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儒學上
Confucian Scholars, Part One
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徐文遠陸德明曹憲顏師古 （時相遊秦） 孔穎達 （王恭馬嘉運） 歐陽詢 （通） 朱子奢張士衡 （賈大隱） 張後胤蓋文達 （文懿） 谷那律 （從政） 蕭德言 （許叔牙子儒） 敬播 （劉伯莊秦景通劉訥言）
Xu Wenyuan, Lu Deming, Cao Xian, and Yan Shigu (Shi Xiang and You Qin) Kong Yingda (Wang Gong and Ma Jiayun) Ouyang Xun (Tong) Zhu Zishe and Zhang Shiheng (Jia Dayin) Zhang Houyin and Gai Wenda (Wenyi) Gu Nalü (Congzheng) Xiao Deyan (Xu Shuya and Ziru) Jing Bo (Liu Bozhuang, Qin Jingtong, and Liu Neyan)
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高祖始受命，鉏類夷荒，天下略定，即詔有司立周公、孔子廟於國學，四時祠。 求其後，議加爵土。 國學始置生七十二員，取三品以上子、弟若孫為之； 太學百四十員，取五品以上； 四門學百三十員，取七品以上。 郡縣三等，上郡學置生六十員，中、下以十為差； 上縣學置生四十員，中、下亦以十為差。 又詔宗室、功臣子孫就秘書外省，別為小學。
When Emperor Gaozu first took the throne, he cleared away chaos and pacified the frontier lands. Once the empire was largely at peace, he ordered officials to establish temples to the Duke of Zhou and Confucius at the Imperial Academy, with sacrifices in all four seasons. He sought out their descendants and debated granting them titles and fiefs. The Imperial Academy initially enrolled seventy-two students, selected from sons, younger brothers, or grandsons of officials of the third rank and above; the Imperial University one hundred forty, drawn from the fifth rank and above; and the Four Gates Academy one hundred thirty, drawn from the seventh rank and above. Prefectures and counties were ranked in three grades: upper prefectures set aside sixty student places, with middle and lower grades differing by ten; upper counties set aside forty student places, with middle and lower grades again differing by ten. He also ordered members of the imperial clan and descendants of meritorious ministers to attend a separate primary school at the outer Secretariat.
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太宗身櫜，風纚露沐，然銳情經術，即王府開文學館，召名儒十八人為學士，與議天下事。 既即位，殿左置弘文館，悉引內學士番宿更休； 聽朝之間，則與討古今，道前王所以成敗，或日昃夜艾，未嘗少怠。 貞觀六年，詔罷周公祠，更以孔子為先聖，顏氏為先師，盡召天下惇師老德以為學官。 數臨幸觀釋菜，命祭酒博士講論經義，賜以束帛。 生能通一經者，得署吏。 廣學舍千二百區，三學益生員，並置書、算二學，皆有博士。 大抵諸生員至三千二百。 自玄武屯營飛騎，皆給博士受經，能通一經者，聽入貢限。 四方秀艾，挾策負素，坌集京師，文治煟然勃興。 於是新羅、高昌、百濟、吐蕃、高麗等群酋長並遣子弟入學，鼓笥踵堂者，凡八千餘人。 紆侈袂，曳方履，訚訚秩秩，雖三代之盛，所未聞也。 帝又讎正《五經》繆闕，頒天下示學者，與諸儒稡章句為義疏，俾久其傳。 因詔前代通儒梁皇偘、褚仲都、周熊安生、沈重、陳沈文阿、周弘正、張譏、隋何妥、劉炫等子孫，並加引擢。 二十一年，詔「左丘明、卜子夏、公羊高、穀梁赤、伏勝、高堂生、戴聖、毛萇、孔安國、劉向、鄭眾、杜子春、馬融、盧植、鄭玄、服虔、何休、王肅、王弼、杜預、範寧二十一人，用其書，行其道，宜有以褒大之，自今並配享孔子廟廷」。 於是唐三百年之盛，稱貞觀，寧不其然。
Emperor Taizong went to war with bow at his side and braved wind and rain, yet he was passionately devoted to the classics. At his princely residence he opened a Literary Academy, summoned eighteen renowned Confucians as academicians, and discussed affairs of state with them. After his accession, he established the Hongwen Hall to the left of the throne hall and brought in all the inner academicians to rotate night duty; between audiences he would discuss past and present with them, explaining how earlier rulers had succeeded or failed—sometimes until sunset and deep into the night, never slackening. In the sixth year of the Zhenguan era, an edict abolished sacrifices to the Duke of Zhou and instead made Confucius the Sage and the Yan clan the Exemplary Teacher. All the most respected teachers in the realm were summoned to serve as school officials. He repeatedly visited in person to observe the ceremonial offering of vegetables, ordered the libationer and erudites to expound the classics, and bestowed bundles of silk. Students who could master one classic were permitted to be appointed as clerks. School quarters were expanded to twelve hundred units; the three academies increased their enrollments, and Schools of Writing and Calculation were also established, each with erudites. In all, student enrollment reached three thousand two hundred. Even the Xuanwu garrison and the Flying Cavalry were assigned erudites to teach them the classics; those who mastered one classic were allowed to enter the tribute quota. Outstanding talents from every quarter, bearing writing tablets and carrying scrolls, thronged the capital, and literary governance flourished with new vigor. Chieftains of Silla, Gaochang, Baekje, Tibet, Goguryeo, and other states all sent their sons and younger brothers to study. Those who beat their book-cases and followed one another into the hall numbered more than eight thousand in all. With flowing sleeves and square-toed shoes, orderly and dignified in manner—such splendor had never been heard of, even in the flourishing age of the Three Dynasties. The emperor also collated errors and omissions in the Five Classics and distributed them throughout the realm for scholars. Together with the Confucians he compiled commentaries and explications so that the tradition might long endure. He also ordered the descendants of master Confucians of earlier generations—Liang Huang Kan, Chu Zhongdu, Zhou Xiong Ansheng, Shen Chong, Chen Shen Wen'a, Zhou Hongzheng, Zhang Ji, Sui He Tuo, Liu Xuan, and others—to be promoted and elevated. In the twenty-first year, an edict declared: "Zuo Qiuming, Bu Zixia, Gongsun Gao, Guliang Chi, Fu Sheng, Gaotang Sheng, Dai Sheng, Mao Chang, Kong Anguo, Liu Xiang, Zheng Zhong, Du Zichun, Ma Rong, Lu Zhi, Zheng Xuan, Fu Qian, He Xiu, Wang Su, Wang Bi, Du Yu, and Fan Ning—twenty-one men whose books were used and whose ways were followed—deserve to be honored and magnified. From now on they shall all share sacrifice in the court of Confucius's temple." Thus the splendor of Tang's three hundred years was called the Zhenguan era—is this not so?
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高宗尚吏事，武後矜權變，至諸王駙馬，皆得領祭酒。 初，孔穎達等始署官，發《五經》題與諸生酬問； 及是，惟判祥瑞案三牒即罷。
Emperor Gaozong valued administrative affairs; Empress Wu prided herself on expedient adaptation; even imperial princes and imperial sons-in-law were permitted to serve as libationers. At first, when Kong Yingda and others were first appointed to office, they issued Five Classics questions and exchanged answers with the students; by this time they merely adjudicated three dossiers of auspicious omens and then ceased.
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玄宗詔群臣及府郡舉通經士，而褚無量、馬懷素等勸講禁中，天子尊禮，不敢盡臣之。 置集賢院部分典籍、乾元殿博匯群書至六萬卷，經籍大備，又稱開元焉。 祿山之禍，兩京所藏，一為炎埃，官私楮，喪脫幾盡，章甫之徒，劫為縵胡。 於是嗣帝區區救亂未之得，安暇語貞觀、開元事哉？ 自楊綰、鄭餘慶、鄭覃等以大儒輔政，議優學科，先經誼，黜進士，後文辭，亦弗能克也。 文宗定《五經》，镵之石，張參等是正訛文，寥寥一二可紀。 由是觀之，始未嘗不成於艱難，而後敗於易也。
Emperor Xuanzong ordered ministers and prefectures to recommend men versed in the classics, while Chu Wuliang, Ma Huaisu, and others lectured within the palace. The Son of Heaven honored them with ceremony and did not dare treat them wholly as subjects. The Jixian Academy was established to organize the classics; the Qianyuan Hall broadly gathered books until they reached sixty thousand scrolls. The classics were fully stocked, and this too was called the Kaiyuan era. In the disaster of Lushan, what the two capitals had stored was turned to ash and dust; official and private paper was lost almost entirely; scholars were plundered like barbarians. Thereupon the succeeding emperor, struggling merely to quell disorder, had not yet succeeded—how could he spare time to speak of Zhenguan and Kaiyuan affairs? Even when Yang Wan, Zheng Yuqing, Zheng Tan, and other great Confucians assisted in government and debated favoring the classical examination—putting classical meaning first, demoting the jinshi degree, and subordinating literary composition—they too could not prevail. Emperor Wenzong fixed the Five Classics and carved them in stone; Zhang Can and others corrected erroneous texts—only one or two things worth recording remain. Viewed thus, beginnings were never achieved except through hardship, while later ruin came through ease.
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嘗論之，武為救世砭劑，文其膏粱歟！ 亂已定，必以文治之。 否者，是病損而進砭劑，其傷多矣！ 然則武得之，武治之，不免霸且盜，聖人反是而王。 故曰武創業，文守成，百世不易之道也。 若乃舉天下一之於仁義，莫若儒。 儒待其人，乃能光明厥功，宰相大臣是已。 至專誦習傳授、無它大事業者，則次為《儒學篇》。
It has been argued: military affairs are the needle that saves the age; are literary affairs its rich fare? Once disorder is settled, governance by culture is indispensable. Otherwise, it is like advancing the needle when the illness has already damaged the body—the harm will be great! Thus if military power obtains and military power governs, one cannot escape being merely hegemonic and predatory; the sage reverses this and becomes king. Therefore it is said: military affairs found the enterprise, cultural affairs preserve it—an unchanging way for a hundred generations. If one is to unite all under Heaven in benevolence and righteousness, nothing surpasses Confucianism. Confucianism awaits the right person before its achievements can shine forth—prime ministers and great officials are such. As for those who specialize in recitation, transmission, and instruction without other great achievements, they are recorded next in the "Confucian Scholars" chapters.
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徐曠，字文遠，以字行。 南齊司空孝嗣五世孫。 父徹，梁秘書郎，尚元帝女安昌公主。 江陵陷，俘以西，客偃師，貧不能自給。 兄文林鬻書於肆，文遠日閱之，因博通《五經》，明《左氏春秋》。 時耆儒沈重講太學，授業常千人，文遠從之質問，不數日辭去。 或問其故，答曰：「先生所說，紙上語耳。 若奧境，彼有所未見者，尚何觀？」 重知其語，召與反復研辯，嗟嘆其能。 性方正，舉動純重，竇威、楊玄感、李密、王世充皆從受學。
Xu Kuang, styled Wenyuan, was known by his style name. He was a fifth-generation descendant of Minister of Works Xiaosi of Southern Qi. His father Che served as Secretary Gentleman of Liang and married Princess Anchang, daughter of Emperor Yuan of Liang. When Jiangling fell, he was taken captive westward, lodged in Yanshi, and was too poor to support himself. His elder brother Wenlin sold books in a shop; Wenyuan daily perused them and thereby mastered the Five Classics and became accomplished in the Zuo clan's Spring and Autumn Annals. At the time the venerable Confucian Shen Chong lectured at the Imperial University, his disciples often numbering a thousand; Wenyuan went to question him but departed within a few days. When someone asked the reason, he replied: "What the master speaks is merely words on paper. If there are hidden depths he has not yet seen, what is there to observe?" Shen Chong understood his meaning, summoned him for repeated study and debate, and sighed in admiration of his ability. By nature upright and square, his conduct pure and weighty, Dou Wei, Yang Xuangan, Li Mi, and Wang Shichong all studied under him.
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隋開皇中，累遷太學博士，詔與漢王諒授經。 會諒反，除名為民。 大業初，禮部侍郎許善心薦文遠及包愷、褚徽、陸德明、魯達為學官，擢國子博士，愷等為太學博士。 世稱《左氏》有文遠，《禮》有褚徽，《詩》有魯達，《易》有陸德明，皆一時冠雲。 文遠說經，遍舉先儒異論，分明是非，乃出新意以折衷，聽者忘勞。 越王侗署國子祭酒。
In the Kaihuang era of Sui, he was repeatedly promoted to Erudite of the Imperial University and ordered to instruct Prince Liang of Han in the classics. When Liang rebelled, he was stripped of office and made a commoner. At the beginning of the Daye era, Vice Minister of Rites Xu Shanshan recommended Wenyuan together with Bao Kai, Chu Hui, Lu Deming, and Lu Da as school officials. Wenyuan was promoted to Erudite of the Directorate of Education, and Kai and the others to erudites of the Imperial University. The age said: for the Zuo tradition there was Wenyuan; for the Rites there was Chu Hui; for the Odes there was Lu Da; for the Changes there was Lu Deming—all at the time stood above their peers. When Wenyuan expounded the classics, he comprehensively cited earlier Confucians' differing views, clearly distinguished right from wrong, and then brought forth new ideas to reconcile them; listeners forgot their fatigue. Prince Tong of Yue appointed him Libationer of the Directorate of Education.
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時洛陽饑，文遠自出城樵拾，為李密所得。 密使文遠南向坐，備弟子禮拜之，文遠謝曰：「前日以先王之道授將軍，今將軍擁兵百萬，威振四海，猶能屈體老夫，此盛德也，安敢不盡？ 將軍若欲為伊、霍，繼絕扶傾，吾雖老，猶願盡力； 如為莽、卓，乘危迫險，則仆耄矣，無能為也！」 密頓首曰：「幸得位上公，思所以竭力，先征化及刷國恥，然後入見天子，請罪於有司，惟先生教之。」 答曰：「將軍，名臣子，累世盡節，前陷玄感黨，迷未遠而復，今若終之以忠，天下之人所望於將軍者。」 密頓首曰：「恭聞命。」 俄而世充專制，密又問焉，對曰：「彼殘忍而意褊促，必速於亂，將軍非破之不可以朝。」 密曰：「常謂先生儒者，不學軍旅，至籌大計，乃明略過人。」
At the time Luoyang suffered famine; Wenyuan went out of the city himself to gather firewood and was captured by Li Mi. Mi had Wenyuan sit facing south and performed the rites of a disciple in bowing to him. Wenyuan declined, saying: "Formerly I taught the General the way of the former kings; now the General commands a million troops and his authority shakes the four seas, yet still can humble himself before this old man—this is great virtue. How dare I not do my utmost? If the General wishes to be like Yi Yin and Huo Guang, continuing the extinguished and supporting the tottering, though I am old I am still willing to exert myself to the full; but if you act like Wang Mang or Dong Zhuo, seizing crisis to force peril, then I am aged and can do nothing!" Mi bowed his head to the ground and said: "Fortunately I have attained the rank of Grand Duke; I think how to exert myself to the full—first to campaign against Huaji and wash away the national shame, then to enter and see the Son of Heaven and request punishment from the relevant offices. I rely on the Master's instruction." He replied: "The General is the son of a renowned minister; for generations your house has exhausted its loyalty. Formerly you fell into Xuangan's faction, strayed but not far and returned; if now you end in loyalty, this is what all under Heaven expects of the General." Mi bowed his head to the ground and said: "I respectfully receive the command." Before long Shichong seized sole power; Mi questioned him again, and he replied: "That man is cruel and his intent narrow and urgent; disorder will come quickly. The General cannot attend court unless you defeat him." Mi said: "I always considered the Master a Confucian who did not study military affairs; yet in planning great strategy his clear design surpasses others."
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密敗，復入東都。 世充給稍異等，而文遠見輒先拜。 或問：「君踞見李密而下王公，何邪？」 答曰：「密，君子，能受酈生之揖； 世充，小人，無容故人義。 相時而動可也。」 世充僭號，以為國子博士。 子士會奔長安，世充怒，絕其稟，文遠餓幾死，數矣。 身出樵，為羅士信所獲，送京師，仍為國子博士。
When Mi was defeated, he again entered the Eastern Capital. Shichong supplied him with slightly inferior provisions, yet whenever Wenyuan saw him he would bow first. Someone asked: "You sat erect when you saw Li Mi yet bow to princes and dukes—why?" He replied: "Mi is a gentleman and can accept Li Yiji's bow; Shichong is a petty man and has no room for the righteousness owed an old acquaintance. One acts according to the times." When Shichong usurped the title, he was made Erudite of the Directorate of Education. His son Shihui fled to Chang'an; Shichong in anger cut off his stipend; Wenyuan nearly starved to death several times. Going out himself to gather firewood, he was captured by Luo Shixin, sent to the capital, and again made Erudite of the Directorate of Education.
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高祖幸國學觀釋奠，文遠發《春秋》題，論難鋒生，隨方占對，莫能屈。 帝異之，封東莞縣男。 卒，年七十四。 孫有功，自有傳。
When Emperor Gaozu visited the Imperial Academy to observe the ceremonial offering, Wenyuan issued a Spring and Autumn question; the keen students debated, and he responded according to each point—none could overcome him. The emperor marveled at this and enfeoffed him as Baron of Dongguan. He died at the age of seventy-four. His grandson Yougong has his own biography.
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陸元朗，字德明，以字行，蘇州吳人。 善名理言，受學於周弘正。 陳太建中，後主為太子，集名儒入講承光殿，德明始冠，與下坐。 國子祭酒徐孝克敷經，倚貴縱辯，眾多下之，獨德明申答，屢奪其說，舉坐咨賞。 解褐始興國左常侍。 陳亡，歸鄉闬。
Lu Yuanlang, styled Deming, was known by his style name; he was a native of Wu in Suzhou. He was skilled in Neo-Daoist discourse and studied under Zhou Hongzheng. In the Taojian era of Chen, when the Later Lord was crown prince, he gathered renowned Confucians to lecture in Chengguang Hall; Deming had just reached adulthood and sat among the lower seats. The libationer Xu Xiaoke expounded the classics, relying on his rank to debate freely; the multitude mostly yielded, but Deming alone answered and repeatedly seized his arguments; the whole assembly sighed in admiration. Upon leaving office he was appointed Left Regular Attendant of the Principality of Shixing. When Chen fell, he returned to his native district.
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隋煬帝擢秘書學士。 大業間，廣召經明士，四方踵至。 於是德明與魯達、孔褒共會門下省相酬難，莫能詘。 遷國子助教。 越王侗署為司業，入殿中授經。 王世充僭號，封子玄恕為漢王，以德明為師，即其廬行束脩禮。 德明恥之，服巴豆劑，僵偃東壁下。 玄恕入拜床垂，德明對之遺利，不復開口，遂移病成臯。
Emperor Yang of Sui promoted him to Secretariat Academician. During the Daye era, men versed in the classics were broadly summoned, and they came from the four quarters in succession. Thereupon Deming together with Lu Da and Kong Bao met at the Secretariat to exchange challenges, and none could defeat them. He was transferred to Assistant Instructor of the Directorate of Education. Prince Tong of Yue appointed him as Vice Director and had him enter the hall to instruct in the classics. When Wang Shichong usurped the title, he enfeoffed his son Xuanshu as Prince of Han and made Deming his teacher; at his dwelling he performed the ceremony of presenting dried meat. Deming was shamed by this; he took a croton purgative and lay stiff on the east wall. Xuanshu entered to bow at the bedside; Deming faced him and soiled himself, no longer opening his mouth, and then feigned illness at Chenggao.
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世充平，秦王辟為文學館學士，以經授中山王承乾，補太學博士。 高祖已釋奠，召博士徐文遠、浮屠慧乘、道士劉進喜各講經，德明隨方立義，遍析其要。 帝大喜曰：「三人者誠辯，然德明一舉輒蔽，可謂賢矣！」 賜帛五十匹，遷國子博士，封吳縣男。 卒。
When Shichong was pacified, the Prince of Qin recruited him as an academician of the Literary Academy, had him instruct Prince Chengqian of Zhongshan in the classics, and appointed him Erudite of the Imperial University. After Emperor Gaozu had performed the ceremonial offering, he summoned the erudites Xu Wenyuan, the Buddhist Huicheng, and the Daoist Liu Jinxi each to expound a classic; Deming established meaning according to each school and comprehensively analyzed their essentials. The emperor greatly rejoiced and said: "These three men are indeed eloquent, yet Deming with one stroke covers them all—he may be called worthy!" He bestowed fifty bolts of silk, promoted him to Erudite of the Directorate of Education, and enfeoffed him as Baron of Wu County. He died.
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論撰甚多，傳於世。 後太宗閱其書，嘉德明博辯，以布帛二百段賜其家。
His treatises and compositions were many and passed down in the world. Later Emperor Taizong read his books, praised Deming's broad learning and eloquence, and bestowed two hundred bolts of silk on his family.
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子敦信，麟德中，繇左侍極檢校右相，累封嘉興縣子，以老疾致仕，終大司成。
His son Dunxin, in the Linde era, rose from Left Attendant-in-Ordinary inspecting the Right Chancellor to be repeatedly enfeoffed as Viscount of Jiaxing; he retired for old age and illness and ended as Grand Master of the Grand Academy.
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曹憲，揚州江都人。 仕隋為秘書學士，聚徒教授凡數百人，公卿多從之遊。 於小學家尤邃，自漢杜林、衛宏以後，古文亡絕，至憲復興。 煬帝令與諸儒撰《桂苑珠叢》，規正文字。 又註《廣雅》，學者推其該，藏於秘書。
Cao Xian was a native of Jiangdu in Yangzhou. Serving Sui as Secretariat Academician, he gathered disciples to teach—several hundred in all—and many ministers and officials studied with him. He was especially accomplished among scholars of small learning; since Du Lin and Wei Hong of Han, ancient script had been lost, and it was revived through Xian. Emperor Yang ordered him together with the Confucians to compile the Guiyuan Zhucong and to standardize written characters. He also annotated the Guangya; scholars praised its comprehensiveness, and it was stored in the Secretariat.
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貞觀中，揚州長史李襲譽薦之，以弘文館學士召，不至，即家拜朝散大夫，當世榮之。 太宗嘗讀書，有奇難字，輒遣使者問憲，憲具為音註，援驗詳復，帝咨尚之。 卒，年百餘歲。
In the Zhenguan era, Prefect Li Xiyu of Yangzhou recommended him; he was summoned as academician of the Hongwen Hall but did not come; he was appointed at home as Grand Master of the Palace and the age honored him. When Emperor Taizong was reading and encountered strange and difficult characters, he would send an envoy to ask Xian; Xian fully provided phonetic annotations and verified them in detail, and the emperor admired him. He died at the age of more than one hundred.
20
憲始以梁昭明太子《文選》授諸生，而同郡魏模、公孫羅、江夏李善相繼傳授，於是其學大興。 句容許淹者，自浮屠還為儒，多識廣聞，精故訓，與羅等並名家。 羅官沛王府參軍事、無錫丞。 模，武後時為左拾遺，子景倩亦世其學，以拾遺召，後歷度支員外郎。 善，見子邕傳。
Xian first taught Crown Prince Zhaoming of Liang's Wenxuan to his students; Wei Mo, Gongsun Luo, and Li Shan of the same commandery transmitted it in succession, and thereby the study greatly flourished. Xu Yan of Jurong, having returned from Buddhism to Confucianism, was widely learned, skilled in ancient glosses, and together with Luo and others was renowned. Luo served as Administrative Assistant in the Princely Household of Pei and as Assistant Magistrate of Wuxi. Mo, in Empress Wu's time, was Left Remonstrator; his son Jingqian also inherited the learning and was summoned as Remonstrator, later serving as Outer Office Member of the Ministry of Revenue. Shan is treated in the biography of his son Yong.
21
顏師古，字籀，其先瑯邪臨沂人。 祖之推，自高齊入周，終隋黃門郎，遂居關中，為京兆萬年人。 父思魯，以儒學顯。 武德初，為秦王府記室參軍事。
Yan Shigu, styled Zhou, was originally from Linyi in Langye. His grandfather Zhitui entered Zhou from Northern Qi and ended as Yellow Gate Gentleman of Sui; he then settled in Guanzhong and became a native of Wannian in Jingzhao. His father Silu was prominent for Confucian learning. At the beginning of Wude he served as Administrative Assistant in the Princely Household of Qin.
22
師古少博覽，精故訓學，善屬文。 仁壽中，李綱薦之，授安養尉。 尚書左僕射楊素見其年弱，謂曰：「安養，劇縣。 子何以治之？」 師古曰：「割雞未用牛刀。」 素驚其言大，後果以幹治聞。 時薛道衡為襄州總管，與之推舊，佳其才，每作文章，令指摘疵短。 俄失職，歸長安，不得調，窶甚，資教授為生。
Shigu from youth was broadly read, accomplished in ancient glosses, and skilled in literary composition. In the Renshou era, Li Gang recommended him and he was appointed Magistrate of Anyang. Left Vice Minister of Works Yang Su saw how young he was and said: "Anyang is a difficult county. With what will you govern it?" Shigu said: "To slaughter a chicken one need not use an ox-knife." Su was startled by his bold words; later he indeed became known for capable administration. At the time Xue Daoheng was Grand Prefect of Xiangzhou and, being old acquaintances, admired his talent; whenever he composed an essay he had Shigu point out its flaws. Before long he lost his post, returned to Chang'an, could not obtain reassignment, was extremely impoverished, and supported himself by teaching.
23
高祖入關，謁見長春宮，授朝散大夫，拜敦煌公府文學，累遷中書舍人，專典機密。 師古性敏給，明練治體。 方軍國務多，詔令一出其手，冊奏之工，當時未有及者。 太宗即位，拜中書侍郎，封瑯邪縣男，以母喪解。 服除，還官。 歲餘，坐公事免。
When Emperor Gaozu entered the Pass, he had an audience at Changchun Palace, was appointed Grand Master of the Palace, became Literary Officer of the Princely Household of Dunhuang, and was repeatedly promoted to Secretariat Draftsman, exclusively managing confidential matters. Shigu was by nature quick and clever, clearly versed in the principles of governance. When military and state affairs were many, edicts and orders came from his hand; the craftsmanship of memorials and documents—at the time none could match him. When Emperor Taizong took the throne, he was appointed Vice Minister of the Secretariat and enfeoffed as Baron of Langye; he resigned on account of his mother's mourning. When mourning ended, he returned to office. After more than a year, he was dismissed for a public matter.
24
帝嘗嘆《五經》去聖遠，傳習浸訛，詔師古於秘書省考定，多所厘正。 既成，悉詔諸儒議，於是各執所習，共非詰師古。 師古輒引晉、宋舊文，隨方曉答，誼據該明，出其悟表，人人嘆服。 尋加通直郎、散騎常侍。 帝因頒所定書於天下，學者賴之。
The emperor once sighed that the Five Classics were far from the sages and that transmission and study had gradually erred; he ordered Shigu to examine and fix them at the Secretariat, correcting many points. When completed, all the Confucians were summoned to debate; each clung to what he had learned and together criticized Shigu. Shigu then cited Jin and Song old texts, answering according to each point; his meaning and evidence were comprehensive and clear, exceeding their understanding; everyone sighed in submission. Soon he was additionally appointed General of Unimpeded Access and Regular Attendant. The emperor thereupon distributed the fixed books throughout the realm, and scholars relied on them.
25
俄拜秘書少監，專刊正事，古篇奇字世所惑者，討析申孰，必暢本源。 然多引後生與讎校，抑素流，先貴勢，雖商賈富室子，亦竄選中，由是素議薄之，斥為郴州刺史。 未行，帝惜其才，讓曰：「卿之學，信可稱者，而事親居官，朕無聞焉。 今日之行，自誰取之？ 念卿曩經任使，朕不忍棄，後宜自戒。」 師古謝罪，復留為故官。
Before long he was appointed Vice Director of the Secretariat, exclusively engaged in collation; for ancient texts and strange characters that perplexed the world, he analyzed and clarified them and always expounded the original source. Yet he often brought in young men for collation, suppressed common scholars, and favored the noble and powerful first; even sons of merchant families were smuggled into selection, and thereby common opinion slighted him; he was demoted to Prefect of Chen. Before he departed, the emperor, cherishing his talent, reproached him: "Your learning can indeed be praised, yet in serving parents and holding office I have heard nothing of you. Today's departure—who chose it? Considering your past appointments and service, I cannot bear to abandon you; hereafter you should warn yourself." Shigu apologized for his fault and was again retained in his former office.
26
師古性簡峭，視輩行傲然，罕所推接。 既負其才，早見驅策，意望甚高。 及是頻被譴，仕益不進，罔然喪沮，乃闔門謝賓客，巾褐裙帔，放情蕭散，為林墟之適。 多藏古圖畫、器物、書帖，亦性所篤愛。 與撰《五禮》成，進爵為子。 又為太子承乾註班固《漢書》上之，賜物二百段、良馬一，時人謂杜征南、顏秘書為左丘明、班孟堅忠臣。
Shigu was by nature terse and sharp, looked on his peers with arrogance, and rarely promoted or received others. Having relied on his talent and early been driven forward, his expectations were very high. When he was repeatedly reprimanded, his advancement in office grew no further; despondent and discouraged, he closed his gates to guests, wore cloth cap and skirt, let himself go in carefree ease, and found pleasure in woodland and wilderness. He collected many ancient paintings, artifacts, and calligraphic scrolls—this too was what his nature deeply loved. Participating in the compilation of the Five Rites, he was advanced in rank to Viscount. He also annotated Ban Gu's Book of Han for Crown Prince Chengqian and presented it; he was bestowed two hundred bolts of goods and one fine horse. Men of the time called Du Zhennan and Secretary Yan the loyal ministers of Zuo Qiuming and Ban Mengjian.
27
帝將有事泰山，詔公卿博士雜定其儀，而論者爭為異端。 師古奏：「臣撰定《封禪儀註書》在十一年，於時諸儒謂為適中。」 於是以付有司，多從其說。 遷秘書監、弘文館學士。 十九年，從征遼，道病卒，年六十五，謚曰戴。
When the emperor was about to perform the feng and shan rites on Mount Tai, he ordered ministers, erudites, and others jointly to fix the ritual; debaters contended and made divergent ends. Shigu memorialized: "Your subject compiled the Fengshan Yizhu Book in the eleventh year; at the time the Confucians said it was moderate." Thereupon it was handed to the relevant offices, and they mostly followed his sayings. He was transferred to Director of the Secretariat and academician of the Hongwen Hall. In the nineteenth year he followed the campaign against Liaodong, fell ill on the road, and died at the age of sixty-five; his posthumous title was Dai.
28
其所註《漢書》、《急就章》大顯於時。 永徽三年，子揚廷為符璽郎，表上師古所撰《匡謬正俗》八篇。
His annotations on the Book of Han and the Jijiuzhang greatly shone in the age. In the third year of Yonghui, his son Yangting, as Gentleman of the Talisman Office, submitted the eight chapters of Kuangmiu Zhengsu that Shigu had compiled.
29
初，思魯與妻不相宜，師古苦諫，父不聽，情有所隔，故帝及之。
At first Silu and his wife were not compatible; Shigu bitterly remonstrated but his father would not listen, and affection was divided—therefore the emperor mentioned this.
30
師古弟相時，字睿，亦以學聞。 為天策府參軍事。 貞觀中，累遷諫議大夫，有爭臣風。 轉禮部侍郎。 羸瘠多病。」 師古死，不勝哀而卒。
Shigu's younger brother Xiangshi, styled Rui, was also renowned for learning. He served as Administrative Assistant in the Heavenly Strategy Princely Household. In the Zhenguan era he was repeatedly promoted to Remonstrator of the Left and had the manner of a disputing minister. He was transferred to Vice Minister of Rites. Emaciated and often ill." When Shigu died, he could not bear the grief and also died.
31
師古叔遊秦，武德初，累遷廉州刺史，封臨沂縣男。 時劉黑闥初平，人多強暴，比遊秦至，禮讓大行，邑裏歌之，高祖下璽書獎勞。 終鄆州刺史。 撰《漢書決疑》，師古多資取其義。
Shigu's uncle Youqin, at the beginning of Wude, was repeatedly promoted to Prefect of Lianzhou and enfeoffed as Baron of Linyi. When Liu Heita had just been pacified, many people were violent; when Youqin arrived, courtesy and yielding greatly prevailed, and the district sang of him; Emperor Gaozu issued an imperial letter of reward and encouragement. He ended as Prefect of Yanzhou. He compiled Jueyi on the Book of Han; Shigu largely drew on its meaning.
32
孔穎達，字仲達，冀州衡水人。 八歲就學，誦記日千餘言，暗記《三禮義宗》。 及長，明服氏《春秋傳》、鄭氏《尚書》、《詩》、《禮記》、王氏《易》，善屬文，通步歷。 嘗造同郡劉焯，焯名重海內，初不之禮，及請質所疑，遂大畏服。
Kong Yingda, styled Zhongda, was a native of Hengshui in Jizhou. At eight he began study; he could recite more than a thousand words daily and memorized in secret the Three Rites Yizong. When grown, he was accomplished in the Fu clan's Spring and Autumn Commentary, Zheng clan's Documents, Odes, and Record of Rites, and Wang clan's Changes; he was skilled in literary composition and versed in step-calendars. He once visited Liu Zhuo of the same commandery; Zhuo was renowned throughout the realm and at first did not treat him with ceremony; when Yingda requested to question what he doubted, Zhuo then greatly feared and submitted.
33
隋大業初，舉明經高第，授河內郡博士。 煬帝召天下儒官集東都，詔國子秘書學士與論議，穎達為冠，又年最少，老師宿儒恥出其下，陰遣客刺之，匿楊玄感家得免。 補太學助教。 隋亂，避地虎牢。
At the beginning of Daye in Sui, he passed the mingjing examination with high rank and was appointed Erudite of Henei Commandery. Emperor Yang summoned Confucians from all under Heaven to gather at the Eastern Capital and ordered Secretariat academicians of the Directorate of Education to debate with them. Yingda took first place and was also the youngest; old teachers and established Confucians were shamed to rank below him and secretly sent assassins; he hid in Yang Xuangan's house and escaped. He was appointed Assistant Instructor of the Imperial University. When Sui fell into disorder, he took refuge at Hulao.
34
太宗平洛，授文學館學士，遷國子博士。 貞觀初，封曲阜縣男，轉給事中。 時帝新即位，穎達數以忠言進。 帝問：「孔子稱『以能問於不能，以多問於寡，有若無，實若虛』，何謂也？」 對曰：「此聖人教人謙耳。 己雖能，仍就不能之人以咨所未能； 己雖多，仍就寡少之人更資其多。 內有道，外若無； 中雖實，容若虛。 非特匹夫，君德亦然。 故《易》稱『蒙以養正』，『明夷以蒞眾』。 若其據尊極之位，衒聰耀明，恃才以肆，則上下不通，君臣道乖。 自古滅亡，莫不由此。」 帝稱善。 除國子司業，歲餘，以太子右庶子兼司業。 與諸儒議歷及明堂事，多從其說。 以論撰勞，加散騎常侍，爵為子。
When Emperor Taizong pacified Luoyang, he was appointed academician of the Literary Academy and transferred to Erudite of the Directorate of Education. At the beginning of Zhenguan he was enfeoffed as Baron of Qufu and transferred to Supervising Censor. At the time the emperor had newly taken the throne; Yingda repeatedly offered loyal words. The emperor asked: "Confucius said 'though able, ask those who cannot; though having much, ask those who have little; having as if not having, full as if empty'—what does this mean?" He replied: "This is the sage teaching people humility. Though oneself able, still consult those who cannot about what one has not yet mastered; though oneself having much, still go to those with little and further seek their abundance. Inwardly one holds the Way, yet outwardly one appears to have nothing; though inwardly full, one presents oneself as if empty. This is true not only of ordinary men—the virtue of a ruler follows the same rule. Hence the Changes says that Meng nurtures through correctness, and that Mingyi governs the multitude through obscurity. If one sits in the highest place, flaunts cleverness, dazzles with brilliance, and indulges talent in willful action, then communication between high and low breaks down and the bond between ruler and minister is severed. From antiquity onward, states have perished for no other reason." The emperor approved his answer. He was made Vice Director of the Directorate of Education, and a year later also served as Right Vice Director of the Crown Prince while keeping the vice directorship. Debating the calendar and the Bright Hall with the Confucians, he won many over to his views. Rewarded for his work on the compilation, he was further made Regular Attendant and raised to the rank of Viscount.
35
皇太子令穎達撰《孝經章句》，因文以盡箴諷。 帝知數爭太子失，賜黃金一斤、絹百匹。 久之，拜祭酒，侍講東宮。 帝幸太學觀釋菜，命穎達講經，畢，上《釋奠頌》，有詔褒美。 後太子稍不法，穎達爭不已，乳夫人曰：「太子既長，不宜數面折之。」 對曰：「蒙國厚恩，雖死不恨。」 剴切愈至。 後致仕，卒，陪葬昭陵，贈太常卿，謚曰憲。
The crown prince ordered Yingda to compile an exegesis of the Classic of Filial Piety, drawing on the text to press every admonition home. Knowing that Yingda had repeatedly corrected the crown prince's faults, the emperor bestowed one catty of gold and one hundred bolts of silk. After some time he was appointed Libationer and lectured in the Eastern Palace. When the emperor visited the Imperial University for the ceremonial offering, he had Yingda expound the classics. When Yingda finished, he submitted a Eulogy for the Ceremonial Offering, and the court praised him by edict. Later, as the crown prince's conduct grew worse, Yingda remonstrated without cease. The wet nurse said, "The crown prince is grown now; he should not be corrected to his face again and again." He replied, "I owe the state a great debt; even if I die, I have no regret." His remonstrances grew only more urgent. He later retired, died, and was buried with honor at Zhaoling; posthumously he was made Minister of Ceremonies and given the posthumous title Xian.
36
初，穎達與顏師古、司馬才章、王恭、王琰受詔撰《五經》義訓凡百餘篇，號《義贊》，詔改為《正義》雲。 雖包貫異家為詳博，然其中不能無謬冗，博士馬嘉運駁正其失，至相譏詆。 有詔更令裁定，功未就。 永徽二年，詔中書門下與國子三館博士、弘文館學士考正之，於是尚書左僕射於誌寧、右僕射張行成、侍中高季輔就加增損，書始布下。
Earlier, Yingda had joined Yan Shigu, Sima Caizhang, Wang Gong, and Wang Yan in compiling more than one hundred chapters of exegesis on the Five Classics under the title Yizan; an edict renamed the work Zhengyi. Although the work embraced many schools and was exhaustive, it could not avoid error and redundancy; Erudite Ma Jiayun attacked its mistakes, and the two sides exchanged ridicule and slander. An edict ordered another round of revision, but the task was never finished. In the second year of Yonghui, the Secretariat and Chancellery, together with erudites of the three academies and Hongwen academicians, reviewed the text. Left Vice Minister Yu Zhining, Right Vice Minister Zhang Xingcheng, and Attendant Gao Jifu then revised it further, and the book was finally issued.
37
穎達子誌，終司業。 誌子惠元，力學寡言，又為司業，擢累太子諭德。 三世司業，時人美之。
Yingda's son Zhi eventually became Vice Director of the Directorate of Education. Zhi's son Huiyuan, a diligent scholar of few words, also rose to Vice Director and, after further promotion, ended as Preceptor of the Crown Prince. Three generations in succession held the vice directorship, and contemporaries praised the family for it.
38
王恭者，滑州白馬人。 少篤學，教授鄉閭，弟子數百人。 貞觀初，召拜太學博士，講《三禮》，別為《義證》，甚精博。 蓋文懿、文達皆當時大儒，每講遍舉先儒義，而必暢恭所說。
Wang Gong came from Baima in Huazhou. From youth he devoted himself to learning and taught in his home district, gathering several hundred disciples. At the beginning of Zhenguan he was summoned as Erudite of the Imperial University and lectured on the Three Rites; he also compiled Yizheng, a work of great precision and breadth. Gai Wenda and Wenda were leading Confucians of the age; in lecturing they would survey earlier interpretations, yet always gave fullest weight to Gong's explanations.
39
馬嘉運，魏州繁水人。 少為沙門，還治儒學，長論議。 貞觀初，累除越王東閣祭酒。 退隱白鹿山，諸方來授業至千人。 十一年，召拜太學博士、弘文館學士。 以孔穎達《正義》繁釀，故掎摭其疵，當世諸儒服其精。 高宗為太子，引為崇賢館學士，數與洗馬秦暐侍講宮中，終國子博士。
Ma Jiayun came from Fanshui in Weizhou. He had been a Buddhist monk in youth, then returned to Confucian study and became a formidable debater. At the beginning of Zhenguan he was repeatedly promoted and appointed Libationer of the Eastern Pavilion of the Prince of Yue. He retired to Mount Bailu, where scholars came from every quarter to study under him until their number reached a thousand. In the eleventh year he was recalled and made Erudite of the Imperial University and academician of the Hongwen Hall. Finding Kong Yingda's Zhengyi wordy and overgrown, he exposed its flaws, and scholars of the age bowed to his exactness. When Emperor Gaozong was still crown prince, he was recruited to the Chongxian Hall and often lectured in the palace with Palace Steward Qin Hui; he ended his career as Erudite of the Directorate of Education.
40
詢初仿王羲之書，後險勁過之，因自名其體。 尺牘所傳，人以為法。 高麗嘗遣使求之，帝嘆曰：「彼觀其書，固謂形貌魁梧邪？」 嘗行見索靖所書碑，觀之，去數步復返，及疲，乃布坐，至宿其傍，三日乃得去。 其所嗜類此。 貞觀初，歷太子率更令、弘文館學士，封渤海男。 卒，年八十五。
Xun began by imitating Wang Xizhi's calligraphy, but later his sharp, forceful hand surpassed the model, and he gave his style its own name. The letters he wrote on foot-long slips became the standard others followed. When Goguryeo once sent envoys to request samples, the emperor sighed and said, "When they see his writing, do they imagine his person is equally towering?" Once on the road he came upon a stele inscribed by Suo Jing. He studied it, walked away, returned, and when exhausted spread a mat beside it; he remained there three days before he could tear himself away. His passions ran to such things. At the beginning of Zhenguan he served successively as Director of the Crown Prince's Rate Bureau and Hongwen academician, and was enfeoffed as Baron of Bohai. He died at eighty-five.
41
子通，儀鳳中累遷中書舍人。 居母喪，詔奪哀。 每入朝，徒跣及門。 夜直，藉槁以寢。 非公事不語，還家輒號慟。 年饑，未克葬，居廬四年，不釋服。 冬月，家人以氈絮潛置席下，通覺，即徹去。 遷累殿中監，封渤海子。 天授初，轉司禮卿，判納言事。 輔政月餘，會鳳閣舍人張嘉福請以武承嗣為太子，通與岑長倩等固執，忤諸武意。 及長倩下獄，坐大逆死，來俊臣並引通同謀，通雖被慘毒無異詞，俊臣代占，誅之。 神龍初，追復官爵。
His son Tong rose during the Yifeng era to Secretariat Draftsman. While mourning his mother, he was ordered by edict to cut short his mourning. Whenever he entered court he went barefoot as far as the gate. On night duty he slept on straw bedding. He spoke only on public business; at home he wailed aloud without cease. During a famine year he could not yet bury her; he lived in the mourning hut four years without putting off mourning dress. In winter his family secretly placed felt under his mat; Tong noticed at once and had it removed. He was later promoted to Director of the Palace Bureau and enfeoffed as Viscount of Bohai. At the beginning of Tianshou he became Minister of Ceremonies and concurrently handled Censorate affairs. After little more than a month assisting the government, when Phoenix Pavilion Draftsman Zhang Jiafu proposed making Wu Chengsi crown prince, Tong joined Cen Changqian and others in firm opposition, offending the Wu clan. When Changqian was imprisoned, Tong was charged with treason and executed. Lai Junchen implicated him in the same plot; though Tong endured cruel torture without changing his words, Junchen forged a confession and had him killed. At the beginning of Shenlong his offices and rank were posthumously restored.
42
通蚤孤，母徐教以父書，懼其墮，嘗遺錢使市父遺跡，通乃刻意臨仿以求售，數年，書亞於詢，父子齊名，號「大小歐陽體」。 褚遂良亦以書自名，嘗問虞世南曰：「吾書何如智永？」 答曰：「吾聞彼一字直五萬，君豈得此？」 曰：「孰與詢？」 曰：「吾聞詢不擇紙筆，皆得如誌，君豈得此？」 遂良曰：「然則何如？」 世南曰：「君若手和筆調，固可貴尚。」 遂良大喜。 通晚自矜重，以貍毛為筆，覆以兔毫，管皆象犀，非是未嘗書。
Tong lost his father early. His mother Xu taught him his father's calligraphy, fearing his skill would slip; she once gave him money to buy his father's surviving pieces, and Tong deliberately copied them for sale. Within a few years his writing ranked just below Xun's; father and son became equally famous as the "Large and Small Ouyang Styles." Chu Suiliang also won fame in calligraphy. He once asked Yu Shinan, "How does my writing compare with Zhiyong's?" Shinan replied, "I hear one character of his is worth fifty thousand cash—can you match that?" Suiliang asked, "And compared with Xun?" Shinan said, "I hear Xun, whatever the paper or brush, always produces what he intends—can you do that?" Suiliang said, "Then where do I stand?" Shinan said, "If hand and brush are in harmony, your work can indeed be admired." Suiliang was greatly pleased. In later years Tong grew proud and exacting: he used raccoon fur for the brush core, covered it with rabbit hair, and would write only with tubes of ivory and rhinoceros horn.
43
朱子奢，蘇州吳人，從鄉人顧彪授《左氏春秋》，善文辭。 隋大業中，為直秘書學士。 天下亂，辭疾還鄉里。 後從杜伏威入朝，授國子助教。
Zhu Zishe, a native of Wu in Suzhou, studied the Zuo clan Spring and Autumn Annals under Gu Biao and was skilled in prose. During Sui's Daye era he served as Direct Secretariat Academician. When the realm fell into chaos he pleaded illness and returned home. He later followed Du Fuwei to court and was appointed Assistant Instructor of the Directorate of Education.
44
太宗貞觀初，高麗、百濟同伐新羅，連年兵不解。 新羅告急，帝假子奢員外散騎侍郎，持節諭旨，平三國之憾。 子奢有儀觀，夷人尊畏之。 二國上書謝罪，贈遺甚厚。 初，子奢行，帝戒曰：「海夷重學，卿為講大誼，然勿入其幣，還當以中書舍人處卿。」 子奢唯唯。 至其國，為發《春秋》題，納其美女。 帝責違旨，而猶愛其才，以散官直國子學，累轉諫議大夫、弘文館學士。
At the beginning of Emperor Taizong's Zhenguan reign, Goguryeo and Baekje jointly attacked Silla, and war dragged on for years without resolution. When Silla sent urgent appeals, the emperor temporarily appointed Zishe Outer Office Member of the Secretariat with credentials to convey the imperial will and settle the quarrel among the three kingdoms. Zishe had a commanding presence, and the foreign rulers both honored and feared him. Both states sent letters of apology and offered lavish gifts. Before Zishe departed, the emperor warned him: "The maritime peoples respect learning; expound the great principles to them—but do not accept their gifts. On your return I shall appoint you Secretariat Draftsman." Zishe agreed again and again. Once in their lands he set Spring and Autumn questions—and accepted their beautiful women. The emperor rebuked him for disobeying orders, yet still valued his talent; he was kept as an unattached official at the Directorate of Education and later rose to Remonstrator of the Left and Hongwen academician.
45
始，武德時，太廟享止四室，高祖崩，將祔主於廟，帝詔有司詳議。 子奢建言：「漢丞相韋玄成奏立五廟，劉歆議當七，鄭玄本玄成，王肅宗歆，於是歷代廟議不能一。 且天子七廟，諸侯五，降殺以兩，禮之正也。 若天子與子、男同，則間無容等，非德厚遊廣、德薄遊狹之義。 臣請依古為七廟。 若親盡，則以王業所基為太祖，虛太祖室以俟無疆，叠遷乃處之。」 於是尚書共奏：「自《春秋》以來，言天子七廟，諸侯五，大夫三，士二。 推親親，顯尊尊，為不可易之法，請建親廟六。」 詔可。 乃祔弘農府君、高祖神主為六室。 及帝崩，禮部尚書許敬宗議：「弘農府君廟應毀。 按玄成說，毀廟主當瘞，且四海常所宗享矣，舉而瘞之，非神理所愜。 晉範宣議別廟以奉毀廟之主，或言當藏天府。 天府，瑞異所舍也。 《禮》去祧有壇有墠，臣皆所未安。 唐家宗廟，共殿異室，以右為首。 若奉遷主納右夾室，而得尊處，祈之禱之未絕也。」 有詔如敬宗議。 然言七廟者，本之子奢。
Earlier, in the Wude era, sacrifices at the Imperial Ancestral Temple were limited to four chambers. When Emperor Gaozu died and his tablet was to be installed, the emperor ordered a full deliberation. Zishe argued: "Han Chancellor Wei Xuancheng proposed five temples; Liu Xin argued for seven; Zheng Xuan followed Xuancheng, Wang Su followed Liu Xin—so temple practice has never been settled. Moreover, the Son of Heaven keeps seven temples and feudal lords five; the step down by two ranks is the proper rite. If the Son of Heaven were no different from viscounts and barons, there would be no gradation between ranks—contrary to the principle that greater virtue ranges widely and lesser virtue more narrowly. Your subject asks that seven temples be established according to antiquity. When the line of kin is exhausted, the founder of the royal enterprise should become Grand Ancestor, with the Grand Ancestor chamber left empty for the boundless future; tablets are moved there in succession as the line advances." The Ministry of Works then jointly memorialized: "Since the Spring and Autumn Annals, tradition holds that the Son of Heaven has seven temples, feudal lords five, grand masters three, and officers two. Extending kinship and displaying the honor due the honored is an unchanging law; we ask that six kin temples be established." The edict approved. Thereupon the tablets of Lord of Hongnong and Emperor Gaozu were installed as six chambers. When the emperor died, Minister of Rites Xu Jingzong argued that the temple of Lord of Hongnong should be abolished. By Xuancheng's view, a destroyed tablet should be buried; yet the realm still sacrifices to it—to remove and bury it would violate divine principle. Fan Xuan of Jin proposed a separate temple for removed tablets; others said they should be kept in the Heavenly Storehouse. The Heavenly Storehouse is where portents and anomalies are stored. The Rites prescribe altars and open spaces for removed tablets—I am satisfied with none of these options. Tang ancestral temples share a hall but have separate chambers, with the right side chief. If removed tablets are placed in the right side chamber and thus retain honored standing, prayers to them need not cease." An edict followed Jingzong's proposal. Yet the argument for seven temples had originated with Zishe.
46
帝嘗詔：「起居紀錄臧否，朕欲見之以知得失，若何？」 子奢曰：「陛下所舉無過事，雖見無嫌，然以此開後世史官之禍，可懼也。 史官全身畏死，則悠悠千載，尚有聞乎？」
The emperor once asked, "The records of rise and fall note praise and blame; I wish to read them to know my gains and losses—what harm is there?" Zishe replied, "Your Majesty's conduct is without excess, and there would be no shame in reading the records—but to open this door for later historiographers is dangerous. If historiographers must preserve themselves and fear death, then after a thousand years will anything truthful still be heard?"
47
池陽令崔文康坐事，櫟陽尉魏禮臣劾治，獄成，御史言其枉。 禮臣訴御史阿黨，乞下有司雜訊，不如所言請死。 鞫報禮臣不實，詔如請。 子奢曰：「在律，上書不實有定罪，今抵以死，死者不可復生，雖欲自新弗可得。 且天下惟知上書獲罪，欲自言者，皆懼而不敢申矣。」 詔可。
Magistrate Cui Wenkang of Chiyang was charged with an offense; Assistant Magistrate Wei Lichen completed the investigation, but the censor declared the verdict unjust. Lichen appealed that the censor had shown factional favor and asked that the case be sent to the relevant offices for joint interrogation, offering his own life if his claim proved false. The interrogation reported Lichen's claim was not true, an edict followed his request. Zishe said: "In law, submitting a memorial that is not true has a fixed punishment, now to punish with death—the dead cannot be revived, though one wishes to reform oneself it cannot be obtained. Furthermore, all under Heaven will know only that submitting memorials brings punishment; those who wish to speak will all fear and dare not report." The edict approved.
48
子奢為人樂易，能劇談，以經誼緣飾。 每侍宴，帝令論難群臣，恩禮甚篤。 卒於官。
Zishe as a man was easygoing. could debate vigorously, and adorned matters with classical meaning. Whenever he attended banquets the emperor ordered him to debate with ministers, grace and ceremony were very thick. He died in office.
49
張士衡，瀛州樂壽人。 父文慶，北齊國子助教。 士衡九歲居母喪，哀慕過禮。 博士劉軌思見之，為泣下，奇其操，謂文慶曰：「古不親教子，吾為君成就之。」 乃授以《詩》、《禮》。 又從熊安生、劉焯等受經，貫知大義。 仕隋為餘杭令，以老還家。
Zhang Shiheng came from Leshou in Yingzhou. His father, Wenqing was Erudite of the Directorate of Education of Northern Qi. Shiheng at nine was in mourning for his mother, his grief exceeded the rites. Erudite Liu Guisi saw this and wept for him, marveling at his conduct, and said to Wenqing: "In antiquity fathers did not personally teach sons, I will complete him for you." He then instructed him in the Odes and Rites. He also studied under Xiong Ansheng. Liu Zhuo, and others and thoroughly knew the great meaning. Under Sui he served as Magistrate of Yuhang, then returned home in old age.
50
大業兵起，諸儒廢學。 唐興，士衡復講教鄉里。 幽州都督燕王靈夔以禮邀聘，北面事之。 太子承乾慕風迎致，謁太宗洛陽宮，帝賜食，擢朝散大夫、崇賢館學士。
When Daye warfare arose. the Confucians abandoned study. When Tang arose. Shiheng again taught in his native district. Regional Inspector Ling Cai of Youzhou invited him with ceremony, he served him facing north. Crown Prince Chengqian, admiring his reputation, welcomed and brought him, he had an audience at Luoyang Palace of Emperor Taizong, the emperor bestowed food and promoted him to Grand Master of the Palace and academician of the Chongxian Hall.
51
太子以士衡齊人也，問高氏何以亡？ 士衡曰：「高阿那瑰之兇險，駱提婆之佞，韓長鸞之虐，皆奴隸才，是信是使，忠良外誅，骨肉內離，剝喪黎元，故周師臨郊，人莫為之用，此所以亡。」 復問：「事佛營福，其應奈何？」 對曰：「事佛在清靜仁恕爾，如貪婪驕虐，雖傾財事之，無損於禍。 且善惡必報，若影赴形，聖人言之備矣。 為君仁，為臣忠，為子孝，則福祚永； 反是而殃禍至矣！」 時太子以過失聞，士衡因是規之，然不能用也。 太子廢，給傳罷歸鄉里，卒。
The crown prince. because Shiheng was a man of Qi, asked why the Gao house perished. Shiheng said: "Gao Anaguli's viciousness, Luo Tipo's flattery, Han Changluan's cruelty—all were talents of slaves, trusted and employed, loyal men were executed outside, flesh and blood divided within, they stripped and harmed the people—therefore when Zhou armies reached the suburbs no one would act for them, this is why they perished." He again asked: "Serving Buddha to seek blessing—what is the response?" He answered, "Serving Buddha lies in purity, quiet, benevolence, and forgiveness; if greedy, arrogant, and cruel, though one exhausts wealth in serving it, it does not lessen disaster. Furthermore, good and evil must be requited, like shadow following form—the sage spoke of this completely. If the ruler is benevolent. the minister loyal, the son filial, then fortune and rank endure; turn these virtues upside down and calamity follows!" While the time the crown prince's faults were heard of; Shiheng thereby admonished him, yet he could not be employed. After the crown prince was deposed, he was given post horses and dismissed to his native district; he died.
52
士衡以《禮》教諸生，當時顯者：永平賈公彥、趙李玄植。
Shiheng taught the Rites to students, at the time the prominent were Jia Gongyan of Yongping and Li Xuanzhi of Zhao.
53
公彥終太學博士，撰次章句甚多。 子大隱，儀鳳中，為太常博士。 會太常仲春告瑞太廟，高宗問禮官：「何世而然？」 大隱對曰：「古者祭以首時，薦以仲月。 近世元日奏瑞，則二月告廟。 告者必有薦，本於始不得其時焉。」 遷累中書舍人。 垂拱中，博士周悰請武氏廟為七室，唐廟為五，下比諸侯。 大隱奏言：「秦、漢母後稱制，未有戾古越禮者。 悰損國廟數，悖大義，不可以訓。」 武後不獲已，偽聽之。 時皆服大隱沈正不詭從，有大臣體。 終禮部侍郎。
Gongyan finished as Erudite of the Imperial University and compiled many chapters of exegesis. His son Dayin. in the Yifeng era, was Erudite of the Ministry of Ceremonies. When the Ministry of Ceremonies in mid-spring reported auspicious signs to the Grand Ancestral Temple, Emperor Gaozong asked the ritual officials: "From what age has this been so?" Dayin replied: "In antiquity sacrifice became at the head of the season and offering at the middle month. In recent ages on New Year's Day auspicious signs were reported, then in the second month the temple became notified. Reporting necessarily has offering—this originates in not obtaining the proper season at the start." He became repeatedly promoted to Secretariat Draftsman. In the Chuigong era. Erudite Zhou Cong requested the Wu clan temple have seven chambers and the Tang temple five, lowering it to compare with feudal lords. Dayin memorialized: "Qin and Han empress dowagers who held regency never violated antiquity or exceeded rites. Cong diminishes the number of state temples and violates great principle—it cannot serve as instruction." Empress Wu. unable to obtain her wish, pretended to assent. At that time, all submitted to Dayin's deep correctness and unwavering compliance—he had the bearing of a great minister. He finished his career as Vice Minister of Rites.
54
公彥傳業玄植，玄植又受《左氏春秋》於王德韶，受《詩》於齊威，該覽百家記書。 貞觀間，為弘文館直學士。 高宗時，數召見，與方士、浮屠講說。 玄植以帝暗弱，頗箴切其短，帝禮之，不寤。 坐事遷巴令，卒。
Gongyan transmitted the learning to Xuanzhi, Xuanzhi also received the Zuo clan Spring and Autumn Annals from Wang Deshao and the Odes from Qi Wei, and comprehensively read the records of the hundred schools. During the Zhenguan era he was Direct Academician of the Hongwen Hall. In Emperor Gaozong's time he became repeatedly summoned and lectured together with Daoists and Buddhists. Xuanzhi, because the emperor was weak and dark, often admonished his faults sharply, the emperor treated him with ceremony but did not awaken. After being charged with an offense, he was transferred to Magistrate of Ba and died.
55
張後胤，字嗣宗，蘇州昆山人。 祖僧紹，梁零陵太守。 父沖，陳國子博士，入隋為漢王諒并州博士。
Zhang Houyin. styled Sizong, was a native of Kunshan in Suzhou. His grandfather Sengshao became Prefect of Lingling of Liang. His father, Chong was Erudite of the Directorate of Education of Chen; entering Sui he became Erudite of the Prince of Han, Liang, in Bingzhou.
56
後胤甫冠，以學行禪其家。 高祖鎮太原，引為客，以經授秦王。 義寧初，為齊王文學，封新野縣公。 武德中，擢員外散騎侍郎，賜宅一區。
Houyin had just reached adulthood and by learning and conduct surpassed his family. When Emperor Gaozu garrisoned Taiyuan he recruited him as a guest and had him instruct the Prince of Qin in the classics. During the early Yining he was Literary Officer of the Prince of Qi and enfeoffed as Duke of Xinye. During the Wude era he was promoted to Outer Office Member of the Regular Attendant and bestowed one residence.
57
太宗即位，進燕王諮議，從王入朝，召見。 初，帝在太原，嘗問：「隋運將終，得天下者何姓？」 答曰：「公家德業，天下系心，若順天而動，自河以北，指撝可定。 然後長驅關右，帝業可成。」 至是自陳所言，帝曰：「是事未始忘之。」 乃賜燕月池。 帝從容曰：「今日弟子何如？」 後胤曰：「昔孔子門人三千，達者無子男之位。 臣翼贊一人，乃王天下，計臣之功，過於先聖。」 帝為之笑，令群臣以《春秋》酬難。 帝曰：「朕昔受大誼於君，今尚記之。」 後胤頓首謝曰：「陛下乃生知，臣叨天功為己力，罪也。」 帝大悅，遷燕王府司馬。 出為睦州刺史，乞骸骨，帝見其強力，問欲何官，因陳謝不敢。 帝曰：「朕從卿受經，卿從朕求官，何所疑？」 後胤頓首，願得國子祭酒，授之。 遷散騎常侍。 永徽中致仕，加金紫光祿大夫，朝朔望，祿賜防閣如舊。 卒，年八十三，贈禮部尚書，謚曰康，陪葬昭陵。
When Emperor Taizong took the throne he was advanced to Adviser of the Prince of Yan and followed the prince into court, he was summoned for audience. At first when the emperor became at Taiyuan he once asked: "The Sui fortune is about to end—what surname will obtain all under Heaven?" He answered, "Your house's virtue and enterprise— all under Heaven fix their hearts on it; if you move according to Heaven, from north of the River you can settle things with a gesture. Then drive long through the passes west and the imperial enterprise can be achieved." At present, he himself stated what he had said; the emperor said: "That matter I have never forgotten." He then bestowed the Yan Moon Pond. The emperor then said at ease: "How is your disciple today?" Houyin said: "Formerly Confucius had three thousand disciples, those who attained rank had none at viscount or baron. Your subject assisted one man who then ruled all under Heaven, counting your subject's achievement, it surpasses the former sage." The emperor laughed at this and ordered ministers to exchange challenges on the Spring and Autumn Annals. The emperor then said: "I formerly received the great meaning from you; I still remember it." Houyin bowed his head and thanked him: "Your Majesty was born knowing, your subject presumptuously took Heaven's achievement as his own strength—this is a crime." The emperor greatly rejoiced and transferred him to Administrative Assistant of the Princely Household of Yan. Going out as Prefect of Muzhou he requested retirement, the emperor, seeing his vigor, asked what office he wished, he declined and did not dare. The emperor then said: "I received the classics from you; you seek office from me—what doubt is there?" Houyin bowed his head and wished to obtain the libationership of the Directorate of Education, it was granted. He became transferred to Regular Attendant. During the Yonghui era he retired from office, was additionally appointed Grand Master of the Gold Seal and Purple Ribbon, attended on the first and fifteenth of the month, and stipends and guards were as before. He died at eighty-three, was posthumously appointed Minister of Rites, given the posthumous title Kang, and buried with honor at Zhaoling.
58
孫齊丘，歷監察御史、朔方節度使，終東都留守，謚曰貞獻。 子鎰，別有傳。
His grandson Qiqiu successively served as Censor, Military Commissioner of Shuofang, and ended as Guardian of the Eastern Capital, his posthumous title was Zhenxian. His son Yi is treated in a separate biography.
59
蓋文達，冀州信都人。 博涉前載，尤明《春秋》三家。 刺史竇抗集諸生講論，於是，劉焯、劉軌思、孔穎達並以耆儒開門授業，是日悉至，而文達依經辯舉，皆諸儒意所未叩，一坐厭嘆。 抗奇之，問：「安所從學？」 焯曰：「若人岐嶷，出自天然，以多問寡，則焯為之師。」 抗曰：「冰生於水而寒於水，其謂此邪？」
Gai Wenda came from Xindu in Jizhou. Broadly versed in earlier records. he was especially accomplished in the three traditions of the Spring and Autumn Annals. Prefect Dou Kang gathered scholars to lecture; on that day Liu Zhuo, Liu Guisi, and Kong Yingda, all venerable Confucians who opened doors to teach, all arrived; Wenda argued according to the classics on points none of the Confucians had raised—the whole assembly sighed in admiration. Kang marveled at him and asked: "Where did you study?" Zhuo said: "This man is sharp and intelligent, gifted by nature, if one asks much of the few, then Zhuo is his teacher." Kang replied: "Ice is born of water yet colder than water—is this not so?"
60
武德中，授國子助教，為秦王文學館直學士。 貞觀初，擢諫議大夫、兼弘文館學士，為蜀王師。 王有罪，文達免官。 拜崇賢館學士，卒。
During the Wude era he was appointed Assistant Instructor of the Directorate of Education and Direct Academician of the Literary Academy of the Prince of Qin. In the early Zhenguan period he was promoted to Remonstrator of the Left and concurrently academician of the Hongwen Hall, serving as teacher to the Prince of Shu. When the prince was guilty. Wenda was dismissed from office. He became appointed academician of the Chongxian Hall and died.
61
宗人文懿，亦以儒學稱，當時號「二蓋」。 高祖於秘書省置學以教王公子，文懿為國子助教。 既升席，公卿更相質問，文懿譬曉密微，遠近宗仰。 終國子博士。
His clansman Wenyi was also renowned for Confucian learning; at the time they were styled the "Two Gai." Emperor Gaozu established a school at the Secretariat to teach princes' sons, Wenyi was Assistant Instructor of the Directorate of Education. When he ascended the mat, ministers and officials questioned one another in turn, Wenyi explained with subtle precision, near and far honored and looked up to him. He finished his career as Erudite of the Directorate of Education.
62
谷那律，魏州昌樂人。 貞觀中，累遷國子博士。 淹識群書，褚遂良嘗稱為「《九經》庫」。 遷諫議大夫，兼弘文館學士。 從太宗出獵，遇雨沾漬，因問曰：「油衣若為而無漏邪？」 那律曰：「以瓦為之，當不漏。」 帝悅其直，賜帛二百段，卒。
Gu Nalü came from Changle in Weizhou. During the Zhenguan era he was repeatedly promoted to Erudite of the Directorate of Education. Deeply knowing all books. Chu Suiliang once called him the "Storehouse of the Nine Classics." He became transferred to Remonstrator of the Left and concurrently academician of the Hongwen Hall. When he followed Emperor Taizong on a hunt, he encountered rain and soaking; the emperor thereupon asked: "How is it that an oil coat does not leak?" Nalü said: "If made of tile. it would not leak." The emperor delighted in his directness and bestowed two hundred bolts of silk, he died.
63
孫倚相，仕為秘書省正字，讎覆圖書，多所刊定。 子崇義，天寶末為幽州大將，以雄敢聞。 歷左金吾衛大將軍，遂客薊門。 生子從政，略涉儒學，有風操。 事李寶臣，歷定州刺史，封清江郡王。 寶臣及張孝忠妻，其女兄弟也。
His grandson Yixiang served as Corrector of the Secretariat, collating books and correcting many points. His son Chongyi. at the end of the Tianbao era was a great general of Youzhou, renowned for bold courage. He successively served as Grand General of the Left Golden Guard and then lodged as guest at Jimen. He begot Congzheng. who slightly versed himself in Confucian learning and had moral conduct. Serving Li Baochen. he successively served as Prefect of Dingzhou and was enfeoffed as Prince of Qingjiang Commandery. Baochen and the wife of Zhang Xiaozhong were related to him through his daughter.
64
寶臣初倚任，晚稍疏忌，從政乃闔門謝交遊不事。 及惟嶽知節度，與田悅謀拒天子命，從政諫曰：「上神斷，絀諸侯，欲致太平。 爾考與燕有切骨恨，天子致討，命帥莫先於燕。 誅怨復仇，必盡力後已。 前日而考誅大將百餘，子弟存者常不平，乘危相覆，誰不能爾？ 昔魏有洺、相之圍，王師四集，身投零陵，仰天垂泣，不知所出。 賴爾考保佑，頓兵不進，而先帝寬厚，僅獲赦貸。 不然，田氏尚有種乎？ 今悅兇獪，孰與承嗣？ 爾又幼富貴，不出戶庭，便欲旅拒？ 且人心難知，天道難欺，軍中諸將乘危投隙，自古豈少哉！ 今圖久安計，莫若令而兄惟誠攝留後，爾速入宿衛，則福祿可保矣。」 不納。 從政塞門移疾不出，惟嶽所信王他奴等疑其怨望，日伺之。 從政懼，乃吐血，即仰藥，五日死。 曰：「吾不恨死，而痛渠覆宗矣！」 後惟嶽被殺於王武俊，如其揣雲。
Baochen at first relied on and employed him, in his later years he gradually grew distant and suspicious, Congzheng then closed his gates, declined social intercourse, and did not engage in affairs. When Wei Yue controlled the military commission and together with Tian Yue plotted to resist the Son of Heaven's command, Congzheng remonstrated: "The emperor is divinely decisive, restraining the feudal lords, wishing to bring great peace. Your father and Yan had bone-cutting hatred, the Son of Heaven launched punishment—the command to lead troops came first to Yan. To wipe out grievance and take revenge. one must exert full strength afterward. The other day your father executed more than a hundred great generals, surviving sons and younger brothers are often discontent—seizing crisis to overturn one another, who cannot do this? Formerly Wei had the siege of Luozhou and Xiangzhou, imperial armies gathered from four sides, he threw himself on Lingling, looked up to Heaven and wept, not knowing where to turn. Relying on your father's protection, troops halted and did not advance, moreover the former emperor was generous and he barely obtained pardon. Otherwise, would the Tian clan still have any descendants at all? Now Yue is fierce and cunning—who compares with Chengsi? You are again young and rich. never leaving the door—yet you wish to resist as a traveler? Furthermore, people's hearts are hard to know, Heaven's way is hard to deceive—generals in the army seizing crisis to find openings: since antiquity are they not many? Now for a plan of long peace. nothing surpasses having your elder brother Weicheng act as acting commissioner while you quickly enter to guard the palace—then fortune and rank can be preserved." He did not accept. Congzheng shut his gate, feigned illness, and did not go out, Wang Tanu and others whom Wei Yue trusted, suspecting his resentment, daily watched him. Congzheng feared this and spat blood, he immediately took poison and died in five days. He said: "I do not regret death. but grieve that the channel will overturn the clan!" Afterwards, Wei Yue was killed by Wang Wujun, just as he had foretold.
65
蕭德言，字文行，陳吏部郎引子也，系出蘭陵。 明《左氏春秋》。 甫冠，以國子生為嶽陽王賓客。 陳亡，徙關中。 詭浮屠服亡歸江南，州縣部送京師。 仁壽中，授校書郎。 貞觀時，歷著作郎、弘文館學士。
Xiao Deyan, styled Wenxing, was the son of Gentleman Lang of the Ministry of Personnel of Chen Yin, his lineage came from Lanling. He mastered the Zuo clan Spring and Autumn Annals. Having just reached adulthood. as a student of the Directorate of Education he became Retainer to the Prince of Yueyang. After Chen fell he moved to Guanzhong. Feigning Buddhist robes he secretly returned to Jiangnan, prefectures and counties escorted him to the capital. During the Renshou era he was appointed Proofreader. During the Zhenguan era he successively served as Gentleman of the Secretariat and academician of the Hongwen Hall.
66
太宗欲知前世得失，詔魏征、虞世南、褚亮及德言裒次經史百氏帝王所以興衰者上之，帝愛其書博而要，曰：「使我稽古臨事不惑者，公等力也！」 賚賜尤渥。
Emperor Taizong wished to know the gains and losses of former ages, he ordered Wei Zheng, Yu Shinan, Chu Liang, and Deyan to compile and arrange from the classics, histories, and records of the hundred schools how emperors rose and fell and present it, the emperor loved that the book was broad yet essential and said: "What enables me to examine antiquity and not be confused in affairs is your strength!" Rewards and gifts were especially generous.
67
德言晚節學愈苦，每開經，輒祓濯束帶危坐，妻子諫曰：「老人何終日自苦？」 答曰：「對先聖之言，何復憚勞？」 詔以經授晉王。 時許叔牙為侍讀，同勸講。 王為太子，德言又兼侍讀，而叔牙亦兼弘文館學士。 德言請致仕，太宗不許，下詔敦勉。 封武陽縣侯，進秘書少監，久乃得謝。
In his later years Deyan's study grew ever more arduous, whenever he opened a classic he would purify himself, gird his sash, and sit upright, his wife admonished him: "An old man—why exhaust himself daily?" He answered, "Facing the words of the former sages—why again fear toil?" An edict had him instruct the Prince of Jin in the classics. At that time, Xu Shuya was Reader-in-Attendance and together they urged lectures. When the prince became crown prince. Deyan again concurrently served as Reader-in-Attendance, and Shuya also concurrently served as academician of the Hongwen Hall. Deyan requested retirement, Emperor Taizong did not permit it and issued an edict earnestly encouraging him. He was enfeoffed as Marquis of Wuyang. advanced to Vice Director of the Secretariat, and after a long time obtained leave.
68
高宗立，拜銀青光祿大夫，全給其祿，遣通事舍人即家致問。 乘輿至肅章門引見，禮遇隆重。 由是晉府及東宮舊臣子孫，並增秩賜金。 卒，年九十七，贈太常卿，謚曰博。
When Emperor Gaozong took the throne he became appointed Grand Master of the Silver Seal and Blue Ribbon, given his full stipend, and a Palace Usher became sent to his home to convey inquiry. The imperial carriage arrived at Suzhang Gate and he was led in for audience, courtesy and treatment were heavy. Then descendants of former retainers of the Jin Princely Establishment and Eastern Palace all received increased rank and bestowed gold. He died at ninety-seven, was posthumously appointed Minister of Ceremonies, and given the posthumous title Bo.
69
叔牙，字延基，句容人。 貞觀時，遷晉王府參軍事、弘文館直學士。 於《詩》、《禮》尤邃，獻《詩纂義》十篇，太子寫付司經。 御史大夫高智周見之曰：「欲明《詩》者，宜先讀此。」
Shuya. styled Yanji, was a native of Jurong. During the Zhenguan era he was transferred to Administrative Assistant in the Princely Household of Jin and Direct Academician of the Hongwen Hall. He was especially accomplished in the Odes and Rites, he presented ten chapters of Shizhuanyi, the crown prince copied and forwarded them to the Directorate of Classics. Censor-in-Chief Gao Zhizhou saw them and replied: "Those who wish to clarify the Odes should first read this."
70
子子儒，字文舉。 高宗時為奉常博士。 初，太尉長孫無忌等議：「祠令及禮用鄭玄六天說，圓丘祀昊天上帝，南郊太微感帝，明堂太微五帝。 直據緯為說，不指蒼旻為天，而以昊天帝當北辰耀魄寶，郊、明堂當太微五帝。 唐家祀圓丘，太史所上圖，昊天上帝外自有北辰。 令李淳風曰：『昊天上帝位於壇，北辰、鬥列第二垓。』 與緯書駁異。 司馬遷《天官書》，太微宮五精之神，五星所奉，有人主象，故名曰帝，猶房、心有天王象，安得盡為天乎？ 日月麗於天，草木麗於地，以日月為天，草木為地，昧者不信也。 《周官》『兆五帝四郊』，又有『祀五帝』，皆不言天，知太微之神，非天也。 《經》稱『郊祀後稷』，王肅以郊、圓丘為一，玄析而二之，曰圓丘，曰郊，非聖人意。 今祠令固守玄說，與著式相違，宜有刊正。 且《經》『嚴父莫大於配天』，『宗祀文王於明堂，以配上帝』。 明堂之祀，天也，星不足配之矣。 《月令》『孟春祈谷上帝』，《春秋》『啟蟄而郊，郊而後耕』，故郊後稷以祈農，《詩》『春夏祈谷於上帝』，皆祭天也。 著之感帝，尤為不稽。 請四郊迎氣祀太微五帝，郊、明堂罷六天說，止祀昊天。 方丘既祭地，又祭神州北郊，皆不載經，請止一祠。」 詔曰：「可。」
His son Ziru. styled Wenzju. In Emperor Gaozong's time he became Erudite of the Ministry of Ceremonies. At first Grand Preceptor Zhangsun Wuji and others debated: "The sacrificial ordinances and rites use Zheng Xuan's Six Heaven theory—the Round Mound sacrifices to August Heaven on High, the southern suburb to the Supreme Microcosm and Sensitivity Emperor, the Bright Hall to the Supreme Microcosm Five Emperors. Directly relying on apocrypha as explanation, they do not point to the azure sky as Heaven, but take August Heaven on High as the North Star, Splendorous Soul Treasure, suburb and Bright Hall correspond to the Supreme Microcosm Five Emperors. When Tang sacrifices at the Round Mound. the chart submitted by the Grand Astrologer shows that outside August Heaven on High there is separately the North Star. Director Li Chunfeng said: 'August Heaven on High occupies the altar, North Star and Dipper rank in the second terrace.' This conflicts with the apocryphal texts. Sima Qian's Treatise on the Heavenly Offices: the Five Essence spirits of the Supreme Microcosm Palace are attended by the five planets and have the image of a human lord—therefore they are called emperors, it is like the Heart and Room having the image of a heavenly king—how can they all be Heaven? Sun and moon are attached to Heaven. grass and trees are attached to earth—if one takes sun and moon as Heaven and grass and trees as earth, the ignorant do not believe. The Offices of Zhou 'establish the Five Emperors at the four suburbs' and also has 'sacrifice to the Five Emperors'—neither speaks of Heaven, one knows the spirits of the Supreme Microcosm are not Heaven. The Classic says 'the suburb sacrifice follows Houji', Wang Su takes suburb and Round Mound as one—Xuan divides them into two, saying Round Mound, saying suburb, this is not the sage's intent. Now the sacrificial ordinances rigidly adhere to Xuan's theory, contrary to established forms—it should be revised. Furthermore, the Classic 'honoring the father—nothing greater than matching Heaven' and 'sacrificing to King Wen in the Bright Hall to match August Heaven on High.' Bright Hall sacrifice is Heaven, stars are insufficient to match it. Monthly Ordinance 'in the first month of spring pray for grain to August Heaven on High', Spring and Autumn Annals 'when insects stir then suburb, after suburb then plowing'—therefore the suburb follows Houji to pray for agriculture, the Odes 'in spring and summer pray for grain to August Heaven on High'—all are sacrificing to Heaven. Making it the Sensitivity Emperor is especially unexamined. We request at the four suburbs welcoming qi to sacrifice to the Supreme Microcosm Five Emperors, at suburb and Bright Hall abolish the Six Heaven theory and sacrifice only to August Heaven. The Square Mound already sacrifices to earth and also sacrifices to Divine Land at the northern suburb—neither is recorded in the classics, we request stopping at one sacrifice." The edict replied: "Approved."
71
乾封初，帝已封禪，復詔祀感帝、神州，以正月祭北郊。 司禮少常伯郝處俊等奏言：「顯慶定禮，廢感帝祀而祈谷昊天，以高祖配。 舊祀感帝、神州，以元皇帝配。 今改祈谷為祀感帝，又祀神州，還以高祖配，何升降紛紛焉？ 虞氏禘黃帝，郊嚳； 夏禘黃帝，郊鯀； 殷禘嚳，郊冥； 周禘嚳，郊稷。 玄謂禘者，祭天圓丘； 郊者，祭上帝南郊。 崔靈恩說夏正郊天，王者各祭所出帝，所謂『王者禘祖之所自出，以其祖配之』。 則禘遠祖，郊始祖也。 今禘、郊同祖，禮無所歸。 神州本祭十月，以方陰用事也。 玄說三王之郊，一用夏正。 靈恩謂祭神州北郊，以正月。 諸儒所言，猥互不明。 臣願會奉常、司成、博士普議。」 於是，子儒與博士陸遵楷、張統師、權無二等共白：「北郊月不經見，漢光武正月建北郊，鹹和中議北郊以正月，武德以來用十月，請循武德詔書。」 明年，詔圓方二丘、明堂、感帝、神州宜奉高祖、太宗配，仍祭昊天上帝及五天帝於明堂。
At the beginning of the Qianfeng era the emperor had already performed feng and shan, he again ordered sacrifice to the Sensitivity Emperor and Divine Land, with sacrifice at the northern suburb in the first month. Vice Director of the Ministry of Ceremonies Hao Chujun and others memorialized: "The Xianqing fixed rites abolished sacrifice to the Sensitivity Emperor and prayed for grain to August Heaven on High, with Emperor Gaozu as correlate. Formerly the Sensitivity Emperor and Divine Land were sacrificed to with the Primordial Emperor as correlate. Now changing prayer for grain to sacrifice to the Sensitivity Emperor and again sacrificing to Divine Land, yet again using Emperor Gaozu as correlate—why such rising and falling confusion? Yu di performed di to the Yellow Emperor and jiao to Ku; Xia performed di to the Yellow Emperor and jiao to Gun; Yin performed di to Ku and jiao to Ming; Zhou performed di to Ku and jiao to Houji. Xuan says di is sacrificing to Heaven at the Round Mound; jiao is sacrificing to August Heaven on High at the southern suburb. Cui Lingen's theory: at the first month of Xia the Son of Heaven performs suburban sacrifice to Heaven, each king sacrifices to the emperor from whom he issued—this is what is meant by 'the king performs di to the ancestor from whom he issued and matches his ancestor to him.' Thus di is the distant ancestor, jiao is the founding ancestor. Now di and jiao share the same ancestor—there is nowhere for the rite to return. Divine Land originally became sacrificed to in the tenth month, when the yin force became in charge. Xuan's theory of the three kings' suburban sacrifices all used the first month of Xia. Lingen says sacrificing to Divine Land at the northern suburb uses the first month. What the Confucians say is confused and unclear. Your subject wishes to convene the Director of Ceremonies, Vice Director of Education, and erudites for general debate." Thereupon Ziru together with Erudites Lu Zunkai, Zhang Tongshi, Quan Wuer, and others jointly stated: "The northern suburb month is not seen in the classics, Han Emperor Guangwu in the first month established the northern suburb, in the Xianhe era they debated the northern suburb in the first month, since Wude the tenth month has been used—we request following the Wude edict." The next year an edict ordered the Round and Square Mounds, Bright Hall, Sensitivity Emperor, and Divine Land to have Emperor Gaozu and Emperor Taizong as correlates, and still to sacrifice to August Heaven on High and the Five August Emperors at the Bright Hall.
72
子儒，長壽中，歷天官侍郎、弘文館學士，封潁川縣男。 以選事委令史句直，日偃臥不下筆，時人語曰「句直平配」。 既而補授失序，傳為口實。 德言曾孫至忠，自有傳。
Ziru. in the Changshou era, successively served as Vice Minister of the Ministry of Personnel and academician of the Hongwen Hall, and was enfeoffed as Baron of Yingchuan. He entrusted selection affairs to clerk Gou Zhi, daily he lay down and did not pick up the brush—men of the time said "Gou Zhi decides appointments." Before long supplementary appointments lost order and became proverbial. Deyan's great-grandson Zhizhong is given a separate biography.
73
敬播，蒲州河東人。 貞觀初，擢進士第。 時顏師古、孔穎達撰次《隋史》，詔播詣秘書內省參纂。 再遷著作佐郎，兼修國史。 從太宗伐高麗，而帝名所戰山為駐蹕，播謂人曰：「鑾輿不復東矣，山所以名，蓋天意也！」 其後果然。 遷太子司議郎。 時初置是官，尤清近，中書令馬周嘆曰：「恨資品妄高，不得歷此職！」 又與令狐德棻等撰《晉書》，大抵凡例皆播所發也。
Jing Bo came from Hedong in Puzhou. In the early Zhenguan period he passed the jinshi examination. At that time, Yan Shigu and Kong Yingda were compiling the History of Sui; an edict ordered Bo to go to the inner Secretariat to participate in compilation. He became again transferred to Assistant Gentleman of the Secretariat and concurrently revised the National History. Following Emperor Taizong's campaign against Goguryeo, the emperor named the mountain where they fought Zhubi, Bo said to people: "The imperial carriage will not again go east—the mountain's name, I suppose, is Heaven's intent!" Events later proved him right. He became transferred to Remonstrator of the Crown Prince. At that time, this office was first established and was especially close and eminent; Chief Minister of the Secretariat Ma Zhou sighed: "I regret that qualification and rank are wrongly high—I cannot have held this office!" He also together with Linghu Defen and others compiled the Book of Jin, in general the principles were all initiated by Bo.
74
有司建言：「謀反大逆，惟父子坐死，不及兄弟，請更議。」 詔群臣大議，播曰：「兄弟雖孔懷之重，然比於父子則輕，故生有異室，死有別宗。 今高官重爵，本蔭唯逮子孫，而不及昆季，烏得榮隔其蔭，而罪均其罰？」 詔從播議。
The relevant offices proposed: "For rebellion and great treason only father and son sit for death, not extending to brothers—please reconsider." An edict ordered great debate among ministers, Bo said: "Brothers, though the weight of the same womb, compared with father and son are lighter—therefore in life there are separate chambers, in death separate ancestral lines. Now high office and heavy rank—hereditary privilege extends only to sons and grandsons, not reaching brothers—how can honor be divided in privilege yet punishment be equal in guilt?" The edict followed Bo's debate.
75
永徽後，仕益貴，歷諫議大夫、給事中。 始，播與許敬宗撰《高祖實錄》，興創業，盡貞觀十四年。 至是，又撰《太宗實錄》，訖二十三年。 坐事出為越州長史，徙安州，卒。
After Yonghui his office grew ever more honored, he successively served as Remonstrator of the Left and Supervising Censor. At first Bo together with Xu Jingzong compiled the Veritable Records of Emperor Gaozu, from founding the enterprise through the fourteenth year of Zhenguan. At this time he again compiled the Veritable Records of Emperor Taizong, through the twenty-third year. After being charged with an offense, he went out as Prefect of Yuezhou, was transferred to Anzhou, and died.
76
房玄齡嘗稱播：「陳壽之流乎！」 玄齡患顏師古註《漢書》文繁，令掇其要為四十篇。 是時《漢書》學大興，其章章者若劉伯莊、秦景通兄弟、劉訥言，皆名家。
Fang Xuanling once praised Bo: "A man of Chen Shou's kind!" Xuanling. troubled that Yan Shigu's annotation of the Book of Han was verbose, ordered extracting the essentials into forty chapters. At that time, study of the Book of Han greatly flourished; the prominent were Liu Bozhuang, the brothers Qin Jingtong, and Liu Neyan—all renowned families.
77
伯莊者，彭城人，為弘文館學士，遷國子博士，與許敬宗等論撰甚多，終崇賢館學士。 自所著書亦百餘篇。
Bozhuang was a native of Pengcheng. served as academician of the Hongwen Hall, was transferred to Erudite of the Directorate of Education, together with Xu Jingzong and others debated and compiled many works, and ended as academician of the Chongxian Hall. He himself wrote more than more than one hundred chapters.
78
子之宏，世其學。 武後時，以著作郎兼修國史，終相王府司馬。 睿宗立，贈秘書監。
His son Zhihong carried on the tradition. In Empress Wu's time. as Gentleman of the Secretariat he concurrently revised the National History and ended as Administrative Assistant of the Princely Household of Xiang. When Emperor Ruizong took the throne he became posthumously appointed Director of the Secretariat.
79
景通者，晉陵人。 與弟暐俱有名，皆精《漢書》，號「大秦君」、「小秦君」。 當時治《漢書》，非其授者，以為無法雲。 景通仕至太子洗馬、兼崇賢館學士。 暐後復踐其官及職。
Jingtong came from Jinling. He and his younger brother Hui both were famous; both were accomplished in the Book of Han and were styled "Great Lord Qin" and "Lesser Lord Qin." At that time, those who studied the Book of Han—if not their disciples—were considered to have no method. Jingtong served up to Palace Steward of the Crown Prince and concurrently academician of the Chongxian Hall. Hui later again held his brother's office and duties.
80
訥言，乾封中歷都水監主簿，以《漢書》授沛王。 王為太子，擢訥言洗馬兼侍讀。 嘗集俳諧十五篇，為太子歡。 太子廢，高宗見，怒，除名為民。 復坐事流死振州。
Neyan. in the Qianfeng era successively served as Director of the Directorate of Waterways and instructed the Prince of Pei in the Book of Han. Once the prince became heir, he was promoted to Palace Steward Neyan and concurrently Reader-in-Attendance. He once compiled fifteen chapters of jest and wit to amuse the crown prince. After the crown prince was deposed, Emperor Gaozong saw this and was angry; he was stripped of name and made a commoner. Charged again with an offense, he was exiled and died at Zhenzhou.
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羅道琮，蒲州虞鄉人。 慷慨尚節義。 貞觀末，上書忤旨，徙嶺表。 有同斥者死荊、襄間，臨終泣曰：「人生有死，獨委骨異壤邪？」 道琮曰：「吾若還，終不使君獨留此。」 瘞路左去。 歲餘，遇赦歸，方霖潦積水，失其殯處，道琮慟諸野，波中忽若湓沸者。 道琮曰：「若屍在，可再沸。」 祝已，水復湧，乃得屍，負之還鄉。 尋擢明經，仕至太學博士，為時名儒。
Luo Daocong came from Yuxiang in Puzhou. A bold and generous man, he valued integrity and righteousness. Near the end of Zhenguan he submitted a memorial that offended the intent and was banished to Lingbiao. A fellow exile dying between Jing and Xiang, on the verge of death wept: "Human life has death—must I alone leave my bones in alien soil?" Daocong said: "If I return. in the end I will not let you alone remain here." He buried him by the roadside and departed. More than a year later he met amnesty and returned; just then continuous rain and floods had accumulated; he lost the place of burial; Daocong wailed in the wilds, and in the water suddenly something seemed to boil. Daocong said: "If the corpse is there. it can boil again." After the prayer the water surged again, he then obtained the corpse and carried it back to his native district. Not long after he was promoted for the mingjing examination, served up to Erudite of the Imperial University, and was a renowned Confucian of the age.