed eight counties. The protectorate maintained a Pacification Army. Songping was rated upper grade. In Wude 4 (621) Song Prefecture was established, along with Hongjiao and Nanding counties. In the fifth year Jiaozhi and Huaide were carved out and attached to Jiao Prefecture. In the sixth year it was called Southern Song Prefecture. In Zhenguan 1 (627) the prefecture was abolished, Hongjiao and Huaide were dropped, Jiaozhi was moved to the former Nanci site, and Songping came under Annan. Nanding was originally under Song Prefecture; carved out from Songping in Wude 4 (621) and attached to Jiao Prefecture in the fifth year. It was abolished in Dali 5 (770) and restored in Zhenyuan 8 (792). Taiping was rated lower-middle grade. Formerly Longping; established in Wude 4 (621), with Long Prefecture set up on the county and Yilian and Fengxi also established, seat at Yilian. In the sixth year it was called Southern Long Prefecture. In Zhenguan 1 (627) the prefecture was abolished, Yilian was dropped, Fengxi went to Feng Prefecture, and Longping came under Annan. It was renamed in Xiantian 1 (712). Jiaozhi was rated lower-middle grade. In Wude 4 (621) Ci Prefecture was established with Cilian, Wuyan, and Wuli counties, named for the Cilian River. In the sixth year it was called Southern Ci Prefecture. In Zhenguan 1 (627) the prefecture and three counties were abolished and Jiaozhi was re-established. Zhuyuan was rated upper grade. In Wude 4 (621) Yuan Prefecture was established, along with Gaoling and Ding'an counties. In Zhenguan 1 (627) the prefecture was abolished, Gaoling and Ding'an were dropped, and Zhuyuan came under Annan. Longbian was rated lower-middle grade. In Wude 4 (621) Long Prefecture was established, along with Wuning and Pingle counties. In Zhenguan 1 (627) the prefecture was abolished, Wuning and Pingle were dropped, Longbian went to Xian Prefecture, and when that prefecture was abolished it came under Annan. Pingdao was rated lower-middle grade. In Wude 4 (621) Dao Prefecture was established, along with Changguo County. In the sixth year it was called Southern Dao Prefecture and that same year renamed Xian Prefecture. In Zhenguan 10 (636) the prefecture was abolished, Changguo was dropped, and Pingdao came under Annan. Wuping County. Wuping was rated lower-middle grade. Formerly under Dao Prefecture, it came under Annan in Wude 5 (622). Lu Prefecture, seat of the Yushan commandery, was rated lower grade. Formerly Yushan Prefecture, it was established in Wude 5 (622) from Anhai and Yushan in Ningyue commandery. In Zhenguan 2 (628) the prefecture was abolished and its counties were attached to Qin Prefecture. It was restored and renamed in Shangyuan 2 (675) under Emperor Gaozong. Tribute from the region included silver, tortoise shell, soft-shelled turtle hide, kingfisher feathers, and aloeswood. It registered four hundred ninety-four households and two thousand six hundred seventy-four persons. It governed three counties. Wulei was rated lower grade. Huaqing was rated lower grade. Formerly Yushan; it was renamed in the Tianbao era. Ninghai County. Ninghai was rated lower grade. Formerly Anhai. Haiping was also established in Wude 4 (621) and abolished in Zhenguan 12 (638). It was renamed in Zhide 2 (757). Feng Prefecture, seat of the Chenghua commandery, was a lower-grade area military prefecture. It was established in Wude 4 (621) from Jianing in Jiaozhi commandery. Tribute from the region included silver, rattan ware, white tin, python gall, and cardamom. It registered one thousand nine hundred twenty households. It governed five counties. Jianing was rated lower grade. In Wude 4 (621) Xinchang, Anren, Zhuge, and Shidi were established, and it also governed Fengxi County. In Zhenguan 1 (627) Shidi and Fengxi were abolished into Jianing; Anren was later abolished as well. Chenghua was rated lower grade. Xinchang was rated lower grade. In Zhenguan 1 (627) Zhuge was abolished and merged into it. Gaoshan was established after the Yuanhe era. Zhulü County. It was established after the Yuanhe era. Ai Prefecture, seat of the Jiuzhen commandery, was rated lower grade. Tribute from the region included gauze, silk, and peacock tails. It registered fourteen thousand seven hundred households. It governed six counties. Jiuzhen was rated lower grade. In Wude 5 (622) Songyuan, Yangshan, and Anyu were established. In Zhenguan 1 (627) Yangshan and Anyu were abolished; Songyuan was abolished in the ninth year. Gold and stone chimes were found there. Anshun was rated lower grade. In Wude 5 (622) Shun Prefecture was established, with Donghe, Jianchang, and Bianhe carved out. In Zhenguan 1 (627) the prefecture was abolished, the three counties were merged into Anshun, and it came under Ai Prefecture. Chongping was rated lower grade. Formerly Long'an. In Wude 5 (622) An Prefecture was established with Jiaoshan, Jiandao, and Douwo, and Shan Prefecture with Gangshan, Zhenrun, Gu'an, Xi'an, and Jianchu. In Zhenguan 1 (627) An Prefecture was abolished, Jiaoshan, Jiandao, and Douwo were merged into Long'an, and it came under Ai Prefecture; Shan Prefecture was also abolished, Gangshan, Zhenrun, Gu'an, and Xi'an were merged into Jianchu, and it came under Ai Prefecture. In the eighth year Jianchu was abolished. In Xiantian 1 (712) Long'an was renamed Chong'an; in Zhide 2 (757) it was renamed again as Chongping. Jun'ning was rated lower grade. Formerly Jun'an; in Wude 5 (622) the county established Yong Prefecture; in the seventh year it was called Du Prefecture. In Zhenguan 1 (627) the prefecture was abolished and it was attached to Nanling Prefecture. It was renamed in Zhide 2 (757). Rinan was rated lower grade. In Wude 5 (622) Ji Prefecture was established with Jishan, Jinwu, and Fangzai; Qianzhen Prefecture was also established on Yifeng territory with Jiugao, Jianzheng, and Zhenning; Xu Prefecture was also established on Xupu with Panlong, Ruhou, Bodu, and Zhenxing. In the ninth year Ji Prefecture became Nanling Prefecture; in Zhenguan 1 (627) it was called Houzhen Prefecture. That year Qianzhen was abolished, Jiugao, Jianzheng, and Zhenning were dropped, and Yifeng went to Nanling; Xu Prefecture was also abolished, Panlong, Ruhou, Bodu, and Zhenxing were dropped, and Xupu went to Nanling. In the tenth year the prefecture was abolished and Jun'an, Rinan, Yifeng, and Xupu came under Ai Prefecture; Yifeng and Xupu were abolished in the Tianbao era. Changlin County. Changlin was rated lower grade. Formerly Wubian. Huan Prefecture, seat of the Rinan commandery, was a lower-grade area military prefecture. Formerly Nande Prefecture; called De Prefecture in Wude 8 (625) and renamed again in Zhenguan 1 (627). Tribute from the region included gold, gold leaf, yellow filings, ivory, rhinoceros horn, aloeswood, and spotted bamboo. It registered nine thousand six hundred nineteen households and fifty thousand eight hundred eighteen persons. It governed four counties. Jiude was rated lower-middle grade. In Wude 5 (622) Anyuan, Tanluo, and Guang'an were established. That year Guang'an set up Yuan Prefecture with Shuiyuan, Anyin, Helong, and Changjiang. In Zhenguan 8 (634) it was renamed A Prefecture; in the thirteenth year the prefecture was abolished, Shuiyuan, Helong, and Changjiang were dropped, and Guang'an and Anyin came under Huan Prefecture. Anyuan, Tanluo, Guang'an, and Anyin were later all abolished. Puyang was rated lower grade. Yuechang was rated lower grade. In Wude 5 (622) Ming Prefecture was established with Wan'an, Minghong, and Mingding; Zhi Prefecture was also established on Wengu and Jinning of Rinan commandery with Xinzhen and Chanyuan. In Zhenguan 1 (627) it was renamed Southern Zhi Prefecture and Xinzhen and Chanyuan were abolished. In the thirteenth year Ming Prefecture was abolished, Wan'an, Minghong, and Mingding were merged into Yuechang, and it was attached to Zhi Prefecture. Later Zhi Prefecture was abolished, Wengu and Jinning were merged into Yuechang, and it came under Huan Prefecture. Initially Lin Prefecture was set on the Sui Linyi commandery and Bi Prefecture on the Bijing commandery. Bi Prefecture was renamed Southern Jing Prefecture; in Zhenguan 2 (628) Linyi was pacified and the seat was provisionally on Huan Prefecture's southern border, governing Bijing and Zhuwu, with Youwen also established. In the eighth year it was renamed Jing Prefecture. In the ninth year Lin Prefecture was established, also provisionally on Huan Prefecture's southern border, governing Linyi, Jinlong, and Haijie. Shan Prefecture was also established, governing Longchi and Penshan. The Puyang garrison lay within the prefecture. It registered one thousand three hundred twenty households and five thousand two hundred persons. Later it became Longchi commandery. All were abolished at the end of the Zhenyuan era. Huaihuan County. Huaihuan was rated lower grade. Formerly Xianhuan; in Wude 5 (622) Huan Prefecture was established with Anren, Fuyan, Xiangjing, and Xiyuan, seat at Anren. In Zhenguan 1 (627) it was renamed Yan Prefecture. In the thirteenth year Xiangjing was abolished. In the sixteenth year the prefecture was abolished, Anren, Fuyan, and Xiyuan were dropped, and Xianhuan came under Huan Prefecture. Later Xianhuan was renamed Huaihuan. Chang Prefecture, seat of the Wenyang commandery, was rated lower grade. It was established in the Tang. Tribute from the region included gold. It registered six hundred forty-eight households. It governed four counties. Wenyang was rated lower grade. Tongcai was rated lower grade. Changshan was rated lower grade. Qichang County. Qichang was rated lower grade. Fulu Prefecture, seat of the Tanglin commandery, was rated lower grade. Formerly Fulu commandery; in Zongzhang 2 (669), Zhi Prefect Xie Facheng pacified raw Liao of Kunming, Beilou, and more than seven thousand households on former Tanglin lands. In Dazu 1 (701) it was renamed Anwu Prefecture; in Zhide 2 (757) the commandery became Tanglin; in Qianyuan 1 (758) the prefecture name was restored. Tribute from the region included white tin and purple gold. It registered three hundred seventeen households. It governed three counties. Rouyuan, formerly Anyuan, was renamed in Zhide 2 (757). Tanglin; in early Tang Tanglin and Anyuan counties had established Tanglin Prefecture; later both prefecture and counties were abolished and re-established. Fulu County. Fulu was rated lower grade. Tang Prefecture, seat of the Tangquan commandery, was rated lower grade. It was established in Tang on former Qin Xiang commandery lands. Tribute from the region included gold. It governed three counties. Tangquan was rated lower grade. Lüshui was rated lower grade. Luoshao County. Luoshao was rated lower grade. Zhi Prefecture, seat of the Xincheng commandery, was rated lower grade. It was established in the Tang. It registered one thousand two hundred households and five thousand three hundred persons. It governed seven counties. Xincheng was rated lower grade. Fuchuan was rated lower grade. Pingxi was rated lower grade. Leguang was rated lower grade. Leyan was rated lower grade. Duoyun was rated lower grade. Silong County. Silong was rated lower grade. Wu'e Prefecture, seat of the Wu'e commandery, was rated lower grade. It was established in the Tang. It registered one thousand eight hundred fifty households and five thousand three hundred twenty persons. It governed seven counties. Wu'e was rated lower grade. Ruma was rated lower grade. Wuyi was rated lower grade. Wuyuan was rated lower grade. Wulao was rated lower grade. Liangshan County. Liangshan was rated lower grade. Yan Prefecture, seat of the Longchi commandery, was rated lower grade. Formerly the Zhongyi commandery, also called the Yanshui commandery. It was abolished in the Zhenguan era and restored in Guangde 2 (763) by carving out from Huan Prefecture. Tribute from the region included gold. It registered one thousand four hundred fifty households. It governed seven counties. Zhongyi was rated lower grade. Huaihuan was rated lower grade. Longchi was rated lower grade. Sinong was rated lower grade. Wulang was rated lower grade. Wurong was rated lower grade. Wujin County. Wujin was rated lower grade. Wu'an Prefecture, seat of the Wuqu commandery, was rated lower grade. Tribute from the region included gold and morning-glow cloth. It registered four hundred fifty households. It governed two counties. Wu'an was rated lower grade. Linjiang County. Linjiang was rated lower grade.
3
開元中安南所領有龐州,土貢:孔雀尾、紫𨥥; 又有南登州。 後皆廢省。
In the Kaiyuan era Annan also governed Pang Prefecture, whose tribute included peacock tails and purple gold; there was also Nandeng Prefecture. Later all were abolished.
4
右嶺南採訪使,治廣州。
Above: the Lingnan Pacification Commissioner, with his seat at Guangzhou.
5
校勘記0.85em|columns=2
Collation note 0.85em|columns=2
6
羈縻州
Frontier-administered prefectures
7
唐興,初未暇於四夷,自太宗平突厥,西北諸蕃及蠻夷稍稍內屬,卽其部落列置州縣。 其大者為都督府,以其首領為都督、刺史,皆得世襲。 雖貢賦版籍,多不上戶部,然聲教所暨,皆邊州都督、都護所領,著于令式。 今錄招降開置之目,以見其盛。 其後或臣或叛,經制不一,不能詳見。 突厥、回紇、党項、吐谷渾隸關內道者,為府二十九,州九十。 突厥之別部及奚、契丹、靺鞨、降胡、高麗隸河北者,為府十四,州四十六。 突厥、回紇、党項、吐谷渾之別部及龜茲、于闐、焉耆、疏勒、河西內屬諸胡、西域十六國隸隴右者,為府五十一,州百九十八。 羌、蠻隸劍南者,為州二百六十一。 蠻隸江南者,為州五十一,隸嶺南者,為州九十二。 又有党項州二十四,不知其隸屬。 大凡府州八百五十六,號為羈縻云。 關內道
When Tang arose it first had no leisure for the four quarters; after Taizong pacified the Turks, northwestern tribes and Man and Yi gradually submitted, and their tribes were immediately registered as prefectures and counties. The larger groups became area commands; their chieftains were made area commanders and prefects, all with hereditary office. Although tribute and household registers often were not reported to the Ministry of Revenue, wherever imperial instruction reached was governed by frontier prefects and protector-generals, as set forth in statutes. The list of those pacified, submitted, and opened is recorded here to show their extent. Thereafter some submitted and some rebelled; regulation was not uniform and cannot be fully detailed. Turks, Uyghurs, Tangut, and Tuyuhun under the Guannei circuit: twenty-nine area commands and ninety prefectures. Other divisions of the Turks and of Xi, Khitan, Mohe, surrendered Hu, and Koguryo under Hebei: fourteen area commands and forty-six prefectures. Other divisions of Turks, Uyghurs, Tangut, and Tuyuhun, and of Kucha, Khotan, Karasahr, Kashgar, Hexi Hu, and the sixteen Western Region states under Longyou: fifty-one area commands and one hundred ninety-eight prefectures. Qiang and Man under Jiannan: two hundred sixty-one prefectures. Man under Jiangnan: fifty-one prefectures; under Lingnan: ninety-two prefectures. There were also twenty-four Tangut prefectures of unknown subordination. In all, eight hundred fifty-six area commands and prefectures, collectively called frontier-administered. Guannei Circuit
8
突厥州十九,府五。
Nineteen Turkic prefectures, five area commands.
9
定襄都督府,貞觀四年析頡利部為二,以左部置,僑治寧朔。 領州四。 貞觀二十三年分諸部置州三。 阿德州以阿史德部置。 執失州以執失部置。 蘇農州以蘇農部置。 拔延州
Dingxiang Area Command; in Zhenguan 4 (630) the Eastern Turk left wing was split and the left portion established it, seat provisionally at Ningshuo. It governed four prefectures. In Zhenguan 23 (649) three prefectures were established by dividing the tribes. Ade Prefecture was established from the Ashide tribe. Zhishi Prefecture was established from the Zhishi tribe. Sunong Prefecture was established from the Sunong tribe. Bayan Prefecture
10
右隸夏州都督府
Above subordinate to Xia Prefecture Area Command
11
雲中都督府,貞觀四年析頡利右部置。 僑治朔方境。 領州五。 貞觀二十三年分諸部置州三。 舍利州以舍利吐利部置。 阿史那州以阿史那部置。 綽州以綽部置。 思壁州白登州貞觀末隸燕然都護,後復來屬。
Yunzhong Area Command; in Zhenguan 4 (630) the Eastern Turk right wing was split to establish it. Its seat was provisionally administered in Shuofang territory. It governed five prefectures. In Zhenguan 23 (649) three prefectures were established by dividing the tribes. Shelie Prefecture was established from the Shelie Tuli tribe. Ashina Prefecture was established from the Ashina tribe. Chuo Prefecture was established from the Chuo tribe. Sibi Prefecture; Baideng Prefecture was under the Yanran Protectorate at the end of Zhenguan and later came under Yunzhong.
12
桑乾都督府,龍朔三年分定襄置,僑治朔方。 領州四。 貞觀二十三年分諸部置州三。 郁射州以郁射施部置,初隸定襄,後來屬。 藝失州以多地藝失部置。 卑失州以卑失部置,初隸定襄,後來屬。 叱略州
Sanggan Area Command; in Longshuo 3 (663) it was split from Dingxiang, seat provisionally at Shuofang. It governed four prefectures. In Zhenguan 23 (649) three prefectures were established by dividing the tribes. Yushe Prefecture from the Yushe tribe; initially under Dingxiang, later under Sanggan. Yishi Prefecture was established from the Duodi Yishi tribe. Beishi Prefecture from the Beishi tribe; initially under Dingxiang, later under Sanggan. Chilüe Prefecture
13
呼延都督府,貞觀二十年置。 領州三。 貞觀二十三年分諸部置州二。 賀魯州以賀魯部置,初隸雲中都督,後來屬。 葛邏州以葛邏、挹怛部置,初隸雲中都督,後來屬。 𨁂跌州初為都督府,隸北庭,後為州,來屬。
Huyan Area Command; established in Zhenguan 20 (646). It governed three prefectures. In Zhenguan 23 (649) two prefectures were established by dividing the tribes. Helu Prefecture from the Helu tribe; initially under Yunzhong, later under Huyan. Geluo Prefecture from the Geluo and Yidan tribes; initially under Yunzhong, later under Huyan. Diedie Prefecture; initially an area command under Beiting, later a prefecture under Huyan.
14
右隸單于都護府新黎州貞觀二十三年以車鼻可汗之子羯漫陀部置。 初為都督府,後為州。 渾河州永徽元年,以車鼻可汗餘眾歌邏祿之烏德鞬山左廂部落置。 狼山州永徽元年以歌邏祿右廂部落置,為都督府,隸雲中都護。 顯慶三年為州,來屬。
Above subordinate to Shanyu Protectorate-General; Xinli Prefecture in Zhenguan 23 (649) from Chebi Khan's son Jiemantuo tribe. Initially an area command, later a prefecture. Hunhe Prefecture; in Yonghui 1 (650) from Chebi Khan's remaining Geluolu Wudejian left-wing tribe. Langshan Prefecture; in Yonghui 1 (650) from the Geluolu right-wing tribe; an area command under Yunzhong Protectorate. In Xianqing 3 (658) it became a prefecture and came under Shanyu Protectorate.
15
堅昆都督府貞觀二十二年以沙鉢羅葉護部落置。
Jiankun Area Command; in Zhenguan 22 (648) from the Shaboluo Yehu tribe.
16
右隸安北都護府
Above subordinate to Anbei Protectorate-General
17
回紇州十八,府九。 貞觀二十一年分回紇諸部置。
Eighteen Uyghur prefectures, nine area commands. In Zhenguan 21 (647) the Uyghur tribes were divided to establish them.
18
燕然州以多濫葛部地置,初為都督府,及雞鹿、雞田、燭龍三州,隸燕然都護。 開元元年來屬,僑治回樂。 雞鹿州以奚結部置,僑治回樂。 雞田州以阿跌部置,僑治回樂。 東皋蘭州以渾部置,初為都督府,幷以延陀餘眾置祁連州,後罷都督,又分東、西州,永徽三年皆廢。 後復置東皋蘭州,僑治鳴沙。 燭龍州貞觀二十二年析瀚海都督之掘羅勿部置,僑治溫池。 燕山州僑治溫池。
Yanran Prefecture on Duolangege lands; initially an area command with Jilu, Jitian, and Zhulong under the Yanran Protectorate. In Kaiyuan 1 (713) it came under Lingzhou, seat provisionally at Huile. Jilu Prefecture from the Xijie tribe; seat provisionally at Huile. Jitian Prefecture from the Adie tribe; seat provisionally at Huile. Donggaolan from the Hun tribe; initially an area command with Qilian for Yantuo remnants; later the command was abolished and East and West split; all abolished in Yonghui 3 (652). Later Donggaolan was restored, seat provisionally at Mingsha. Zhulong Prefecture; in Zhenguan 22 (648) from the Juoluowu tribe of Hanhai; seat provisionally at Wenchí. Yanshan Prefecture; seat provisionally at Wenchí.
19
右隸靈州都督府
Above subordinate to Ling Prefecture Area Command
20
達渾都督府,以延陀部落置,僑治寧朔。 領州五。 姑衍州步訖若州嵠彈州永徽中收延陀散亡部落置。 鶻州低粟州
Dahun Area Command from the Yantuo tribe; seat provisionally at Ningshuo. It governed five prefectures. Guyan Prefecture; Buqiruo Prefecture; Xidan Prefecture in the Yonghui era for scattered Yantuo tribes. Hu Prefecture; Disu Prefecture
21
安化州都督府僑治朔方。
Anhua Prefecture Area Command; seat provisionally at Shuofang.
22
寧朔州都督府僑治朔方。
Ningshuo Prefecture Area Command; seat provisionally at Shuofang.
23
僕固州都督府僑治朔方。
Pugu Prefecture Area Command; seat provisionally at Shuofang.
24
右隸夏州都督府
Above subordinate to Xia Prefecture Area Command
25
榆溪州以契苾部置。 窴顏州以白霫部置。 居延州以白霫別部置。 稽落州本高闕州,以斛薩部置。 永徽元年廢高闕州,更置稽落州,後又廢,三年以阿特部復置。 余吾州本玄闕州,貞觀中以骨利幹部置,龍朔中更名。
Yuxi Prefecture was established from the Qibi tribe. Tiyan Prefecture was established from the Baiyuxi tribe. Juyan Prefecture was established from a division of the Baiyuxi tribe. Jiluo Prefecture; originally Gaoque Prefecture from the Husad tribe. In Yonghui 1 (650) Gaoque was abolished for Jiluo; later abolished again; restored in the third year from the Ate tribe. Yuwu Prefecture; originally Xuanque from the Guligan tribe in the Zhenguan era; renamed in Longshuo.
26
浚稽州仙萼州初隸瀚海都護,後來屬。
Junji Prefecture; Xian'e Prefecture; initially under Hanhai Protectorate, later under Xia.
27
瀚海都督府以回紇部置。
Hanhai Area Command was established from the Uyghur tribe.
28
金微都督府以僕固部置。
Jinwei Area Command was established from the Pugu tribe.
29
幽陵都督府以拔野古部置。
Youling Area Command was established from the Bayegu tribe.
30
龜林都督府貞觀二年以同羅部落置。
Guilin Area Command; in Zhenguan 2 (628) from the Tongluo tribe.
31
堅昆都督府以結骨部置。
Jiankun Area Command was established from the Jiegu tribe.
32
右隸安北都護府
Above subordinate to Anbei Protectorate-General
33
党項州五十一,府十五。 貞觀三年,酋長細封步賴內附,其後諸姓酋長相率亦內附,皆列其地置州縣,隸松州都督府。 五年又開其地置州十六,縣四十七; 又以拓拔赤詞部置州三十二。 乾封二年以吐蕃入寇,廢都、流、厥、調、湊、般、匐、器、邇、鍠、率、差等十二州,咸亨二年又廢蠶、黎二州。 祿山之亂,河、隴陷吐蕃,乃徙党項州所存者于靈、慶、銀、夏之境。 清塞州歸德州僑治銀州境。
Fifty-one Tangut prefectures, fifteen area commands. In Zhenguan 3 (629) chieftain Xifeng Bulai submitted; later chieftains of other clans followed, and their lands were registered as prefectures and counties under Song Prefecture Area Command. In the fifth year sixteen more prefectures and forty-seven counties were opened on their territory; Thirty-two prefectures were also established from the Tuoba Chihe tribe. In Qianfeng 2 (667) twelve prefectures were abolished because of Tibetan invasion; in Xianheng 2 (671) Can and Li were also abolished. In the An Lushan rebellion the He and Long circuits fell to Tibet, and surviving Tangut prefectures were moved to the Ling, Qing, Yin, and Xia borderlands. Qingse Prefecture; Guide Prefecture; seat provisionally in Yin Prefecture territory.
34
蘭池都督府
Lanchi Area Command
35
芳池都督府
Fangchi Area Command
36
相興都督府
Xiangxing Area Command
37
永平都督府
Yongping Area Command
38
旭定都督府
Xuding Area Command
39
清寧都督府
Qingning Area Command
40
忠順都督府
Zhongshun Area Command
41
寧保都督府
Ningbao Area Command
42
靜塞都督府
Jingsai Area Command
43
萬吉都督府
Wanji Area Command
44
樂容州都督府,領州一。 東夏州
Rongrong Prefecture Area Command; governing one prefecture. Dongxia Prefecture
45
靜邊州都督府,貞觀中置,初在隴右,後僑治慶州之境。 領州二十五。 布州北夏州思義州思樂州昌塞州吳州天授二年置吳、朝、歸、浮等州。 朝州「朝」一作「彭」。 歸州「歸」一作「陽」。 浮州祐州貞觀四年置,領縣二:廓川,歸定。 卑州西歸州嶂州貞觀四年置。 縣四:洛平,顯川,桂川,顯平。 餝州開元州歸順州本在山南之西,寶應元年詣梁州刺史內附。 淳州貞觀十二年以降戶置于洮州之境,幷置索恭、烏城二縣。 開元中廢,後為羈縻。 烏籠州恤州嵯州貞觀五年置。 縣一:相雞。 相雞本隸西懷州,貞觀十年來屬。 蓋州本西唐州,貞觀四年置,八年更名。 縣四:湘水,河唐,曲嶺,祐川。 悅州迴樂州烏掌州諾州貞觀五年置。 縣三:諾川,德歸,籬渭。
Jingbian Prefecture Area Command; established in the Zhenguan era, initially in Longyou, later seat provisionally in Qing Prefecture territory. It governed twenty-five prefectures. Bu Prefecture; Beixia Prefecture; Siyi Prefecture; Sile Prefecture; Changsai Prefecture; Wu Prefecture; in Tianshou 2 (691) Wu, Chao, Gui, and Fu were established. Chao Prefecture; in one variant the name is written Peng instead of Chao. Gui Prefecture; in one variant the name is written Yang instead of Gui. Fu Prefecture; You Prefecture; established in Zhenguan 4 (630), governing Kuochuan and Guiding. Bei Prefecture; Xigui Prefecture; Zhang Prefecture; established in Zhenguan 4 (630). Four counties: Luoping, Xianchuan, Guichuan, and Xianping. Shi Prefecture; Kaiyuan Prefecture; Guishun Prefecture; originally west of the Southern Mountains; in Baoying 1 (762) submitted to the Liang Prefect. Chun Prefecture; in Zhenguan 12 (638) surrendered households were settled in Tao Prefecture territory with Suogong and Wucheng counties. Abolished in the Kaiyuan era; later became frontier-administered. Wulong Prefecture; Xu Prefecture; Cuo Prefecture; established in Zhenguan 5 (631). One county: Xiangji. Xiangji; originally under Xi Huai Prefecture; came under Jingbian in Zhenguan 10 (636). Gai Prefecture; originally Xi Tang Prefecture; established in Zhenguan 4 (630), renamed in the eighth year. Four counties: Xiangshui, Hetang, Quling, and Youchuan. Yue Prefecture; Huile Prefecture; Wuzhang Prefecture; Nuo Prefecture; established in Zhenguan 5 (631). Three counties: Nuochuan, Degui, and Líwei.
46
右隸靈州都督府
Above subordinate to Ling Prefecture Area Command
47
芳池州都督府,僑治懷安,皆野利氏種落。 領州九。 寧靜州種州玉州貞觀五年置。 縣二:玉山,帶河。 濮州林州尹州位州貞觀四年置。 縣二:位豐,西使。 長州寶州
Fangchi Prefecture Area Command; seat provisionally at Huai'an; all Yeli clan settlements. It governed nine prefectures. Ningjing Prefecture; Zhong Prefecture; Yu Prefecture; established in Zhenguan 5 (631). Two counties: Yushan and Daihe. Pu Prefecture; Lin Prefecture; Yin Prefecture; Wei Prefecture; established in Zhenguan 4 (630). Two counties: Weifeng and Xishi. Chang Prefecture; Bao Prefecture
48
宜定州都督府,本安定,後更名。 領州七。 党州橋州貞觀六年置。 烏州西戎州貞觀五年以拓拔赤詞部落置。 初為都督府,後為州,來屬。 野利州米州還州
Yiding Prefecture Area Command; originally Anding, later renamed. It governed seven prefectures. Dang Prefecture; Qiao Prefecture; established in Zhenguan 6 (632). Wu Prefecture; Xirong Prefecture; established in Zhenguan 5 (631) from the Tuoba Chihe tribe. Initially an area command, later a prefecture, came under Yiding. Yeli Prefecture; Mi Prefecture; Huan Prefecture
49
安化州都督府,領州七。 永和州威州旭州莫州西滄州貞觀六年置,八年更名臺州,後復故名。 琮州儒州本西鹽州,貞觀五年以拓拔部置,治故後魏洪和郡之藍川縣地,八年更名。 開元中廢,後為羈縻。
Anhua Prefecture Area Command; governing seven prefectures. Yonghe Prefecture; Wei Prefecture; Xu Prefecture; Mo Prefecture; Xicang Prefecture; established in Zhenguan 6 (632), renamed Tai in the eighth year, later restored. Cong Prefecture; Ru Prefecture; originally Xi Yan Prefecture; established in Zhenguan 5 (631) from the Tuoba tribe at former Northern Wei Honghe Lanchuan; renamed in the eighth year. Abolished in the Kaiyuan era; later became frontier-administered.
50
右隸慶州都督府
Above subordinate to Qing Prefecture Area Command
51
吐谷渾州二。
Two Tuyuhun prefectures.
52
寧朔州初隸樂容都督府,代宗時來屬。
Ningshuo Prefecture; initially under Rongrong Area Command; came under Xia in the Daizong era.
53
右隸夏州都督府
Above subordinate to Xia Prefecture Area Command
54
渾州儀鳳中自涼州內附者,處於金明西境置。
Hun Prefecture; in the Yifeng era submitters from Liang Prefecture were settled west of Jinming.
55
右隸延州都督府河北道
Above subordinate to Yan Prefecture Area Command. Hebei Circuit
56
突厥州二。
Two Turkic prefectures.
57
順州順義郡貞觀四年平突厥,以其部落置順、祐、化、長四州都督府于幽、靈之境; 又置北開、北寧、北撫、北安等四州都督府。 六年順州僑治營州南之五柳戍; 又分思農部置燕然縣,僑治陽曲; 分思結部置懷化縣,僑治秀容,隸順州; 後皆省。 祐、化、長及北開等四州亦廢,而順州僑治幽州城中。 歲貢麝香。 縣一:賓義。 瑞州本威州,貞觀十年以烏突汗達干部落置,在營州之境。 咸亨中更名。 後僑治良鄉之廣陽城。 縣一:來遠。
Shun Prefecture, Shunyi commandery; in Zhenguan 4 (630) after pacifying the Turks, Shun, You, Hua, and Chang area commands and Beikai, Beining, Beifu, and Beian were established in the You-Ling borderlands; Beikai, Beining, Beifu, and Beian area commands were also established. In the sixth year Shun Prefecture was provisionally at the Wuliu garrison south of Ying Prefecture; Yanran County was split from the Sinong tribe and provisionally at Yangqu; Huaihua County was split from the Sijie tribe and provisionally at Xiurong under Shun Prefecture; later all were abolished. You, Hua, Chang, and the four Beikai commands were abolished, and Shun Prefecture was provisionally inside You Prefecture city. Annual tribute: musk. One county: Binyi. Rui Prefecture; originally Wei Prefecture; in Zhenguan 10 (636) from the Wutuhan Daghan tribe in Ying Prefecture territory. Renamed in the Xianheng era. Later the seat was provisionally at Guangyang city in Liangxiang. One county: Laiyuan.
58
右初隸營州都督府,及李盡忠陷營州,以順州隸幽州都督府,徙瑞州于宋州之境。 神龍初北還,亦隸幽州都督府。
Above initially under Ying Prefecture Area Command; when Li Jinzhong took Ying Prefecture, Shun went to You and Rui moved to Song Prefecture territory. At the beginning of Shenlong they returned north and were also under You Prefecture Area Command.
59
奚州九,府一。
Nine Xi prefectures, one area command.
60
鮮州武德五年析饒樂都督府置。 僑治潞之古縣城。 縣一:賓從。 崇州武德五年析饒樂都督府之可汗部落置。 貞觀三年更名北黎州,治營州之廢陽師鎮。 八年復故名。 後與鮮州同僑治潞之古縣城。 縣一:昌黎。 順化州縣一:懷遠。 歸義州歸德郡總章中以新羅戶置,僑治良鄉之廣陽城。 縣一:歸義。 後廢。 開元中,信安王禕降契丹李詩部落五千帳,以其眾復置。
Xian Prefecture; in Wude 5 (622) split from Raole Area Command. Seat provisionally at the old city of Gu in Lu. One county: Bincong. Chong Prefecture; in Wude 5 (622) from the Khan tribe of Raole Area Command. In Zhenguan 3 (629) renamed Northern Li Prefecture, seat at Ying Prefecture's abandoned Yangshi garrison. In the eighth year the former name was restored. Later with Xian Prefecture it was provisionally at the old city of Gu in Lu. One county: Changli. Shunhua Prefecture; one county: Huaiyuan. Guiyi Prefecture, Guide commandery; in the Zongzhang era for Silla households, seat provisionally at Guangyang in Liangxiang. One county: Guiyi. Later abolished. In the Kaiyuan era Prince Xin'an Wei submitted the Khitan Li Shi tribe with five thousand tents and it was restored with their people.
61
奉誠都督府,本饒樂都督府,唐初置,後廢。 貞觀二十二年以內屬奚可度者部落更置,幷以別帥五部置弱水等五州。 開元二十三年更名。 領州五。 弱水州以阿會部置。 祁黎州以處和部置。 洛瓌州以奧失部置。 太魯州以度稽部置。 渴野州以元俟析部置。
Fengcheng Area Command; originally Raole Area Command; established in early Tang, later abolished. In Zhenguan 22 (648) re-established for the submitted Xi Keduzhe tribe, with five prefectures including Ruoshui from five other chieftain divisions. Renamed in Kaiyuan 23 (735). It governed five prefectures. Ruoshui Prefecture was established from the Ahui tribe. Qili Prefecture was established from the Chuhe tribe. Luohuan Prefecture was established from the Aoshi tribe. Tailu Prefecture was established from the Duqi tribe. Keye Prefecture was established from the Yuan Yixi tribe.
62
契丹州十七,府一。
Seventeen Khitan prefectures, one area command.
63
玄州貞觀二十年以紇主曲據部落置。 僑治范陽之魯泊村。 縣一:靜蕃。 威州本遼州,武德二年以內稽部落置。 初治燕支城,後僑治營州城中。 貞觀元年更名。 後治良鄉之石窟堡。 縣一:威化。 昌州貞觀二年以松漠部落置,僑治營州之靜蕃戍。 七年徙于三合鎮,後治安次之故常道城。 縣一:龍山。 師州貞觀三年以契丹、室韋部落置,僑治營州之廢陽師鎮,後僑治良鄉之東閭城。 縣一:陽師。 帶州貞觀十年以乙失革部落置。 僑治昌平之清水店。 縣一:孤竹。 歸順州歸化郡本彈汗州,貞觀二十二年以內屬契丹別帥析紇便部置。 開元四年更名。 縣一:懷柔。 沃州載初中析昌州置。 萬歲通天元年沒于李盡忠,開元二年復置。 後僑治薊之南回城。 縣一:濱海。 信州萬歲通天元年以乙失活部落置。 僑治范陽境。 縣一:黃龍。 青山州景雲元年析玄州置。 僑治范陽之水門村。 縣一:青山。
Xuan Prefecture; in Zhenguan 20 (646) from the Hezhu Quju tribe. Seat provisionally at Luo village in Fanyang. One county: Jingfan. Wei Prefecture; originally Liao Prefecture; in Wude 2 (619) from the Neiji tribe. Initially seat at Yanzhi city; later provisionally inside Ying Prefecture city. Renamed in Zhenguan 1 (627). Later the seat was at Shiku fort in Liangxiang. One county: Weihua. Chang Prefecture; in Zhenguan 2 (628) from the Songmo tribe, seat provisionally at Ying Prefecture's Jingfan garrison. In the seventh year moved to Sanhe garrison; later seat at former Changdao city in Anzhi. One county: Longshan. Shi Prefecture; in Zhenguan 3 (629) from Khitan and Shiwei tribes, seat provisionally at Ying's abandoned Yangshi garrison; later at Donglü in Liangxiang. One county: Yangshi. Dai Prefecture; in Zhenguan 10 (636) from the Yishige tribe. Seat provisionally at Qingshui post in Changping. One county: Guzhu. Guishun Prefecture, Guihua commandery; originally Tanhan Prefecture; in Zhenguan 22 (648) from the submitted Khitan chieftain's Xi Hebian division. Renamed in Kaiyuan 4 (716). One county: Huairou. Wo Prefecture; in the Zaichu era split from Chang Prefecture. Lost to Li Jinzhong in Wansui Tongtian 1 (697); restored in Kaiyuan 2 (714). Later seat provisionally at Nanhui city in Ji. One county: Binhai. Xin Prefecture; in Wansui Tongtian 1 (697) from the Yishihuo tribe. Seat provisionally in Fanyang territory. One county: Huanglong. Qingshan Prefecture; in Jingyun 1 (710) split from Xuan Prefecture. Seat provisionally at Shuimen village in Fanyang. One county: Qingshan.
64
松漠都督府,貞觀二十二年以內屬契丹窟哥部置,其別帥七部分置峭落等八州。 李盡忠叛後廢,開元二年復置。 領州八。 峭落州以達稽部置。 無逢州以獨活部置。 羽陵州以芬問部置。 白連州以突便部置。 徒河州以芮奚部置。 萬丹州以墜斤部置。 疋黎州以伏部置。 赤山州以伏部分置。
Songmo Area Command; in Zhenguan 22 (648) from the submitted Khitan Kuge tribe; seven chieftain divisions also established Qiaoluo and seven other prefectures. Abolished after Li Jinzhong's rebellion; restored in Kaiyuan 2 (714). It governed eight prefectures. Qiaoluo Prefecture was established from the Daji tribe. Wufeng Prefecture was established from the Duhuo tribe. Yuling Prefecture was established from the Fenwen tribe. Bailian Prefecture was established from the Tubian tribe. Tuhe Prefecture was established on the Ruixi tribe. Wandan Prefecture was established on the Duijin tribe. Pili Prefecture was established on the Fu tribe. Chishan Prefecture was established by splitting off part of the Fu tribe.
65
歸誠州
Guicheng Prefecture.
66
靺鞨州三,府三。
There were three Mohe prefectures and three protectorates.
67
慎州武德初以涑沫、烏素固部落置。 僑治良鄉之故都鄉城。 縣一:逢龍。 夷賓州乾符中以愁思嶺部落置,僑治良鄉之古廣陽城。 縣一:來蘇。 黎州載初二年析慎州置。 僑治良鄉之故都鄉城。 縣一:新黎。
Shen Prefecture was established at the start of the Wude era on the Sumo and Wusugu tribes. Its seat was provisionally at Gudu Township in former Liangxiang. It governed one county: Fenglong. Yibin Prefecture was established in the Qianfu era on the Chousi Ridge tribe, with its seat provisionally at ancient Guangyang City in Liangxiang. It governed one county: Laisu. Li Prefecture was established in Zaichu 2 (689) by splitting off from Shen Prefecture. Its seat was provisionally at Gudu Township in former Liangxiang. It governed one county: Xinli.
68
黑水州都督府開元十四年置。
The Black River Prefecture area command was established in Kaiyuan 14 (726).
69
渤海都督府
The Bohai area command.
70
安靜都督府
The Anjing area command.
71
右初皆隸營州都督,李盡忠陷營州,乃遷玄州于徐、宋之境,威州于幽州之境,昌、師、帶、鮮、信五州于青州之境,崇、慎二州于淄、青之境,夷賓州于徐州之境,黎州于宋州之境,在河南者十州,神龍初乃使北還,二年皆隸幽州都督府。
At first all were subordinate to the Yingzhou area command. When Li Jinzhong seized Ying Prefecture, Xuan Prefecture was moved into Xu and Song territory, Wei Prefecture into Youzhou territory, five prefectures into Qingzhou territory, two into Zi and Qing territory, Yibin into Xuzhou, and Li into Song—ten prefectures south of the Yellow River. In early Shenlong they were sent back north; in Shenlong 2 all came under the Youzhou area command.
72
降胡州一。
There was one surrendered-Hu prefecture.
73
凜州天寶初置,僑治范陽境。
Lin Prefecture was established at the start of the Tianbao era, with its seat provisionally in Fanyang territory.
74
右隸幽州都督府
It was subordinate to the Youzhou area command.
75
高麗降戶州十四,府九。 太宗親征,得蓋牟城,置蓋州; 得遼東城,置遼州; 得白崖城,置巖州。 及師還,拔蓋、遼二州之人以歸。 高宗滅高麗,置都督府九,州四十二,後所存州止十四。 初,顯慶五年平百濟,以其地置熊津、馬韓、東明、金連、德安五都督府,幷置帶方州,麟德後廢。 南蘇州蓋牟州代那州倉巖州磨米州積利州黎山州延津州木底州安市州諸北州識利州拂涅州拜漢州
There were fourteen Goryeo surrendered-household prefectures and nine area commands. When Emperor Taizong campaigned in person and took Gaimou Fortress, he established Gai Prefecture; when he took Liaodong City, he established Liao Prefecture; when he took Baiya Fortress, he established Yan Prefecture. When the army returned, the people of Gai and Liao prefectures were uprooted and brought back. When Emperor Gaozong destroyed Goryeo he established nine area commands and forty-two prefectures; later only fourteen prefectures remained. At first, in Xianqing 5 (660) Baekje was pacified and its lands were organized as five area commands—Xiongjin, Maghan, Dongming, Jinlian, and De'an—and Daifang Prefecture was also established; all were abolished after Longde. Nansu, Gaimou, Daina, Cangyan, Momi, Jili, Lishan, Yanjin, Mudi, Anshi, Zhabei, Shili, Funie, and Baihan prefectures.
76
新城州都督府
The Xincheng Prefecture area command.
77
遼城州都督府
The Liaocheng Prefecture area command.
78
哥勿州都督府
The Gewu Prefecture area command.
79
衞樂州都督府
The Weile Prefecture area command.
80
舍利州都督府
The Sheli Prefecture area command.
81
居素州都督府
The Jusu Prefecture area command.
82
越喜州都督府
The Yuexi Prefecture area command.
83
去旦州都督府
The Qudan Prefecture area command.
84
建安州都督府
The Jian'an Prefecture area command.
85
右隸安東都護府隴右道
They were subordinate to the Andong Protectorate. Longyou Circuit.
86
突厥州三,府二十七。
There were three Turkic prefectures and twenty-seven area commands.
87
皋蘭州貞觀二十二年以阿史德特健部置,初隸燕然都護,後來屬。
Gaolan Prefecture was established in Zhenguan 22 (648) on the Ashide Tejian tribe; at first it was subordinate to the Yanran Protectorate and later came under [subsequent jurisdiction].
88
興昔都督府
The Xingxi area command.
89
右隸涼州都督府
It was subordinate to the Liangzhou area command.
90
特伽州雞洛州開元中又有火拔州、葛祿州,後不復見。
Tejia Prefecture and Jiluo Prefecture—in the Kaiyuan era there were also Huoba and Gelu prefectures, which later disappear from the record.
91
濛池都護府貞觀二十三年,以阿史那賀魯部落置瑤池都督府,永徽四年廢。 顯慶二年禽賀魯,分其地,置都護府二、都督府八,其役屬諸胡皆為州。
Mengchi Protectorate: in Zhenguan 23 (649) the Ashina Helu tribe was used to establish the Yaochi area command; it was abolished in Yonghui 4 (653). In Xianqing 2 (657) Helu was captured; his lands were divided and two protectorates and eight area commands were established, and all dependent tribes of the various Hu became prefectures.
92
崑陵都護府
The Kunling Protectorate.
93
匐延都督府以處木昆部置。
The Fuyan area command was established on the Chumukun tribe.
94
嗢鹿州都督府以突騎施索葛莫賀部置。
The Wenlu Prefecture area command was established on the Tujue Qishi Suoge Moho tribe.
95
潔山都督府以突騎施阿利施部置。
The Jieshan area command was established on the Tujue Qishi Alishi tribe.
96
雙河都督府以攝舍提暾部置。
The Shuanghe area command was established on the Shesheti Tun tribe.
97
鷹娑都督府以鼠尼施處半部置。
The Yingsuo area command was established on the Shunishi Chuban tribe.
98
鹽泊州都督府以胡祿屋闕部置。
The Yanbo Prefecture area command was established on the Hulwu Que tribe.
99
陰山州都督府顯慶三年分葛邏祿三部置三府,以謀落部置。
Yinshan Prefecture area command: in Xianqing 3 (658) three offices were established by splitting the Geluolu tribes; this one was established on the Mouluo tribe.
100
大漠州都督府以葛邏祿熾俟部置。
The Damozhou area command was established on the Geluolu Chisi tribe.
101
玄池州都督府以葛邏祿踏實部置。
The Xuanchi Prefecture area command was established on the Geluolu Tashi tribe.
102
金附州都督府析大漠州置。
The Jinfu Prefecture area command was established by splitting off from Damo Prefecture.
103
輪臺州都督府
The Luntai Prefecture area command.
104
金滿州都督府永徽五年以處月部落置為州,隸輪臺。 龍朔二年為府。
Jinman Prefecture area command: in Yonghui 5 (654) the Chuyue tribe was established as a prefecture subordinate to Luntai. In Longshuo 2 (662) it became an area command.
105
咽麪州都督府初,玄池、咽麪為州,隸燕然,長安二年為都督府,隸北庭。
Yanmian Prefecture area command: at first Xuanchi and Yanmian were prefectures subordinate to Yanran; in Chang'an 2 (702) they became area commands subordinate to Beiting.
106
鹽祿州都督府
The Yanlu Prefecture area command.
107
哥係州都督府
The Gexi Prefecture area command.
108
孤舒州都督府
The Gushu Prefecture area command.
109
西鹽州都督府
The Xiyan Prefecture area command.
110
東鹽州都督府
The Dongyan Prefecture area command.
111
叱勒州都督府
The Chile Prefecture area command.
112
迦瑟州都督府
The Jiase Prefecture area command.
113
憑洛州都督府
The Pingluo Prefecture area command.
114
沙陀州都督府
The Shatuo Prefecture area command.
115
答爛州都督府
The Dalan Prefecture area command.
116
右隸北庭都護府
They were subordinate to the Beiting Protectorate.
117
回紇州三,府一。
There were three Uyghur prefectures and one area command.
118
蹛林州以思結別部置。 金水州賀蘭州
Duilin Prefecture was established on the Sijie splinter tribe. Jinshui Prefecture and Helan Prefecture.
119
盧山都督府以思結部置。
The Lushan area command was established on the Sijie tribe.
120
右初隸燕然都護府,總章元年隸涼州都督府。
At first it was subordinate to the Yanran Protectorate; in Zongzhang 1 (668) it came under the Liangzhou area command.
121
党項州七十三,府一,縣一。
There were seventy-three Tangut prefectures, one area command, and one county.
122
馬邑州開元十七年置,在秦、成二州山谷間。 寶應元年徙于成州之鹽井故城。
Mayi Prefecture was established in Kaiyuan 17 (729), in the valleys between Qin and Cheng prefectures. In Baoying 1 (762) it was moved to the old Salt Well city in Cheng Prefecture.
123
右隸秦州都督府
It was subordinate to the Qinzhou area command.
124
保塞州
Baosai Prefecture.
125
右隸臨州都督府
It was subordinate to the Linzhou area command.
126
密恭縣高宗上元三年為吐蕃所破,因廢,後復置。
Migong County was destroyed by the Tibetans in Shangyuan 3 (676) and abolished; it was later restored.
127
右隸洮州
It was subordinate to Taozhou.
128
叢州貞觀三年置。 縣三:寧遠,臨泉,臨河。 崌州貞觀元年以降戶置。 縣二:江源,落稽。 奉州本西仁州,貞觀元年置,八年更名。 縣三:奉德,恩安,永慈。 巖州本西金州,貞觀五年置,八年更名。 縣三:金池,甘松,丹巖。 遠州本西懷州,貞觀四年置,八年更名。 縣二:羅水,小部川。 麟州本西麟州,貞觀五年置,八年更名。 縣七:硤川,和善,劍具,硤源,三交,利恭,東陵。 可州本西義州,貞觀四年置,八年更名。 縣三:義誠,清化,靜方。 闊州貞觀五年置。 縣二:闊源,落吳。 彭州本洪州,貞觀三年置,七年更名。 縣四:洪川,歸遠,臨津,歸正。 直州本西集州,貞觀五年置,八年更名。 縣二:集川,新川。 肆州貞觀五年置。 縣四:歸唐,芳叢,鹽水,磨山。 序州貞觀十年置。 靜州咸亨三年以內附部落置。
Cong Prefecture was established in Zhenguan 3 (629). It governed three counties: Ningyuan, Linquan, and Linhe. Qi Prefecture was established in Zhenguan 1 (627) on surrendered households. It governed two counties: Jiangyuan and Luoji. Feng Prefecture was originally Western Ren Prefecture, established in Zhenguan 1 (627) and renamed in the eighth year. It governed three counties: Fengde, En'an, and Yongci. Yan Prefecture was originally Western Jin Prefecture, established in Zhenguan 5 (631) and renamed in the eighth year. It governed three counties: Jinchi, Gansong, and Danyan. Yuan Prefecture was originally Western Huai Prefecture, established in Zhenguan 4 (630) and renamed in the eighth year. It governed two counties: Luoshui and Xiaobuchuan. Lin Prefecture was originally Western Lin Prefecture, established in Zhenguan 5 (631) and renamed in the eighth year. It governed seven counties: Xiachuan, Heshan, Jianju, Xiayuan, Sanjiao, Ligong, and Dongling. Ke Prefecture was originally Western Yi Prefecture, established in Zhenguan 4 (630) and renamed in the eighth year. It governed three counties: Yicheng, Qinghua, and Jingfang. Kuo Prefecture was established in Zhenguan 5 (631). It governed two counties: Kuoyuan and Luowu. Peng Prefecture was originally Hong Prefecture, established in Zhenguan 3 (629) and renamed in the seventh year. It governed four counties: Hongchuan, Guiyuan, Linjin, and Guizheng. Zhi Prefecture was originally Western Ji Prefecture, established in Zhenguan 5 (631) and renamed in the eighth year. It governed two counties: Jichuan and Xinchuan. Si Prefecture was established in Zhenguan 5 (631). It governed four counties: Guitang, Fangcong, Yanshui, and Moshan. Xu Prefecture was established in Zhenguan 10 (636). Jing Prefecture was established in Xianheng 3 (672) on tribes that submitted from within.
129
軌州都督府貞觀二年以細封步賴部置。 縣四:玉成,金原,俄徹,通川。 以上有版。
The Gui Prefecture area command was established in Zhenguan 2 (628) on the Xifeng Bulai tribe. It governed four counties: Yucheng, Jinyuan, Eche, and Tongchuan. The above had registered populations.
130
研州探那州忋州毗州河州幹州瓊州犀州龕州陪州如州麻州霸州䃹州光州至涼州曄州思帝州統州穀邛州達違州萬卑州慈州融洮州執州答針州稅河州吳洛州齊帝州苗州始目州悉多州質州兆州求易州託州志德州延避州略州索京州柘剛州明桑州白豆州瓚州酋和州和昔州祝州索川州拔揭州鼓州飛州索渠州目州寶劍州津州柘鍾州紀州徽州以上無版。
Yan, Tanna, Ji, Pi, He, Gan, Qiong, Xi, Kan, Pei, Ru, Ma, Ba, Chan, Guang, Zhiliang, Ye, Side, Tong, Gugong, Dawei, Wanbei, Ci, Rongtaozhou, Zhi, Dazhen, Shuihe, Wuluo, Qidi, Miao, Shimu, Siduo, Zhi, Zhaozhou, Qiuyi, Tuo, Zhide, Yanbi, Lue, Suojing, Zhegang, Mingsang, Baidou, Zan, Qiouhe, Hexi, Zhu, Suochuan, Bajie, Gu, Fei, Suoqu, Mu, Baojian, Jin, Zhezhong, and Ji prefectures—the above had no registered populations.
131
右初隸松州都督府,肅宗時懿、蓋、嵯、諾、嶂、祐、臺、橋、浮、寶、玉、位、儒、歸、恤及西戎、西滄、樂容、歸德等州皆內徙,餘皆沒于吐蕃。
At first they were subordinate to the Songzhou area command. In the Suzong era Yi, Gai, Cuo, Nuo, Zhang, You, Tai, Qiao, Fu, Bao, Yu, Wei, Ru, Gui, Xu, and Xirong, Xicang, Rongrong, and Guide prefectures all moved inward; the rest were lost to the Tibetans.
132
乾封州歸義州順化州和寧州和義州保善州寧定州羅雲州朝鳳州以上寶應元年內附。 永定州永泰元年以永定等十二州部落內附,析置州十五。 宜芳州餘闕。
Qianfeng, Guiyi, Shunhua, He'ning, Heyi, Baoshan, Ningding, Luoyun, and Chaofeng prefectures—the above submitted from within in Baoying 1 (762). Yongding Prefecture: in Yongtai 1 (765) tribes of the twelve Yongding prefectures submitted from within and fifteen prefectures were established by splitting them off. Yifang Prefecture—the remainder is missing.
133
右闕。
Right: missing.
134
吐谷渾州一。
There was one Tuyuhun prefecture.
135
閤門州
Hemen Prefecture.
136
右隸涼州都督府
It was subordinate to the Liangzhou area command.
137
四鎮都督府,州三十四。 咸亨元年,吐蕃陷安西,因罷四鎮,長壽二年復置。
Four Garrisons area commands; prefectures: thirty-four. In Xianheng 1 (670) the Tibetans took Anxi and the Four Garrisons were abolished; in Changshou 2 (693) they were restored.
138
龜茲都督府,貞觀二十年平龜茲置。 領州九。 闕。
The Kucha area command was established in Zhenguan 20 (646) when Kucha was pacified. It governed nine prefectures. Missing.
139
毗沙都督府,本于闐國,貞觀二十二年內附,初置州五,高宗上元二年置府,析州為十。 領州十。 闕。
The Pisha area command was originally the kingdom of Khotan; it submitted from within in Zhenguan 22 (648), and at first five prefectures were established; in Shangyuan 2 (675) the command was established and the prefectures were split into ten. It governed ten prefectures. Missing.
140
焉耆都督府貞觀十八年滅焉耆置。 有碎葉城,調露元年,都護王方翼築,四面十二門,為屈曲隱出伏沒之狀云。
The Yanqi area command was established in Zhenguan 18 (644) when Yanqi was destroyed. There was Suyab City; in Tiaolu 1 (679) Protector-General Wang Fangyi built it with twelve gates on four sides, made to appear winding and hidden with ambush positions.
141
疏勒都督府,貞觀九年疏勒內附置。 領州十五。 闕。
The Shule area command was established in Zhenguan 9 (635) when Shule submitted from within. It governed fifteen prefectures. Missing.
142
河西內屬諸胡,州十二,府二。
Various Hu within Hexi: twelve prefectures and two area commands.
143
烏壘州和墨州溫府州蔚頭州遍城州耀建州寅度州豬拔州達滿州蒲順州郢及滿州乞乍州
Wulei, Hemozhou, Wenfuzhou, Weitou, Biancheng, Yaojian, Yindu, Zhubo, Daman, Pushun, Yingjimman, and Qizha prefectures.
144
媯塞都督府
The Guisai area command.
145
渠黎都督府
The Quli area command.
146
西域府十六,州七十二。 龍朔元年,以隴州南由令王名遠為吐火羅道置州縣使,自于闐以西,波斯以東,凡十六國,以其王都為都督府,以其屬部為州縣。 凡州八十八,縣百一十,軍、府百二十六。
Western Region area commands: sixteen; prefectures: seventy-two. In Longshuo 1 (661), Wang Mingyuan of Longzhou's Nanyou was made envoy of the Tuhuoluo circuit to establish prefectures and counties; from Khotan west to Persia east there were sixteen kingdoms in all, with each royal capital made an area command and each dependent division made a prefecture or county. In all there were eighty-eight prefectures, one hundred ten counties, and one hundred twenty-six garrisons and commands.
147
月支都督府,以吐火羅葉護阿緩城置。 領州二十五。 藍氏州以鉢勃城置。 大夏州以縛叱城置。 漢樓州以俱祿犍城置。 弗敵州以烏邏氈城置。 沙律州以咄城置。 媯水州以羯城置。 盤越州以忽婆城置。 忸密州以烏羅渾城置。 伽倍州以摩彥城置。 粟特州以阿捺臘城置。 鉢羅州以蘭城置。 雙泉州以悉計蜜悉帝城置。 祀惟州以昏磨城置。 遲散州以悉蜜言城置。 富樓州以乞施巘城置。 丁零州以泥射城置。 薄知州以析面城置。 桃槐州以阿臘城置。 大檀州以頰厥伊城具闕達官部落置。 伏盧州以播薩城置。 身毒州以乞澀職城置。 西戎州以突厥施怛駃城置。 篾頡州以騎失帝城置。 疊仗州以發部落城置。 苑湯州以拔特山城置。
The Yuezhi area command was established at Ahuan City, seat of the Tuhuoluo yabghu. It governed twenty-five prefectures. Lanshi Prefecture was established at Bibo City. Daxia Prefecture was established at Fuchi City. Hanlou Prefecture was established at Julujian City. Fudi Prefecture was established at Wuluozhan City. Shalü Prefecture was established at Zhuo City. Guishui Prefecture was established at Jie City. Panyue Prefecture was established at Hubo City. Numi Prefecture was established at Wuluohun City. Jiabei Prefecture was established at Moyan City. Sute Prefecture was established at Anala City. Boluo Prefecture was established at Lan City. Shuangquan Prefecture was established at Xijimi Side City. Siwei Prefecture was established at Hunmo City. Chisan Prefecture was established at Ximiyan City. Fulou Prefecture was established at Qishiyan City. Dingling Prefecture was established at Nishe City. Bozhi Prefecture was established at Ximian City. Taohuai Prefecture was established at Ala City. Datan Prefecture was established on the Jueyijicheng Jueguan tribe at Yicheng. Fulu Prefecture was established at Bosa City. Shendu Prefecture was established at Qisezhi City. Xirong Prefecture was established at Tujueshi Dijia City. Miejie Prefecture was established at Qishidi City. Diezhang Prefecture was established at Fabuluo City. Yuantang Prefecture was established at Batieshan City.
148
大汗都督府,以嚈噠部落活路城置。 領州十五。 附墨州以弩那城置。 奄蔡州以胡路城置。 依耐州以婆多楞薩達健城置。 犂州以少俱部落置。 榆令州以烏模言城置。 安屋州以遮瑟多城置。 罽陵州以數始城置。 碣石州以迦沙紛遮城置。 波知州以羯勞支城置。 烏丹州以烏捺斯城置。 諾色州以速利城置。 迷蜜州以順問城置。 盻頓州以乍城置。 宿利州以頌施谷部落置。 賀那州以汗曜部落置。 條支都督府,以訶達羅支國伏寶瑟顛城置。 領州九。 細柳州以護聞城置。 虞泉州以贊候瑟顛城置。 犂蘄州以據瑟部落置。 崦嵫州以遏忽部落置。 巨雀州以烏離難城置。 遺州以遺蘭部落置。 西海州以郝薩大城置。 鎮西州以活恨部落置。 乾陀州以縛狼部落置。
The Dahan area command was established at Huolu City of the Yeda tribe. It governed fifteen prefectures. Fumo Prefecture was established at Nuna City. Yancai Prefecture was established at Hulu City. Yinai Prefecture was established at Duoduohengsadajian City. Li Prefecture was established on the Shaoju tribe. Yuling Prefecture was established at Wumoyan City. Anwu Prefecture was established at Zheseduo City. Jiling Prefecture was established at Shushi City. Jieshi Prefecture was established at Jiashafenzhe City. Bozhi Prefecture was established at Jielaozhi City. Wudan Prefecture was established at Wunas City. Nuose Prefecture was established at Suli City. Mimi Prefecture was established at Shunwen City. Pandun Prefecture was established at Zha City. Suli Prefecture was established on the Songshigu tribe. Hena Prefecture was established on the Hanyao tribe. The Tiaozhi area command was established at Fubaosedian City of the Hedalazhi kingdom. It governed nine prefectures. Xiliu Prefecture was established at Huwen City. Yuquan Prefecture was established at Zanhousedian City. Liqí Prefecture was established on the Juse tribe. Yanzi Prefecture was established on the Ehu tribe. Juque Prefecture was established at Wulinan City. Yi Prefecture was established on the Yilan tribe. Xihai Prefecture was established at Haosada City. Zhenxi Prefecture was established on the Huohen tribe. Gantu Prefecture was established on the Bolang tribe.
149
天馬都督府,以解蘇國數瞞城置。 領州二。 洛那州以忽論城置。 束離州以達利薄紇城置。
The Tianma area command was established at Shuman City of the Jiesu kingdom. It governed two prefectures. Luona Prefecture was established at Hulun City. Shuli Prefecture was established at Dalibohe City.
150
高附都督府,以骨咄施沃沙城置。 領州二。 五翖州以葛邏犍城置。 休蜜州以烏斯城置。
The Gaofu area command was established at Wosha City of the Gutushi tribe. It governed two prefectures. Wuxi Prefecture was established at Geluoqian City. Xiumi Prefecture was established at Wusi City.
151
脩鮮都督府,以罽賓國遏紇城置。 領州十。 毗舍州以羅漫城置。 陰米州以賤那城置。 波路州以和藍城置。 龍池州以遺恨城置。 烏弋州以塞奔你邏斯城置。 羅羅州以濫犍城置。 檀特州以半製城置。 烏利州以勃逸城置。 漠州以鶻換城置。 懸度州以布路犍城置。
The Xiuxian area command was established at Ehe City of the Kapisa kingdom. It governed ten prefectures. Pishe Prefecture was established at Luoman City. Yinmi Prefecture was established at Jianna City. Bolu Prefecture was established at Helan City. Longchi Prefecture was established at Yihan City. Wuyi Prefecture was established at Saibenniluosi City. Luoluo Prefecture was established at Lanqian City. Tante Prefecture was established at Banzhi City. Wuli Prefecture was established at Boyi City. Mo Prefecture was established at Hehuan City. Xuandu Prefecture was established at Buluqian City.
152
寫鳳都督府,以帆延國羅爛城置。 領州四。 嶰谷州以肩捺城置。 泠淪州以俟麟城置。 悉萬州以縛時伏城置。 鉗敦州以未臘薩旦城置。
The Xiefeng area command was established at Luolan City of the Fanyan kingdom. It governed four prefectures. Xiegu Prefecture was established at Jianna City. Linglun Prefecture was established at Qilin City. Xiwan Prefecture was established at Fushifuo City. Qiandun Prefecture was established at Weilasadan City.
153
悅般州都督府,以石汗那國豔城置。 領雙靡州。 以俱蘭城置。
The Yueban Prefecture area command was established at Yan City of the Shihanna kingdom. It governed Shuangmi Prefecture. It was established at Julan City.
154
奇沙州都督府,以護時犍國遏蜜城置。 領州二。 沛隸州以漫山城置。 大秦州以叡蜜城置。
The Qisha Prefecture area command was established at Emi City of the Hushijian kingdom. It governed two prefectures. Peili Prefecture was established at Manshan City. Daqin Prefecture was established at Ruimi City.
155
姑墨州都督府,以怛沒國怛沒城置。 領栗弋州。 以弩羯城置。
The Gumo Prefecture area command was established at Danmo City of the Danmo kingdom. It governed Liyi Prefecture. It was established at Nujie City.
156
旅獒州都督府以烏拉喝國摩竭城置。
The Lü'ao Prefecture area command was established at Mojie City of the Wulahe kingdom.
157
崑墟州都督府以多勒建國低寶那城置。
The Kunxu Prefecture area command was established at Dibaona City of the Duolejian kingdom.
158
至拔州都督府以俱蜜國褚瑟城置。
The Zhiba Prefecture area command was established at Chuse City of the Jumi kingdom.
159
鳥飛州都督府,以護蜜多國摸逵城置。 領鉢和州。 以娑勒色訶城置。
The Wufei Prefecture area command was established at Mojue City of the Humiduo kingdom. It governed Bohe Prefecture. It was established at Suolesehe City.
160
王庭州都督府以久越得犍國步師城置。
The Wangting Prefecture area command was established at Bushi City of the Jiuyuede Qian kingdom.
161
波斯都督府以波斯國疾陵城置。
The Persia area command was established at Jiling City of the Persian kingdom.
162
右隸安西都護府
They were subordinate to the Anxi Protectorate.
163
劍南道
Jiannan Circuit.
164
諸羌州百六十八。
Various Qiang prefectures: one hundred sixty-eight.
165
西雅州貞觀五年置。 縣三:新城,三泉,石龍。 蛾州貞觀五年置。 縣二:常平,那川。 拱州顯慶元年以鉢南伏浪恐部置。 劍州永徽五年以大首領凍就部落置。
Xiya Prefecture was established in Zhenguan 5 (631). It governed three counties: Xincheng, Sanquan, and Shilong. E Prefecture was established in Zhenguan 5 (631). It governed two counties: Changping and Nachuan. Gong Prefecture was established in Xianqing 1 (656) on the Bonan Fulangkong tribe. Jian Prefecture was established in Yonghui 5 (654) on the great chieftain Dongjiu tribe.
166
右隸松州都督府
It was subordinate to the Songzhou area command.
167
塗州武德元年以臨塗羌內附置,領臨塗、端源、婆覽三縣。 貞觀元年州廢,縣亦省。 二年析茂州之端源戍復置,縣三:端源,臨塗,悉隣。 炎州本西封州,貞觀五年開生羌置,八年更名。 縣三:大封,慕仙,義川。 徹州貞觀六年以西羌董洞貴部落置。 縣三:文徹,俄耳,文進。 向州貞觀五年以生羌置。 縣二:貝左,向貳。 冉州本西冉州,貞觀六年以徼外斂才羌地置,八年更名,九年第為冉州。 縣四:冉山,磨山,玉溪,金水。 穹州本西博州,貞觀五年以生羌置,八年更名。 縣五:小川,徹當,璧川,當博,恭耳。 笮州本西恭州,貞觀七年以白狗羌戶置,八年更名。 縣三:遂都,亭勸,比思。 蓬魯州永徽二年,特浪生羌董悉奉求、辟惠生羌卜檐莫等種落萬餘戶內附,又析置州三十二。 姜州恕州葛州勿州鞮州占州達州浪州邠州斂州補州賴州那州舉州多州爾州射州鐸州平祭州時州箭州婆州浩州質州居州可州宕州歸化州柰州竺州卓州
Tu Prefecture was established in Wude 1 (618) when the Lintu Qiang submitted from within, governing Lintu, Duanyuan, and Polan counties. In Zhenguan 1 (627) the prefecture was abolished and the counties were also dropped. In the second year the Duanyuan garrison of Maozhou was split off and restored; it governed three counties: Duanyuan, Lintu, and Xilin. Yan Prefecture was originally Western Feng Prefecture, opened on the Sheng Qiang in Zhenguan 5 (631) and renamed in the eighth year. It governed three counties: Dafeng, Muxian, and Yichuan. Che Prefecture was established in Zhenguan 6 (632) on the Western Qiang Dongdonggui tribe. It governed three counties: Wenche, E'er, and Wenjin. Xiang Prefecture was established in Zhenguan 5 (631) on the Sheng Qiang. It governed two counties: Beizuo and Xiang'er. Ran Prefecture was originally Western Ran Prefecture, established in Zhenguan 6 (632) on lands of the Lianwai Lianzai Qiang and renamed in the eighth year; in the ninth year it was again made Ran Prefecture. It governed four counties: Ranshan, Moshan, Yuxi, and Jinshui. Qiong Prefecture was originally Western Bo Prefecture, established in Zhenguan 5 (631) on the Sheng Qiang and renamed in the eighth year. It governed five counties: Xiaochuan, Chedang, Bichuan, Dangbo, and Gong'er. Zha Prefecture was originally Western Gong Prefecture, established in Zhenguan 7 (633) on Baigou Qiang households and renamed in the eighth year. It governed three counties: Suidu, Tingquan, and Bisi. Penglü Prefecture: in Yonghui 2 (651), more than ten thousand households of the Telang Sheng Qiang led by Dongxifengqiu and Puhuisheng Qiang Bozhanmo submitted from within, and thirty-two prefectures were also established by splitting them off. Jiang, Shu, Ge, Wu, Di, Zhan, Da, Lang, Bin, Lian, Bu, Lai, Na, Ju, Duo, Er, She, Duo, Ke, Pingji, Shi, Jian, Po, Hao, Zhi, Ju, Ke, Dang, Guihua, Nai, Zhu, and Zhuo prefectures.
168
右隸茂州都督府
They were subordinate to the Maozhou area command.
169
思亮州杜州初漢州孚川州渠川州丘盧州祐州計州龍施州月亂州浪彌州月邊州團州櫃州威川州米羌州
Siliang, Du, Chuhan, Fuchuan, Quchuan, Qiulu, You, Ji, Longshi, Yueluan, Langmi, Yuebian, Tuan, Gui, Weichuan, and Miqiang prefectures.
170
右隸巂州都督府
They were subordinate to the Xizhou area command.
171
當馬州此下二十一州,天寶前置。 林波州中川州林燒州鉗矢州會野州當仁州金林州東嘉梁州西嘉梁州東石乳州西石乳州涉邛州汶東州費林州徐渠州彊雞州長臂州楊常州羅巖州初隸黎州都督,後來屬。 雉州椎梅州此下三十六州,開元後置。 三井州束鋒州名配州鉗恭州斜恭州畫重州羅林州籠羊州龍逢州敢川州驚川州楇眉州木燭州當品州嚴城州昌磊州鉗幷州作重州楇林州三恭州布嵐州欠馬州羅蓬州論川州讓川州遠南州卑廬州夔龍州耀川州金川州鹽井州涼川州夏梁州甫和州橛查州
Dangma Prefecture—the following twenty-one prefectures were established before Tianbao. Linbo, Zhongchuan, Linshao, Qianshi, Huiye, Dangren, Jinlin, Dongjialiang, Xijialiang, Dongshiru, Xishiru, Sheqiong, Wendong, Feilin, Xuqu, Qiangji, Changbi, Yangchang, and Luoyan prefectures—at first subordinate to the Lizhou area command and later came under [subsequent jurisdiction]. Zhi Prefecture and Chuimei Prefecture—the following thirty-six prefectures were established after Kaiyuan. Sanjing, Shufeng, Mingpei, Qiangong, Xiegong, Huazhong, Luolin, Longyang, Longfeng, Ganchuan, Jingchuan, Kuomei, Muzhu, Dangpin, Yancheng, Changlei, Qianbing, Zuozhong, Kuolin, Sangong, Bulan, Qianma, Luopeng, Lunchuan, Rangchuan, Yuannan, Beilu, Kuilong, Yaochuan, Jinchuan, Yanjing, Liangchuan, Xi, Fuhe, and Juecha prefectures.
172
右隸雅州都督府
They were subordinate to the Yazhou area command.
173
奉上州此下二十二州,開元前置。 輒榮州劇川州合欽州蓬口州博盧州明川州胣䏢州蓬矢州大渡州米川州木屬州河東州甫嵐州昌明州歸化州初隸巂州,後來屬。 象川州叢夏州和良州和都州附樹州東川州上貴州此下二十八州,開元十七年置。 滑川州比川州吉川州甫萼州比地州蒼榮州野川州邛凍州貴林州牒珍州浪彌州郎郭州上欽州時蓬州儼馬州邛川州護邛州脚川州開望州上蓬州比蓬州剝重州久護州瑤劍州明昌州護川州索古州此下三州,大和以前置。 諾柞州柏坡州
Fengshang Prefecture—the following twenty-two prefectures were established before Kaiyuan. Zherong, Juchuan, Heqin, Pengkou, Bolu, Mingchuan, Tizhi, Pengshi, Dadu, Michuan, Mushu, Hedong, Fulan, Changming, and Guihua prefectures—at first subordinate to Xizhou and later came under [subsequent jurisdiction]. Xiangchuan, Congxia, Heliang, Hedou, Fushu, Dongchuan, and Shanggui prefectures—the following twenty-eight prefectures were established in Kaiyuan 17 (729). Huachuan, Bichuan, Jichuan, Fue, Bidi, Cangrong, Yechuan, Qiongdong, Guilin, Diezhen, Langmi, Langguo, Shangqin, Shipeng, Yanma, Qiongchuan, Huqiong, Jiaochuan, Kaiwang, Shangpeng, Bipeng, Bochong, Jiuhu, Yaojian, Mingchang, Huchuan, and Suogu prefectures—the following three prefectures were established before the Dahe era. Nuozha Prefecture and Baipo Prefecture.
174
右隸黎州都督府
They were subordinate to the Lizhou area command.
175
諸蠻州九十二。 皆無城邑,椎髻皮服,惟來集于都督府,則衣冠如華人焉。
Various Man prefectures: ninety-two. All had no walled cities; with topknots and leather garments they gathered only at the area command, where they dressed in Chinese-style robes and caps.
176
南寧州漢夜郎地。 武德元年開南中,因故同樂縣置,治味。 四年置總管府。 五年僑治益州。 八年復治味,更名郎州。 貞觀元年罷都督。 開元五年復故名。 天寶末沒于蠻,因廢。 唐末復置州于清溪鎮,去黔州二十九日行。 縣七:味,同樂,升麻,同起,新豐,隴堤,泉麻。 昆州本隋置,隋亂廢。 武德元年開南中,復置。 土貢:牛黃。 縣四:益寧,晉寧,安寧,秦臧。 有滇池,在晉寧。 其秦臧,則故臧漢地也。 棃州本西寧州,武德七年析南寧州二縣置,貞觀八年更名。 北接昆州。 縣二:梁水,絳。 匡州本南雲州,武德七年置,貞觀八年更名。 漢永昌郡地。 縣二:勃弄,匡川。 髳州本西濮州,武德四年置,貞觀十一年更名。 漢越巂郡地,南接姚州。 縣四:濮水,青蛉,岐星,銅山。 尹州武德四年置,北接髳州。 縣五:馬邑,天池,鹽泉,百泉,涌泉。 曾州武德四年置,西接匡州。 縣五:曾,三部,神泉,龍亭,長和。 鉤州本南龍州,武德七年置,貞觀十一年更名。 東北接昆州。 縣二:望水,唐封。 裒州武德七年置。 本弄棟地,南接姚州。 縣二:楊彼,樂彊。 宗州本西宗州,武德七年置,貞觀十一年第名宗州。 北接姚州。 縣三:宗居,石塔,河西。 微州本西利州,武德七年置,貞觀十一年更名。 北接縻州。 縣二:深利,十部。 縻州本西豫州,武德七年置,貞觀三年更名。 南接姚州。 初為都督府,督縻、望、謻羅三州,後罷都督。 縣二:磨豫,七部。 望州貞觀末以諸蠻內附,與傍州同置,初隸郎州都督,後來屬。 謻羅州盤州本西平州,武德四年置,貞觀八年更名。 故興古郡地,其南交州。 縣三:附唐,平夷,盤水。 麻州貞觀二十二年析郎州置。 英州聲州勤州傍州貞觀二十三年,諸蠻末徒莫祗、儉望二種落內附,置傍、望、求、丘、覽五州。 求州丘州覽州咸州瀘慈州歸武州嚴州湯望州武德州奏龍州武鎮州本武恆,避穆宗名改。 南唐州連州縣六:當為,都寧,邏遊,羅龍,加平,清坎。 南州析盈州置。 縣三:播政,百榮,洪盧。 德州析志州置。 縣二:羅連,萬巖。 為州析扶德州置。 縣二:扶,羅僧。 洛州析鏡州置。 縣四:臨津,賓夷,曾城,葱藥。 移州析悅州置。 縣三:移當,臨河,湯陵。 悅州縣六:甘泉,青賓,臨川,悅水,夷鄰,胡璠。 鏡州縣六:夷郎,賓唐,溪琳,琮連,池臨,野幷。 筠州縣八:鹽水,筠山,羅余,臨居,澄瀾,臨崑,唐川,尋源。 志州「志」一作「總」。 縣四:浮萍,雞惟,夷賓,河西。 盈州縣四:盈川,塗賽,播陵,施燕。 武昌州縣七:洪武,羅虹,琅林,夷朗,來賓,羅新,綺婆。 扶德州縣三:宋水,扶德,阿陰。 播朗州析鞏州置。 縣三:播勝,從顏,順化。 信州居州炎州馴州縣五:馴祿,天池,方陀,羅藏,播騁。 騁州縣二:斛木,羅相。 浪川州貞元十三年,節度使韋皋表置。 縣五:郎浪,郎違,何度,郎仁,因閤。 協州本隋置,隋亂廢。 武德元年開南中復置,縣三:東安,西安,胡津。 靖州析協州置。 縣二:靖川,分協。 曲州本恭州,隋置,隋亂廢。 武德元年開南中復置,八年更名。 故朱提郡,北接協州。 縣二:朱提,唐興。 朱提,本安上,武德七年更名。 播陵州析盈州置。 鉗州析開邊縣置。 哥靈州滈州縣三:拱平,掃宮,羅谷。 切騎州縣四:柳池,奏祿,縻託,通識。 品州縣三:八秤,松花,牧。 從州縣六:從花,昆池,武安,羅林,梯山,南寧。 牱連州縣三:牱連,羅名,新戍。 碾衞州縣三:麻金,碾衞,涪麻。
Nanning Prefecture was the land of ancient Yelang. In Wude 1 (618) the south was opened and it was established on former Tongle County, seat at Wei. In the fourth year a general command headquarters was established. In the fifth year administration was provisionally at Yizhou. In the eighth year the seat returned to Wei and it was renamed Lang Prefecture. In Zhenguan 1 (627) the area command was abolished. In Kaiyuan 5 (717) the former name was restored. At the end of Tianbao it was lost to the Man and abolished. At the end of Tang the prefecture was restored at Qingxi Town, twenty-nine days' travel from Qian Prefecture. It governed seven counties: Wei, Tongle, Shengma, Tongqi, Xinfeng, Longdi, and Quanma. Kun Prefecture was originally established in Sui; it was abolished in the Sui disorders. In Wude 1 (618) the south was opened and it was restored. Local tribute: ox bezoar. It governed four counties: Yining, Jinning, Anning, and Qinzang. There is Dian Lake, in Jinning. Its Qinzang is the land of former Zanghan. Li Prefecture was originally Western Ning Prefecture, established in Wude 7 (624) by splitting two counties from Nanning Prefecture and renamed in Zhenguan 8 (634). It bordered Kun Prefecture to the north. It governed two counties: Liangshui and Jiang. Kuang Prefecture was originally Nanyun Prefecture, established in Wude 7 (624) and renamed in Zhenguan 8 (634). It lay in the land of Han Yongchang commandery. It governed two counties: Bolong and Kuangchuan. Mao Prefecture was originally Western Pu Prefecture, established in Wude 4 (621) and renamed in Zhenguan 11 (637). It lay in the land of Han Yuexi commandery and bordered Ya Prefecture to the south. It governed four counties: Pushui, Qingling, Qixing, and Tongshan. Yin Prefecture was established in Wude 4 (621), bordering Mao Prefecture to the north. It governed five counties: Mayi, Tianchi, Yanquan, Baiquan, and Yongquan. Zeng Prefecture was established in Wude 4 (621), bordering Kuang Prefecture to the west. It governed five counties: Zeng, Sanbu, Shenquan, Longting, and Changhe. Gou Prefecture was originally Nanlong Prefecture, established in Wude 7 (624) and renamed in Zhenguan 11 (637). It bordered Kun Prefecture to the northeast. It governed two counties: Wangshui and Tangfeng. Pou Prefecture was established in Wude 7 (624). Originally Nongdong territory; it bordered Ya Prefecture to the south. It governed two counties: Yangbi and Leqiang. Zong Prefecture was originally Western Zong Prefecture, established in Wude 7 (624); in Zhenguan 11 (637) it was again named Zong Prefecture. It bordered Ya Prefecture to the north. It governed three counties: Zongju, Shita, and Hexi. Wei Prefecture was originally Western Li Prefecture, established in Wude 7 (624) and renamed in Zhenguan 11 (637). It bordered Mi Prefecture to the north. It governed two counties: Shenli and Shibu. Mi Prefecture was originally Western Yu Prefecture, established in Wude 7 (624) and renamed in Zhenguan 3 (629). It bordered Ya Prefecture to the south. At first it was an area command governing Mi, Wang, and Xiluo prefectures; the area command was later abolished. It governed two counties: Moyu and Qibu. Wang Prefecture was established at the end of Zhenguan when various Man submitted from within and was established together with neighboring prefectures; at first subordinate to the Lang Prefecture area command and later came under [subsequent jurisdiction]. Xiluo Prefecture; Pan Prefecture was originally Western Ping Prefecture, established in Wude 4 (621) and renamed in Zhenguan 8 (634). Former Xinggu commandery territory; to its south was Jiao Prefecture. It governed three counties: Futang, Pingyi, and Panshui. Ma Prefecture was established in Zhenguan 22 (648) by splitting off from Lang Prefecture. Ying, Sheng, Qin, and Bang prefectures—in Zhenguan 23 (649) the final Man tribes Motuozhi and Jianwang submitted from within and Bang, Wang, Qiu, and Lan—five prefectures—were established. Qiu, Lan, Xian, Luci, Guiwu, Yan, Tangwang, Wude, Zoulong, and Wuzhen prefectures—originally Wuheng; renamed to avoid the taboo name of Emperor Muzong. Nantang and Lian prefectures—six counties: Dangwei, Dunning, Luoyou, Luolong, Jiaping, and Qingkan. Nan Prefecture was established by splitting off from Ying Prefecture. It governed three counties: Bozheng, Birong, and Honglu. De Prefecture was established by splitting off from Zhi Prefecture. It governed two counties: Luolian and Wanyan. Wei Prefecture was established by splitting off from Fude Prefecture. It governed two counties: Fu and Luoseng. Luo Prefecture was established by splitting off from Jing Prefecture. It governed four counties: Linjin, Binyi, Zengcheng, and Congyao. Yi Prefecture was established by splitting off from Yue Prefecture. It governed three counties: Yidang, Linhe, and Tangling. Yue Prefecture—six counties: Ganquan, Qingbin, Linchuan, Yueshui, Yilin, and Hufan. Jing Prefecture—six counties: Yilang, Bintang, Xilin, Conglian, Chilin, and Yebing. Yun Prefecture—eight counties: Yanshui, Yunshan, Luoyu, Linju, Chenglan, Linkun, Tangchuan, and Xunyuan. Zhi Prefecture—"Zhi" in one version reads "Zong". It governed four counties: Fuping, Jiwei, Yibin, and Hexi. Ying Prefecture—four counties: Yingchuan, Tousai, Boling, and Shiyan. Wuchang Prefecture—seven counties: Hongwu, Luohong, Langlin, Yilang, Laibin, Luoxin, and Qipo. Fude Prefecture—three counties: Songshui, Fude, and Ayin. Bolang Prefecture was established by splitting off from Gong Prefecture. It governed three counties: Bosheng, Congyan, and Shunhua. Xin, Ju, Yan, and Xun prefectures—five counties: Xunlu, Tianchi, Fangtuo, Luocang, and Bocheng. Cheng Prefecture—two counties: Humu and Luoxiang. Langchuan Prefecture: in Zhenyuan 13 (797) Circuit Commissioner Wei Gao memorialized to establish it. It governed five counties: Langlang, Langwei, Hedou, Langren, and Yinhe. Xie Prefecture was originally established in Sui; it was abolished in the Sui disorders. In Wude 1 (618) the south was opened and it was restored; it governed three counties: Dong'an, Xi'an, and Hujin. Jing Prefecture was established by splitting off from Xie Prefecture. It governed two counties: Jingchuan and Fenxie. Qu Prefecture was originally Gong Prefecture, established in Sui and abolished in the Sui disorders. In Wude 1 (618) the south was opened and it was restored; it was renamed in the eighth year. Former Zhuti commandery; it bordered Xie Prefecture to the north. It governed two counties: Zhuti and Tangxing. Zhuti was originally Anshang; it was renamed in Wude 7 (624). Boling Prefecture was established by splitting off from Ying Prefecture. Qian Prefecture was established by splitting off from Kaibian County. Geling Prefecture and Hao Prefecture—three counties: Gongping, Saogong, and Luogu. Qieqi Prefecture—four counties: Liuchi, Zoulu, Mituo, and Tongshi. Pin Prefecture—three counties: Bacheng, Songhua, and Mu. Cong Prefecture—six counties: Conghua, Kunshi, Wu'an, Luolin, Tishan, and Nanning. Qianlian Prefecture—three counties: Qianlian, Luoming, and Xinshu. Nianwei Prefecture—three counties: Majin, Nianwei, and Fuma.
177
右隸戎州都督府
They were subordinate to the Rongzhou area command.
178
于州武德四年以古滇王國民多姚姓,因置姚州都督,幷置州十三。 異州五陵州䄂州和往州舍利州范鄧州野共州洪郎州日南州眉鄧州邆備州洛諾州
Yu Prefecture: in Wude 4 (621), because the people of the ancient Dian kingdom were mostly surnamed Yao, the Ya Prefecture area command was established together with thirteen prefectures. Yi, Wuling, Shao, Hewang, Sheli, Fandeng, Yegong, Honglang, Rinan, Meideng, Taibei, and Luonuo prefectures.
179
右隸姚州都督府
They were subordinate to the Yao Prefecture area command.
180
納州都寧郡儀鳳二年開山洞置。 縣八:羅圍,播羅,施陽,都寧,羅當,羅藍,都,胡茂。 先天二年與薩、晏、鞏皆降為羈縻。 薩州黃池郡儀鳳二年招生獠置。 縣二:黃池,播陵。 晏州羅陽郡儀鳳二年招生獠置。 縣七:思峩,牱陰,新賓,扶來,思晏,哆罔,羅陽。 鞏州因忠郡儀鳳二年開山洞置。 縣五:哆摟,都檀,波婆,比求,播郎。 奉州儀鳳二年開山洞置。 縣二:牱里,邏蓬。 浙州儀鳳二年開山洞置。 縣四:浙源,越賓,洛川,鱗山。 順州載初二年置。 縣五:曲水,順山,靈巖,來猿,龍池。 思峩州天授二年置。 縣二:多溪,洛溪。 淯州久視元年置。 縣四:新定,淯川,固城,居牢。 能州大足元年置。 縣四:長寧,來銀,菊池,猿山。 高州縣三:牱巴,移甫,徒西。 宋州縣四:牱龍,牱支,宋水,盧吾。 長寧州縣四:婆員,波居,青盧,羅門。 定州縣二:支江,扶德。
Na Prefecture, Dunning commandery—established in Yifeng 2 (677) by opening mountain caves. It governed eight counties: Luowei, Boluo, Shiyang, Dunning, Luodang, Luolan, Du, and Humao. In Xiantian 2 (713) it was demoted to ji-mi status together with Sa, Yan, and Gong. Sa Prefecture, Huangchi commandery—established in Yifeng 2 (677) by recruiting Sheng Liao. It governed two counties: Huangchi and Boling. Yan Prefecture, Luoyang commandery—established in Yifeng 2 (677) by recruiting Sheng Liao. It governed seven counties: Si'e, Qianyin, Xinbin, Fulai, Siyan, Duowang, and Luoyang. Gong Prefecture, Yinzhong commandery—established in Yifeng 2 (677) by opening mountain caves. It governed five counties: Duolou, Dutang, Bopo, Biqiu, and Bolang. Feng Prefecture—established in Yifeng 2 (677) by opening mountain caves. It governed two counties: Qianli and Luopeng. Zhe Prefecture—established in Yifeng 2 (677) by opening mountain caves. It governed four counties: Zheyuan, Yuebin, Luochuan, and Linshan. Shun Prefecture—established in Zaichu 2 (689). It governed five counties: Qushui, Shunshan, Lingyan, Laiyuan, and Longchi. Si'e Prefecture—established in Tianshou 2 (691). It governed two counties: Duoxi and Luoxi. Yu Prefecture—established in Jiushi 1 (700). It governed four counties: Xinding, Yuchuan, Gucheng, and Julao. Neng Prefecture—established in Dazu 1 (701). It governed four counties: Changning, Laiyin, Juchi, and Yuanshan. Gao Prefecture—three counties: Qianba, Yifu, and Tuxi. Song Prefecture—four counties: Qianlong, Qianzhi, Songshui, and Luwu. Changning Prefecture—four counties: Poyuan, Boju, Qinglu, and Luomen. Ding Prefecture—two counties: Zhijiang and Fude.
181
右隸瀘州都督府
They were subordinate to the Luzhou area command.
182
江南道
Jiangnan Circuit.
183
諸蠻州五十一。
Various Man prefectures: fifty-one.
184
牂州武德三年以牂柯首領謝龍羽地置,四年更名柯州,後復故名。 初,牂、琰、莊、充、應、矩六州皆為下州,開元中降牂、琰、莊為羈縻,天寶三載又降充、應、矩為羈縻。 縣三:建安,賓化,新興。 建安,本牂柯,武德二年更名。 新興與州同置。 琰州貞觀四年置。 縣五:武侯,望江,應江,始安,東南。 貞觀中又領隆昆、琰川二縣,後省。 莊州本南壽州,貞觀三年以南謝蠻首領謝彊地置,四年更名,十一年為都督府,景龍二年罷都督。 故隋牂柯郡地。 南百里有桂嶺關。 縣七:石牛,南陽,輕水,多樂,樂安,石城,新安。 貞觀中又領清蘭縣,後省。 充州武德三年以牂柯蠻別部置,縣七:平蠻,東停,韶明,牂柯,東陵,辰水,思王。 應州貞觀三年以東謝首領謝元深地置,縣五:都尚,婆覽,應江,陁隆,羅恭。 矩州武德四年置。 明州貞觀中以西趙首領趙磨酋地置。 蒍州勞州羲州福州犍州邦州清州峩州蠻州縣一:巴江。 [上山下歐]州「[上山下歐]」一作「鼓」。 濡州琳州縣三:多梅,古陽,多奉。 鸞州令州那州暉州都州總州咸亨三年,昆明十四姓率戶二萬內屬分置。 敦州咸亨三年析內屬昆明部置,縣六:武寧,溝水,古質,昆川,叢燕,孤雲。 殷州咸亨三年析昆明部置,後廢。 開元十五年分戎州復置,後又廢。 貞元二年,節度使韋皋表復置。 故南漢之境也。 縣五:殷川,東公,龍原,韋川,賓川。 初與敦州皆隸戎州都督,後來屬。 候州晃州樊州稜州添州普寧州功州亮州茂龍州延州訓州卿州貞觀十五年置。 雙城州整州懸州撫水州縣四:撫水,古勞,多蓬,京水。 思源州逸州南平州勳州襲州寶州萬歲通天二年以昆明夷內附置。 姜州鴻州縣五:樂鴻,思翁,都部,新庭,臨川。
Qiang Prefecture was established in Wude 3 (620) on the territory of Qiangke chieftain Xie Longyu; in the fourth year it was renamed Ke Prefecture and later the former name was restored. At first Qiang, Yan, Zhuang, Chong, Ying, and Ju—six prefectures—were all lower-grade prefectures; in the Kaiyuan era Qiang, Yan, and Zhuang were demoted to ji-mi status, and in Tianbao 3 (744) Chong, Ying, and Ju were also demoted to ji-mi status. It governed three counties: Jian'an, Binhua, and Xinxing. Jian'an was originally Qiangke; it was renamed in Wude 2 (619). Xinxing was established together with the prefecture. Yan Prefecture was established in Zhenguan 4 (630). It governed five counties: Wuhou, Wangjiang, Yingjiang, Shi'an, and Dongnan. In the Zhenguan era it also governed Longkun and Yanchuan counties; both were later dropped. Zhuang Prefecture was originally Nanshou Prefecture, established in Zhenguan 3 (629) on the territory of Southern Xie Man chieftain Xie Qiang, renamed in the fourth year, made an area command in the eleventh year, and the area command was abolished in Jinglong 2 (708). Former Sui Qiangke commandery territory. One hundred li south is Guiling Pass. It governed seven counties: Shiniu, Nanyang, Qingshui, Duole, Le'an, Shicheng, and Xin'an. In the Zhenguan era it also governed Qinglan County; it was later dropped. Chong Prefecture was established in Wude 3 (620) on a Qiangke Man splinter tribe; seven counties: Pingman, Dongting, Shaoming, Qiangke, Dongling, Chenshui, and Siwang. Ying Prefecture was established in Zhenguan 3 (629) on the territory of Eastern Xie chieftain Xie Yuanshen; five counties: Dushang, Polan, Yingjiang, Tuolong, and Luogong. Ju Prefecture was established in Wude 4 (621). Ming Prefecture was established in the Zhenguan era on the territory of Western Zhao chieftain Zhao Mochou. Wei, Lao, Xi, Fu, Qian, Bang, Qing, E, and Man prefectures—one county: Bajiang. [Shangshanxia Ou] Prefecture—"[Shangshanxia Ou]" in one version reads "Gu". Ru Prefecture and Lin Prefecture—three counties: Duomei, Guyang, and Duofeng. Luan, Ling, Na, Hui, Du, and Zong prefectures—in Xianheng 3 (672) fourteen surnames of the Kunming led twenty thousand households to submit from within and were split off to establish prefectures. Dun Prefecture was established in Xianheng 3 (672) by splitting off from submitted Kunming tribes; six counties: Wuning, Goushui, Guzhi, Kunchuan, Congyan, and Guyun. Yin Prefecture was established in Xianheng 3 (672) by splitting off from Kunming tribes; it was later abolished. In Kaiyuan 15 (727) it was restored by splitting off from Rong Prefecture; it was later abolished again. In Zhenyuan 2 (786) Circuit Commissioner Wei Gao memorialized to restore it. Former Southern Han territory. It governed five counties: Yinchuan, Donggong, Longyuan, Weichuan, and Binchuan. At first both it and Dun Prefecture were subordinate to the Rongzhou area command; later came under [subsequent jurisdiction]. Hou, Huang, Fan, Leng, Tian, Puning, Gong, Liang, Maolong, Yan, Xun, and Qing prefectures—established in Zhenguan 15 (641). Shuangcheng, Zheng, Xuan, and Fushui prefectures—four counties: Fushui, Gulao, Duopeng, and Jingshui. Siyuan, Yi, Nanping, Xun, Xi, and Bao prefectures—established in Wansui Tongtian 2 (697) when Kunming Yi submitted from within. Jiang and Hong prefectures—five counties: Lehong, Siweng, Dubu, Xinting, and Linchuan.
185
右隸黔州都督府
They were subordinate to the Qian Prefecture area command.
186
嶺南道
Lingnan Circuit.
187
諸蠻州九十二。
Various Man prefectures: ninety-two.
188
紆州縣六:東區,吉陵,賓安,南山,都邦,紆質。 歸思州思順州縣五:羅遵,履博,都恩,吉南,許水。 蕃州縣三:蕃水,都伊,思寮。 溫泉州溫泉郡土貢:金。 縣二:溫泉,洛富。 述昆州土貢:桂心。 縣五:夷蒙,夷水,古桂,臨山,都隴。 格州
Xu Prefecture—six counties: Dongqu, Jiling, Bin'an, Nanshan, Dubang, and Xuzhi. Guisi and Sishun prefectures—five counties: Luozun, Lubo, Duen, Jinan, and Xushui. Fan Prefecture—three counties: Fanshui, Duyi, and Siliao. Wenquan Prefecture, Wenquan commandery—local tribute: gold. It governed two counties: Wenquan and Luofu. Shukun Prefecture—local tribute: cassia heartwood. It governed five counties: Yimeng, Yishui, Gugui, Linshan, and Dulong. Ge Prefecture.
189
右隸桂州都督府
It was subordinate to the Guizhou area command.
190
椳州縣八:正平,富平,龍源,思恩,饒勉,武招,都象,歌良。 歸順州本歸淳,元和初更名。 思剛州侯州歸誠州倫州石西州思恩州思同州思明州縣一:顯川。 萬形州萬承州上思州談州思琅州波州員州功饒州萬德州左州思誠州𩹄州歸樂州青州得州七源州
Wei Prefecture—eight counties: Zhengping, Fuping, Longyuan, Si'en, Raomian, Wuzhao, Duxiang, and Geliang. Guishun Prefecture was originally Guichun; it was renamed at the start of the Yuanhe era (806). Sigang, Hou, Guicheng, Lun, Shixi, Si'en, Sitong, and Siming prefectures—one county: Xianchuan. Wanxing, Wancheng, Shangsi, Tan, Silang, Bo, Yuan, Gongrao, Wande, Zuo, Sicheng, Yi, Guile, Qing, De, and Qiyuan prefectures.
191
右隸邕州都督府
They were subordinate to the Yong Prefecture area command.
192
德化州永泰二年以林覩符部落置。 縣二:德化,歸義。 郎茫州永泰二年以林覩符部落分置。 縣二:郎茫,古勇。 龍武州大曆中以潘歸國部落置。 縣二:龍丘,福宇。 歸化州縣四:歸朝,洛都,落回,落巍。 郡州土貢:白鑞、孔雀尾。 縣二:郡口,樂安。 萬泉州縣一:陸水。 思農州縣三:武郎,武容,武全。 為州縣三:都龍,漢會,武零。 西原州縣三:羅和,古林,羅淡。 林西州縣二:林西,甘橘。 思廓州縣三:都寧,昆陽,羅方。 武靈州縣三:文葛,甘郎,蘇物。 新安州縣三:歸化,賓陽,安德。 金廓州縣三:羅嘉,文龍,祿榮。 提上州縣三:長賓,提頭,朱綠。 甘棠州縣一:忠誠。 武定州縣三:福祿,柔遠,康林。 都金州縣四:溫泉,嘉陵,甘陽,都金。 諒州縣二:武興,古都。 武陸州開成三年,都護馬植表以武陸縣置。 平原州開成四年析都金州之平原館置。 縣三:龍石,平林,龍當。 龍州武定州真州信州思陵州祿州中宗時有單樂縣,後省。 南平州西平州門州餘州巋州金隣州儀鳳元年置。 暑州羅伏州儋陵州樊德州金龍州哥富州貞元十二年置。 尚思州貞元十二年置。 安德州貞元十二年置。
Dehua Prefecture—established in Yongtai 2 (766) on the Lin Dufu tribe. It governed two counties: Dehua and Guiyi. Langmang Prefecture—established in Yongtai 2 (766) by splitting off from the Lin Dufu tribe. It governed two counties: Langmang and Guyong. Longwu Prefecture—established in the Dali era on the Pan Guiguo tribe. It governed two counties: Longqiu and Fuyu. Guihua Prefecture—four counties: Guichao, Luodu, Luohui, and Luowei. Jun Prefecture—local tribute: white tin and peacock tails. It governed two counties: Junkou and Le'an. Wanquan Prefecture—one county: Lushui. Sinong Prefecture—three counties: Wulang, Wurong, and Wuquan. Wei Prefecture—three counties: Dulong, Hanhui, and Wuling. Xiyuan Prefecture—three counties: Luohe, Gulin, and Luodan. Linxi Prefecture—two counties: Linxi and Ganjü. Sikuo Prefecture—three counties: Dunning, Kunyang, and Luofang. Wuling Prefecture—three counties: Wenge, Ganlang, and Suwu. Xin'an Prefecture—three counties: Guihua, Binyang, and Ande. Jinkuo Prefecture—three counties: Luojia, Wenlong, and Lurong. Tishang Prefecture—three counties: Changbin, Titou, and Zhulü. Gantang Prefecture—one county: Zhongcheng. Wuding Prefecture—three counties: Fulu, Rouyuan, and Kanglin. Dujin Prefecture—four counties: Wenquan, Jialing, Ganyang, and Dujin. Liang Prefecture—two counties: Wuxing and Gudu. Wulu Prefecture: in Kaicheng 3 (838) Protector-General Ma Zhi memorialized to establish it on Wulu County. Pingyuan Prefecture—established in Kaicheng 4 (839) by splitting off Pingyuan Post from Dujin Prefecture. It governed three counties: Longshi, Pinglin, and Longdang. Long, Wuding, Zhen, Xin, Siling, and Lu prefectures—in the Zhongzong era there was Danle County; it was later dropped. Nanping, Xiping, Men, Yu, Kui, and Jinlin prefectures—established in Yifeng 1 (676). Shu, Luofu, Danling, Fande, Jinlong, and Gefu prefectures—established in Zhenyuan 12 (796). Shangsi Prefecture—established in Zhenyuan 12 (796). Ande Prefecture—established in Zhenyuan 12 (796).
193
右隸安南都護府
They were subordinate to the Annan Protectorate.
194
蜀爨蠻州十八貞元七年領州名逸。
Shu Cuan Man prefectures: eighteen—prefecture names lost in Zhenyuan 7 (791).
195
右隸峯州都督府
They were subordinate to the Feng Prefecture area command.
196
唐置羈縻諸州,皆傍塞外,或寓名於夷落。 而四夷之與中國通者甚眾,若將臣之所征討,敕使之所慰賜,宜有以記其所從出。 天寶中,玄宗問諸蕃國遠近,鴻臚卿王忠嗣以西域圖對,纔十數國。 其後貞元宰相賈耽考方域道里之數最詳,從邊州入四夷,通譯于鴻臚者,莫不畢紀。 其入四夷之路與關戍走集最要者七:一曰營州入安東道,二曰登州海行入高麗渤海道,三曰夏州塞外通大同雲中道,四曰中受降城入回鶻道,五曰安西入西域道,六曰安南通天竺道,七曰廣州通海夷道。 其山川聚落,封略遠近,皆概舉其目。 州縣有名而前所不錄者,或夷狄所自名云。
The Tang established ji-mi prefectures all along the outer marches, or gave provisional names among tribal settlements. Yet the various Yi who communicated with China were very numerous; for those whom generals and ministers campaigned against or whom envoys comforted and rewarded, there ought to be a record of where they came from. In the Tianbao era Emperor Xuanzong asked about the distances of the various fan kingdoms; Director of the Court of Dependencies Wang Zhongsi answered with a map of the Western Regions covering only a dozen-odd states. Later, in the Zhenyuan era, Chief Minister Jia Dan compiled the most detailed reckoning of regional distances; for those entering the Four Yi through border prefectures and communicating via translation at the Court of Dependencies, none went unrecorded. The seven most important routes into the Four Yi and their key passes and mustering points are: first, the Yingzhou route into the Andong circuit; second, the Dengzhou sea route into Goryeo and Bohai; third, the Xiazhou outer route through the Tongda Yunzhong route; fourth, the Middle Accepted-Submission City route into the Uyghurs; fifth, the Anxi route into the Western Regions; sixth, the Annan route into India; seventh, the Guangzhou route through the sea to the maritime Yi. Their mountains and rivers, settlements, and frontiers near and far are all broadly listed. Where prefectures and counties have names not recorded above, they are sometimes names used by the Yi and Di themselves.
197
營州西北百里曰松陘嶺,其西奚,其東契丹。 距營州北四百里至湟水。 營州東百八十里至燕郡城。 又經汝羅守捉,渡遼水至安東都護府五百里。 府,故漢襄平城也。 東南至平壤城八百里; 西南至都里海口六百里; 西至建安城三百里,故中郭縣也; 南至鴨淥江北泊汋城七百里,故安平縣也。 自都護府東北經古蓋牟、新城,又經渤海長嶺府,千五百里至渤海王城,城臨忽汗海,其西南三十里有古肅慎城,其北經德理鎮,至南黑水靺鞨千里。
One hundred li northwest of Ying Prefecture is Songling Ridge; to its west are the Xi; to its east are the Khitan. Four hundred li north of Ying Prefecture one reaches the Huangshui. One hundred eighty li east of Ying Prefecture one reaches Yancheng. Passing also through the Ruoluo garrison and crossing the Liao River, it is five hundred li to the Andong Protectorate. The seat is the former Han Xiangping city. Southeast to Pyongyang city is eight hundred li; southwest to Duli Harbor is six hundred li; west to Jian'an city is three hundred li—the former Zhongguo county; south to the north bank of the Yalu River at Zhuocheng is seven hundred li—the former Anping county. From the protectorate northeast through ancient Gaimou and Xincheng, and again through Bohai's Changling prefecture, it is one thousand five hundred li to the Bohai royal city; the city faces the Huhai Sea, and thirty li southwest is the ancient Sushen city; north through Deli Post it is one thousand li to the southern Heishui Mohe.
198
登州東北海行,過大謝島、龜歆島、末島、烏湖島三百里。 北渡烏湖海,至馬石山東之都里鎮二百里。 東傍海壖,過青泥浦、桃花浦、杏花浦、石人汪、橐駝灣、烏骨江八百里。 乃南傍海壖,過烏牧島、貝江口、椒島,得新羅西北之長口鎮。 又過秦王石橋、麻田島、古寺島、得物島,千里至鴨淥江唐恩浦口。 乃東南陸行,七百里至新羅王城。 自鴨淥江口舟行百餘里,乃小舫泝流東北三十里至泊汋口,得渤海之境。 又泝流五百里,至丸都縣城,故高麗王都。 又東北泝流二百里,至神州。 又陸行四百里,至顯州,天寶中王所都。 又正北如東六百里,至渤海王城。
From Deng Prefecture northeast by sea, passing Great Xie Island, Guixin Island, Mo Island, and Wuhu Island is three hundred li. Crossing north over the Wuhu Sea, to Duli Town east of Mashi Mountain is two hundred li. Following the coastal rim east, passing Qingnipo, Taohuapo, Xinghuapo, Shirenwang, Tuotuowan, and Wugu River is eight hundred li. Then south along the coastal rim, passing Wumu Island, Beijiangkou, and Jiaodao, one reaches Changkou Town in northwest Silla. Passing again Qinwang Stone Bridge, Matian Island, Gusi Island, and Dewu Island, it is one thousand li to Tang'en Ford on the Yalu River. Then overland southeast, seven hundred li to the Silla royal city. From the Yalu River mouth by boat a hundred-odd li, then by small craft upstream northeast thirty li to Zhuokou, reaching Bohai territory. Again upstream five hundred li to Wandu County city—the former Goryeo royal capital. Again upstream northeast two hundred li to Shenzhou. Again overland four hundred li to Xian Prefecture—the Tianbao-era royal seat. Again due north like east six hundred li to the Bohai royal city.
199
夏州北渡烏水,經賀麟澤、拔利干澤,過沙,次內橫剗、沃野泊、長澤、白城,百二十里至可朱渾水源。 又經故陽城澤、橫剗北門、突紇利泊、石子嶺,百餘里至阿頹泉。 又經大非苦鹽池,六十六里至賀蘭驛。 又經庫也干泊、彌鵝泊、榆祿渾泊,百餘里至地頹澤。 又經步拙泉故城,八十八里渡烏那水,經胡洛鹽池、紇伏干泉,四十八里度庫結沙,一曰普納沙,二十八里過橫水,五十九里至十賁故城,又十里至寧遠鎮。 又涉屯根水,五十里至安樂戍,戍在河西壖,其東壖有古大同城。 今大同城故永濟柵也。 北經大泊,十七里至金河。 又經故後魏沃野鎮城,傍金河,過古長城,九十二里至吐俱麟川。 傍水行,經破落汗山、賀悅泉,百三十一里至步越多山。 又東北二十里至纈特泉。 又東六十里至賀人山,山西磧口有詰特犍泊。 吐俱麟川水西有城,城東南經拔厥那山,二百三十里至帝割達城。 又東北至諾真水汊。 又東南百八十七里,經古可汗城至鹹澤。 又東南經烏咄谷,二百七里至古雲中城。 又西五十五里有綏遠城。 皆靈、夏以北蕃落所居。
From Xia Prefecture crossing north over the Wu River, passing Helin Marsh, Baligan Marsh, then sand, next Neihengchua, Woye Marsh, Changze, and Baicheng, one hundred twenty li to the Kezhuhun River source. Again passing the former Yangcheng Marsh, Hengchua North Gate, Tuoheli Marsh, and Shiziling, a hundred-odd li to A'ui Spring. Again passing the Great Feiku Salt Lake, sixty-six li to Helan Post. Again passing Kuye Marsh, Miyu Marsh, and Yuluhun Marsh, a hundred-odd li to Ditu Marsh. Again passing Bozhuo Spring old city, eighty-eight li crossing the Wuna River, passing Huluo Salt Lake and Hewogan Spring, forty-eight li crossing Kujie Sand—also called Punasha—twenty-eight li crossing Hengshui, fifty-nine li to Shiben old city, and again ten li to Ningyuan Post. Again crossing Tungen River, fifty li to Anle Garrison; the garrison is on the west riverbank, and on the east bank is the ancient Datong city. The present Datong city is the former Yongji Stockade. North through Great Marsh, seventeen li to the Jin River. Again passing the former Later Wei Woye Garrison city beside the Jin River, crossing the ancient Great Wall, ninety-two li to Tujulin River. Following the water, passing Poluohan Mountain and Heyue Spring, one hundred thirty-one li to Bujiduo Mountain. Again northeast twenty li to Xiete Spring. Again east sixty li to Heren Mountain; on the mountain's west gravel pass is Jietejian Marsh. West of Tujulin River water is a city; southeast from the city passing Bajiena Mountain is two hundred thirty li to Digeda City. Again northeast to Nuozhen River fork. Again southeast one hundred eighty-seven li, passing the ancient Kehan city to Xian Marsh. Again southeast passing Wudugu, two hundred seven li to the ancient Yunzhong city. Again west fifty-five li is Suiyuan city. All are tribal settlements north of Ling and Xia.
200
中受降城正北如東八十里,有呼延谷,谷南口有呼延柵,谷北口有歸唐柵,車道也,入回鶻使所經。 又五百里至鷿鵜泉,又十里入磧,經麚鹿山、鹿耳山、錯甲山,八百里至山鷰子井。 又西北經密粟山、達旦泊、野馬泊、可汗泉、橫嶺、綿泉、鏡泊,七百里至回鶻衙帳。
From Middle Accepted-Submission City due north like east eighty li is Huyan Valley; at the valley's south mouth is Huyan Stockade, at the north mouth is Guitang Stockade—a cart road used by envoys to the Uyghurs. Again five hundred li to Pilu Spring, again ten li entering gravel, passing Milu Mountain, Lu'er Mountain, and Cuojia Mountain, eight hundred li to Shanyanzi Well. Again northwest passing Mimi Mountain, Dada Marsh, Yema Marsh, Kehan Spring, Hengling, Mian Spring, and Jing Marsh, seven hundred li to the Uyghur yurt.
201
又別道自鷿鵜泉北經公主城、眉間城、怛羅思山、赤崖、鹽泊、渾義河、爐門山、木燭嶺,千五百里亦至回鶻衙帳。 東有平野,西據烏德鞬山,南依嗢昆水,北六七百里至仙娥河,河北岸有富貴城。 又正北如東過雪山松樺林及諸泉泊,千五百里至骨利幹,又西十三日行至都播部落,又北六七日至堅昆部落,有牢山、劍水。
Another route from north of Pilu Spring passes Princess City, Meijian City, Taluosi Mountain, Chiya, Salt Marsh, Hunyi River, and Mulao Ridge; one thousand five hundred li also reaches the Uyghur yurt. To the east is open plain; to the west it rests on Wudejian Mountain; to the south it relies on Wokun River; north six or seven hundred li to Xian'e River, and on the river's north bank is Fugui City. Again due north like east, passing Snow Mountain pine-fir forest and various spring marshes, one thousand five hundred li to Guligan; again west thirteen days' travel to the Dubo tribe; again north six or seven days to the Jian Kun tribe, which has Lao Mountain and Sword River.
202
又自衙帳東北渡仙娥河,二千里至室韋。 骨利幹之東,室韋之西有鞠部落,亦曰祴部落。 其東十五日行有俞折國,亦室韋部落。 又正北十日行有大漢國,又北有骨師國。 骨利幹、都播二部落北有小海,冰堅時馬行八日可度。 海北多大山,其民狀貌甚偉,風俗類骨利幹,晝長而夕短。
Again from the yurt northeast crossing Xian'e River, two thousand li to the Shiwei. East of Guligan and west of the Shiwei is the Ju tribe, also called the Gai tribe. Fifteen days' travel east is the Yuzhe kingdom, also a Shiwei tribe. Again due north ten days' travel is the Dahan kingdom; again north is the Gushi kingdom. North of Guligan and Dubo tribes is a small sea; when the ice is firm horses can cross in eight days. North of the sea are many great mountains; the people are very tall in appearance and their customs resemble Guligan; the day is long and the evening short.
203
回鶻有延姪伽水,一曰延特勒泊,曰延特勒郍海。 烏德鞬山左右嗢昆河、獨邏河皆屈曲東北流,至衙帳東北五百里合流。 泊東北千餘里有俱倫泊,泊之四面皆室韋。
The Uyghurs have Yanzhi River—also called Yantele Marsh, also called Yantele Sea. East and west of Wudejian Mountain the Wokun and Duluo rivers both wind northeast; five hundred li northeast of the yurt they join. More than one thousand li northeast of the marsh is Julun Marsh; on all four sides of the marsh are Shiwei.
204
安西西出柘厥關,渡白馬河,百八十里西入俱毗羅磧。 經苦井,百二十里至俱毗羅城。 又六十里至阿悉言城。 又六十里至撥換城,一曰威戎城,曰姑墨州,南臨思渾河。 乃西北渡撥換河、中河,距思渾河百二十里,至小石城。 又二十里至于闐境之胡蘆河。 又六十里至大石城,一曰于祝,曰溫肅州。 又西北三十里至粟樓烽。 又四十里度拔達嶺。 又五十里至頓多城,烏孫所治赤山城也。 又三十里渡真珠河,又西北度乏驛嶺,五十里渡雪海,又三十里至碎卜戍,傍碎卜水五十里至熱海。 又四十里至凍城,又百一十里至賀獵城,又三十里至葉支城,出谷至碎葉川口,八十里至裴羅將軍城。 又西二十里至碎葉城,城北有碎葉水,水北四十里有羯丹山,十姓可汗每立君長於此。 自碎葉西十里至米國城,又三十里至新城,又六十里至頓建城,又五十里至阿史不來城,又七十里至俱蘭城,又十里至稅建城,又五十里至怛羅斯城。
From Anxi west out of Zhejue Pass, crossing White Horse River, one hundred eighty li west enters the Jubiluo gravel desert. Passing Kujing, one hundred twenty li to Jubiluo city. Again sixty li to Axiyan city. Again sixty li to Bohuan city—also called Weirong city, also called Gumo Prefecture; south it faces the Sihun River. Then northwest crossing Bohuan River and Zhonghe, one hundred twenty li from the Sihun River to Xiaoshi city. Again twenty li to Khotan territory's Huluh River. Again sixty li to Dashi city—also called Yuzhu, also called Wensu Prefecture. Again northwest thirty li to Suilou Beacon. Again forty li crossing Badaling. Again fifty li to Duoduo city—the Chishan city where the Wusun ruled. Again thirty li crossing Zhenzhu River, again northwest crossing Fazha Ridge, fifty li crossing Xuehai, again thirty li to Suibo Garrison; beside Suibo water fifty li to Rehai. Again forty li to Dongcheng, again one hundred ten li to Helie city, again thirty li to Yezhi city; exiting the valley to Suyab River mouth, eighty li to Peiluo General's city. Again west twenty li to Suyab city; north of the city is Suyab water; forty li north of the water is Jiedan Mountain, where the Ten-Surname qaghan each enthroned a ruler. From Suyab west ten li to Miguo city, again thirty li to Xincheng, again sixty li to Dunjian city, again fifty li to Ashibulai city, again seventy li to Julan city, again ten li to Shuijian city, again fifty li to Taluosi city.
205
自撥換、碎葉西南渡渾河,百八十里有濟濁館,故和平鋪也。 又經故達幹城,百二十里至謁者館。 又六十里至據史德城,龜茲境也,一曰鬱頭州,在赤河北岸孤石山。 渡赤河,經岐山,三百四十里至葭蘆館。 又經達漫城,百四十里至疏勒鎮,南北西三面皆有山,城在水中。 城東又有漢城,亦在灘上。 赤河來自疏勒西葛羅嶺,至城西分流,合于城東北,入據史德界。 自撥換南而東,經崑崗,渡赤河,又西南經神山、睢陽、鹹泊,又南經疎樹,九百三十里至于闐鎮城。
From Bohuan and Suyab southwest crossing the Hun River, one hundred eighty li is Jizhuo Post—the former Heping post station. Again passing former Dagan city, one hundred twenty li to Yezhe Post. Again sixty li to Jushide city—Kucha territory; also called Yutou Prefecture, on Ghe River's north bank at Gushi Mountain. Crossing Chi River, passing Qishan, three hundred forty li to Jialu Post. Again passing Daman city, one hundred forty li to Shule garrison; north, south, and west all have mountains, and the city stands in the water. East of the city is also a Han city, likewise on the shoals. Chi River comes from Geluo Ridge west of Shule; at the city's west it divides, joining east-northeast of the city and entering Jushide territory. From Bohuan south and east, passing Kunlun, crossing Chi River, again southwest passing Shenshan, Suiyang, and Xianbo, again south passing Shushu, nine hundred thirty li to Khotan garrison city.
206
于闐西五十里有葦關,又西經勃野,西北渡繫館河,六百二十里至郅支滿城,一曰磧南州。 又西北經苦井、黃渠,三百二十里至雙渠,故羯飯館也。 又西北經半城,百六十里至演渡州,又北八十里至疏勒鎮。 自疏勒西南入劍末谷、青山嶺、青嶺、不忍嶺,六百里至葱嶺守捉,故羯盤陀國,開元中置守捉,安西極邊之戍。 有寧彌故城,一曰達德力城,曰汗彌國,曰拘彌城。 于闐東三百九十里,有建德力河,東七百里有精絕國。 于闐西南三百八十里,有皮山城,北與姑墨接。 凍凌山在于闐國西南七百里。 又于闐東三百里有坎城鎮,東六百里有蘭城鎮,南六百里有胡弩鎮,西二百里有固城鎮,西三百九十里有吉良鎮。 于闐東距且末鎮千六百里。 自焉耆西五十里過鐵門關,又二十里至于術守捉城,又二百里至榆林守捉,又五十里至龍泉守捉,又六十里至東夷僻守捉,又七十里至西夷僻守捉,又六十里至赤岸守捉,又百二十里至安西都護府。
Fifty li west of Khotan is Weiguan; again west passing Boye, northwest crossing Xiguan River, six hundred twenty li to Zhijimancheng—also called Qinan Prefecture. Again northwest passing Kujing and Huangqu, three hundred twenty li to Shuangqu—the former Jiefan post station. Again northwest passing Bancheng, one hundred sixty li to Yandu Prefecture, again north eighty li to Shule garrison. From Shule southwest entering Jianmogu, Qingshan Ridge, Qingling, and Buren Ridge, six hundred li to Congling garrison—the former Jiankuotuo kingdom; a garrison established in the Kaiyuan era, the Anxi frontier's outermost post. There is Ningmi old city—also called Dadeli city, also called Hanmi kingdom, also called Jumi city. Three hundred ninety li east of Khotan is Jiandeli River; seven hundred li east is the Jingjue kingdom. Three hundred eighty li southwest of Khotan is Pishan city, bordering Gumo to the north. Dongling Mountain is seven hundred li southwest of the Khotan kingdom. Again three hundred li east of Khotan is Kancheng garrison; six hundred li east is Lancheng garrison; six hundred li south is Hunu garrison; two hundred li west is Gucheng garrison; three hundred ninety li west is Jiliang garrison. East of Khotan to Qiemi garrison is one thousand six hundred li. From Yanqi west fifty li passing Tiemen Pass, again twenty li to Yushu garrison city, again two hundred li to Yulin garrison, again fifty li to Longquan garrison, again sixty li to Dongyipi garrison, again seventy li to Xiyipi garrison, again sixty li to Chian garrison, again one hundred twenty li to the Anxi Protectorate.
207
又一路自沙州壽昌縣西十里至陽關故城,又西至蒲昌海南岸千里。 自蒲昌海南岸,西經七屯城,漢伊脩城也。 又西八十里至石城鎮,漢樓蘭國也,亦名鄯善,在蒲昌海南三百里,康豔典為鎮使以通西域者。 又西二百里至新城,亦謂之弩支城,豔典所築。 又西經特勒井,渡且末河,五百里至播仙鎮,故且末城也,高宗上元中更名。 又西經悉利支井、祅井、勿遮水,五百里至于闐東蘭城守捉。 又西經移杜堡、彭懷堡、坎城守捉,三百里至于闐。
Another route from Shazhou Shouchang County west ten li to Yangguan old city, again west to the south bank of the Puchang Sea one thousand li. From the Puchang Sea's south bank, west passing Qitun city—the Han Yixiu city. Again west eighty li to Shicheng garrison—the Han Loulan kingdom, also called Shanshan, three hundred li south of the Puchang Sea; Kang Yan was garrison commander to communicate with the Western Regions. Again west two hundred li to Xincheng—also called Nuzhi city, built by Yan. Again west passing Tele well, crossing Qiemi River, five hundred li to Boxian garrison—the former Qiemi city, renamed in the Shangyuan era of Gaozong. Again west passing Xilizhi well, Yao well, and Wuzhe water, five hundred li to Khotan's east Lancheng garrison. Again west passing Yidu fort, Penghuai fort, and Kancheng garrison, three hundred li to Khotan.
208
安南經交趾太平,百餘里至峯州。 又經南田,百三十里至恩樓縣,乃水行四十里至忠城州。 又二百里至多利州,又三百里至朱貴州,又四百里至丹棠州,皆生獠也。 又四百五十里至古湧步,水路距安南凡千五百五十里。 又百八十里經浮動山、天井山,山上夾道皆天井,間不容跬者三十里。 二日行,至湯泉州。 又五十里至祿索州,又十五里至龍武州,皆爨蠻安南境也。 又八十三里至儻遲頓,又經八平城,八十里至洞澡水,又經南亭,百六十里至曲江,劍南地也。 又經通海鎮,百六十里渡海河、利水至絳縣。 又八十里至晉寧驛,戎州地也。 又八十里至柘東城,又八十里至安寧故城,又四百八十里至雲南城,又八十里至白崖城,又七十里至蒙舍城,又八十里至龍尾城,又十里至大和城,又二十五里至羊苴咩城。
From Annan through Jiaozhi Taiping, a hundred-odd li to Feng Prefecture. Again passing Nantian, one hundred thirty li to Enlou County; then forty li by water to Zhongcheng Prefecture. Again two hundred li to Duoli Prefecture, again three hundred li to Zhugui Prefecture, again four hundred li to Dantang Prefecture—all raw Liao. Again four hundred fifty li to ancient Yongbu; by water route from Annan in all one thousand five hundred fifty li. Again one hundred eighty li passing Fudong Mountain and Tianjing Mountain—the mountains have sky-wells along the path, in places too narrow for half a pace for thirty li. Two days' travel to Tangquan Prefecture. Again fifty li to Luosuo Prefecture, again fifteen li to Longwu Prefecture—all Cuan Man Annan territory. Again eighty-three li to Tangchídun, again passing Baping city, eighty li to Dongzao water, again passing Nanting, one hundred sixty li to Qujiang—Jiannan territory. Again passing Tonghai garrison, one hundred sixty li crossing Haihe and Lishui to Jiang County. Again eighty li to Jinning Post—Rong Prefecture territory. Again eighty li to Zhedong city, again eighty li to Anning old city, again four hundred eighty li to Yunnan city, again eighty li to Baiya city, again seventy li to Mengshe city, again eighty li to Longwei city, again ten li to Dahe city, again twenty-five li to Yangjumie city.
209
自羊苴咩城西至永昌故郡三百里。 又西渡怒江,至諸葛亮城二百里。 又南至樂城二百里。 又入驃國境,經萬公等八部落,至悉利城七百里。 又經突旻城至驃國千里。 又自驃國西度黑山,至東天竺迦摩波國千六百里。 又西北渡迦羅都河至奔那伐檀那國六百里。 又西南至中天竺國東境恆河南岸羯朱嗢羅國四百里。 又西至摩羯陀國六百里。
From Yangjumie city west to Yongchang old commandery is three hundred li. Again west crossing the Nu River to Zhuge Liang city is two hundred li. Again south to Le city is two hundred li. Again entering Pyu territory, passing eight tribes including Wangong, to Xili city is seven hundred li. Again passing Tumin city to Pyu is one thousand li. Again from Pyu west crossing Black Mountain to East Tianzhu Kampos kingdom is one thousand six hundred li. Again northwest crossing the Karot River to Banabhuvarna kingdom is six hundred li. Again southwest to Middle Tianzhu kingdom's east border south bank of the Ganges at Kajurapura kingdom is four hundred li. Again west to Magadha kingdom is six hundred li.
210
一路自諸葛亮城西去騰充城二百里。 又西至彌城百里。 又西過山,二百里至麗水城。 乃西渡麗水、龍泉水,二百里至安西城。 乃西渡彌諾江水,千里至大秦婆羅門國。 又西渡大嶺,三百里至東天竺北界箇沒盧國。 又西南千二百里,至中天竺國東北境之奔那伐檀那國,與驃國往婆羅門路合。
One route from Zhuge Liang city west to Tengchong city is two hundred li. Again west to Mi city one hundred li. Again west crossing mountains, two hundred li to Lishui city. Then west crossing Lishui and Longquan water, two hundred li to Anxi city. Then west crossing Minuo River water, one thousand li to Great Qin Brahmana kingdom. Again west crossing Great Ridge, three hundred li to East Tianzhu north border Gemo kingdom. Again southwest one thousand two hundred li to Middle Tianzhu kingdom northeast border Banabhuvarna kingdom, joining the Pyu-to-Brahmana route.
211
一路自驩州東二日行,至唐林州安遠縣,南行經古羅江,二日行至環王國之檀洞江。 又四日至朱崖,又經單補鎮,二日至環王國城,故漢日南郡地也。
One route from Huan Prefecture east two days' travel to Tanglin Prefecture Anyuan County; south passing ancient Luo River, two days' travel to Huanwang kingdom's Tandong River. Again four days to Zhuyai, again passing Danbu garrison, two days to Huanwang kingdom city—former Han Rinan commandery territory.
212
自驩州西南三日行,度霧溫嶺,又二日行至棠州日落縣,又經羅倫江及古朗洞之石蜜山,三日行至棠州文陽縣。 又經漦漦澗,四日行至文單國之算臺縣,又三日行至文單外城,又一日行至內城,一曰陸真臘,其南水真臘。 又南至小海,其南羅越國,又南至大海。
From Huan Prefecture southwest three days' travel, crossing Wuwun Ridge, again two days to Tang Prefecture Riluo County, again passing Luolun River and ancient Langdong's Shimi Mountain, three days to Tang Prefecture Wenyang County. Again passing Xixi Stream, four days to Wendant kingdom's Suantai County, again three days to Wendant outer city, again one day to inner city—also called Land Chenla; south of it is Water Chenla. Again south to a small sea; south of it is Luoyue kingdom, again south to the great sea.
213
廣州東南海行,二百里至屯門山,乃帆風西行,二日至九州石。 又南二日至象石。 又西南三日行,至占不勞山,山在環王國東二百里海中。 又南二日行至陵山。 又一日行,至門毒國。 又一日行,至古笪國。 又半日行,至奔陀浪洲。 又兩日行,到軍突弄山。 又五日行至海硤,蕃人謂之「質」,南北百里,北岸則羅越國,南岸則佛逝國,佛逝國東水行四五日,至訶陵國,南中洲之最大者。 又西出硤,三日至葛葛僧祇國,在佛逝西北隅之別島,國人多鈔暴,乘舶者畏憚之。 其北岸則箇羅國。 箇羅西則哥谷羅國。 又從葛葛僧祇四五日行,至勝鄧洲。 又西五日行,至婆露國。 又六日行,至婆國伽藍洲。 又北四日行,至師子國,其北海岸距南天竺大岸百里。 又西四日行,經沒來國,南天竺之最南境。 又西北經十餘小國,至婆羅門西境。 又西北二日行,至拔䫻國。 又十日行,經天竺西境小國五,至提䫻國,其國有彌蘭太河,一曰新頭河,自北渤崑國來,西流至提䫻國北,入于海。 又自提䫻國西二十日行,經小國二十餘,至提羅盧和國,一曰羅和異國,國人於海中立華表,夜則置炬其上,使舶人夜行不迷。 又西一日行,至烏剌國,乃大食國之弗利剌河,南入于海。 小舟泝流,二日至末羅國,大食重鎮也。 又西北陸行千里,至茂門王所都縛達城。
From Guangzhou southeast by sea, two hundred li to Tunmen Mountain; then with favorable wind sailing west, two days to Jiuzhou Rock. Again south two days to Xiangshi. Again southwest three days' travel to Zhanbulao Mountain—the mountain is two hundred li east of Huanwang kingdom in the sea. Again south two days to Lingshan. Again one day's travel to Mendu kingdom. Again one day's travel to Guda kingdom. Again half a day's travel to Bentuolang Continent. Again two days to Juntuong Mountain. Again five days to the sea strait—the fan call it "Zhi"; north and south one hundred li; on the north bank is Luoyue kingdom, on the south bank is Foshi kingdom; from Foshi kingdom east by water four or five days to Heling kingdom—the greatest state in the southern islands. Again west out of the strait, three days to Gegesengqi kingdom—a separate island northwest of Foshi; the people are much given to piracy and those traveling by ship fear them. On its north bank is Jieluo kingdom. West of Jieluo is Gegeguo kingdom. Again from Gegesengqi four or five days' travel to Shengdeng Continent. Again west five days' travel to Bolu kingdom. Again six days' travel to Boguo Galan Continent. Again north four days' travel to Shizi kingdom; its north coast is one hundred li from South Tianzhu's great shore. Again west four days' travel, passing Meilai kingdom—South Tianzhu's southernmost border. Again northwest passing more than ten small kingdoms to Brahmana west border. Again northwest two days' travel to Bafu kingdom. Again ten days' travel, passing five small kingdoms on Tianzhu's west border, to Tifu kingdom; that kingdom has the Milan River—also called Xintou River—coming from North Bohun kingdom in the west, flowing west to Tifu kingdom's north and entering the sea. Again from Tifu kingdom west twenty days' travel, passing more than twenty small kingdoms, to Tiluhe kingdom—also called Luoheyi kingdom; the people set up ornamental columns in the sea, and at night place torches on them so ships travel by night without losing their way. Again west one day's travel to Wula kingdom—the Dashi kingdom's Fulila River, flowing south into the sea. By small craft upstream, two days to Moluo kingdom—a Dashi stronghold. Again northwest overland one thousand li to Maomen King's capital Fuda city.
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自婆羅門南境,從沒來國至烏剌國,皆緣海東岸行; 其西岸之西,皆大食國,其西最南謂之三蘭國。 自三蘭國正北二十日行,經小國十餘,至設國。 又十日行,經小國六七,至薩伊瞿和竭國,當海西岸。 又西六七日行,經小國六七,至沒巽國。 又西北十日行,經小國十餘,至拔離謌磨難國。 又一日行,至烏剌國,與東岸路合。
From Brahmana south border, from Meilai kingdom to Wula kingdom, all travel along the sea's east bank; on its west bank's west all is Dashi kingdom; its westernmost south is called the Sanlan kingdom. From Sanlan kingdom due north twenty days' travel, passing more than ten small kingdoms, to She kingdom. Again ten days' travel, passing six or seven small kingdoms, to Sayihejie kingdom, on the sea's west bank. Again west six or seven days' travel, passing six or seven small kingdoms, to Moxun kingdom. Again northwest ten days' travel, passing more than ten small kingdoms, to Baligemo kingdom. Again one day's travel to Wula kingdom, joining the east-bank route.
215
西域有陀拔思單國,在疏勒西南二萬五千里,東距勃達國,西至涅滿國,皆一月行,南至羅剎支國半月行,北至海兩月行。
In the Western Regions is Tuobasidan kingdom, twenty-five thousand li southwest of Shule; east one month's travel to Boda kingdom, west one month's travel to Nieman kingdom, south half a month's travel to Luoshazhi kingdom, north two months' travel to the sea.
216
羅剎支國東至都槃國半月行,西至沙蘭國,南至大食國皆二十日行。
Luoshazhi kingdom east half a month's travel to Dupan kingdom, west to Shalan kingdom, south to Dashi kingdom—all twenty days' travel.
217
都槃國東至大食國半月行,南至大食國二十五日行,北至勃達國一月行。
Dupan kingdom east half a month's travel to Dashi kingdom, south twenty-five days' travel to Dashi kingdom, north one month's travel to Boda kingdom.
218
勃達國東至大食國兩月行,西北至岐蘭國二十日行,北至大食國一月行。
Boda kingdom east two months' travel to Dashi kingdom, northwest twenty days' travel to Qilan kingdom, north one month's travel to Dashi kingdom.
219
河沒國東南至陀拔國半月行,西北至岐蘭國二十日行,南至沙蘭國一月行,北至海兩月行。
Hemei kingdom southeast half a month's travel to Tuoba kingdom, northwest twenty days' travel to Qilan kingdom, south one month's travel to Shalan kingdom, north two months' travel to the sea.
220
岐蘭國西至大食國兩月行,南至涅滿國二十日行,北至海五日行。
Qilan kingdom west two months' travel to Dashi kingdom, south twenty days' travel to Nieman kingdom, north five days' travel to the sea.
221
涅滿國西至大食國兩月行,南至大食國一月行,北至岐蘭國二十日行。
Nieman kingdom west two months' travel to Dashi kingdom, south one month's travel to Dashi kingdom, north twenty days' travel to Qilan kingdom.
222
沙蘭國南至大食國二十五日行,北至涅滿國二十五日行。
Shalan kingdom south twenty-five days' travel to Dashi kingdom, north twenty-five days' travel to Nieman kingdom.
223
石國東至拔汗那國百里,西南至東米國五百里。
Shi kingdom east one hundred li to Bahana kingdom, southwest five hundred li to Dongmi kingdom.
224
罽賓國在疏勒西南四千里,東至俱蘭城國七百里,西至大食國千里,南至婆羅門國五百里,北至吐火羅國二百里。
Kapisa kingdom is four thousand li southwest of Shule; east seven hundred li to Julan city kingdom, west one thousand li to Dashi kingdom, south five hundred li to Brahmana kingdom, north two hundred li to Tuhuoluo kingdom.
225
東米國在安國西北二千里,東至碎葉國五千里,西南至石國千五百里,南至拔汗那國千五百里。
Dongmi kingdom is two thousand li northwest of An kingdom; east five thousand li to Suyab kingdom, southwest one thousand five hundred li to Shi kingdom, south one thousand five hundred li to Bahana kingdom.
226
史國在疏勒西二千里,東至俱蜜國千里,西至大食國二千里,南至吐火羅國二百里,西北至康國七百里。
Shi kingdom is two thousand li west of Shule; east one thousand li to Jumi kingdom, west two thousand li to Dashi kingdom, south two hundred li to Tuhuoluo kingdom, northwest seven hundred li to Kang kingdom.
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