1
門下省侍中二人，正二品。 掌出納帝命，相禮儀。 凡國家之務，與中書令參總，而顓判省事。 下之通上，其制有六：一曰奏鈔，以支度國用、授六品以下官、斷流以下罪及除免官用之； 二曰奏彈； 三曰露布； 四曰議； 五曰表； 六曰狀。 自露布以上乃審； 其餘覆奏，畫制可而授尚書省。 行幸，則負寶以從，版奏中嚴、外辦； 還宮，則請降輅、解嚴。 皇帝齋，則請就齋室； 將奠，則奉玉、幣； 盥，則奉匜、取盤，酌罍水，贊洗； 酌泛齊，受虛爵，進福酒，皆左右其儀。 饗宗廟，進瓚而贊酌鬱酒； 既祼，贊酌醴齊。 籍田，則奉耒。 四夷朝見，則承詔勞問。 臨軒命使冊皇后、皇太子，則承詔降宣命。 慰問、聘召，則涖封題。 發驛遣使，則給魚符。 凡官爵廢置、刑政損益，授之史官； 既書，復涖其記注。 職事官六品以下進擬，則審其稱否而進退之。 武德元年改侍內曰納言，三年曰侍中。 龍朔二年改門下省曰東臺，侍中曰左相，武后光宅元年曰納言，垂拱元年改門下省曰鸞臺。 開元元年曰黃門省，侍中曰監，天寶元年曰左相。
The Chancellery had two Vice Grand Councilors, ranked at upper second grade. They handled the reception and transmission of imperial orders and assisted with court ceremonial. On all matters of state they deliberated jointly with the Grand Secretary and held exclusive authority to decide affairs within the Chancellery. Communications from below to the throne took six established forms. The first was the memorial slip (zou chao), used to authorize state expenditures, appoint officials of sixth rank or lower, judge offenses short of exile, and order demotion or dismissal. second, the impeachment memorial; third, the battlefield bulletin; fourth, deliberation; fifth, the formal petition (biao); and sixth, the memorial of fact (zhuang). From battlefield bulletins upward, documents required examination by the Chancellery; the remainder were returned with a countersignature, and once marked approved in the margin were forwarded to the Department of State Affairs. When the emperor traveled, they carried the imperial seal and accompanied him, announcing the mid-watch curfew from the board and the outer preparations; On return to the palace they requested that the emperor descend from his carriage and that the curfew be lifted. When the emperor undertook ritual fasting, they invited him to the fasting chamber; When the offering was about to be made, they presented the jade and silken offerings; For the ritual washing, they presented the pitcher, took up the basin, poured water from the jar, and intoned the washing rite; Pouring the first libation, receiving the empty cup, presenting the blessing wine—they directed each of these rites on either side of the emperor. At sacrifices in the ancestral temple, they advanced the libation cup and intoned the pouring of the fragrant sacrificial wine; After the libation of unmixed wine, they intoned the pouring of the clear wine. At the ceremonial plowing of the sacred field, they presented the plough. When peoples of the four directions came to court, they received the imperial edict and conveyed the emperor's greetings. When the emperor at the hall appointed envoys to invest the empress or crown prince, they received the edict and transmitted the proclamation of appointment. For messages of condolence, inquiry, or summons, they personally sealed and inscribed the documents. When dispatching couriers by post relay, they issued fish tallies as credentials. For all abolition or establishment of offices and ranks, and for increases or reductions in penal administration, they handed records to the historiographers; Once written, they again personally supervised the annal entries. For nominations of functional officials of sixth rank and below, they examined whether candidates were suitable and advanced or rejected them. In Wude 1 (618) the title Palace Attendant was changed to Nazayan; in Wude 3 (620) it became Shizhong (Vice Grand Councilor). In Longshuo 2 (662) the Chancellery was renamed the Eastern Terrace and Shizhong became Left Minister; under Empress Wu in Guangzhai 1 (684) the title became Nazayan; in Chuigong 1 (685) the Chancellery was renamed the Phoenix Terrace. In Kaiyuan 1 (713) it was the Yellow Gate Department and Shizhong was Supervisor; in Tianbao 1 (742) the title again became Left Minister.
2
門下侍郞二人，正三品。 掌貳侍中之職。 大祭祀則從； 盥則奉巾，旣帨，奠巾； 奉匏爵贊獻。 元日、冬至，奏天下祥瑞。 侍中闕，則涖封符券、給傳驛。 龍朔二年改黃門侍郎曰東臺侍郎，武后垂拱元年曰鸞臺侍郎，天寶元年曰門下侍郎，乾元元年曰黃門侍郎，大曆二年復舊。
The Chancellery had two Vice Chancellors, ranked at upper third grade. They assisted the Vice Grand Councilors in their duties. On great sacrifices they accompanied the emperor; for ritual washing they presented the towel; once it was tied on, they set out the towel; they presented the gourd cup and intoned the offering. On New Year's Day and the winter solstice they reported auspicious omens from throughout the realm. When the post of Vice Grand Councilor was vacant, they personally sealed tally documents and issued post relays. In Longshuo 2 (662) the title became Eastern Terrace Vice Chancellor; under Empress Wu in Chuigong 1 (685) it was Phoenix Terrace Vice Chancellor; in Tianbao 1 (742) Chancellery Vice Chancellor; in Qianyuan 1 (758) Yellow Gate Vice Chancellor; in Dali 2 (767) the original title was restored.
3
左散騎常侍二人，正三品下。 掌規諷過失，侍從顧問。 隋廢散騎常侍。 貞觀元年復置，十七年為職事官。 顯慶二年，分左右，隸門下、中書省，皆金蟬、珥貂、左散騎與侍中為左貂，右散騎與中書令為右貂，謂之八貂。 龍朔二年曰侍極。
There were two Left Masters of Regular Attendance, ranked at lower upper third grade. They remonstrated regarding faults, attended the emperor, and served as advisers. The Sui dynasty had abolished the office of Master of Regular Attendance. It was restored in Zhenguan 1 (627) and in the seventeenth year (643) became a substantive functional office. In Xianqing 2 (657) the office was divided into left and right, attached to the Chancellery and Secretariat respectively. All wore golden cicada insignia and sable-tail earrings; the left Master of Regular Attendance with the Vice Grand Councilor formed the left sable group, and the right with the Grand Secretary the right sable group—together called the Eight Sables. In Longshuo 2 (662) the title was changed to Attendant of the Utmost.
4
左諫議大夫四人，正四品下。 掌諫諭得失，侍從贊相。 武后垂拱二年，有魚保宗者，上書請置匭以受四方之書，乃鑄銅匭四，塗以方色，列于朝堂：青匭曰「延恩」，在東，告養人勸農之事者投之； 丹匭曰「招諫」，在南，論時政得失者投之； 白匭曰「申冤」，在西，陳抑屈者投之； 黑匭曰「通玄」，在北，告天文、祕謀者投之。 以諫議大夫、補闕、拾遺一人充使，知匭事； 御史中丞、侍御史一人，為理匭使。 其後，同為一匭。 天寶九載，玄宗以「匭」聲近「鬼」，改理匭使為獻納使，至德元年復舊。 寶應元年，命中書門下擇正直清白官一人知匭，以給事中、中書舍人為理匭使。 建中二年，以御史中丞為理匭使，諫議大夫一人為知匭使； 投匭者，使先驗副本。 開成三年，知匭使李中敏以為非所以廣聰明而慮幽枉也，乃奏罷驗副封。 武德元年置諫議大夫，龍朔二年曰正諫大夫，貞元四年分左右。
There were four Left Grand Masters of Remonstrance, ranked at lower upper fourth grade. They remonstrated regarding right and wrong, attended the emperor, and assisted in court proceedings. In Chuigong 2 (686) under Empress Wu, a man named Yu Baozong submitted a memorial requesting complaint boxes to receive writings from all quarters. Four bronze boxes were cast, painted in the colors of the four directions, and placed in the court hall. The green box, called Extended Grace, stood in the east; reports on caring for the people and encouraging agriculture were deposited in it; the red box, called Summoning Remonstrance, stood in the south; critiques of current policy were deposited in it; the white box, called Pleading Injustice, stood in the west; accounts of oppression and wrong were deposited in it; and the black box, called Communicating the Mysterious, stood in the north; reports on astronomy and secret plots were deposited in it. One Grand Master of Remonstrance, Omissioner, or Petitioner was appointed commissioner to manage the boxes; and one Vice Censor-in-Chief or Attending Censor served as commissioner for adjudicating submissions from the boxes. Later the four were combined into a single box. In Tianbao 9 (750), because the word for complaint box (gui) sounded like the word for ghost (gui), Emperor Xuanzong changed the title to Commissioner for Presenting Petitions; in Zhide 1 (756) the former title was restored. In Baoying 1 (762) the Secretariat and Chancellery were ordered to select one upright and incorrupt official to manage the boxes; Drafting Attendants and Secretariat Drafters served as commissioners for adjudicating submissions. In Jianzhong 2 (781) the Vice Censor-in-Chief became commissioner for adjudicating submissions, and one Grand Master of Remonstrance commissioner for managing the boxes; and those who submitted petitions had their copies verified first by the commissioner. In Kaicheng 3 (838) Commissioner Li Zhongmin argued that this practice did not broaden the ruler's understanding or address hidden wrongs, and memorialized to abolish verification of duplicate seals. The office of Grand Master of Remonstrance was established in Wude 1 (618); in Longshuo 2 (662) it was renamed Rectifying Remonstrance Grand Master; in Zhenyuan 4 (788) it was divided into left and right.
5
給事中四人，正五品上。 掌侍左右，分判省事，察弘文館繕寫讎校之課。 凡百司奏抄，侍中既審，則駮正違失。 詔敕不便者，塗竄而奏還，謂之「塗歸」。 季終，奏駮正之目。 凡大事，覆奏； 小事，署而頒之。 三司詳決失中，則裁其輕重。 發驛遣使，則與侍郎審其事宜。 六品以下奏擬，則校功狀殿最、行藝，非其人，則白侍中而更焉。 與御史、中書舍人聽天下冤滯而申理之。
There were four Drafting Attendants, ranked at upper fifth grade. They attended at the emperor's side, shared adjudication of departmental affairs, and inspected copying and collation duties at the Hongwen Institute. For all memorial slips from the hundred offices, once the Vice Grand Councilor had examined them, the Drafting Attendants corrected errors. When edicts and orders were unsuitable, they altered the text and returned them with a memorial—a practice called 'return by alteration' (tu gui). At the end of each season they reported the list of corrections they had made. On all major matters they countersigned and memorialized; on minor matters they signed and promulgated them. When the three judicial offices' detailed judgments were in error, they determined the appropriate severity. When dispatching couriers by post relay, they examined the matter together with the Vice Chancellor. For nominations of sixth rank and below, they checked merit records for achievement ratings and conduct; if the candidate was unsuitable, they informed the Vice Grand Councilor and had the nomination changed. Together with censors and Secretariat Drafters they heard grievances and wrongs throughout the realm and sought to redress them.
6
門下省有錄事四人，從七品上； 主事四人，從八品下。 有令史二十二人，書令史四十三人，甲庫令史十三人，能書一人，傳制二人，亭長六人，掌固十四人，脩補制敕匠五人，裝潢一人。 起居郎領令史三人，贊者六人。 武德三年，改給事郎曰給事中。
The Chancellery had four Recording Clerks, ranked at upper seventh grade; and four Section Chiefs, ranked at lower eighth grade. It also had twenty-two Clerks, forty-three Document Clerks, thirteen Storehouse Clerks, one skilled calligrapher, two Transmission Clerks, six Station Chiefs, fourteen Custodians, five craftsmen for repairing and supplementing edicts, and one binder. The Diarist supervised three Clerks and six Announcers. In Wude 3 (620) the title Drafting Attendant was changed to Drafting Attendant-in-Chief.
7
左補闕六人，從七品上； 左拾遺六人，從八品上。 掌供奉諷諫，大事廷議，小則上封事。 武后垂拱元年，置補闕、拾遺，左右各二員。
There were six Left Omissioners, ranked at upper seventh grade; and six Left Petitioners, ranked at upper eighth grade. They attended court, remonstrated and admonished; on major matters they debated in open court, on minor matters they submitted sealed memorials. In Chuigong 1 (685) under Empress Wu, the offices of Omissioner and Petitioner were established, with two on the left and two on the right.
8
起居郎二人，從六品上。 掌錄天子起居法度。 天子御正殿，則郎居左，舍人居右。 有命，俯陛以聽，退而書之，季終以授史官。 貞觀初，以給事中、諫議大夫兼知起居注，或知起居事。 每仗下，議政事，起居郎一人執筆記錄于前，史官隨之。 其後，復置起居舍人，分侍左右，秉筆隨宰相入殿； 若仗在紫宸內閤，則夾香案分立殿下，直第二螭首，和墨濡筆，皆即坳處，時號螭頭。 高宗臨朝不決事，有司所奏，唯辭見而已。 許敬宗、李義府為相，奏請多畏人之知也，命起居郎、舍人對仗承旨，仗下，與百官皆出，不復聞機務矣。 長壽中，宰相姚璹建議：仗下後，宰相一人，錄軍國政要，為時政紀，月送史館。 然率推美讓善，事非其實，未幾亦罷。 而起居郎猶因制敕，稍稍筆削，以廣國史之闕。 起居舍人本記言之職，唯編詔書，不及它事。 開元初，復詔脩史官非供奉者，皆隨仗而入，位於起居郎、舍人之次。 及李林甫專權，又廢。 大和九年，詔入閤日，起居郎、舍人具紙筆立螭頭下，復貞觀故事。 有令史三人，贊者六人。 貞觀三年置起居郎，廢舍人。 龍朔二年曰左史，天授元年亦如之。
There were two Diarists, ranked at upper sixth grade. They recorded the emperor's daily conduct and protocol. When the emperor attended the main hall, the Diarist stood on the left and the Diarist-Recorder on the right. When the emperor gave orders they bowed at the steps to listen, withdrew to write them down, and at the end of each season handed the records to the historiographers. Early in the Zhenguan era, Drafting Attendants and Grand Masters of Remonstrance were concurrently assigned to manage the Daily Records or diarist affairs. After each court session, when state affairs were discussed, one Diarist took notes in front of the throne while historiographers followed along. Later Diarist-Recorders were restored, attending on left and right with brush in hand, following the chief ministers into the hall; if court was held in the Zichen Inner Hall, they stood flanking the incense table below the steps, aligned with the second dragon-head bracket, grinding ink and wetting their brushes at the recessed spot then called 'dragon head.' When Emperor Gaozong held court he did not decide affairs in person; what the offices reported reached him only in written form. When Xu Jingzong and Li Yifu served as chief ministers, many of their memorials and requests were matters they did not wish others to know; they ordered Diarists and Diarist-Recorders to receive instructions facing the throne, and after court all officials departed together—no longer hearing confidential state business. During the Changshou era (692–694), Chief Minister Yao Shou proposed that after court one chief minister should record the essentials of military and state affairs as a Current Affairs Chronicle, to be sent monthly to the Historiography Office. Yet the records generally extolled virtues and avoided faults, so that events were not true to fact, and before long this practice too was abolished. The Diarists nonetheless continued, following edicts and orders, gradually to edit and trim their records to fill gaps in the national history. The Diarist-Recorder's office was originally charged with recording the emperor's words, but came to compile only edicts and orders, not touching other matters. Early in the Kaiyuan era (713–741) an edict again ordered that historiographers not on special assignment all enter with the court session, taking places after the Diarists and Diarist-Recorders. When Li Linfu monopolized power, this practice was again abolished. In Dahe 9 (835) an edict ordered that on days when the emperor entered the inner hall, Diarists and Diarist-Recorders should prepare paper and brush and stand below the dragon-head bracket, restoring the Zhenguan precedent. The office had three Clerks and six Announcers. In Zhenguan 3 (629) the office of Diarist was established and the Diarist-Recorder abolished. In Longshuo 2 (662) the title became Left Historian; in Tianshou 1 (690) the same title was used.
9
典儀二人，從九品下。 掌贊唱及殿中版位之次，侍中版奏中嚴、外辦，亦贊焉。 隋謁者臺有典儀，武德五年復置，隸門下省。
There were two Masters of Ceremonies, ranked at lower ninth grade. They managed ceremonial announcements and the order of tablet stations in the hall; when the Vice Grand Councilor presented the tablet memorial for the inner and outer vigils, they announced those rites as well. The Sui had Masters of Ceremonies in the Receptionist Office; in Wude 5 they were restored and placed under the Chancellery.
10
城門郎四人，從六品上。 掌京城、皇城、宮殿諸門開闔之節，奉管鑰而出納之。 開則先外後內，闔則先內後外； 啟閉有時，不以時則詣閤覆奏。 有令史二人，書令史二人。 武德五年，置門僕八百人，番上送管鑰。
There were four Gate Masters, ranked at upper sixth grade. They regulated the opening and closing of the capital, imperial city, and palace gates, taking custody of the keys and dispensing them as needed. When opening the gates, the outer gates came first and the inner gates afterward; when closing them, the inner gates came first and the outer gates afterward; Opening and closing followed fixed hours; if a gate was opened or closed outside those hours, they went to the gate office and reported back for imperial confirmation. The office had two Clerks and two Recording Clerks. In Wude 5 eight hundred gate servants were assigned, serving in rotation to deliver the keys.
11
符寶郎四人，從六品上。 掌天子八寶及國之符節。 有事則請於內，既事則奉而藏之。 大朝會，則奉寶進于御座； 行幸，則奉以從焉。 大事出符，則藏其左而班其右，以合中外之契，兼以敕書； 小事則降符函封，使合而行之。 凡命將、遣使，皆請旌、節，旌以顓賞，節以顓殺。 有令史二人，書令史三人，主寶二人，主符四人，主節四人。 武后延載元年，改符璽郎曰符寶郎； 開元元年，亦曰符寶郎。
There were four Credential and Seal Masters, ranked at upper sixth grade. They kept the emperor's eight imperial seals and the state's tallies and credentials of authority. When they were needed for business, the masters requested them from the inner palace; once the business was finished, they returned them for safekeeping. At great court assemblies they presented the imperial seals before the throne; when the emperor traveled, they carried the seals with him. When major business required issuing tallies, they kept the left half and distributed the right half so that inner and outer tokens could be matched, together with an authorization edict; for minor matters they issued sealed tally cases so that the halves could be matched and the order executed. Whenever generals were appointed or envoys dispatched, banners and credentials of authority were requested—the banner for exclusive power to reward, the credential for exclusive power to punish. The office had two Clerks, three Recording Clerks, two Seal Custodians, four Tally Custodians, and four Credential Custodians. In Yan Zai 1 under Empress Wu, the Credential-Seal Masters were renamed Credential and Seal Masters; In Kaiyuan 1 the title was again Credential and Seal Master.
12
弘文館學士，掌詳正圖籍，教授生徒； 朝廷制度沿革、禮儀輕重，皆參議焉。 武德四年，置修文館于門下省； 九年，改曰弘文館。 貞觀元年，詔京官職事五品已上子嗜書者二十四人，隸館習書，出禁中書法以授之。 其後又置講經博士。 儀鳳中，置詳正學士，校理圖籍。 武德後，五品以上曰學士，六品已下曰直學士，又有文學直館，皆它官領之。 武后垂拱後，以宰相兼領館務，號館主； 給事中一人判館事。 神龍元年，改弘文館曰昭文館，以避孝敬皇帝之名； 二年曰脩文館。 景龍二年，置大學士四人，以象四時； 學士八人，以象八節； 直學士十二人，以象十二時。 景雲中，減其員數，復為昭文館。 開元七年曰弘文館，置校書郎，又有校理、讎校錯誤等官。 長慶三年，與詳正學士、講經博士皆罷，顓以五品以上曰學士，六品以下曰直學士，未登朝為直館。
The Hongwen Institute Academicians verified and corrected maps and records and instructed students; they also took part in deliberating changes in court institutions and the relative weight of ritual observances. In Wude 4 the Xiūwén Institute was established within the Chancellery; in year 9 it was renamed the Hongwen Institute. In Zhenguan 1 an edict selected twenty-four sons of capital officials of fifth rank or higher who loved books, attached them to the institute to study calligraphy, and had imperial calligraphy from the inner palace brought out to instruct them. Later a Lecturer in the Classics was also added. During the Yifeng era Textual Verification Academicians were established to collate maps and records. After Wude, officials of fifth rank and above were called Academicians and those of sixth rank and below Direct Academicians; there were also Literary Associates of the Institute, all of whom held the post concurrently with other offices. After Empress Wu's Chuigong era chief ministers concurrently directed the institute and were called Institute Directors; one Drafting Attendant adjudicated the institute's affairs. In Shenlong 1 the Hongwen Institute was renamed the Zhaowen Institute to avoid the name of the Filial and Respectful Emperor; in year 2 it was called the Xiūwén Institute. In Jinglong 2 four Grand Academicians were established, symbolizing the four seasons; eight Academicians, symbolizing the eight seasonal divisions; and twelve Direct Academicians, symbolizing the twelve double-hours. During the Jingyun era their numbers were reduced and the institute was again called the Zhaowen Institute. In Kaiyuan 7 it was again called the Hongwen Institute; Text Collators were established, along with offices for collation, proofreading, and error correction. In Changqing 3 the Textual Verification Academicians and the Lecturer in the Classics were all abolished; thereafter only officials of fifth rank and above were called Academicians, those of sixth rank and below Direct Academicians, and those not yet holding court office Direct Associates.
13
校書郎二人，從九品上。 掌校理典籍、刊正錯謬。 凡學生教授、考試，如國子之制。 有學生三十八人，令史二人，楷書十二人，供進筆二人，典書二人，搨書手三人，筆匠三人，熟紙裝潢匠八人，亭長二人，掌固四人。 中書省中書令二人，正二品。 掌佐天子執大政，而總判省事。 凡王言之制有七：一曰冊書，立皇后、皇太子，封諸王，臨軒冊命則用之； 二曰制書，大賞罰、赦宥慮囚、大除授則用之； 三曰慰勞制書，褒勉贊勞則用之； 四曰發敕，廢置州縣、增減官吏、發兵、除免官爵、授六品以上官則用之； 五曰敕旨，百官奏請施行則用之； 六曰論事敕書，戒約臣下則用之； 七曰敕牒，隨事承制，不易於舊則用之。 皆宣署申覆，然後行焉。 大祭祀，則相禮； 親征纂嚴，則戒飭百官； 臨軒冊命，則讀冊； 若命於朝，則宣授而已； 冊太子，則授璽綬。 凡制詔文章獻納，以授記事之官。 武德三年，改內書省曰中書省，內書令曰中書令。 龍朔元年，改中書省曰西臺，中書令曰右相。 光宅元年，改中書省曰鳳閣，中書令曰內史。 開元元年，改中書省曰紫微省，中書令曰紫微令。 天寶元年曰右相，至大曆五年，紫微侍郎乃復為中書侍郎。
There were two Text Collators, ranked at upper ninth grade. They collated the classics and corrected textual errors. Instruction and examination of students followed the regulations of the Directorate of Education. The institute had thirty-eight students, two Clerks, twelve Regular Script copyists, two brush-supply attendants, two archive keepers, three rubbing copyists, three brush makers, eight paper-mounting craftsmen, two station chiefs, and four watchmen. The Secretariat had two Grand Secretaries, ranked at upper second grade. They assisted the emperor in governing major affairs and held overall authority to adjudicate Secretariat business. Imperial pronouncements took seven forms. The first was the investiture document, used when investing an empress or crown prince, enfeoffing princes, or conferring titles before the imperial steps; second, the decree document, used for major rewards and punishments, amnesties and review of prisoners, and major appointments and dismissals; third, the commendation decree, used to praise, encourage, and commend merit; fourth, the dispatch edict, used to abolish or establish prefectures and counties, increase or reduce officials, mobilize troops, strip ranks and titles, and appoint officials of sixth rank or higher; fifth, the edict directive, used when the hundred offices memorialized requests for implementation; sixth, the advisory edict letter, used to admonish and bind subordinates; and seventh, the edict slip, used for routine matters that followed established precedent without altering older arrangements. All were promulgated, signed, and reported back for confirmation before they could be executed. At great sacrifices they assisted with the rites; when the emperor personally took the field and marshaled strict discipline, they admonished the hundred offices; at investiture before the imperial steps they read the investiture document; if the appointment was made at court, they simply proclaimed and conferred it; when investing the crown prince, they presented the seal and cord of office. All decree documents and submitted writings were handed to the recording officials. In Wude 3 the Inner Secretariat was renamed the Secretariat and the Inner Secretary became the Grand Secretary. In Longshuo 1 the Secretariat was renamed the Western Terrace and the Grand Secretary became the Right Minister. In Guangzhai 1 the Secretariat was renamed the Phoenix Pavilion and the Grand Secretary became the Inner Historian. In Kaiyuan 1 the Secretariat was renamed the Ziwei Department and the Grand Secretary became the Ziwei Director. In Tianbao 1 the title became Right Minister; by Dali 5 the Ziwei Vice Director had again become the Secretariat Vice Director.
14
侍郎二人，正三品。 掌貳令之職，朝廷大政參議焉。 臨軒冊命，為使，則持冊書授之。 四夷來朝，則受其表疏而奏之； 獻贄幣，則受以付有司。
There were two Vice Directors, ranked at upper third grade. They assisted the Grand Secretary and took part in deliberating major court affairs. At investiture before the imperial steps, when serving as envoy, they held the investiture document and conferred it. When foreign envoys came to court, they received their petitions and memorialized them; when tribute gifts were presented, they received them and handed them to the appropriate offices.
15
舍人六人，正五品上。 掌侍進奏，參議表章。 凡詔旨制敕、璽書冊命，皆起草進畫； 既下，則署行。 其禁有四：一曰漏洩，二曰稽緩，三曰違失，四曰忘誤。 制敕既行，有誤則奏改之。 大朝會，諸方起居，則受其表狀； 大捷、祥瑞，百寮表賀亦如之。 冊命大臣，則使持節讀冊命； 將帥有功及大賓客，則勞問。 與給事中及御史三司鞫冤滯。 百司奏議考課，皆預裁焉。 以久次者一人為閣老，判本省雜事； 又一人知制誥，顓進畫，給食于政事堂； 其餘分署制敕。 以六員分押尚書六曹，佐宰相判案，同署乃奏，唯樞密遷授不預。 姚崇為紫微令，奏：大事，舍人為商量狀，與本狀皆下紫微令，判二狀之是否，然後乃奏。 開元初，以它官掌詔敕策命，謂之「兼知制誥」。 肅宗即位，又以它官知中書舍人事。 兵興，急於權便，政去臺閣，決遣顓出宰相，自是舍人不復押六曹之奏。 會昌末，宰相李德裕建議：臺閣常務、州縣奏請，復以舍人平處可否。 先是，知制誥率用前行正郎，宣宗時，選尚書郎為之。
There were six Secretariat Drafters, ranked at upper fifth grade. They attended court, presented memorials, and participated in deliberating petitions. All edict directives, decrees, imperial seal documents, and investitures were drafted and submitted for imperial approval; once issued, they signed them for execution. Four offenses were forbidden: leakage, delay, violation and error, and negligence and mistake. Once a decree had been issued, any error was corrected by memorial. At great court assemblies they received routine reports from the regions; for great victories and auspicious omens they likewise received congratulatory petitions from the hundred offices. when investing high ministers they served as envoy, holding credentials and reading the investiture; for meritorious generals and important guests they conveyed the emperor's condolences and inquiries. Together with the Drafting Attendants and the censorate's three offices they investigated grievances and delays in justice. They also took part in adjudicating memorials, deliberations, and performance reviews from the hundred offices. The drafter longest in tenure became Elder of the Pavilion and adjudicated miscellaneous Secretariat affairs; another managed imperial writings, exclusively submitting drafts, and was fed at the Hall of Governance; the rest divided responsibility for signing decrees. The six drafters divided supervision of the Ministry of Civil Affairs' six bureaus, assisting the chief minister in adjudicating cases; a matter was memorialized only after all had signed—except for confidential personnel appointments. When Yao Chong was Ziwei Director, he memorialized that on major matters the Secretariat Drafter should prepare a deliberation summary to accompany the original memorial; both documents went to the Ziwei Director, who judged whether they accorded, and only then was the matter memorialized. Early in Kaiyuan, when other officials managed edicts, decrees, and appointments, they were called "Concurrently Managing Imperial Writings." When Emperor Suzong ascended the throne, other officials again managed the duties of Secretariat Drafters. With war underway, urgency favored expedience; governance departed from the pavilion offices, and decisions issued exclusively from the chief minister—from then on Secretariat Drafters no longer supervised memorials from the six bureaus. Late in Huichang Chief Minister Li Deyu proposed that for routine pavilion business and petitions from prefectures and counties, Secretariat Drafters should again adjudicate what was feasible. Previously those who managed imperial writings were generally drawn from former Department of State Affairs regular directors of upper rank; under Emperor Xuanzong Ministry of Civil Affairs directors were selected instead.
16
主書四人，從七品上。 主事四人，從八品下。 有令史二十五人，書令史五十人，能書四人，蕃書譯語十人，乘驛二十人，傳制十人，亭長十八人，掌固二十四人，裝制敕匠一人，脩補制敕匠五十人，掌函、掌案各二十人。
There were four Recording Masters, ranked at upper seventh grade. There were four Section Chiefs, ranked at lower eighth grade. The office had twenty-five Clerks, fifty Recording Clerks, four skilled scribes, ten foreign-script translators, twenty post-riders, ten decree couriers, eighteen station chiefs, twenty-four watchmen, one decree-binding craftsman, fifty decree-repair craftsmen, and twenty box keepers and twenty document keepers each.
17
右散騎常侍二人，右諫議大夫四人，右補闕六人，右拾遺六人，掌如門下省。
There were two Right Masters of Regular Attendance, four Right Remonstrance Masters, six Right Supplementers, and six Right Pickers-up, with duties the same as those in the Chancellery.
18
起居舍人二人，從六品上。 掌脩記言之史，錄制誥德音，如記事之制，季終以授國史。 有楷書手四人，典二人。
There were two Diarist-Recorders, ranked at upper sixth grade. They maintained the history of recorded speech and recorded benevolent edicts, following the recording regulations; at the end of each quarter they handed the records to the National Historiographer. The office had four Regular Script copyists and two archivists.
19
通事舍人十六人，從六品上。 掌朝見引納、殿庭通奏。 凡近臣入侍、文武就列，則導其進退，而贊其拜起、出入之節。 蠻夷納貢，皆受而進之。 軍出，則受命勞遣； 既行，則每月存問將士之家，視其疾苦； 凱還，則郊迓。 有令史十人，典謁十人，亭長十八人，掌固二十四人。 武德四年，廢謁者臺，改通事謁者曰通事舍人。
There were sixteen Reception Masters, ranked at upper sixth grade. They managed introductions at audiences and the transmission of memorials in the court hall. Whenever close attendants entered to serve or civil and military officials took their places, they guided their advance and withdrawal and announced the protocol for bowing, rising, entering, and leaving. When foreign peoples presented tribute, they received it and presented it onward. When armies marched out, they received orders to convey the emperor's greetings and send the troops off; once the armies had departed, they inquired each month after the families of soldiers and officers and looked into their hardships; when the armies returned in victory, they went to the outskirts to welcome them. The office had ten Clerks, ten reception attendants, eighteen station chiefs, and twenty-four watchmen. In Wude 4 the Receptionist Office was abolished and Palace Reception Attendants were renamed Reception Masters.
20
集賢殿書院學士、直學士、侍讀學士、脩撰官，掌刊緝經籍。 凡圖書遺逸、賢才隱滯，則承旨以求之。 謀慮可施於時，著述可行於世者，考其學術以聞。 凡承旨撰集文章、校理經籍，月終則進課於內，歲終則考最於外。 開元五年，乾元殿寫四部書，置乾元院使，有刊正官四人，以一人判事； 押院中使一人，掌出入宣奏，領中官監守院門； 知書官八人，分掌四庫書。 六年，乾元院更號麗正脩書院，置使及檢校官，改脩書官為麗正殿直學士。 八年，加文學直，又加脩撰、校理、刊正、校勘官。 十一年，置麗正院脩書學士； 光順門外，亦置書院。 十二年，東都明福門外亦置麗正書院。 十三年，改麗正脩書院為集賢殿書院，五品以上為學士，六品以下為直學士，宰相一人為學士知院事，常侍一人為副知院事，又置判院一人、押院中使一人。 玄宗嘗選耆儒，日一人侍讀，以質史籍疑義，至是，置集賢院侍講學士、侍讀直學士。 其後，又增脩撰官、校理官、待制官、留院官、知檢討官、文學直之員； 募能書者為書直及寫御書人，其後亦以前資、常選、三衞、散官五品以上子孫為之； 又置畫直。 至十九年，以書直、畫直、搨書有官者為直院。 至德二年，置大學士。 貞元初，置編錄官； 四年，罷大學士； 八年，罷校理，置校書四人、正字二人。 元和二年，復置集賢校理，罷校書、正字； 四年，集賢御書院學士、直學士皆用五品，如開元故事，以學士一人年高者判院事，非登朝官者為校理，餘皆罷。 初，太宗即位，命京官五品以上，更宿中書、門下兩省，以備訪問。 永徽中，命弘文館學士一人，日待制于武德殿西門。 文明元年，詔京官五品以上清官，日一人待制于章善、明福門。 先天末，又命朝集使六品以上二人，隨仗待制。 永泰時，勳臣罷節制，無職事，皆待制于集賢門，凡十三人。 崔祐甫為相，建議文官一品以上更直待制。 其後著令，正衙待制官日二人。
The Hall of Assembled Worthies Academy Academicians, Direct Academicians, Reading Academicians, and Compilation Officials edited and collated the classics. When books or records were lost, or talented men languished in obscurity, they received imperial orders to seek them out. When plans could be applied to the times or writings could circulate in the world, they examined the author's learning and reported it upward. For all commissioned writing and collation of the classics, they submitted monthly progress reports to the inner palace and underwent annual performance review outside it. In Kaiyuan 5 the four categories of books were copied at the Qianyuan Hall; a Qianyuan Academy commissioner was appointed, with four Text Correctors, one of whom adjudicated affairs; one eunuch commissioner supervised the academy, managing entry and exit announcements and directing palace eunuchs to guard the academy gate; eight Book Managers, each responsible for one of the four book storehouses. In year 6 the Qianyuan Academy was renamed the Lizheng Book-Compilation Academy; a commissioner and inspection officials were appointed, and book compilers became Lizheng Hall Direct Academicians. In year 8 Literary Associates were added, along with officials for compilation, collation, text correction, and proofreading. In year 11 Lizheng Academy Book-Compilation Academicians were established; an academy was also established outside the Guangshun Gate. In year 12 the Lizheng Academy was also established outside the Mingfu Gate in the Eastern Capital. In year 13 the Lizheng Book-Compilation Academy was renamed the Hall of Assembled Worthies Academy; officials of fifth rank and above became Academicians and those of sixth rank and below Direct Academicians; one chief minister served as Academician managing academy affairs, one Regular Attendant as deputy manager, and one academy adjudicator and one eunuch academy supervisor were also appointed. Emperor Xuanzong had once selected aged scholars, one each day to attend readings and question them on doubtful points in historical records; at this time Hall of Assembled Worthies Lecture Academicians and Reading Direct Academicians were established. Afterward the numbers of Compilation Officials, Collation Officials, Drafting Attendants, Academy Retention Officials, Inspection Supervisors, and Literary Associates were increased; Able scribes were recruited as Book Associates and Imperial Book Copyists; later sons of former officials, regular appointees, Three Guards members, and unofficial officials of fifth rank and above were also selected; Painting Associates were also added. By year 19 Book Associates, Painting Associates, and rub-copy scribes who held official posts were organized as the Direct Academy. In Zhide 2 Grand Academicians were established. Early in the Zhenyuan era Compilation and Recording Officials were established; in year 4 the Grand Academicians were abolished; in year 8 Collation Officials were abolished and four Text Collators and two Proofreaders were appointed. In Yuanhe 2 Hall of Assembled Worthies Collation Officials were restored and Text Collators and Proofreaders were abolished; In year 4 Hall of Assembled Worthies Imperial Book Academy Academicians and Direct Academicians all held fifth rank, following the Kaiyuan precedent; the senior Academician adjudicated academy affairs, those not holding court office became Collation Officials, and all other posts were abolished. Initially, when Emperor Taizong ascended the throne, he ordered capital officials of fifth rank and above to lodge in rotation at the Secretariat and Chancellery, ready for imperial consultation. During the Yonghui era one Hongwen Institute Academician was ordered to serve on draft daily at the west gate of the Wude Hall. In Wenming 1 an edict ordered one pure official among capital officials of fifth rank and above to serve on draft daily at the Zhangshan and Mingfu gates. At the end of the Xiantian era two Assembly Envoys of sixth rank and above were also ordered to serve on draft with the court session. During the Yongtai era meritorious officials who had lost their military commands and held no other duties all served on draft at the Hall of Assembled Worthies gate—thirteen in all. When Cui Youfu became chief minister, he proposed that civil officials of first rank and above serve on draft in rotation. Later this was written into regulation: two Drafting Attendants served daily at the main court.
21
校書四人，正九品下。 正字二人，從九品上。 有中使一人，孔目官一人，專知御書檢討八人，知書官八人，書直、寫御書手九十人，畫直六人，裝書直十四人，造筆直四人，搨書六人，典四人。
There were four Text Collators, ranked at lower ninth grade. There were two Proofreaders, ranked at upper sub-ninth grade. The academy had one eunuch commissioner, one inventory clerk, eight specialists in imperial book inspection, eight Book Managers, ninety Book Associates and Imperial Book Copyists, six Painting Associates, fourteen book-binding associates, four brush makers, six rub-copy scribes, and four archivists.
22
史館脩撰四人，掌脩國史。 貞觀三年，置史館於門下省，以他官兼領，或卑位有才者亦以直館稱，以宰相涖脩撰； 又於中書省置祕書內省，脩五代史。 開元二十年，李林甫以宰相監脩國史，建議以為中書切密之地，史官記事隸門下省，疏遠。 於是諫議大夫、史館脩撰尹愔奏徙于中書省。 天寶後，他官兼史職者曰史館脩撰，初入為直館。 元和六年，宰相裴垍建議：登朝官領史職者為脩撰，以官高一人判館事； 未登朝官皆為直館。 大中八年，廢史館直館二員，增脩撰四人，分掌四季。 有令史二人，楷書十二人，寫國史楷書十八人，楷書手二十五人，典書二人，亭長二人，掌固四人，熟紙匠六人。 祕書省監一人，從三品； 少監二人，從四品上； 丞一人，從五品上。 監掌經籍圖書之事，領著作局，少監為之貳。 武德四年，改少令曰少監。 龍朔二年，改祕書省曰蘭臺，監曰太史，少監曰侍郎，丞曰大夫，祕書郎曰蘭臺郎。 武后垂拱元年，祕書省曰麟臺； 太極元年曰祕書省。 有典書四人，楷書十人，令史四人，書令史九人，亭長六人，掌固八人，熟紙匠十人，裝潢匠十人，筆匠六人。
There were four Historiography Office Compilers, who compiled the national history. In Zhenguan 3 the Historiography Office was established in the Chancellery; other officials held the post concurrently, and talented men of lower rank were also called Direct Associates; chief ministers supervised compilation; an Inner Secretariat Office was also established within the Secretariat to compile the history of the Five Dynasties. In Kaiyuan 20 Li Linfu, serving as chief minister supervising compilation of the national history, proposed that the Secretariat was the place of utmost confidentiality, while historiographers attached to the Chancellery were too remote. Thereupon Remonstrance Master and Historiography Office Compiler Yin Yin memorialized to move the office to the Secretariat. After Tianbao other officials who concurrently held historiography duties were called Historiography Office Compilers; newcomers began as Direct Associates. In Yuanhe 6 Chief Minister Pei Ji proposed that court officials who held historiography duties should be Compilers, with the highest-ranked one adjudicating office affairs; those not holding court office were all Direct Associates. In Dazhong 8 two Historiography Office Direct Associate posts were abolished and four Compilers added, each managing one season. The office had two Clerks, twelve Regular Script copyists, eighteen Regular Script copyists for the national history, twenty-five Regular Script scribes, two archive keepers, two station chiefs, four watchmen, and six paper-preparation craftsmen. The Imperial Library had one Director, ranked at upper third grade; two Vice Directors, ranked at upper fourth grade; and one Assistant Director, ranked at upper fifth grade. The Director managed the classics, records, and books, headed the Composition Bureau, and the Vice Directors assisted him. In Wude 4 the Vice Commissioner was renamed Vice Director. In Longshuo 2 the Imperial Library was renamed the Orchid Terrace, the Director became the Grand Astrologer, the Vice Director the Vice Minister, the Assistant Director the Grand Master, and the Library Director the Orchid Terrace Director. In Chuigong 1 under Empress Wu the Imperial Library was called the Qilin Terrace; in Taiji 1 it was again called the Imperial Library. The office had four archive keepers, ten Regular Script copyists, four Clerks, nine Recording Clerks, six station chiefs, eight watchmen, ten paper-preparation craftsmen, ten mounting craftsmen, and six brush makers.
23
祕書郎三人，從六品上。 掌四部圖籍。 以甲乙丙丁為部，皆有三本，一曰正，二曰副，三曰貯。 凡課寫功程，皆分判。
There were three Library Directors, ranked at upper sixth grade. They managed the four categories of maps and records. The categories were jia, yi, bing, and ding; each had three copies—the master copy, the duplicate, and the reserve. All copying quotas and work schedules were divided among them for adjudication.
24
校書郎十人，正九品上； 正字四人，正九品下。 掌讎校典籍，刊正文章。
There were ten Text Collators, ranked at upper ninth grade; and four Proofreaders, ranked at lower ninth grade. They proofread the classics and corrected textual errors.
25
著作局郎二人，從五品上； 著作佐郎二人，從六品上； 校書郎二人，正九品上； 正字二人，正九品下。 著作郎掌撰碑誌、祝文、祭文，與佐郎分判局事。 武德四年，改著作曹曰局。 龍朔二年，曰司文局； 郎曰郎中，佐郎曰司文郎。 有楷書五人，書令史一人，書吏二人，掌固四人。
The Composition Bureau had two Directors, ranked at upper fifth grade; two Assistant Directors, ranked at upper sixth grade; two Text Collators, ranked at upper ninth grade; and two Proofreaders, ranked at lower ninth grade. The Composition Bureau Director drafted stele inscriptions, prayer texts, and sacrificial texts, and divided bureau affairs with the Assistant Director. In Wude 4 the Composition Section was renamed the Bureau. In Longshuo 2 it was called the Bureau of Written Documents; the Director became Bureau Director and the Assistant Director the Document Director. The bureau had five Regular Script copyists, one Recording Clerk, two document clerks, and four watchmen.
26
司天臺監一人，正三品； 少監二人，正四品上； 丞一人，正六品上； 主簿二人，正七品上； 主事一人，正八品下。 監掌察天文，稽曆數。 凡日月星辰、風雲氣色之異，率其屬而占。 有通玄院，以藝學召至京師者居之。 凡天文圖書、器物，非其任不得與焉。 每季錄祥眚送門下、中書省，紀于起居注，歲終上送史館。 歲頒曆于天下。 武德四年，改太史監曰太史局，隸祕書省； 七年，廢監候。 龍朔二年，改太史局曰祕書閣局，令曰祕書閣郎中。 武后光宅元年，改太史局曰渾天監，不隸麟臺； 俄改曰渾儀監，置副監及丞、主簿，改司辰師曰司辰。 長安二年，渾儀監復曰太史局，廢副監及丞，隸麟臺如故，改天文博士曰靈臺郎，曆博士曰保章正。 景龍二年，改太史局曰太史監，不隸祕書省，復置丞。 景雲元年，又為局，隸祕書省，踰月為監，歲中復為局； 二年，改曰渾儀監。 開元二年，復曰太史監，改令為監，置少監。 十四年，太史監復為局，以監為令，而廢少監。 天寶元年，太史局復為監，自是不隸祕書省。 乾元元年，曰司天臺。 藝術人韓潁、劉烜建議改令為監，置通玄院及主簿，置五官監候及五官禮生十五人，掌布諸壇神位，五官楷書手五人，掌寫御書。 有令史五人，天文觀生九十人，天文生五十人，曆生五十五人。 初，有天文博士二人，正八品下； 曆博士一人，從八品上； 司辰師五人，正九品下； 裝書曆生。 掌候天文，掌教習天文氣色，掌寫御曆，後皆省。
The Bureau of Astronomy had one Director, ranked at upper third grade; two Vice Directors, ranked at upper fourth grade; one Assistant Director, ranked at upper sixth grade; two Chief Clerks, ranked at upper seventh grade; and one Section Chief, ranked at lower eighth grade. The Director observed the heavens and verified calendrical reckoning. For all anomalies of the sun, moon, stars, wind, clouds, and atmospheric colors, he led his subordinates in interpreting them. There was a Court of Universal Mystery, where those summoned to the capital for technical learning resided. All astronomical books, records, and instruments were restricted to those charged with the duty; no one else could have access. Each quarter auspicious and inauspicious signs were recorded and sent to the Chancellery and Secretariat, entered in the Diaries of Activity and Rest, and at year's end submitted to the Historiography Office. Each year the calendar was issued throughout the realm. In Wude 4 the Grand Astrologer's Office was renamed the Astrology Bureau and placed under the Imperial Library; in year 7 the Observation Masters were abolished. In Longshuo 2 the Astrology Bureau was renamed the Library Pavilion Bureau and the Commissioner became the Library Pavilion Bureau Director. In Guangzhai 1 under Empress Wu the Astrology Bureau was renamed the Celestial Sphere Office and was no longer subordinate to the Qilin Terrace; Soon it was renamed the Armillary Sphere Office; Vice Directors, Assistant Directors, and Chief Clerks were appointed, and Timekeepers were renamed Time Regulators. In Chang'an 2 the Armillary Sphere Office again became the Astrology Bureau; Vice Directors and Assistant Directors were abolished and it was again subordinate to the Qilin Terrace; Astronomy Masters became Spirit Terrace Directors and Calendar Masters became Calendar Rectifiers. In Jinglong 2 the Astrology Bureau was renamed the Grand Astrologer's Office, was no longer subordinate to the Imperial Library, and the Assistant Director was restored. In Jingyun 1 it again became a bureau subordinate to the Imperial Library; after a month it became an office, and midyear it became a bureau again; in year 2 it was renamed the Armillary Sphere Office. In Kaiyuan 2 it was again the Grand Astrologer's Office; the Commissioner became Director and Vice Directors were appointed. In year 14 the Grand Astrologer's Office again became a bureau; the Director became Commissioner and the Vice Directors were abolished. In Tianbao 1 the Astrology Bureau again became an office, and from then on was not subordinate to the Imperial Library. In Qianyuan 1 it was called the Bureau of Astronomy. Technical specialists Han Ying and Liu Xuan proposed changing Commissioner to Director, establishing the Court of Universal Mystery and Chief Clerks, appointing five Observation Masters and fifteen Ritual Attendants of the Five Offices to arrange spirit seats at the various altars, and five Regular Script scribes of the Five Offices to copy imperial writings. The bureau had five Clerks, ninety astronomy observers, fifty astronomy students, and fifty-five calendar students. Initially there were two Astronomy Masters, ranked at lower eighth grade; one Calendar Master, ranked at upper sub-eighth grade; five Time Regulators, ranked at lower ninth grade; and calendar document binders. They observed the heavens, taught celestial phenomena and atmospheric colors, and copied the imperial calendar—all of these posts were later abolished.
27
春官、夏官、秋官、冬官、中官正，各一人，正五品上； 副正各一人，正六品上。 掌司四時，各司其方之變異。 冠加一星珠，以應五緯； 衣從其方色。 元日、冬至、朔望朝會及大禮，各奏方事，而服以朝見。 乾元三年，置五官正及副正。
There was one each of Spring, Summer, Autumn, Winter, and Central Office Director, all ranked at upper fifth grade; and one Vice Director for each office, ranked at upper sixth grade. They managed the four seasons, each overseeing celestial anomalies in his assigned direction. On their caps they wore a single star pearl, corresponding to the five planets; and their robes followed the color of their direction. On New Year's Day, the winter solstice, new- and full-moon court assemblies, and major ceremonies, each reported affairs of his direction and attended court in ceremonial dress. In Qianyuan 3 the Five Office Directors and Vice Directors were established.
28
五官保章正二人，從七品上； 五官監候三人，正八品下； 五官司曆二人，從八品上。 掌曆法及測景分至表準。
There were two Five-Office Calendar Rectifiers, ranked at upper sub-seventh grade; three Five-Office Observation Masters, ranked at lower eighth grade; and two Five-Office Calendar Regulators, ranked at upper sub-eighth grade. They managed calendrical methods and the gnomon standards used to measure shadows at the equinoxes and solstices.
29
五官靈臺郎各一人，正七品下。 掌候天文之變。 五官挈壺正二人，正八品上； 五官司辰八人，正九品上； 漏刻博士六人，從九品下。 掌知漏刻。 凡孔壺為漏，浮箭為刻，以考中星昏明，更以擊鼓為節，點以擊鐘為節。 武后長安二年，置挈壺正。 乾元元年，與靈臺郎、保章正、司曆、司辰，皆加五官之名。 有漏刻生四十人，典鐘、典鼓三百五十人。 初，有刻漏視品、刻漏典事，掌知刻漏、檢校刻漏，後皆省。 殿中省監一人，從三品； 少監二人，從四品上； 丞二人，從五品上。 監掌天子服御之事。 其屬有六局，曰尚食、尚藥、尚衣、尚乘、尚舍、尚輦。 少監為之貳。 凡聽朝，率屬執繖扇列于左右； 大朝會、祭祀，則進爵； 行幸，則侍奉仗內、驂乘，百司皆納印而藏之，大事聽焉，有行從百司之印。
There was one Five-Office Spirit Terrace Director for each office, ranked at lower seventh grade. They observed changes in the heavens. There were two Five-Office Clepsydra Masters, ranked at upper eighth grade; eight Five-Office Time Regulators, ranked at upper ninth grade; and six Clepsydra Masters, ranked at lower sub-ninth grade. They managed clepsydra timekeeping. The perforated vessel served as the clepsydra and the floating arrow marked the quarters, to verify the meridian stars and distinguish dusk from dawn; watches were marked by drumbeats and hours by bell strokes. In Chang'an 2 under Empress Wu Clepsydra Masters were established. In Qianyuan 1 Spirit Terrace Directors, Calendar Rectifiers, Calendar Regulators, and Time Regulators all received the prefix Five-Office. The bureau had forty clepsydra students and three hundred fifty bell and drum keepers. Initially there were Clepsydra Rank Inspectors and Clepsydra Supervisors who managed and inspected clepsydra timekeeping—all of these posts were later abolished. The Palace Domestic Service had one Director, ranked at upper third grade; two Vice Directors, ranked at upper fourth grade; and two Assistant Directors, ranked at upper fifth grade. The Director managed the emperor's clothing and personal accoutrements. Subordinate to it were six bureaus: the Provisioner's Bureau, Pharmacy Bureau, Wardrobe Bureau, Imperial Mounts Bureau, Palace Maintenance Bureau, and Sedan Chair Bureau. The Vice Directors assisted the Director. Whenever the emperor held court, the Director led his subordinates holding parasols and fans, arrayed to left and right; at great court assemblies and sacrifices they presented cups; on imperial travels they attended within the guard and rode as outriders; the hundred offices all surrendered their seals for safekeeping, major affairs awaited their judgment, and they carried the traveling seals of the hundred offices.
30
左右仗廄，左曰奔星，右曰內駒。 兩仗內又有六廄：一曰左飛，二曰右飛，三曰左萬，四曰右萬，五曰東南內，六日西南內。 園苑有官馬坊，每歲河隴羣牧進其良者以供御。 六閑馬，以殿中監及尚乘主之。 武后萬歲通天元年，置仗內六閑：一曰飛龍，二曰祥麟，三曰鳳苑，四曰鵷鸞，五曰吉良，六曰六羣，亦號六廄。 以殿中丞檢校仗內閑廄，以中官為內飛龍使。 聖曆中，置閑廄使，以殿中監承恩遇者為之，分領殿中、太僕之事，而專掌輿輦牛馬。 自是，宴游供奉，殿中監皆不豫。 開元初，閑廄馬至萬餘匹，駱駝、巨象皆養焉。 以駝、馬隸閑廄，而尚乘局名存而已。 閑廄使押五坊，以供時狩：一曰鵰坊，二曰鶻坊，三曰鷂坊，四曰鷹坊，五曰狗坊。 侍御尚醫二人，正六品上； 主事二人，從九品上。 武德元年，改殿內省曰殿中省。 龍朔二年，曰中御府，監曰大監，丞曰大夫。 有令史四人，書令史十二人，左右仗、千牛各十人，掌固、亭長各八人。 舊有天藏府，開元二十三年省。
The left and right guard stables were called Running Star and Inner Colt. Within the two guard units there were also six stables: Left Flying, Right Flying, Left Myriad, Right Myriad, Southeast Inner, and Southwest Inner. The parklands had official horse compounds; each year the herd offices of Hexi and Longyou sent their best horses for imperial use. The six reserve herds were managed by the Palace Domestic Service Director and the Imperial Mounts Bureau. In Wansui Tongtian 1 under Empress Wu six guard-reserve herds were established: Flying Dragon, Auspicious Unicorn, Phoenix Park, Kingfisher and Phoenix, Lucky Steed, and Six Herds—also called the Six Stables. Palace Domestic Service Assistant Directors inspected the guard-reserve stables, and eunuchs served as Inner Flying Dragon Commissioners. During the Shengli era Reserve Stable Commissioners were established, drawn from favored Palace Domestic Service Directors; they shared oversight of Palace Domestic Service and Court of the Imperial Stud affairs while specializing in chariots, sedan chairs, cattle, and horses. From then on the Palace Domestic Service Director no longer participated in banquet and excursion service. Early in Kaiyuan the reserve stables held more than ten thousand horses, and camels and great elephants were kept there as well. Camels and horses were placed under the reserve stables, and the Imperial Mounts Bureau existed in name only. The Reserve Stable Commissioner supervised the Five Aviaries for seasonal hunting: Eagle, Goshawk, Sparrow Hawk, Hawk, and Dog. There were two Attending Imperial Physicians, ranked at upper sixth grade; and two Section Chiefs, ranked at upper sub-ninth grade. In Wude 1 the Inner Palace Service was renamed the Palace Domestic Service. In Longshuo 2 it was called the Central Imperial Household; the Director became Grand Director and the Assistant Director Grand Master. The office had four Clerks, twelve Recording Clerks, ten each for the left and right guard units and Thousand-Ox Guard, and eight each of watchmen and station chiefs. Formerly there was the Heavenly Treasury, which was abolished in Kaiyuan 23.
31
進馬五人，正七品上。 掌大陳設，戎服執鞭，居立仗馬之左，視馬進退。 天寶八載，罷南衙立仗馬，因省進馬； 十二載復置，乾元後又省，大曆十四年復。
There were five Horse Attendants, ranked at upper seventh grade. They managed major formations, wearing military dress and holding whips, standing to the left of the formation horses and watching their advance and withdrawal. In Tianbao 8 the Southern Yamen formation horses were abolished, and the Horse Attendants were accordingly reduced; in year 12 they were restored; after Qianyuan they were again reduced, and in Dali 14 restored once more.
32
尚食局奉御二人，正五品下； 直長五人，正七品上。 諸奉御、直長，品皆如之。 食醫八人，正九品下。 奉御掌儲供，直長為之貳。 進御必辨時禁，先嘗之； 饗百官賓客，則與光祿視品秩而供； 凡諸陵月享，視膳乃獻。 龍朔二年，改尚食局曰奉膳局，諸局奉御皆曰大夫。 有書令史二人，書吏五人，主食十六人，主膳八百四十人，掌固八人。
The Provisioner's Bureau had two Palace Attendants, ranked at lower fifth grade; and five Direct Supervisors, ranked at upper seventh grade. The ranks for Palace Attendants and Direct Supervisors in the other bureaus were the same. There were eight Dietary Physicians, ranked at lower ninth grade. The Palace Attendant managed stored provisions, and the Direct Supervisor assisted. Food presented to the emperor had to observe seasonal prohibitions and was tasted first; when entertaining the hundred offices and guests, they supplied food according to rank together with the Court of Imperial Entertainments; for monthly offerings at the imperial tombs, they presented food only after inspection. In Longshuo 2 the Provisioner's Bureau was renamed the Food Service Bureau, and Palace Attendants in all bureaus were called Grand Masters. The bureau had two Recording Clerks, five document clerks, sixteen staple-food stewards, eight hundred forty meal stewards, and eight watchmen.
33
尚藥局奉御二人，直長二人。 掌和御藥、診視。 凡藥供御，中書、門下長官及諸衞上將軍各一人，與監、奉御涖之。 藥成，醫佐以上先嘗，疏本方，具歲月日，涖者署奏； 餌日，奉御先嘗，殿中監次之，皇太子又次之，然後進御。 太常每季閱送上藥，而還其朽腐者。 左右羽林軍，給藥； 飛騎、萬騎病者，頒焉。 龍朔二年，改尚藥局曰奉醫局。 有按摩師四人，呪禁師四人，書令史二人，書吏四人，直官十人，主藥十二人，藥童三十人，合口脂匠二人，掌固四人。
The Pharmacy Bureau had two Palace Attendants and two Direct Supervisors. They compounded imperial medicines and conducted medical examinations. Whenever medicine was supplied to the emperor, one senior official each from the Secretariat and Chancellery and one senior general from each guard, together with the Director and Palace Attendant, supervised the process. When the medicine was finished, physicians of Assistant rank and above tasted it first; the prescription was copied out with the date, and the supervisors signed and memorialized it; On the day it was taken, the Palace Attendant tasted first, then the Palace Domestic Service Director, then the crown prince, and only then was it presented to the emperor. Each quarter the Court of Imperial Sacrifices reviewed and submitted superior medicines, returning those that were decayed. The Left and Right Feathered Forest Armies received medicines; sick members of the Flying Cavalry and Ten Thousand Riders were also supplied. In Longshuo 2 the Pharmacy Bureau was renamed the Medical Service Bureau. The bureau had four massage therapists, four incantation therapists, two Recording Clerks, four document clerks, ten direct officials, twelve medicine stewards, thirty medicine apprentices, two lip-balm craftsmen, and four watchmen.
34
侍御醫四人，從六品上。 掌供奉診候。
There were four Attending Physicians, ranked at upper sub-sixth grade. They attended the emperor and conducted medical examinations.
35
司醫五人，正八品下； 醫佐十人，正九品下。 掌分療眾疾。 皆貞觀中置。
There were five Court Physicians, ranked at lower eighth grade; and ten Physician Assistants, ranked at lower ninth grade. They treated various illnesses by division of labor. All were established during the Zhenguan era.
36
尚衣局奉御二人，直長四人，掌供冕服、几案。 祭祀，則奉鎮圭於監，而進于天子； 大朝會，設案。 龍朔二年，改尚衣局曰奉冕局。 有書令史三人，書吏四人，主衣十六人，掌固四人。
The Wardrobe Bureau had two Palace Attendants and four Direct Supervisors, who supplied ceremonial robes and tables. At sacrifices they presented the territorial tablet to the Director, who then presented it to the emperor; at great court assemblies they set out tables. In Longshuo 2 the Wardrobe Bureau was renamed the Ceremonial Robe Bureau. The bureau had three Recording Clerks, four document clerks, sixteen robe stewards, and four watchmen.
37
尚舍局奉御二人，直長六人，掌殿庭祭祀張設、湯沐、燈燭、汛掃。 行幸，則設三部帳幕，有古帳、大帳、次帳、小次帳、小帳凡五等，各三部； 其外，則蔽以排城。 大朝會，設黼扆，施躡席，薰鑪。 朔望，設幄而已。 龍朔二年，改尚舍局曰奉扆局。 有書令史三人，書吏七人，掌固十人，幕士八十人。 舊有給使百二十人，掌供御湯沐、燈燭、雜使，貞觀中省。
The Palace Maintenance Bureau had two Palace Attendants and six Direct Supervisors, who managed arrangement of the hall and court for sacrifices, bathing supplies, lamps and candles, and sweeping. On imperial travels they set up three sets of tents in five grades—ancient tent, large tent, secondary tent, small secondary tent, and small tent—three of each; outside these they were screened by a palisade enclosure. At great court assemblies they set out the embroidered screen, spread the tiger-skin mat, and placed incense burners. At new and full moon they set up canopies only. In Longshuo 2 the Palace Maintenance Bureau was renamed the Screen Service Bureau. The bureau had three Recording Clerks, seven document clerks, ten watchmen, and eighty tent stewards. Formerly there were one hundred twenty supply attendants who managed imperial bathing supplies, lamps and candles, and miscellaneous service; they were abolished during the Zhenguan era.
38
尚乘局奉御二人，直長十人，掌內外閑廄之馬。 左右六閑：一曰飛黃，二曰吉良，三曰龍媒，四曰騊駼，五曰駃騠，六曰天苑。 凡外牧歲進良馬，印以三花、「飛」「鳳」之字。 飛龍廄日以八馬列宮門之外，號南衙立仗馬，仗下，乃退。 大陳設，則居樂縣之北，與象相次。 龍朔二年，改尚乘局曰奉駕局。 有書令史六人，書吏十四人，直官二十人，習馭五百人，掌閑五千人，典事五人，獸醫七十人，掌固四人。 習馭，掌調六閑之馬； 掌閑，掌飼六閑之馬，治其乘具鞍轡； 典事，掌六閑芻粟。 太宗置司廩，司庫； 高宗置習馭、獸醫。
The Imperial Mounts Bureau had two Palace Attendants and ten Direct Supervisors, who managed horses of the inner and outer reserve stables. The left and right six reserve herds were Flying Yellow, Lucky Steed, Dragon Matchmaker, Táo-tú, Jiāo-tí, and Heavenly Park. Each year the outer herd offices sent fine horses, branded with three flowers and the characters "Flying" and "Phoenix." Daily the Flying Dragon Stable arrayed eight horses outside the palace gate as the Southern Yamen formation horses; when the guard session ended, they withdrew. At major formations they stood north of the musical ensemble, in sequence with the elephants. In Longshuo 2 the Imperial Mounts Bureau was renamed the Chariot Service Bureau. The bureau had six Recording Clerks, fourteen document clerks, twenty direct officials, five hundred horse trainers, five thousand herd keepers, five storekeepers, seventy veterinarians, and four watchmen. The horse trainers trained horses of the six reserve herds; the herd keepers fed horses of the six reserve herds and maintained saddles and bridles; the storekeepers managed fodder and grain for the six reserve herds. Emperor Taizong established the Granary Office and Storehouse Office; Emperor Gaozong established the horse trainers and veterinarians.
39
司廩、司庫各一人，正九品下。 掌六閑藳秸出納。 奉乘十八人，正九品下。 掌飼習御馬。
There was one Granary Director and one Storehouse Director, each ranked at lower ninth grade. They managed receipt and issue of straw and stalks for the six reserve herds. There were eighteen Chariot Attendants, ranked at lower ninth grade. They fed and trained imperial horses.
40
尚輦局奉御二人； 直長三人； 尚輦二人，正九品下。 掌輿輦、繖扇，大朝會則陳于庭，大祭祀則陳于廟，皆繖二、翰一、扇一百五十有六，既事而藏之。 常朝則去扇，左右留者三。 龍朔二年，改尚輦局曰奉輿局。 有書令史二人，書吏四人，七輦主輦各六人，掌扇六十人，掌翰三十人，掌輦四十二人，奉輿十五人，掌固六人。 掌扇、掌翰，掌執繖扇、紙筆硯雜供奉之事； 掌輦，掌率主輦以供其事。 高宗置掌翰。 內侍省監二人，從三品； 少監二人，內侍四人，皆從四品上。 監掌內侍奉，宣制令。 其屬六局，曰掖庭、宮闈、奚官、內僕、內府、內坊。 少監、內侍為之貳。 皇后親蠶，則升壇執儀； 大駕出入，為夾引。 武德四年，改長秋監曰內侍監，內承奉曰內常侍，內承直曰內給事。 龍朔二年，改監為省。 武后垂拱元年，曰司宮臺。 天寶十三載，置內侍監，改內侍曰少監； 尋更置內侍。 有高品一千六百九十六人，品官白身二千九百三十二人，令史八人，書令史十六人。
The Sedan Chair Bureau had two Palace Attendants; three Direct Supervisors; and two Sedan Chair Masters, ranked at lower ninth grade. They managed sedan chairs, parasols, and fans; at great court assemblies these were displayed in the courtyard, and at great sacrifices in the temple—two parasols, one writing kit, and one hundred fifty-six fans in all, stored away once the rite was finished. At regular court the fans were removed, and three were kept on the left and right. In Longshuo 2 the Sedan Chair Bureau was renamed the Sedan Service Bureau. The bureau had two Recording Clerks, four document clerks, six sedan masters for each of the seven sedan chairs, sixty fan keepers, thirty writing-kit keepers, forty-two sedan keepers, fifteen sedan attendants, and six watchmen. The fan keepers and writing-kit keepers held parasols and fans and managed paper, brush, inkstone, and miscellaneous attendance; the sedan keepers led the sedan masters to supply what was needed. Emperor Gaozong established the writing-kit keepers. The Palace Eunuch Service had two Directors, ranked at upper third grade; two Vice Directors and four Palace Eunuchs, all ranked at upper fourth grade. The Directors managed inner palace attendance and proclaimed edicts and orders. Subordinate to it were six bureaus: the Palace Women Bureau, Inner Gates Bureau, Attendants Bureau, Inner Servants Bureau, Inner Treasury Bureau, and Inner Workshops Bureau. The Vice Directors and Palace Eunuchs assisted the Directors. when the empress personally tended silkworms, they ascended the altar and performed the rites; when the great imperial procession entered or left, they served as flank escorts. In Wude 4 the Director of the Long Autumn was renamed Palace Eunuch Director, the Inner Attendant became the Palace Eunuch Regular Attendant, and the Inner Direct Attendant became the Inner Supply Master. In Longshuo 2 the office was renamed a service. In Chuigong 1 under Empress Wu it was called the Palace Office. In Tianbao 13 the Palace Eunuch Director was established and Palace Eunuchs were renamed Vice Directors; soon the post of Palace Eunuch was established again. The service had one thousand six hundred ninety-six ranked eunuchs, two thousand nine hundred thirty-two ranked officials without office, eight Clerks, and sixteen Recording Clerks.
41
內常侍六人，正五品下，通判省事。
There were six Palace Eunuch Regular Attendants, ranked at lower fifth grade, who jointly adjudicated service affairs.
42
內給事十人，從五品下。 掌承旨勞問，分判省事。 凡元日、冬至，百官賀皇后，則出入宣傳； 宮人衣服費用，則具品秩，計其多少，春秋宣送于中書。 主事二人，從九品下。
There were ten Inner Supply Masters, ranked at lower sub-fifth grade. They received imperial orders and conveyed inquiries, and divided adjudication of service affairs. On New Year's Day and the winter solstice, when the hundred offices congratulated the empress, they entered and left to announce and transmit messages; for palace women's clothing expenses they listed ranks, calculated the amounts, and in spring and autumn reported them to the Secretariat. There were two Section Chiefs, ranked at lower sub-ninth grade.
43
內謁者監十人，正六品下。 掌儀法、宣奏、承敕令及外命婦名帳。 凡諸親命婦朝會者，籍其數上內侍省； 命婦下車，則導至朝堂奏聞。 唐廢內謁者局，置內典引十八人，掌諸親命婦朝參，出入導引。 有內亭長六人，掌固八人。
There were ten Inner Reception Supervisors, ranked at lower sixth grade. They managed ceremonial protocol, announcements and memorials, receipt of edicts and orders, and registers of titled women outside the palace. For all consorts and titled women attending court assemblies, their numbers were registered and reported to the Palace Eunuch Service; when a titled woman dismounted from her carriage, they guided her to the court hall and reported her arrival. The Tang abolished the Inner Reception Bureau and established eighteen Inner Protocol Guides to manage court attendance of consorts and titled women and guide their entry and exit. The office had six inner station chiefs and eight watchmen.
44
內謁者十二人，從八品下。 掌諸親命婦朝集班位，分涖諸門。
There were twelve Inner Reception Attendants, ranked at lower sub-eighth grade. They managed assembly positions of consorts and titled women at court and supervised the various gates.
45
內寺伯六人，正七品下。 掌糾察宮內不法，歲儺則涖出入。
There were six Inner Palace Rectors, ranked at lower seventh grade. They investigated unlawful conduct within the palace; at the year-end exorcism they supervised entry and exit.
46
寺人六人，從七品下。 掌皇后出入執御刀宂從。
There were six Palace Attendants, ranked at lower sub-seventh grade. They attended the empress's entry and exit, bearing imperial swords as escorts.
47
掖庭局令二人，從七品下； 丞三人，從八品下。 掌宮人簿帳、女工。 凡宮人名籍，司其除附； 公桑養蠶，會其課業； 供奉物皆取焉。 婦人以罪配沒，工縫巧者隸之，無技能者隸司農。 諸司營作須女功者，取於戶婢。 有書令史四人，書吏八人，計史二人，典事十人，掌固四人。 計史掌料功程。
The Palace Women Bureau had two Commissioners, ranked at lower sub-seventh grade; and three Assistant Directors, ranked at lower sub-eighth grade. They managed palace women's registers and female craftwork. They managed appointments and attachments on all palace women's name registers; for public mulberry fields and silkworm raising they convened and assessed production quotas; all tribute items were drawn from them. Women sentenced and confiscated for crimes were assigned accordingly: skilled seamstresses to the bureau, those without skills to the Court of the National Granaries. When various offices needed female labor for construction, they drew on household bondwomen. The bureau had four Recording Clerks, eight document clerks, two accounting clerks, ten storekeepers, and four watchmen. The accounting clerks calculated work quotas.
48
宮教博士二人，從九品下。 掌教習宮人書、算、眾藝。 初，內文學館隸中書省，以儒學者一人為學士，掌教宮人。 武后如意元年，改曰習藝館，又改曰萬林內教坊，尋復舊。 有內教博士十八人，經學五人，史、子、集綴文三人，楷書二人，莊老、太一、篆書、律令、吟詠、飛白書、算、碁各一人。 開元末，館廢，以內教博士以下隸內侍省，中官為之。
There were two Palace Instruction Masters, ranked at lower sub-ninth grade. They instructed palace women in writing, calculation, and various arts. Initially the Inner Literary Institute was subordinate to the Secretariat; one Confucian scholar served as Academician and instructed palace women. In Ruyi 1 under Empress Wu it was renamed the Arts Training Institute, then the Myriad Forest Inner Teaching Office, and soon restored to the former name. There were eighteen Inner Instruction Masters: five in classical learning, three in history, masters, and collected prose, two in Regular Script, and one each in Zhuangzi and Laozi, Grand Unity, seal script, law codes, lyric recitation, flying-white calligraphy, calculation, and go. At the end of Kaiyuan the institute was abolished; Inner Instruction Masters and below were placed under the Palace Eunuch Service and held by eunuchs.
49
監作四人，從九品下。 掌監涖雜作，典工役。
There were four Construction Supervisors, ranked at lower sub-ninth grade. They supervised miscellaneous construction and managed laborers.
50
宮闈局令二人，從七品下； 丞二人，從八品下。 掌侍宮闈，出入管籥。 凡享太廟，皇后神主出入，則帥其屬輿之。 總小給使學生之籍，給以糧稟。 有書令史三人，書吏六人，內閽史二十人，內掌扇十六人，內給使無常員，小給使學生五十人，掌固四人。 凡無官品者，號曰內給使，掌諸門進物之曆； 內閽史，掌承傳諸門，出納管鑰； 內掌扇，掌中宮繖扇。
The Inner Gates Bureau had two Commissioners, ranked at lower sub-seventh grade; and two Assistant Directors, ranked at lower sub-eighth grade. They attended the inner gates and managed keys for entry and exit. Whenever offerings were made at the Grand Temple and the empress's spirit tablet entered or left, they led their subordinates to carry it in a sedan. They maintained registers of junior supply attendants and students and issued grain rations. The bureau had three Recording Clerks, six document clerks, twenty inner gate clerks, sixteen inner fan keepers, inner supply attendants without fixed numbers, fifty junior supply attendants and students, and four watchmen. All those without official rank were called inner supply attendants and managed schedules of items brought in through the gates; the inner gate clerks transmitted messages at the gates and dispensed keys; the inner fan keepers managed parasols and fans of the inner palace.
51
奚官局令二人，正八品下； 丞二人，正九品下。 掌奚隸、工役、宮官之品。 宮人病，則供醫藥； 死，給衣服，各視其品。 陪陵而葬者，將作給匠戶，衞士營冢，三品葬給百人，四品八十人，五品六十人，六品、七品十人，八品、九品七人； 無品者，斂以松棺五釘，葬以犢車，給三人。 皆監門校尉、直長涖之。 內命婦五品以上無親戚者，以近冢同姓中男一人主祭于墓； 無同姓者，春、秋祠以少牢。 有書令史三人，書吏六人，典事、藥童、掌固各四人。
The Attendants Bureau had two Commissioners, ranked at lower eighth grade; and two Assistant Directors, ranked at lower ninth grade. They managed attendants, laborers, and the ranks of palace officials. When palace women fell ill, they supplied medicines; when they died, clothing was provided according to each woman's rank. Those buried beside the imperial tombs received craftsmen from the Directorate of Imperial Construction and guards to build the mound—one hundred men for third rank, eighty for fourth, sixty for fifth, ten for sixth and seventh ranks, and seven for eighth and ninth ranks; those without rank were encoffined in pine with five nails, buried by ox-cart, and given three attendants. All were supervised by Gate Guard captains and direct supervisors. Inner titled women of fifth rank and above without relatives were assigned one middle-aged man of the same surname from a nearby tomb to preside at sacrifices at the grave; if there was no man of the same surname, spring and autumn sacrifices used a lesser victim. The bureau had three Recording Clerks, six document clerks, and four each of storekeepers, medicine apprentices, and watchmen.
52
內僕局令二人，正八品下； 丞二人，正九品下。 掌中宮車乘。 皇后出，則令居左、丞居右，夾引。 有書令史二人，書吏四人，駕士百四十人，典事八人，掌固八人。 駕士掌習御車輿、雜畜。
The Inner Servants Bureau had two Commissioners, ranked at lower eighth grade; and two Assistant Directors, ranked at lower ninth grade. They managed vehicles of the inner palace. When the empress went out, the Commissioner stood on the left and the Assistant Director on the right, escorting on both sides. The bureau had two Recording Clerks, four document clerks, one hundred forty charioteers, eight storekeepers, and eight watchmen. The charioteers trained imperial carriages and managed miscellaneous livestock.
53
內府局令二人，正八品下； 丞二人，正九品下。 掌中藏寶貨給納之數，及供燈燭、湯沐、張設。 凡朝會，五品已上及有功將士、蕃酋辭還，皆賜於庭。 有書令史二人，書吏、典史、掌固各四人，典事六人。
The Inner Treasury Bureau had two Commissioners, ranked at lower eighth grade; and two Assistant Directors, ranked at lower ninth grade. They managed quantities of treasures stored in the inner treasury for receipt and issue, and supplied lamps and candles, bathing supplies, and furnishings. At all court assemblies, officials of fifth rank and above, meritorious soldiers and officers, and tribal chiefs taking leave to return home were all granted gifts in the courtyard. The bureau had two Recording Clerks, four each of document clerks, archive clerks, and watchmen, and six storekeepers.
54
太子內坊局令二人，從五品下； 丞二人，從七品下。 掌東宮閤內及宮人糧稟。 坊事五人，從八品下。 初，內坊隸東宮。 開元二十七年，隸內侍省，為局，改典內曰令，置丞。 坊事及導客舍人六人，掌序導賓客； 閤帥六人，掌帥閽人、內給使以供其事； 內閽人八人，掌承諸門出入管鑰，內繖扇、燈燭； 內廄尉二人，掌車乘。 有錄事一人，令史三人，書令史五人，典事二人，駕士三十人，亭長、掌固各一人。
The Crown Prince Inner Workshops Bureau had two Commissioners, ranked at lower sub-fifth grade; and two Assistant Directors, ranked at lower sub-seventh grade. They managed the inner quarters of the Eastern Palace and grain rations for palace women. There were five Workshop Supervisors, ranked at lower sub-eighth grade. Initially the Inner Workshops were subordinate to the Eastern Palace. In Kaiyuan 27 they were placed under the Palace Eunuch Service as a bureau; the Inner Director was renamed Commissioner and Assistant Directors were established. The Workshop Supervisors and six Guest Guide Attendants ordered and guided guests; six Gate Captains led gatekeepers and inner supply attendants to supply what was needed; eight inner gatekeepers managed keys for entry and exit at the gates, along with inner parasols, fans, lamps, and candles; two inner stable captains managed vehicles. The bureau had one recorder, three Clerks, five Recording Clerks, two storekeepers, thirty charioteers, and one station chief and one watchman.
55
典直四人，正九品下。 掌宮內儀式導引，通傳勞問，糾劾非違，察出納。 內官貴妃、惠妃、麗妃、華妃，各一人，正一品。 掌佐皇后論婦禮於內，無所不統。 唐因隋制，有貴妃、淑妃、德妃、賢妃，各一人，為夫人，正一品； 昭儀、昭容、昭媛、脩儀、脩容、脩媛、充儀、充容、充媛，各一人，為九嬪，正二品； 婕妤九人，正三品； 美人四人，正四品； 才人五人，正五品； 寶林二十七人，正六品； 御女二十七人，正七品； 采女二十七人，正八品。 六尚亦曰諸尚書，正三品； 二十四司亦曰諸司事，正四品； 二十四典亦曰諸典事，正六品； 二十四掌亦曰諸掌事。 龍朔二年，置贊德二人，正一品； 宣儀四人，正二品； 承閨五人，正四品； 承旨五人，正五品； 衞仙六人，正六品； 供奉八人，正七品； 侍櫛二十人，正八品； 侍巾三十人，正九品。 咸亨復舊。 開元中，玄宗以后妃四星，一為后，有后而復置四妃，非典法，乃置惠妃、麗妃、華妃，以代三夫人； 又置六儀、美人、才人，增尚宮、尚儀、尚服三局。 諸司諸典，自六品至九品而止。 其後復置貴妃。
There were four Protocol Directors, ranked at lower ninth grade. They guided inner palace ceremonial, transmitted inquiries and condolences, investigated violations, and inspected receipt and issue. The inner consorts were one each of Noble Consort, Graceful Consort, Beautiful Consort, and Splendid Consort, all ranked at upper first grade. They assisted the empress in discussing women's rites within the palace and oversaw all inner affairs. Following Sui institutions, the Tang had one each of Noble Consort, Pure Consort, Virtuous Consort, and Worthy Consort, called Ladies, ranked at upper first grade; one each of Bright Lady, Bright Beauty, Bright Companion, Cultivated Lady, Cultivated Beauty, Cultivated Companion, Fulfilling Lady, Fulfilling Beauty, and Fulfilling Companion, called the Nine Consorts, ranked at upper second grade; nine Fair Ladies, ranked at upper third grade; four Beauties, ranked at upper fourth grade; five Talented Ladies, ranked at upper fifth grade; twenty-seven Treasure Grove Ladies, ranked at upper sixth grade; twenty-seven Palace Women, ranked at upper seventh grade; and twenty-seven Selected Women, ranked at upper eighth grade. The Six Chiefs were also called Chief Ladies, ranked at upper third grade; the twenty-four Directors were also called Bureau Supervisors, ranked at upper fourth grade; the twenty-four Custodians were also called Custodian Supervisors, ranked at upper sixth grade; and the twenty-four Handlers were also called Handler Supervisors. In Longshuo 2 two Virtue Praisers were established, ranked at upper first grade; four Ceremonial Ladies, ranked at upper second grade; five Inner Attendants, ranked at upper fourth grade; five Order Receivers, ranked at upper fifth grade; six Guarding Immortals, ranked at upper sixth grade; eight Attendants, ranked at upper seventh grade; twenty Comb Attendants, ranked at upper eighth grade; and thirty Towel Attendants, ranked at upper ninth grade. In Xianheng the former system was restored. During Kaiyuan, since Emperor Xuanzong took the four consort stars as one empress, and having an empress while restoring four consorts was not canonical law, he established Graceful Consort, Beautiful Consort, and Splendid Consort to replace the three Ladies; he also established the Six Consorts, Beauties, and Talented Ladies, and added the Inner Palace, Rites, and Wardrobe bureaus. All Directors and Custodians ranged from sixth to ninth grade. Later the Noble Consort was restored.
56
淑儀、德儀、賢儀、順儀、婉儀、芳儀，各一人，正二品。 掌教九御四德，率其屬以贊后禮。
There was one each of Pure Consort, Virtuous Consort, Worthy Consort, Compliant Consort, Graceful Consort, and Fragrant Consort, all ranked at upper second grade. They taught the Nine Inner Consorts the four virtues and led their subordinates to assist the empress in ritual.
57
美人四人，正三品。 掌率女官脩祭祀、賓客之事。 才人七人，正四品。 掌敍燕寢，理絲枲，以獻歲功。 宮官尚宮局尚宮二人，正五品。 六尚皆如之。 掌導引中宮，總司記、司言、司簿、司闈。 凡六尚事物出納文籍，皆涖其印署。 有女史六人，掌執文書。
There were four Beauties, ranked at upper third grade. They led palace women in managing sacrifices and guest affairs. There were seven Talented Ladies, ranked at upper fourth grade. They managed the inner chambers, processed silk and hemp, and presented the year's production. The Inner Palace Bureau had two Inner Palace Chiefs, ranked at upper fifth grade. The Six Chiefs in the other bureaus were the same. They guided the inner palace and oversaw the Directors of Records, Speech, Registers, and Gates. For all receipt and issue of documents and records among the Six Chiefs, they supervised sealing and signing. There were six Female Scribes who managed documents.
58
司記二人，正六品； 二十四司皆如之。 掌宮內文簿入出，錄為抄目，審付行焉。 牒狀無違，然後加印。 典記佐之。 典記二人，正七品； 二十四典皆如之。 掌記二人，正八品； 二十四掌皆如之。
There were two Directors of Records, ranked at upper sixth grade; the twenty-four Directors in the other bureaus were the same. They managed receipt and issue of inner palace documents, recorded them as copied lists, reviewed them, and sent them for execution. When memorials and petitions were without violation, the seal was then applied. Record Custodians assisted them. There were two Record Custodians, ranked at upper seventh grade; the twenty-four Custodians in the other bureaus were the same. There were two Record Handlers, ranked at upper eighth grade; the twenty-four Handlers in the other bureaus were the same.
59
司言、典言，各二人，掌承敕宣付。 別鈔以授司閽傳外。 掌言二人，掌宣傳，外司附奏受事者，奏聞； 承敕處分，則錄所奏為案記。 有女史四人。
Two each of Directors of Speech and Speech Custodians received edicts and promulgated them. Separate copies were made and given to the Gate Director for transmission outside. Two Speech Handlers managed announcements; when outside offices submitted attached memorials for matters received, they reported them; when edicts were received for disposition, they recorded the memorials as case notes. There were four Female Scribes.
60
司簿、典簿、掌簿，各二人，掌女史以上名簿。 稟賜，則品別條錄為等。 有女史六人。
Two each of Directors of Registers, Register Custodians, and Register Handlers managed name registers of Female Scribes and above. For grain rations and gifts, they listed entries by rank into grades. There were six Female Scribes.
61
司闈六人，掌諸閤管鑰。 典闈、掌闈，各六人，掌分涖啟閉。 有女史四人。
Six Directors of Gates managed keys for all inner chambers. Six each of Gate Custodians and Gate Handlers divided supervision of opening and closing. There were four Female Scribes.
62
尚儀局尚儀二人，掌禮儀起居。 總司籍、司樂、司賓、司贊。
The Rites Bureau had two Rites Chiefs, who managed ceremonial protocol and daily activity. They oversaw the Directors of Registers, Music, Guests, and Praise.
63
司籍、典籍、掌籍，各二人，掌供御經籍。 分四部，部別為目，以時暴涼。 教學則簿記課業，供奉几案、紙筆，皆預偫焉。 有女史十人。
Two each of Directors of Registers, Register Custodians, and Register Handlers managed supply of imperial classics. They divided them into four categories, each with its own catalogue, and aired them to cool at the proper season. For instruction they recorded coursework; tables, paper, and brushes for attendance were all prepared in advance. There were ten Female Scribes.
64
司樂、典樂、掌樂，各四人，掌宮縣及諸樂陳布之儀，涖其閱習。 有女史二人。
Four each of Directors of Music, Music Custodians, and Music Handlers managed palace music ensembles and the protocol for arranging all music, supervising their rehearsal. There were two Female Scribes.
65
司賓、典賓、掌賓，各二人，掌賓客朝見，受名以聞。 宴會，則具品數以授尚食； 有賜物，與尚功涖給。 有女史二人。
Two each of Directors of Guests, Guest Custodians, and Guest Handlers managed guest audiences, receiving names and reporting them. At banquets they prepared numbers by rank and handed them to the Provisioner's Chief; when there were gifts, they joined the Works Chief in supervising distribution. There were two Female Scribes.
66
司贊、典贊、掌贊，各二人，掌賓客朝見、宴食，贊相導引。 會日，引客立于殿庭，司言宣敕坐，然後引即席。 酒至，起再拜； 食至，亦起。 皆相其儀。
Two each of Directors of Praise, Praise Custodians, and Praise Handlers managed guest audiences and banquets, announcing and guiding. On the day of assembly they led guests to stand in the hall courtyard; the Director of Speech proclaimed the edict to be seated, and then they led them to their places. When wine arrived, they rose and bowed twice; when food arrived, they also rose. They all matched their ceremonial conduct.
67
彤史二人，正六品。 有女史二人。
There were two Vermilion Scribes, ranked at upper sixth grade. There were two Female Scribes.
68
尚服局尚服二人，掌供服用采章之數，總司寶、司衣、司飾、司仗。
The Wardrobe Bureau had two Wardrobe Chiefs, who managed quantities of clothing, insignia, and colors supplied, and oversaw the Directors of Treasures, Garments, Adornments, and Implements.
69
司寶二人，掌神寶、受命寶、六寶及符契，皆識其行用，記以文簿。 典寶、掌寶，各二人，凡出付皆旬別案記，還則朱書注入。 有女史四人。
Two Directors of Treasures managed the Spirit Treasure, Mandate Treasure, Six Treasures, and tally documents, knowing their use and recording them in written registers. Two each of Treasure Custodians and Treasure Handlers: whenever items were issued, case notes were made every ten days; on return, entries were added in red ink. There were four Female Scribes.
70
司衣、典衣、掌衣，各二人，掌宮內御服、首飾整比，以時進奉。 有女史四人。
Two each of Directors of Garments, Garment Custodians, and Garment Handlers managed inner palace robes and head ornaments, arranging and presenting them on schedule. There were four Female Scribes.
71
司飾、典飾、掌飾，各二人，掌湯沐、巾櫛。 凡供進，識其寒溫之節。 有女史二人。
Two each of Directors of Adornments, Adornment Custodians, and Adornment Handlers managed bathing supplies, towels, and combs. For all items supplied, they observed the seasons of cold and warmth. There were two Female Scribes.
72
司仗、典仗、掌仗，各二人，掌仗衞之器。 凡立儀衞，尚服率司仗等供其事。 有女史二人。
Two each of Directors of Implements, Implement Custodians, and Implement Handlers managed ceremonial guard weapons. Whenever ceremonial guards were established, the Wardrobe Chief led the Directors of Implements and others to supply what was needed. There were two Female Scribes.
73
尚食局尚食二人，掌供膳羞品齊。 總司膳、司醞、司藥、司饎。 凡進食，先嘗。
The Provisioner's Bureau had two Provisioner's Chiefs, who managed supply of meals and proper arrangement of dishes. They oversaw the Directors of Food, Wine, Medicine, and Rations. For all food presented, they tasted first.
74
司膳二人，掌烹煎及膳羞、米麪、薪炭。 凡供奉口味，皆種別封印。 典膳、掌膳，各四人，掌調和御食，溫、涼、寒、熱，以時供進則嘗之。 有女史四人。
Two Directors of Food managed cooking, dishes, grain and flour, and fuel. For all flavors supplied, each kind was separately sealed. Four each of Food Custodians and Food Handlers managed blending of imperial food—warm, cool, cold, and hot—and tasted it when presented on schedule. There were four Female Scribes.
75
司醞、典醞、掌醞，各二人，掌酒醴酏飲，以時進御。 有女史二人。
Two each of Directors of Wine, Wine Custodians, and Wine Handlers managed wine, fermented liquor, and beverages, presenting them to the emperor on schedule. There were two Female Scribes.
76
司藥、典藥、掌藥，各二人，掌醫方。 凡藥外進者，簿案種別。 有女史四人。
Two each of Directors of Medicine, Medicine Custodians, and Medicine Handlers managed medical prescriptions. For all medicines submitted from outside, registers listed them by kind. There were four Female Scribes.
77
司饎、典饎、掌饎，各二人，掌給宮人餼食、薪炭，皆有等級，受付則旬別案記。 有女史四人。
Two each of Directors of Rations, Ration Custodians, and Ration Handlers managed grain rations and fuel for palace women, all by rank; on receipt and issue, case notes were made every ten days. There were four Female Scribes.
78
尚寢局尚寢二人，掌燕見進御之次敍，總司設、司輿、司苑、司燈。
The Repose Bureau had two Repose Chiefs, who managed the order of private audiences and imperial visits, and oversaw the Directors of Furnishings, Sedan Chairs, Gardens, and Lamps.
79
司設、典設、掌設，各二人，掌牀帷茵席鋪設，久故者以狀聞。 凡汎掃之事，典設以下分視。 有女史四人。
Two each of Directors of Furnishings, Furnishing Custodians, and Furnishing Handlers managed beds, curtains, mats, and furnishings; items long worn out were reported by memorial. For all sweeping duties, Furnishing Custodians and below divided inspection. There were four Female Scribes.
80
司輿、典輿、掌輿，各二人，掌輿輦、繖扇、文物、羽旄，以時暴涼。 典輿以下分察。 有女史二人。
Two each of Directors of Sedan Chairs, Sedan Chair Custodians, and Sedan Chair Handlers managed sedan chairs, parasols, fans, ceremonial objects, and feather banners, airing them to cool at the proper season. Sedan Chair Custodians and below divided inspection. There were two Female Scribes.
81
司苑、典苑、掌苑，各二人，掌園苑蒔植蔬果。 典苑以下分察之。 果熟，進御。 有女史二人。
Two each of Directors of Gardens, Garden Custodians, and Garden Handlers managed planting of fruits and vegetables in the palace gardens. Garden Custodians and below divided inspection. When fruit ripened, it was presented to the emperor. There were two Female Scribes.
82
司燈、典燈、掌燈，各二人，掌門閤燈燭。 晝漏盡一刻，典燈以下分察。 有女史二人。
Two each of Directors of Lamps, Lamp Custodians, and Lamp Handlers managed lamps and candles at the gate chambers. One quarter after the day clepsydra ran out, Lamp Custodians and below divided inspection. There were two Female Scribes.
83
尚功局尚功二人，掌女功之程，總司製、司珍、司綵、司計。
The Works Bureau had two Works Chiefs, who managed quotas for women's craftwork and oversaw the Directors of Manufacture, Treasures, Textiles, and Accounts.
84
司製、典製、掌製，各二人，掌供御衣服裁縫。 有女史二人。
Two each of Directors of Manufacture, Manufacture Custodians, and Manufacture Handlers managed supply and tailoring of imperial clothing. There were two Female Scribes.
85
司珍、典珍、掌珍，各二人，掌珠珍、錢貨。 有女史六人。
Two each of Directors of Treasures, Treasure Custodians, and Treasure Handlers managed pearls, treasures, and currency. There were six Female Scribes.
86
司綵、典綵、掌綵，各二人，掌錦綵、縑帛、絲枲。 有賜用，則旬別案記。 有女史二人。
Two each of Directors of Textiles, Textile Custodians, and Textile Handlers managed brocades, silks, and hemp thread. When items were granted for use, case notes were made every ten days. There were two Female Scribes.
87
司計、典計、掌計，各二人，給衣服、飲食、薪炭。 有女史二人。
Two each of Directors of Accounts, Account Custodians, and Account Handlers supplied clothing, food, and fuel. There were two Female Scribes.
88
宮正一人，正五品； 司正二人，正六品； 典正二人，正七品。 宮正掌戒令、糾禁、讁罰之事。 宮人不供職者，司正以牒取裁，小事決罰，大事奏聞。 有女史四人。 阿監、副監，視七品。 太子內官良娣二人，正三品； 良媛六人，正四品； 承徽十人，正五品； 昭訓十六人，正七品； 奉儀二十四人，正九品。
There was one Palace Rectifier, ranked at upper fifth grade; two Rectifier Directors, ranked at upper sixth grade; and two Rectifier Custodians, ranked at upper seventh grade. The Palace Rectifier managed admonitions, prohibitions, and censure and punishment. When palace women failed in their duties, the Rectifier Director decided by memorial; minor matters were punished on the spot, and major matters were reported upward. There were four Female Scribes. Senior and Deputy Supervisors were treated as seventh rank. Among the crown prince's inner officials there were two Virtuous Consorts, ranked at upper third grade; six Virtuous Ladies, ranked at upper fourth grade; ten Seal Bearers, ranked at upper fifth grade; sixteen Bright Instructors, ranked at upper seventh grade; and twenty-four Ceremonial Attendants, ranked at upper ninth grade.
89
司閨二人，從六品； 三司皆如之。 掌導引妃及宮人名簿，總掌正、掌書、掌筵。
There were two Directors of Inner Chambers, ranked at upper sub-sixth grade; the three Directors in the other divisions were the same. They guided consorts and managed palace women's name registers, and oversaw the Rectifiers, Scribes, and Banquet Handlers.
90
掌正三人，從八品，九掌皆如之。 掌文書出入、管鑰、糾察推罰。 有女史三人。
There were three Rectifier Handlers, ranked at upper sub-eighth grade; the nine Handlers in the other divisions were the same. They managed receipt and issue of documents, keys, investigation, and punishment. There were three Female Scribes.
91
掌書三人，掌符契、經籍、宣傳、啟奏、教學、稟賜、紙筆。 有女史三人。
Three Scribe Handlers managed tallies, classics, announcements, memorial submissions, instruction, grain rations, and paper and brush. There were three Female Scribes.
92
掌筵三人，掌幄帟、牀褥、几案、輿繖、汛掃、鋪設。
Three Banquet Handlers managed canopies, bedding, tables, sedan chairs and parasols, sweeping, and furnishings.
93
司則二人，掌禮儀參見，總掌嚴、掌縫、掌藏。
Two Directors of Protocol managed ceremonial audiences and oversaw the Strict Handlers, Seam Handlers, and Treasury Handlers.
94
掌嚴三人，掌首飾、衣服、巾櫛、膏沐、服玩、仗衞。 有女史三人。
Three Strict Handlers managed head ornaments, clothing, towels and combs, ointments and bathing supplies, dress accessories, and ceremonial guard implements. There were three Female Scribes.
95
掌縫三人，掌裁紉、織績。 有女史三人。
Three Seam Handlers managed cutting, sewing, and weaving. There were three Female Scribes.
96
掌藏三人，掌財貨、珠寶、縑綵。
Three Treasury Handlers managed goods, pearls and jewels, and silks.
97
司饌二人，掌進食先嘗，總掌食、掌醫、掌園。 有女史四人。
Two Directors of Food Service managed tasting food before presentation and oversaw the Food, Medical, and Garden Handlers. There were four Female Scribes.
98
掌食三人，掌膳羞、酒醴、燈燭、薪炭、器皿。 有女史四人。
Three Food Handlers managed dishes, wine, lamps and candles, fuel, and utensils. There were four Female Scribes.
99
掌醫三人，掌方藥、優樂。 有女史二人。
Three Medical Handlers managed prescriptions and soothing entertainment. There were two Female Scribes.
100
掌園三人，掌種植蔬果。 有女史二人。
Three Garden Handlers managed planting of fruits and vegetables. There were two Female Scribes.
101
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Collation Notes.