Volume 220 Biographies 145: Eastern Barbarians

高麗百濟新羅倭、日本

Goguryeo, Baekje, Silla, and Wa (Japan)

高麗，本扶餘別種也。地東跨海距新羅，南亦跨海距百濟，西北度遼水與營州接，北靺鞨。其君居平壤城，亦謂長安城，漢樂浪郡也，去京師五千里而贏，隨山屈繚爲郛，南涯浿水，王築宮其左。又有國內城、漢城，號別都。水有大遼、少遼：大遼出靺鞨西南山，南曆安市城；少遼出遼山西，亦南流，有梁水出塞外，西行與之合。有馬訾水出靺鞨之白山，色若鴨頭，號鴨淥水，曆國內城西，與鹽難水合，又西南至安市，入於海。而平壤在鴨淥東南，以巨艫濟人，因恃以爲塹。

Goguryeo was originally a distinct offshoot of the Fuyu. To the east its land reaches across the sea to Silla; to the south it likewise crosses the sea to Baekje; to the northwest it crosses the Liao River and meets Ying Prefecture; to the north lies Mohe country. The king resides at Pyongyang, also known as Chang'an City, on the site of the Han commandery of Lelang—over five thousand li from the capital. The city wall follows the bending hills; the Pae River marks the southern edge, and the royal palace stands on its east bank. There are also the Inner Capital and Han City, styled as secondary capitals. The rivers include the Greater Liao and Lesser Liao: the Greater Liao rises in the southwestern mountains of Mohe country and runs south past An City; the Lesser Liao rises west of the Liao range and likewise flows south; the Liang River comes from beyond the passes and runs west to meet it. The Maze River rises on White Mountain in Mohe territory; its hue is like a drake's head, whence it is called the Yalu. It runs west of the Inner Capital, joins the Yannan River, then turns southwest to An City and empties into the sea. Pyongyang lies southeast of the Yalu; they cross in large vessels and treat the river as their defensive moat.

官凡十二級：曰大對廬，或曰吐捽；曰鬱折，主圖簿者；曰太大使者；曰帛衣頭大兄，所謂帛衣者，先人也，秉國政，三歲一易，善職則否，凡代日，有不服則相攻，王爲閉宮守，勝者聽爲之；曰大使者；曰大兄；曰上位使者；曰諸兄；曰小使者；曰過節；曰先人；曰古鄒大加。其州縣六十。大城置傉薩一，比都督；餘城置處閭近支，亦號道使，比刺史。有參佐，分幹。有大模達，比衛將軍；末客，比中郎將。

There are twelve official ranks: the first is Grand Tae-du-ru, also called Tu-sol; Yu-che, who keeps the registers; Grand Envoy; Head Elder Brother in White Robes—the 'white robes' are the elders who wield state power, rotated every three years unless a man serves well enough to remain. On each rotation day, rivals who refuse to yield fight one another while the king barricades the palace; the victor is then allowed to govern. Envoy; Elder Brother; Superior Envoy; Various Brothers; Junior Envoy; Guo-jie; Elder; and Gu-gu Grand Ga. The realm comprises sixty prefectures and counties. Each major city has a Lu-sa, equivalent to a Tang military commissioner; lesser cities have Chu-lyu and Jin-zhi officers, also styled circuit envoys, equivalent to prefects. Each has aides who divide administrative duties. There is the Grand Mo-da, equivalent to a Guard General; and the Mo-ke, equivalent to a General of the Gentlemen of the Household.

分五部：曰內部，即漢桂婁部也，亦號黃部；曰北部，即絕奴部也，或號後部；曰東部，即順奴部也，或號左部；曰南部，即灌奴部也，亦號前部；曰西部，即消奴部也。

The realm is divided into five departments: the Inner Department, the old Han Guilou division, also called the Yellow Department; the Northern Department, the Juedu division, sometimes called the Rear Department; the Eastern Department, the Shunnu division, sometimes called the Left Department; the Southern Department, the Guannu division, also called the Front Department; and the Western Department, the Xiaonu division.

王服五采，以白羅制冠，革帶皆金扣。大臣青羅冠，次絳羅，珥兩鳥羽，金銀雜扣，衫筒袖，褲大口，白韋帶，黃革履。庶人衣褐，戴弁。女子首巾幗。俗喜弈、投壺、蹴鞠。食用籩、豆、簠、簋、罍、洗。居依山谷，以草茨屋，惟王宮、官府、佛廬以瓦。窶民盛冬作長坑，煴火以取暖。其治，峭法以繩下，故少犯。叛者叢炬灼體，乃斬之，籍入其家。降、敗、殺人及剽劫者斬，盜者十倍取償，殺牛馬者沒爲奴婢，故道不掇遺。婚娶不用幣，有受者恥之。服父母喪三年，兄弟逾月除。俗多淫祠，禮靈星及日、箕子、可汗等神。國左有大穴曰神隧，每十月，王皆自祭。人喜學，至窮里廝家，亦相矜勉，衢側悉構嚴屋，號局堂，子弟未婚者曹處，誦經習射。

The king wears robes of five colors, a crown of white gauze, and leather belts fitted with gold clasps. Ministers wear green gauze caps—or crimson gauze as the next rank—with twin bird feathers at the ears, belts studded with gold and silver, jackets with narrow sleeves, wide-legged trousers, white leather belts, and yellow leather shoes. Commoners dress in brown cloth and wear simple caps. Women bind their hair with kerchiefs and headcloths. They are fond of chess, pitch-pot, and cuju ball games. At meals they use the ritual vessels known as bian, dou, fu, gui, lei, and xi. They live in valleys and roof their homes with thatch; only the royal palace, government halls, and Buddhist temples are tiled. In the depths of winter the poor dig long pits and bank coals within them for heat. Their government enforces harsh law without leniency, and so crime is rare. Rebels are first scorched with piled torches, then beheaded, and their households are registered and their property seized. Deserters, defeated men, murderers, and bandits are beheaded; thieves must repay tenfold; anyone who kills cattle or horses is made a slave; and so nothing is left lying on the highways. Marriages require no bride-price; to accept one is considered disgraceful. Mourning for parents lasts three years; for siblings, a little over a month. They maintain many excessive shrines, sacrificing to the Spirit Star, the Sun, Jizi, the Khaghan, and other deities. East of the capital lies a great cavern called the Spirit Tunnel; each tenth month the king sacrifices there in person. The people love learning; even in the poorest lanes and meanest households they urge one another on. Along every street they erect solemn halls called Bureau Halls, where unmarried youths gather to recite the classics and practice archery.

隋末，其王高元死，異母弟建武嗣。武德初，再遣使入朝。高祖下書脩好，約高麗人在中國者護送，中國人在高麗者敕遣還。於是建武悉搜亡命歸有司，且萬人。後三年，遣使者拜爲上柱國、遼東郡王、高麗王。命道士以像法往，爲講《老子》。建武大悅，率國人共聽之，日數千人。帝謂左右曰：「名實須相副。高麗雖臣于隋，而終拒煬帝，何臣之爲？朕務安人，何必受其臣？」裴矩、溫彥博諫曰：「遼東本箕子國，魏晉時故封內，不可不臣。中國與夷狄，猶太陽於列星，不可以降。」乃止。明年，新羅、百濟上書，言建武閉道，使不得朝，且數侵入。有詔散騎侍郎硃子奢持節諭和，建武謝罪，乃請與二國平。太宗已禽突厥頡利，建武遣使者賀，并上封域圖。帝詔廣州司馬長孫師臨瘞隋士戰胔，毀高麗所立京觀。建武懼，乃築長城千里，東北首扶餘，西南屬之海。久之，遣太子桓權入朝獻方物，帝厚賜齎，詔使者陳大德持節答勞，且觀亹。大德入其國，厚餉官守，悉得其纖曲。見華人流客者，爲道親戚存亡，人人垂涕，故所至士女夾道觀。建武盛陳兵見使者。大德還奏，帝悅。大德又言：「聞高昌滅，其大對廬三至館，有加禮焉。」帝曰：「高麗地止四郡，我發卒數萬攻遼東，諸城必救，我以舟師自東萊帆海趨平壤，固易。然天下甫平，不欲勞人耳。」

Near the end of the Sui dynasty their king Gao Yuan died, and his half-brother Jianwu succeeded him. Early in the Wude reign he twice sent envoys to the Tang court. Gaozu sent a letter restoring friendly relations, stipulating that Goguryeo subjects in China would be escorted home and Chinese subjects in Goguryeo would be ordered to return. Jianwu then hunted down fugitives and surrendered them to Tang authorities—nearly ten thousand in all. Three years later the court sent envoys to invest him as Supreme Pillar of State, King of Liaodong Commandery, and King of Goguryeo. The emperor dispatched a Daoist master to expound the Laozi by illustrated lecture. Jianwu was delighted and led his people to attend; several thousand came each day. The emperor said to his attendants, "Titles and facts must correspond. Goguryeo may have submitted to the Sui, yet in the end it defied Emperor Yang—what kind of vassalage is that? My aim is to bring peace to the people—why must I accept them as vassals?" Pei Ju and Wen Yanbo remonstrated, "Liaodong was originally Jizi's kingdom, within the old imperial domain since Wei and Jin—it cannot be left unsubmissive. China and the barbarians stand as the sun among the stars—our dignity cannot be lowered." The emperor relented. The following year Silla and Baekje memorialized that Jianwu had closed the routes so their envoys could not reach court, and that he had repeatedly invaded their lands. An edict appointed Attendant Gentleman-at-Large Zhu Zishe as envoy to broker peace. Jianwu apologized and asked to settle with the two kingdoms. After Taizong captured the Türk khaghan Jieli, Jianwu sent envoys to congratulate him and submitted a map of his realm. The emperor ordered Guangzhou Vice-Prefect Zhangsun Shi to bury the Sui war dead and tear down the victory mounds Goguryeo had erected. Alarmed, Jianwu built a thousand-li wall from Fuyu in the northeast to the sea in the southwest. In time he sent Crown Prince Huanquan to court with tribute. The emperor lavished gifts upon him and dispatched Chen Dade with credentials to return the courtesy and observe the kingdom's strengths and weaknesses. Dade entered the kingdom, lavished gifts on the border officials, and learned every detail of their affairs. Wherever he met Chinese expatriates he told them news of their kin, alive or dead, and all wept; men and women lined the roads wherever he passed. Jianwu paraded a great host to receive the envoy. Dade returned and reported; the emperor was pleased. Dade added, "When Gaochang fell, their Grand Tae-du-ru came three times to my lodging with special courtesy." The emperor said, "Goguryeo holds only four commanderies' worth of land. Send tens of thousands against Liaodong and every city must rush to defend it; meanwhile a fleet from Donglai could sail straight to Pyongyang—that would be easy enough. But the realm has only just been pacified, and I do not wish to burden the people."

有蓋蘇文者，或號蓋金，姓泉氏，自云生水中以惑衆。性忍暴。父爲東部大人、大對廬，死。蓋蘇文當嗣，國人惡之，不得立。頓首謝衆，請攝職，有不可，雖廢無悔。衆哀之，遂嗣位。殘凶不道，諸大臣與建武議誅之，蓋蘇文覺，悉召諸部，紿雲大閱兵，列饌具請大臣臨視，賓至盡殺之，凡百餘人。馳入宮殺建武，殘其屍投諸溝。更立建武弟之子藏爲王，自爲莫離支，專國，猶唐兵部尚書、中書令職云。貌魁秀，美須髯，冠服皆飾以金，佩五刀，左右莫敢仰視。使貴人伏諸地，踐以升馬。出入陳兵，長呼禁切，行人畏竄，至投坑穀。

There was Gaisuwen, also called Gaijin, of the Quan clan, who claimed to have been born in the water in order to beguile the people. He was cruel and violent by nature. His father had been chief of the Eastern Department and Grand Tae-du-ru. When he died, Gaisuwen should have succeeded him, but the people hated him and would not install him. He kowtowed to the assembly, begged to serve provisionally, and vowed that if they found him unfit they might remove him without his complaint. Moved to pity, the people let him take the post. Savage and lawless, he drove the great ministers and Jianwu to plot his death. Gaisuwen learned of it, summoned every department, and announced a grand military review. He laid out a feast and invited the ministers to attend; when they arrived he slaughtered them all—more than a hundred men. He galloped into the palace, killed Jianwu, mutilated the corpse, and cast it into a ditch. He enthroned Jianwu's nephew Zang and made himself Mo-li-zhi, seizing sole power comparable to the Tang Minister of War and Director of the Secretariat combined. Tall and handsome, with a splendid beard, he adorned crown and robes with gold, wore five swords at his belt, and none beside him dared raise his eyes. He made nobles prostrate themselves so he could step on their backs to mount his horse. Whenever he went abroad he marched with an armed escort, bellowing orders; travelers fled in terror, some even hurling themselves into pits and gullies.

帝聞建武爲下所殺，惻然遣使者持節弔祭。或勸帝可遂討之，帝不欲因喪伐罪，乃拜藏爲遼東郡王、高麗王。帝曰：「蓋蘇文殺君攘國，朕取之易耳，不願勞人，若何？」司空房玄齡曰：「陛下士勇而力有餘，戢不用，所謂'止戈爲武'者。」司徒長孫無忌曰：「高麗無一介告難，宜賜書安尉之，隱其患，撫其存，彼當聽命。」帝曰：「善。」

Learning that Jianwu had been murdered by his subjects, the emperor was moved to pity and sent an envoy with credentials to offer condolences and sacrifice. Some urged an immediate punitive campaign, but the emperor refused to strike during mourning and invested Zang as King of Liaodong Commandery and King of Goguryeo. The emperor said, "Gaisuwen murdered his king and usurped the realm. I could seize it easily, yet I do not wish to burden the people—what should I do?" Minister of Works Fang Xuanling said, "Your soldiers are brave and your strength ample; to sheath the sword unused is the true meaning of martial virtue—'to stop the spear is to be martial.' Minister of Education Zhangsun Wuji said, "Goguryeo has sent no plea for help. Send a letter of reassurance, conceal their troubles, comfort the survivors, and they will submit." The emperor said, "Well said."

會新羅遣使者上書言：「高麗、百濟聯和，將見討。謹歸命天子。」帝問：「若何而免？」使者曰：「計窮矣，惟陛下哀憐！」帝曰：「我以偏兵率契丹、靺鞨入遼東，而國可紓一歲，一策也。我以絳袍丹幟數千賜而國，至，建以陣，二國見，謂我師至，必走，二策也。百濟恃海，不修戎械，我以舟師數萬襲之；而國女君，故爲鄰侮，我以宗室主而國，待安則自守之，三策也。使者計孰取？」使者不能對。於是遣司農丞相里玄獎以璽書讓高麗，且使止勿攻。使未至，而蓋蘇文已取新羅二城。玄獎諭帝旨，答曰：「往隋見侵，新羅乘邅奪我地五百里，今非盡反地，兵不止。」玄獎曰：「往事烏足論邪？遼東故中國郡縣，天子且不取，高麗焉得違詔？」不從。玄獎還奏，帝曰：「莫離支殺君，虐用其下如擭阱，怨痛溢道，我出師無名哉？」諫議大夫褚遂良曰：「陛下之兵度遼而克固善，萬分一不得逞，且再用師，再用師，安危不可億。」兵部尚書李勣曰：「不然。曩薛延陀盜邊，陛下欲追擊，魏徵苦諫而止。向若擊之，一馬不生返。後復畔擾，至今爲恨。」帝曰：「誠然。但一慮之失而尤之，後誰爲我計者？」新羅數請援，乃下吳船四百柁輸糧，詔營州都督張儉等發幽、營兵及契丹、奚、靺鞨等出討。會遼溢，師還。莫離支懼，遣使者內金，帝不納。使者又言：「莫離支遣官五十入宿衛。」帝怒責使者曰：「而等委質高武，而不伏節死義，又爲逆子謀，不可赦。」悉下之獄。

Just then Silla sent an envoy with a memorial: "Goguryeo and Baekje have allied and are about to strike us. We humbly place ourselves under the Son of Heaven's protection." The emperor asked, "How can you be saved?" The envoy said, "We are at our wits' end—only Your Majesty's mercy can save us!" The emperor said, "I could send a detached force with Khitan and Mohe allies into Liaodong, giving your kingdom a year's respite—that is the first plan. I could send you several thousand crimson robes and red banners; array them in battle order when they arrive, and the two kingdoms, thinking my army has come, will surely flee—that is the second plan. Baekje trusts to the sea and neglects its arms; I could strike it with a fleet of tens of thousands; your kingdom has a queen regnant and is therefore bullied by neighbors; I could install a prince of the imperial clan to rule you, and once secure you could defend yourselves—that is the third plan. Envoy, which of these plans do you choose?" The envoy had no answer. The emperor then sent Bolizhi Xuanjiang, Minister of Agriculture, with a sealed imperial missive rebuking Goguryeo and commanding them to halt their attack. Before the envoy arrived, Gaisuwen had already seized two Silla cities. Xuanjiang delivered the emperor's message. They answered, "The Sui invaded us in former times, and Silla seized our distress to snatch five hundred li of our land. Unless every inch is returned, our armies will not cease." Xuanjiang said, "Why dwell on past grievances? Liaodong was once Chinese territory. The Son of Heaven himself does not claim it—how dare Goguryeo defy his command?" They refused. Xuanjiang reported back. The emperor said, "Moryangji murdered his king and tormented his people like beasts in a trap. Grievance fills every road—how can my campaign lack just cause?" Remonstrance Secretariat Counselor Chu Suiliang said, "If your army crosses the Liao and triumphs, all is well—but if there is even one chance in ten thousand of failure, and you must march again and again, the realm's safety becomes incalculable." Minister of War Li Ji said, "I disagree. When Xueyantuo raided the borderlands, Your Majesty wished to pursue them, but Wei Zheng remonstrated forcefully and you desisted. Had you attacked then, not one horse would have come home. They rebelled and raided again thereafter—a regret that haunts us still." The emperor said, "That is true. Yet if every cautious doubt is punished, who will dare counsel me in the future?" Silla pleaded for aid again and again. The court dispatched four hundred Wu ships loaded with grain and ordered Zhang Jian, Protector-General of Yingzhou, to lead troops from Youzhou and Yingzhou together with Khitan, Xi, Mohe, and others on a punitive campaign. The Liao River flooded, and the army withdrew. Moryangji grew fearful and sent envoys bearing tribute gold, but the emperor refused it. The envoys added, "Moryangji wishes to send fifty officials to serve in the palace guard." The emperor rebuked them in wrath: "You submitted to King Gao yet failed to die for your sovereign. Now you conspire for his murderer's son. There is no pardon for you." Every one of them was thrown into prison.

於是帝欲自將討之，召長安耆老勞曰：「遼東故中國地，而莫離支賊殺其主，朕將自行經略之，故與父老約：子若孫從我行者，我能拊循之，毋庸恤也。」即厚賜布粟。群臣皆勸帝毋行，帝曰：「吾知之矣，去本而就末，舍高以取下，釋近而之遠，三者爲不祥，伐高麗是也。然蓋蘇文弑君，又戮大臣以逞，一國之人延頸待救，議者顧未亮耳。」於是北輸粟營州，東儲粟古大人城。帝幸洛陽，乃以張亮爲平壤道行軍大總管，常何、左難當副之，冉仁德、劉英行、張文幹、龐孝泰、程名振爲總管，帥江、吳、京、洛募兵凡四萬，吳艘五百，泛海趨平壤。以李勣爲遼東道行軍大總管，江夏王道宗副之，張士貴、張儉、執失思力、契苾何力、阿史那彌射、薑德本、曲智盛、吳黑闥爲行軍總管隸之，帥騎士六萬趨遼東。詔曰：「朕所過，營頓毋飭，食毋豐怪，水可涉者勿作橋樑，行在非近州縣不得令學生、耆老迎謁。朕昔提戈撥亂，無盈月儲，猶所響風靡。今幸家給人足，只恐勞於轉餉，故驅牛羊以飼軍。且朕必勝有五：以我大擊彼小，以我順討彼逆，以我安乘彼亂，以我逸敵彼勞，以我悅當彼怨，渠憂不克邪！」又發契丹、奚、新羅、百濟諸君長兵悉會。

The emperor resolved to lead the campaign himself. He summoned Chang'an's elders and told them, "Liaodong was once Chinese soil, and Moryangji murdered his king. I will command the campaign in person. I give you my word, elders: if your sons or grandsons march with me, I will see to their welfare. You have nothing to fear." He then lavished cloth and grain upon them. The ministers all urged the emperor to stay. He said, "I know the objections: abandoning the root for the branch, forsaking the heights for the low ground, leaving the near to strike the far—these three are ill omens, and a campaign against Goguryeo fits them all. Yet Gaisuwen killed his king and butchered his ministers to have his way. The entire kingdom waits with bared necks for deliverance. The court simply does not see it clearly. Grain was shipped north to Yingzhou and stockpiled east at Gudaducheng. The emperor went to Luoyang and made Zhang Liang Grand Marshal of the Pyongyang Route, with Chang He and Zuo Nandang as his deputies and Ran Rende, Liu Yingxing, Zhang Wengan, Pang Xiaotai, and Cheng Mingzhen as subordinate commanders. He led forty thousand recruits from the Jiang, Wu, Jing, and Luo regions aboard five hundred Wu ships, sailing by sea toward Pyongyang. Li Ji was appointed Grand Marshal of the Liaodong Route, with Prince Jiangxia Li Daozong as his deputy. Zhang Shigui, Zhang Jian, Zhishi Sili, Qibi Heli, Ashina Mishe, Jiang Deben, Qu Zhisheng, and Wu Heita served under him as campaign commanders, leading sixty thousand cavalry toward Liaodong. An edict declared, "Along my route, camps must not be lavishly prepared, nor food extravagantly supplied. Where water can be forded, build no bridges. Where the mobile court does not halt near a prefecture or county, do not summon students or elders to greet me. When I first took up arms to end the chaos, we had less than a month's provisions—yet wherever we marched, enemies fell like grass before the wind. Now the realm is prosperous, but I fear the burden of supply trains—so I drive cattle and sheep along to feed the army on the march. I have five reasons for certain victory: we are great and they are small; we are righteous and they are rebellious; we are secure and they are in turmoil; we are rested and they are weary; our people are content and theirs are resentful—how can we fail to conquer! Forces from the Khitan, Xi, Silla, Baekje, and other allied chiefs were also mobilized to join the campaign.

十九年二月，帝自洛陽次定州，謂左右曰：「今天下大定，唯遼東未賓，後嗣因士馬盛強，謀臣導以征討，喪亂方始，朕故自取之，不遺後世憂也。」帝坐城門，過兵，人人撫慰，疾病者親視之，敕州縣治療，士大悅。長孫無忌白奏：「天下符魚悉從，而宮官止十人，天下以爲輕神器。」帝曰：「士度遼十萬，皆去家室。朕以十人從，尚恧其多，公止勿言！」帝身屬橐房，結兩箙於鞍。四月，勣績濟遼水，高麗皆嬰城守。帝大饗士，帳幽州之南，詔長孫無忌誓師，乃引而東。

In the second month of the nineteenth year, the emperor left Luoyang and halted at Dingzhou. He told his attendants, "The realm is now at peace, but Liaodong remains unsubdued. Future rulers, emboldened by strong armies and urged on by strategists, would launch campaigns that bring ruin just as it begins. I take this burden upon myself so that posterity need not suffer it. The emperor sat at the city gate as the troops marched past, comforting each soldier in turn. He personally inspected the sick and ordered local officials to treat them. The army was deeply heartened. Zhangsun Wuji reported in person, "All the empire's seals and insignia accompany you, yet your palace attendants number only ten. The realm fears you hold the throne too lightly." The emperor said, "A hundred thousand men are crossing the Liao, every one of them far from home. I bring only ten attendants and am already ashamed that is so many. Say no more of it!" The emperor carried his own quiver and tied two arrow cases to his saddle. In the fourth month, Li Ji led his forces across the Liao River. Every Goguryeo city shut its gates and prepared to resist. The emperor feasted the army with his camp south of Youzhou, had Zhangsun Wuji administer the oath of mobilization, and then led the host eastward.

勣攻蓋牟城，拔之，得戶二萬，糧十萬石，以其地爲蓋州。程名振攻沙卑城，夜入其西，城潰，虜其口八千，遊兵鴨淥上。勣遂圍遼東城。帝次遼澤，詔瘞隋戰士露骼。高麗發新城、國內城騎四萬救遼東。道宗率張乂君逆戰，君乂卻。道宗以騎馳之，虜兵辟易，奪其梁，收散卒，高以望，見高麗陣囂，急擊破之，斬首千餘級，誅君乂以徇。帝度遼水，徹杠彴，堅士心。營馬首山，身到城下，見士填塹，分負之，重者馬上持之'群臣震懼，爭挾塊以進。城有硃蒙祠，祠有鎖甲、銛矛，妄言前燕世天所降。方圍急，飾美女以婦神，誣言硃蒙悅，城必完。勣列拋車，飛大石過三百步，所當輒潰，虜積木爲樓，結絙罔，不能拒。以沖車撞陴屋，碎之。時百濟上金旐鎧，又以玄金爲山五文鎧，士被以從。帝與勣會，甲光炫日。會南風急，士縱火焚西南，熛延城中，屋幾盡，人死于燎者萬餘。衆登陴，虜蒙盾以拒，士舉長矛舂之，藺石如雨，城遂潰，獲勝兵萬，戶四萬，糧五十萬石。以其地爲遼州。初，帝自太子所屬行在，舍置一烽，約下遼東舉烽，是日傳燎入塞。

Li Ji attacked Gaemou City and captured it, taking twenty thousand households and a hundred thousand shi of grain. The territory was organized as Gai Prefecture. Cheng Mingzhen attacked Sabiei City, entering its western quarter by night. The city fell, and he took eight thousand captives. Detached troops then ranged along the Yalu River. Li Ji then laid siege to Liaodong City. The emperor halted at Liaomarsh and ordered the burial of Sui soldiers whose bones lay exposed on the field. Goguryeo sent forty thousand cavalry from Xincheng and Gungnae to relieve Liaodong. Daozong led Zhang Yijun to intercept them, but Yijun fell back. Daozong charged with his cavalry. The enemy gave way, and he seized their crossing, rallied the scattered troops, and climbed a height to survey the field. Seeing the Goguryeo line in disorder, he pressed the attack and broke them, taking more than a thousand heads. He executed Yijun as an example to the army. The emperor crossed the Liao River, had the bridges dismantled behind him, and thereby steeled the army's resolve. Taizong encamped at Horse Head Mountain and went in person to the foot of the wall. Seeing soldiers filling the moat, he shared the burden—lighter loads he carried himself, heavier ones he bore from horseback. The courtiers were terrified and competed to lug earth forward themselves. The city held a shrine to Jumong, where locked armor and keen spears were kept—falsely claimed to have descended from Heaven in the age of Former Yan. As the siege tightened, they dressed beautiful women as the Bride Goddess and spread the lie that Jumong was pleased and the city would surely hold. Li Shiji lined up trebuchets whose stones flew more than three hundred paces, shattering whatever they hit. The enemy raised wooden towers and rope netting but could not hold them off. Battering rams smashed the parapet works to pieces. Baekje had sent golden-banner armor, and dark-gold mountain-pattern armor with five motifs; the troops wore these and marched on. Taizong and Li Shiji united their forces, and the flash of armor blazed in the sunlight. A fierce south wind sprang up; the troops fired the southwest quarter, and flames raced through the city until scarcely a building remained. More than ten thousand perished in the conflagration. The army scaled the walls; the defenders hid behind shields while Tang spearmen battered them down and sling-stones fell like rain. The city gave way. They took ten thousand elite troops, forty thousand households, and five hundred thousand piculs of grain. That territory was organized as Liao Prefecture. Earlier, while Taizong was at the crown prince's mobile camp, he had set out a beacon and arranged that Liaodong would light one at victory; that day the blaze was relayed through the passes into the interior.

進攻白崖城，城負山有厓水，險甚。帝壁西北。虜酋孫伐音陰丐降，然城中不能一。帝賜幟曰：「若降，建於堞以信。」俄而舉幟，城人皆以唐兵登矣，乃降。初，伐音中悔，帝怒，約以虜口畀諸將。及是，李勣曰：「士奮而先，貪虜獲也。今城危拔，不可許降以孤士心。」帝曰：「將軍言是也。然縱兵殺戮，略人妻孥，朕不忍。將軍麾下有功者，朕能以庫物賞之，庶因將軍贖一城乎。」獲男女凡萬、兵二千。以其地爲岩州，拜伐音爲刺史。莫離支以加屍人七百戍蓋牟，勣俘之。請自效，帝曰：「而家加屍，乃爲我戰，將盡戮矣。夷一姓求一人力，不可。」稟而縱之。

They pressed the attack on Baiya City, which clung to a mountain above a cliff-girded river—terrain of the gravest danger. Taizong entrenched the northwest. The enemy chief Sun Fayin secretly sought to surrender, but the city could not agree as one. Taizong gave him a banner and said, "If you mean to surrender, plant this on the parapet as your pledge. Soon the banner went up; the townspeople all believed Tang soldiers were already on the walls, and they surrendered. Fayin had wavered at first, and Taizong, enraged, had promised the captives to his generals as booty. Now Li Shiji said, "The men are fighting to get ahead—they hunger for captives. The city is on the verge of falling; we cannot accept a surrender now and leave the soldiers empty-handed. Taizong said, "The general is right. Yet to let the army butcher them and seize their wives and children—that I cannot bear. Those under your command who have earned merit I can reward from the treasury—might we, through you, ransom this one city?" They took ten thousand men and women altogether and two thousand soldiers. That territory became Yan Prefecture, and Fayin was appointed its prefect. Gaisuwen had posted seven hundred Gasir tribesmen to garrison Gaimou; Li Shiji took them prisoner. They offered to serve willingly. Taizong said, "You are Gasir by clan, yet you fight for me—I ought to execute every one of you. To wipe out a whole clan for one man's strength—that I will not do. He heard their petition and let them go.

次安市。於是高麗北部傉薩高延壽、南部傉薩高惠真引兵及靺鞨衆十五萬來援。帝曰：「彼若勒兵連安市而壁，據高山，取城中粟食之，縱靺鞨略吾牛馬，攻之不可下，此上策也。拔城夜去，中策也。與吾爭鋒，則禽矣。」有大對廬爲延壽計曰：「吾聞中國亂，豪雄並奮，秦王神武，敵無堅，戰無前，遂定天下，南面而帝，北狄、西戎罔不臣。今掃地而來，謀臣重將皆在，其鋒不可校。今莫若頓兵曠日，陰遣奇兵絕其餉道，不旬月糧盡，欲戰不得，歸則無路，乃可取也。」延壽不從，引軍距安市四十里而屯。帝曰：「虜墮吾策中矣。」命左衛大將軍阿史那社爾以突厥千騎嘗之，虜常以靺鞨銳兵居前，社爾兵接而北。延壽曰：「唐易與耳。」進一舍，倚麓而陣。帝詔延壽曰：「我以爾有強臣賊殺其主，來問罪，即交戰，非我意。」延壽謂然，按甲俟。帝夜召諸將，使李勣率步騎萬五千陣西嶺當賊，長孫無忌、牛進達精兵萬人出虜背狹穀，帝以騎四千偃幟趨虜北山上，令諸軍曰：「聞鼓聲而縱。」張幄朝堂，曰：「明日日中，納降虜於此。」是夜，流星墮延壽營。旦日，虜視勣軍少，即戰。帝望無忌軍塵上，命鼓角作，兵幟四合，虜惶惑，將分兵禦之，衆已囂。勣以步槊擊敗之，無忌乘其後，帝自山馳下，虜大亂，斬首二萬級。延壽收餘衆負山自固，無忌、勣合圍之，徹川梁，斷歸路。帝按轡觀虜營壘曰：「高麗傾國來，一麾而破，天贊我也。」下馬再拜，謝況于天。延壽等度勢窮，即舉衆降。入轅門，膝而前，拜手請命。帝曰：「後敢與天子戰乎？」惶汗不得對。帝料酋長三千五百人，悉官之，許內徙，餘衆三萬縱還之，誅靺鞨三千餘人，獲馬牛十萬，明光鎧萬領。高麗震駭，後黃、銀二城自拔去，數百里無舍煙。乃驛報太子，并賜諸臣書曰：「朕自將若此，云何？」因號所幸山爲駐蹕山，圖破陣狀，勒石紀功。拜延壽鴻臚卿，惠真司農卿。候騎獲覘人，帝解其縛，自言不食且三日，命飼之，賜以屩，遣曰：「歸語莫離支，若須軍中進退，可遣人至吾所。」帝每營不作塹壘，謹斥候而已，而士運糧，雖單騎，虜不敢鈔。

Next they marched on Ansi. Then Goguryeo's northern irgan Gao Yanshou and southern irgan Gao Huizhen marched to the relief with Mohe allies—one hundred fifty thousand men in all. Taizong said, "If they mass their troops, join Ansi, and entrench on the heights—living off the city's grain while the Mohe harry our cattle and horses—we could not bring them down. That would be their best plan. To slip away from the city by night would be the middling plan. To meet us in open battle—they will be ours. A grand dulü counseled Yanshou: "When China was torn by chaos, heroes rose on every side—but the Prince of Qin was a god of war. No foe stood before him, no battle did he lose. He pacified the realm and took the throne facing south; north and west, none refused to bow. Now he sweeps across the land with every strategist and seasoned general at his side. Their edge cannot be matched. Better to hold our ground for weeks and send picked men in secret to sever their supply line. Within ten months their grain will be gone—they will want to fight but cannot; if they retreat, they will have no road home. Then we can take them." Yanshou would not heed him. He drew up his army forty li from Ansi and made camp. Taizong said, "The enemy has walked into my trap. He ordered Left Guard General Ashina She'er to probe them with a thousand Turk horsemen. The enemy habitually put Mohe shock troops in the van; She'er's men skirmished and then feigned retreat northward. Yanshou said, "Tang will be easy to handle. He pushed forward one day's march and formed his battle line along the foothills. Taizong sent word to Yanshou: "I came because a powerful minister of yours murdered his king in treason—to demand an accounting. To fight at once was never my wish. Yanshou found this plausible and held his troops in check, waiting. That night Taizong called his generals. Li Shiji was to take fifteen thousand foot and horse and form on the western ridge to face the enemy; Zhangsun Wuji and Niu Jinda, with ten thousand picked troops, were to slip through the narrow gorge behind the enemy; Taizong himself, with four thousand cavalry and banners lowered, would climb the mountain north of the foe. He ordered every unit: "At the drum, charge. He raised a pavilion like a throne hall and said, "Tomorrow at noon I will receive the surrendered enemy here." That night a meteor fell into Yanshou's camp. At dawn the enemy saw Li Shiji's force was small and attacked at once. Taizong saw the dust of Wuji's column rising, ordered drums and horns, and banners closed in from every side. The enemy panicked; they were about to split their force to meet the threat, but their ranks were already in turmoil. Li Shiji broke them with infantry spears; Wuji struck from the rear; Taizong charged down the mountain. The enemy collapsed in chaos, and twenty thousand heads were taken. Yanshou rallied his survivors and clung to the mountain to make a stand. Wuji and Li Shiji closed the ring around him, tore up the river bridges, and severed his retreat. Taizong reined in his horse and surveyed the enemy camps and walls. "Goguryeo threw its whole kingdom against us," he said, "and one gesture of my hand broke them. Heaven is on my side. He dismounted and bowed twice, giving thanks to Heaven for this turn of fortune. Gao Yanshou and his fellows, seeing their position hopeless, surrendered with their entire force. They entered the barbican gate and crawled forward on their knees, hands folded in supplication, begging for mercy. Taizong said, "Would you dare take the field against the Son of Heaven again? Trembling and drenched in sweat, they could not answer. Taizong singled out three thousand five hundred chieftains, gave them all posts, and allowed them to resettle within the empire. He sent the other thirty thousand men home, executed more than three thousand Mohe auxiliaries, and seized a hundred thousand horses and cattle and ten thousand suits of gleaming armor. Goguryeo was shaken with fear. The cities of Houhuang and Yin abandoned themselves to the Tang, and for hundreds of li not a wisp of hearth smoke showed. He sent word by post relay to the crown prince and wrote his ministers: "I have led the army in person to this effect—what do you think? He named the mountain where he had halted Mount Zhubi, had the battle array diagrammed, and had his victory cut into stone. Gao Yanshou was made Grand Master of the Palace; Huizhen was made Minister of Revenue. Scouts captured a spy. Taizong freed him; the man said he had gone without food for three days. Taizong had him fed, gave him sandals, and sent him off with this message: "Tell Gaisuwen: if he needs to know how our army will advance or withdraw, he may send a man to my headquarters. At every camp Taizong built no trenches or ramparts, relying only on vigilant scouts—yet when his men hauled grain, even a lone rider went unmolested; the enemy did not dare strike.

帝與勣議所攻，帝曰：「吾聞安市地險而衆悍，莫離支擊不能下，因與之。建安恃險絕，粟多而士少，若出其不意攻之，不相救矣。建安得，則安市在吾腹中。」勣曰：「不然。積糧遼東，而西擊建安，賊將梗我歸路，不如先攻安市。」帝曰：「善。」遂攻之，未能下。延壽、惠真謀曰：「烏骨城傉薩已耄，朝攻而夕可下。烏骨拔，則平壤舉矣。」群臣亦以張亮軍在沙城，召之一昔至，若取烏骨，度鴨淥，迫其腹心，計之善者。無忌曰：「天子行師不徼幸。安市衆十萬在吾後，不如先破之，乃驅而南，萬全勢也。」乃止。城中見帝旌麾，輒乘陴噪，帝怒。勣請破日男子盡誅。虜聞，故死戰。江夏王道宗築距闉攻東南，虜增陴以守。勣攻其西，撞車所壞，隨輒串柵爲樓。帝聞城中雞彘聲，曰：「圍久，突無黔煙。今雞彘鳴，必殺以饗士，虜且夜出。」詔嚴兵。丙夜，虜數百人縋而下，悉禽之。道宗以樹枚裹土積之，距闉成，迫城不數丈，果毅都尉傅伏愛守之，自高而排其城，城且頹，伏愛私去所部，虜兵得自頹城出，據而塹斷之，積火縈盾固守。帝怒，斬伏愛，敕諸將擊之，三日不克。

Taizong and Li Shiji debated their next target. Taizong said, "I have heard that Ansi sits on hard ground and fields a stubborn garrison. Gaisuwen could not reduce it and left it standing. Jian'an trusts its sheer cliffs, hoards grain, and keeps few men. A surprise stroke there would leave the garrisons unable to help each other. Take Jian'an, and Ansi lies in the palm of our hand. Li Shiji said, "No. Our stores are piled in Liaodong. If we swing west against Jian'an, the enemy will cut our line of retreat. Better strike Ansi first." Taizong said, "Well argued." They laid siege to Ansi but could not bring it down. Gao Yanshou and Huizhen urged: "The lord of Ugeo is aged. Strike at dawn and the city will fall by nightfall. Take Ugeo, and Pyongyang will follow. The court likewise argued that Zhang Liang's fleet lay at Shacheng and could reach them in a single night. Seize Ugeo, cross the Yalu, and drive into Goguryeo's vitals—the best plan of all. Changsun Wuji said, "When the Son of Heaven takes the field, he does not stake the realm on a gamble. Ansi still holds a hundred thousand men at our backs. Break that city first, then march south—that is the posture of perfect safety. The plan was set aside. Whenever the garrison caught sight of Taizong's banners they scrambled onto the battlements and jeered. Taizong was furious. Li Shiji asked leave to slaughter every male in the city once the walls fell. The enemy heard of it and fought all the harder, resolved to die where they stood. Li Daozong, Prince of Jiangxia, raised a siege mound against the southeast wall; the defenders heightened the parapet to meet him. Li Shiji assailed the west face. Where the rams breached the wall, his men at once lashed palisades into fighting towers. Taizong heard chickens and pigs within the walls and said, "We have besieged them for so long, yet suddenly there is no cook-fire smoke. Now the livestock cry out—they are butchering them to feed the garrison. The enemy will sally tonight. He ordered the troops to stand to arms. In the third watch of the night several hundred enemy soldiers slipped down on ropes; every one was taken. Daozong packed earth in wicker frames of branches and heaped it up until the mound stood only a few yards from the wall. Valiant Cavalry Commander Fu A'ai held the crest. From above his men undermined the masonry; the wall was giving way. Fu A'ai slipped away from his command without leave. The defenders poured through the breach, seized it, dug a cutting across the approach, and with heaped fire and shield walls made a stubborn stand. Taizong was enraged, executed Fu A'ai, and ordered his generals to storm the breach. For three days they could not break through.

有詔班師，拔遼、蓋二州之人以歸。兵過城下，城中屏息偃旗，酋長登城再拜，帝嘉其守，賜絹百匹。遼州粟尚十萬斛，士取不能盡。帝至渤錯水，阻淖，八十里車騎不通。長孫無忌、楊師道等率萬人斬樵築道，聯車爲梁，帝負薪馬上助役。十月，兵畢度，雪甚，詔屬燎以待濟。始行，士十萬，馬萬匹；逮還，物故裁千余，馬死十八。船師七萬，物故亦數百。詔集戰骸葬柳城，祭乙太牢，帝臨哭，從臣皆流涕。帝總飛騎入臨渝關，皇太子迎道左。初，帝與太子別，御褐袍，曰：「俟見爾乃更。」袍曆二時弗易，至穿穴。群臣請更服，帝曰：「士皆敝衣，吾可新服邪？」及是，太子進潔衣，乃御。遼降口萬四千，當沒爲奴婢，前集幽州，將分賞士。帝以父子夫婦離析，詔有司以布帛贖之，原爲民，列拜歡舞，三日不息。延壽既降，以憂死，獨惠真至長安。

An edict ordered the army to withdraw. The populations of Liao and Gaizhou were uprooted and marched home with the host. As the columns filed past Ansi, the garrison held its breath and furled its banners. The city chief mounted the wall and bowed twice. Taizong praised their defense and granted a hundred bolts of silk. At Liaozhou a hundred thousand hu of grain still lay in the granaries; the army could not carry it away. Taizong came to the Bochuo River and found the way choked by bog. For eighty li neither cart nor horse could advance. Changsun Wuji, Yang Shidao, and others led ten thousand men to fell timber and lay a causeway, chaining wagons into a bridge. Taizong loaded firewood onto his saddle and worked beside them. In the tenth month the army finished the crossing. Snow fell thick; an edict ordered fuel stockpiled to see them through. When they set out there were a hundred thousand soldiers and ten thousand horses; On the march home, dead among the men numbered barely a thousand; of the horses, eighteen in every hundred perished. Zhang Liang's fleet of seventy thousand sailors lost only a few hundred. An edict gathered the fallen and buried them at Liucheng with the grandest rites. Taizong came in person to weep over them, and every minister in attendance wept with him. Taizong led the Flying Cavalry through Linyu Pass; the crown prince met him on the roadside. When Taizong had parted from the crown prince he wore a plain brown robe and said, "I will not change it until I see you again. For two seasons he never changed it, until the cloth was threadbare and riddled with holes. The ministers urged him to change clothes. Taizong said, "My men march in rags—how can I dress in something new? Only then did the crown prince bring him a fresh robe, and at last he consented to wear it. Fourteen thousand Liaodong captives were bound for slavery. They had already been gathered at Youzhou to be parceled out as booty among the troops. Moved that families had been broken apart, Taizong ordered officials to ransom them with cloth and silk and restore them to free status. They knelt in ranks, bowing and dancing for three days without pause. Yanshou had surrendered, but grief killed him; only Huizhen ever reached Chang'an.

明年春，藏遣使者上方物，且謝罪；獻二姝口，帝敕還之，謂使者曰：「色者人所重，然湣其去親戚以傷乃心，我不取也。」初，師還，帝以弓服賜蓋蘇文，受之，不遣使者謝，於是下詔削棄朝貢。

The following spring King Zang sent envoys with tribute goods and an apology. They presented two beautiful women. Taizong sent them back and told the envoys, "Men prize beauty, but I pity your leaving kin behind to break your hearts. I will not take them. Earlier, when the army withdrew, Taizong had sent Gaisuwen bow garments as a gift. Gaisuwen accepted them but never sent thanks. An edict then cut off his tribute missions entirely.

又明年三月，詔左武衛大將軍牛進達爲青丘道行軍大總管，右武衛將軍李海岸副之，自萊州度海；李勣爲遼東道行軍大總管，右武衛將軍孫貳朗、右屯衛大將軍鄭仁泰副之，率營州都督兵，繇新城道以進。次南蘇、木底，虜兵戰不勝，焚其郛。七月，進達等取石城，進攻積利城，斬級數千，乃皆還。藏遣子莫離支高任武來朝，因謝罪。

The year after that, in the third month, an edict named Niu Jinda, grand general of the Left Martial Guards, grand marching commander of the Qingqiu route, with Li Hai'an of the Right Martial Guards as his deputy, to cross the sea from Laizhou. Li Shiji was made grand marching commander of the Liaodong route, with Sun Erlang and Zheng Rentai as deputies, leading the Yingzhou protector-general's troops up the Xincheng road. At Nansu and Mudi the enemy gave battle and lost, then burned their own outer ramparts. In the seventh month Jinda's force took Shicheng, assaulted Jili City, and slew several thousand before withdrawing. Zang sent his son Gao Renwu, who held the title Mo-li-zhi, to court with an apology.

二十二年，詔右武衛大將軍薛萬徹爲青丘道行軍大總管，右衛將軍裴行方副之，自海道入。部將古神感與虜戰曷山，虜潰；虜乘暝襲我舟，伏兵破之。萬徹度鴨淥，次泊灼城，拒四十里而舍。虜懼，皆棄邑居去。大酋所夫孫拒戰，萬徹擊斬之，遂圍城，破其援兵三萬，乃還。帝與長孫無忌計曰：「高麗困吾師之入，戶亡耗，田歲不收，蓋蘇文築城增陴，下饑臥死溝壑，不勝敝矣。明年以三十萬衆，公爲大總管，一舉可滅也。」乃詔劍南大治船，蜀人願輸財江南，計直作舟，舟取縑千二百。巴、蜀大騷，邛、眉、雅三州獠皆反，發隴西、峽內兵二萬擊定之。始，帝決取虜，故詔陝州刺史孫伏伽、萊州刺史李道裕儲糧械於三山浦、烏胡島，越州都督治大艎偶舫以待。會帝崩，乃皆罷。藏遣使者奉慰。

In the twenty-second year an edict made Xue Wanche grand marching commander of the Qingqiu route, with Pei Xingfang as deputy, to invade by sea. His subordinate Gu Shengan fought the enemy at Mount Ye and routed them. The enemy struck our fleet at dusk, but our ambushers broke the attack. Wanche crossed the Yalu, camped at Bozhuo City, and pitched his tents forty li away. Terrified, the enemy abandoned every town and fled. A great chief named Suofusun gave battle; Wanche slew him, besieged the city, shattered a relief army of thirty thousand, and withdrew. Taizong told Zhangsun Wuji, "Goguryeo is worn down by our invasions. Households are emptying, harvests fail year after year. Gaisuwen piles stone on stone while his people starve and die in the ditches. They cannot hold out much longer. Next year, with three hundred thousand men under your command as grand marshal, we can destroy them in one blow. An edict then launched a vast shipbuilding program in Jiannan. Shu families offered money to the Jiangnan yards, reckoned in silk—twelve hundred bolts of fine gauze per vessel. Ba and Shu erupted in unrest. The tribal peoples of Qiong, Mei, and Ya all rose in revolt, and twenty thousand troops from Longxi and the gorge country were sent to crush them. From the first Taizong had set his mind on conquest, ordering Sun Fuga of Shanzhou and Li Daoyu of Laizhou to stock grain and arms at Sanshan Harbor and Wuhu Island, while the Yuezhou protector-general built great paired warships to await the campaign. When Taizong died, the whole enterprise was abandoned. Zang sent envoys to offer condolences on the emperor's death.

永徽五年，藏以靺鞨兵攻契丹，戰新城。大風，矢皆還激，爲契丹所乘，大敗。契丹火野復戰，人死相藉，積屍而塚之。遣使者告捷，高宗爲露布於朝。六年，新羅訴高麗、靺鞨奪三十六城，惟天子哀救。有詔營州都督程名振、左衛中郎將蘇定方率師討之。至新城，敗高麗兵，火外郛及墟落，引還。顯慶三年，復遣名振率薛仁貴攻之，未能克。後二年，天子已平百濟，乃以左驍衛大將軍契苾力何、右武衛大將軍蘇定方、左驍衛將軍劉伯英率諸將出浿江、遼東、平壤道討之。龍朔元年，大募兵，拜置諸將，天子欲自行，蔚州刺史李君球建言：「高麗小丑，何至傾中國事之？有如高麗既滅，必發兵以守，少發則威不振，多發人不安，是天下疲於轉戍。臣謂征之未如勿征，滅之未如勿滅。」亦會武后苦邀，帝乃止。八月，定方破虜兵于浿江，奪馬邑山，遂圍平壤。明年，龐孝泰以嶺南兵壁蛇水，蓋蘇文攻之，舉軍沒；定方解而歸。

In the fifth year of Yonghui, Zang struck the Khitan with Mohe auxiliaries at Xincheng. A fierce wind blew their arrows back into their own ranks. The Khitan seized the moment and routed them utterly. The Khitan set the plain afire and fought again. The dead lay in heaps, and the living piled the corpses into burial mounds. Zang sent envoys claiming victory, and Gaozong proclaimed the triumph at court. In the sixth year Silla appealed that Goguryeo and the Mohe had taken thirty-six of its cities, begging the Son of Heaven for pity and rescue. An edict sent Cheng Mingzhen, protector-general of Yingzhou, and Su Dingfang of the Left Guards to lead a punitive expedition. They reached Xincheng, routed the Goguryeo army, burned the outer walls and outlying settlements, and withdrew. In the third year of Xianqing, Mingzhen was sent again with Xue Rengui to attack, but they could not prevail. Two years later, with Baekje already subdued, Qibi Heli, Su Dingfang, and Liu Boying were placed at the head of the generals advancing by the Taedong, Liaodong, and Pyongyang routes to strike Goguryeo. In the first year of Longshuo the court raised a vast army and posted its generals. The emperor meant to lead in person, but Youzhou prefect Li Junqiu objected: "Goguryeo is a trifling enemy—why turn the whole empire upside down for it? Even if Goguryeo fell, we would have to garrison it. Too few troops and our authority would not hold; too many and the people would grow restless. The empire would exhaust itself shuttling men to distant posts. Your servant would say: better not to campaign than to campaign, and better not to destroy them than to destroy them. At the same time Empress Wu pressed him hard to go, but in the end the emperor abandoned the plan. In the eighth month Su Dingfang shattered the enemy on the Taedong, took Mayi Mountain, and laid siege to Pyongyang. The next year Pang Xiaotai encamped Lingnan troops at Serpent Water. Gaisuwen attacked, and the entire force was wiped out. Dingfang raised the siege and withdrew.

乾封元年，藏遣子男福從天子封泰山，還而蓋蘇文死，子男生代爲莫離支，有弟男建、男產相怨。男生據國內城，遣子獻誠入朝求救，蓋蘇文弟淨土亦請割地降。乃詔契苾何力爲遼東道安撫大使，左金吾衛將軍龐同善、營州都督高偘爲行軍總管，左武衛將軍薛仁貴、左監門將軍李謹行殿而行。九月，同善破高麗兵，男生率師來會。詔拜男生特進、遼東大都督兼平壤道安撫大使，封玄菟郡公。又以李勣爲遼東道行軍大總管兼安撫大使，與契苾何力、龐同善并力。詔獨孤卿云由鴨淥道，郭待封積利道，劉仁願畢列道，金待問海穀道，並爲行軍總管，受勣節度；轉燕、趙食廥遼東。明年正月，勣引道次新城，合諸將謀曰：「新城，賊西鄙，不先圖，餘城未易下。」遂壁西南山臨城，城人縛戍酋出降。勣進拔城十有六。郭待封以舟師濟海，趨平壤。三年二月，勣率仁貴拔扶餘城，它城三十皆納款。同善、偘守新城，男建遣兵襲之，仁貴救偘，戰金山，不勝。高麗鼓而進，銳甚。仁貴橫擊，大破之，斬首五萬級，拔南蘇、木底、蒼岩三城，引兵略地，與勣會。侍御史賈言忠計事還，帝問軍中云何。對曰：「必克。昔先帝問罪，所以不得志者，虜未有邅也。諺曰：'軍無媒，中道回'。今男生兄弟鬩很，爲我鄉導，虜之情偽，我盡知之，將忠士力，臣故曰必克。且高麗祕記曰：'不及九百年，當有八十大將滅之。 '高氏自漢有國，今九百年，勣年八十矣。虜仍薦饑，人相掠賣，地震裂，狼狐入城，蚡穴于門，人心危駭，是行不再舉矣。」

In the first year of Qianfeng, Zang sent his son Nam-bok to attend the emperor's Fengshan rites at Mount Tai. On their return Gaisuwen was dead. His son Nam-geon had become Mo-li-zhi, while his brothers Nam-jian and Nam-san nursed a bitter feud. Nam-geon held the inner capital and sent his son Hyeoncheong to court pleading for aid. Gaisuwen's brother Jingtu also offered to surrender territory. An edict named Qibi Heli pacification commissioner of the Liaodong route, with Pang Tongshan and Gao Kan as marching commanders and Xue Rengui and Li Jinxing bringing up the rear. In the ninth month Tongshan routed the Goguryeo army, and Nam-geon marched up with his own forces to join him. Nam-geon was appointed specially advanced, grand protector-general of Liaodong and pacification commissioner of the Pyongyang route, and enfeoffed as Duke of Xuantu. Li Shiji was again made grand marching commander and pacification commissioner of the Liaodong route, to unite his strength with Qibi Heli and Pang Tongshan. Dugu Qingyun was ordered up the Yalu route, Guo Daifeng along the Jili route, Liu Renyuan along the Bilie route, and Jin Daiwen along the Haigu route—all as marching commanders under Li Shiji's authority. Granaries throughout Yan and Zhao were tapped to feed the Liaodong campaign. In the first month of the following year Li Shiji led the army to a halt at Xincheng. He called his generals together and said, "Xincheng is the enemy's western gate. Unless we seize it first, the rest of their cities will not fall easily. They entrenched on the mountain southwest of the city and pressed the walls from above. The townspeople bound their garrison chief and surrendered. Shiji pushed forward and took sixteen cities. Guo Daifeng put his fleet to sea and bore down on Pyongyang. In the second month of the third year Shiji and Xue Rengui stormed Fuyu. Thirty other towns submitted without a fight. Pang Tongshan and Gao Kan held Xincheng. Nam-jian sent troops against them, and Rengui marched to Kan's relief. They fought at Jin Mountain and were driven back. The Goguryeo army came on to the beat of drums, fierce and pressing. Rengui hit them on the flank and broke them utterly. Fifty thousand heads were taken, and the cities of Nansu, Mudi, and Cangyan fell. He swept the countryside with his columns and rejoined Shiji. The attending censor Jia Yanzhong came back from inspecting the campaign. The emperor asked him how the army fared. He answered, "Victory is certain. When the late emperor carried the war to them, he failed to finish the work only because fortune had not yet turned against the enemy. There is a saying: 'An army without a guide turns home halfway.' Now Nam-geon and his brothers are tearing one another apart and act as our guides in their own land. We know every ruse the enemy can play. Give me loyal men and I will bring their strength to bear—that is why I say victory is certain. Besides, Goguryeo keeps a secret chronicle that says, 'Before nine hundred years have passed, a general of eighty will destroy the kingdom.' The Gao have ruled since Han times—nine hundred years by now—and Shiji is eighty. Famine still stalks them year after year. Men rob and sell one another. The earth splits in earthquakes. Wolves and foxes wander the streets, and mole crickets burrow at the gates. Their people are sick with fear. They will not survive another campaign like this one."

男建以兵五萬襲扶餘，勣破之薩賀水上，斬首五千級，俘口三萬，器械牛馬稱之。進拔大行城。劉仁願與勣會，後期，召還當誅，赦流姚州。契苾何力會勣軍於鴨淥，拔辱夷城，悉師圍平壤。九月，藏遣男產率首領百人樹素幡降，且請入朝，勣以禮見。而男建猶固守，出戰數北。大將浮屠信誠遣諜約內應。五日，闔啟，兵噪而入，火其門，鬱焰四興，男建窘急，自刺不殊。執藏、男建等，收凡五部百七十六城，戶六十九萬。詔勣便道獻俘昭陵，凱而還。十二月，帝坐含元殿，引見勣等，數俘於廷。以藏素脅制，赦爲司平太常伯，男產司宰少卿；投男建黔州，百濟王扶餘隆嶺外；以獻誠爲司衛卿，信誠爲銀青光祿大夫，男生右衛大將軍，何力行左衛大將軍，勣兼太子太師，仁貴威衛大將軍。剖其地爲都督府者九，州四十二，縣百。復置安東都護府，擢酋豪有功者授都督、刺史、令，與華官參治。仁貴爲都護，總兵鎮之。是歲郊祭，以高麗平，謝成於天。

Nam-jian struck Fuyu with fifty thousand men. Shiji shattered them on the Saha River, took five thousand heads and thirty thousand prisoners, and seized arms, cattle, and horses beyond count. He pushed on and captured Daxing. Liu Renyuan linked up with Shiji but arrived late. Recalled to face execution, he was spared and banished to Yaozhou instead. Qibi Heli met Shiji on the Yalu, stormed Ruyi, and marched every man he had to the siege of Pyongyang. In the ninth month Zang sent Nam-san with a hundred chieftains to raise white banners of surrender and beg leave to come to court. Shiji received them with full ceremony. Nam-jian still held the city, but each time he sallied forth he was beaten back. The grand general Fotuo Xincheng sent agents to arrange a rising within the walls. On the fifth day the gates swung open. Soldiers poured in with a roar, torched the gate towers, and flames leaped up on every side. Nam-jian, cornered, stabbed himself but survived. Zang, Nam-jian, and the rest were taken prisoner. Five departments, one hundred seventy-six cities, and six hundred ninety thousand households fell to the Tang. Shiji was ordered to hurry home by the fastest road, present the captives at Taizong's tomb, and return in triumph. In the twelfth month the emperor took his seat in Hanyuan Hall, received Shiji and his officers, and had the captives paraded and counted before the court. Zang, who had long been a puppet king, was spared and named Director of Ceremonial Ping; Nam-san was made Junior Director of Sacrifices. Nam-jian was banished to Qianzhou; the king of Baekje, Fuyu Long, was sent beyond the passes. Hyeoncheong was made Director of the Guard, Xincheng Grand Master of Brilliant Glory with Silver Seal, Nam-geon general of the Right Guard, Heli general of the Left Guard, Shiji concurrent preceptor of the crown prince, and Rengui general of the Majestic Guard. Their land was carved into nine area commands, forty-two prefectures, and a hundred counties. The Andong Protectorate was re-established. Tribal leaders who had earned merit were made protectors, prefects, and magistrates to govern beside Chinese appointees. Rengui was named protector and left at the head of an army to hold the region. That year, at the border sacrifice, the emperor gave thanks to Heaven for the fall of Goguryeo.

總章二年，徙高麗民三萬于江淮、山南。大長鉗牟岑率衆反，立藏外孫安舜爲主。詔高偘東州道，李謹行燕山道，並爲行軍總管討之，遣司平太常伯楊昉綏納亡餘。舜殺鉗牟岑走新羅。偘徙都護府治遼東州，破叛兵于安市，又敗之泉山，俘新羅援兵二千。李謹行破之於發廬河，再戰，俘馘萬計。於是平壤痍殘不能軍，相率奔新羅，凡四年乃平。始，謹行留妻劉守伐奴城，虜攻之，劉擐甲勒兵守，賊引去。帝嘉之，封燕郡夫人。

In the second year of Zongzhang thirty thousand Goguryeo subjects were resettled in the Jianghuai and Shannan regions. The senior chief Gwonmojin rose in rebellion and set Zang's grandson An-sun on the throne. Gao Kan was ordered up the Eastern route and Li Jinxing up the Yanshan route, each as marching commander to crush the revolt. Yang Fang, Director of Ceremonial Ping, was sent to win over those still at large. An-sun killed Gwonmojin and fled to Silla. Kan moved the protectorate seat to Liaodong prefecture, routed the rebels at An, beat them again at Quanshan, and took two thousand Silla auxiliaries prisoner. Li Jinxing broke them on the Balu River. After two more battles the prisoners and severed heads numbered in the tens of thousands. Pyongyang was too shattered to field an army. Survivors fled in waves to Silla. Four years passed before the land was truly quiet. Earlier, when Jinxing marched out, he had left his wife Liu to hold Funu. The enemy attacked, but Liu buckled on armor, mustered the garrison, and drove them off. The emperor praised her and enfeoffed her as Lady of Yen Commandery.

儀鳳二年，授藏遼東都督，封朝鮮郡王，還遼東以安餘民，先編僑內州者皆原遣，徙安東都護府於新城。藏與靺鞨謀反，未及發，召還放邛州，廝其人于河南、隴右，弱窶者留安東。藏以永淳初死，贈衛尉卿，葬頡利墓左，樹碑其阡。舊城往往入新羅，遺人散奔突厥、靺鞨，由是高氏君長皆絕。垂拱中，以藏孫寶元爲朝鮮郡王。聖曆初，進左鷹揚衛大將軍，更封忠誠國王，使統安東舊部，不行。明年，以藏子德武爲安東都督，後稍自國。至元和末，遣使者獻樂工云。

In the second year of Yifeng, Zang was made protector of Liaodong and enfeoffed as King of Korean Commandery. He went back to settle the people who remained. Those earlier registered in interior prefectures were pardoned and sent home, and the Andong Protectorate was moved to Xincheng. Zang conspired with the Mohe to rebel, but word reached the court before the plot could fire. He was recalled and exiled to Qiongzhou. His followers were scattered across Henan and Longyou; only the weak and destitute were left in Andong. Zang died early in the Yongchun era. He was posthumously made Grand Minister of the Guard and buried to the left of Jieli's tomb, with a stele raised at the roadside. One old stronghold after another fell to Silla. Survivors drifted toward the Türks and the Mohe. The line of Gao chieftains came to an end. During the Chuigong era Zang's grandson Bao-yuan was named King of Korean Commandery. Early in the Shenli era he was promoted to general of the Left Hawkish Yang Guard, re-enfeoffed as King of the State of Loyalty and Sincerity, and ordered to take command of the old Andong forces. The order was never carried out. The following year Zang's son Deok-mu was named protector of Andong. In time the Gao would rebuild something like a kingdom of their own. By the end of the Yuanhe reign they sent envoys bearing musicians as tribute.

百濟，扶餘別種也。直京師東六千里而贏，濱海之陽，西界越州，南倭，北高麗，皆逾海乃至，其東，新羅也。王居東、西二城，官有內臣佐平者宣納號令，內頭佐平主帑聚，內法佐平主禮，衛士佐平典衛兵，朝廷佐平主獄，兵官佐平掌外兵。有六方，方統十郡。大姓有八：沙氏，燕氏，軬氏，解氏，貞氏，國氏，木氏，䒤氏。其法：反逆者誅，籍其家；殺人者，輸奴婢三贖罪；吏受賕及盜，三倍償，錮終身。俗與高麗同。有三島，生黃漆，六月刺取沈，色若金。王服大袖紫袍，青錦褲，素皮帶，烏革履，烏羅冠飾以金花。群臣絳衣，飾冠以銀花。禁民衣絳紫。有文籍，紀時月如華人。

Baekje was a collateral line of the Fuyu. It lay more than six thousand li due east of the capital, on the sunward coast. Yue Prefecture marked its western marches; Wa lay to the south and Goguryeo to the north, each reachable only by sea. Silla stood to the east. The king kept court in two cities, east and west. The Inner Minister Jwapyeong issued and received orders. The Head Treasury Jwapyeong held the granaries and treasury; the Inner Rites Jwapyeong presided over ritual; the Guard Jwapyeong commanded the palace guard; the Court Jwapyeong ran the prisons; the Military Jwapyeong led the field armies. The realm was divided into six regions, each governing ten commanderies. Eight great clans held sway: Sha, Yeon, Pan, Hae, Jeon, Guk, Mok, and Ruo. By their law, treason was punished with death and the offender's household was seized; murder was atoned by surrendering three bond-servants; officials who took bribes or stole had to repay threefold and were imprisoned for life. Their customs matched those of Goguryeo. Three islands yielded a yellow lacquer. In the sixth month they tapped the trees, collected the sap, and steeped it until the color shone like gold. The king wore a purple robe with wide sleeves, blue brocade trousers, a plain leather belt, black leather shoes, and a black gauze cap set with gold flowers. His ministers dressed in crimson and wore caps worked with silver flowers. Commoners were forbidden crimson and purple. They kept written records and reckoned the calendar much as the Chinese did.

武德四年，王扶餘璋始遣使獻果下馬，自是數朝貢。高祖冊爲帶方郡王、百濟王。後五年，獻明光鎧，且訟高麗梗貢道。太宗貞觀初，詔使者平其怨。又與新羅世仇，數相侵，帝賜璽書曰：「新羅，朕蕃臣，王之鄰國。聞數相侵暴，朕已詔高麗、新羅申和，王宜忘前怨，識朕本懷。」璋奉表謝，然兵亦不止。再遣使朝，上鐵甲雕斧，帝優勞之，賜帛段三千。十五年，璋死，使者素服奉表曰：「君外臣百濟王扶餘璋卒。」帝爲舉哀玄武門，贈光祿大夫，賻賜甚厚。命祠部郎中鄭文表冊其子義慈爲柱國，紹王。

In the fourth year of Wude, King Fuyu Jang sent his first embassy with fruit and horses. Thereafter his envoys came often. Gaozu invested him as King of Daifang Commandery and King of Baekje. Five years later he sent suits of bright armor and pleaded that Goguryeo was choking the tribute road. Early in Taizong's Zhenguan reign the throne sent an envoy to settle the quarrel. Baekje and Silla were hereditary foes and raided each other again and again. The emperor sent a sealed letter: "Silla is My frontier subject and your neighbor. I hear you have been harrying one another without cease. I have already commanded Goguryeo and Silla to make peace. Forget old injuries and read My true intent. Jang answered with a memorial of thanks, but the raids did not stop. He sent another embassy with iron armor and carved battle-axes. The emperor received them warmly and granted three thousand bolts of silk. In the fifteenth year Jang died. Envoys in white mourning reported, "Your outer subject, the King of Baekje Fuyu Jang, is dead. The emperor mourned him at the Xuanwu Gate, posthumously named him Grand Master for Splendid Happiness, and sent lavish funeral gifts. He ordered Zheng Wenbiao of the Court of Sacrifices to invest Jang's son Uija as Pillar of State and king in his father's place.

義慈事親孝，與兄弟友，時號「海東曾子」。明年，與高麗連和伐新羅，取四十餘城，發兵守之。又謀取棠項城，絕貢道。新羅告急，帝遣司農丞相裏玄獎齎詔書諭解。聞帝新討高麗，乃間取新羅七城；久之，又奪十餘城，因不朝貢。高宗立，乃遣使者來，帝詔義慈曰：「海東三國，開基舊矣，地固犬牙。比者隙爭侵校無寧歲，新羅高城重鎮皆爲王并，歸窮于朕，丐王歸地。昔齊桓一諸侯，尚存亡國，況朕萬方主，可不恤其危邪？王所兼城宜還之，新羅所俘亦畀還王。不如詔者，任王決戰，朕將發契丹諸國，度遼深入。王可思之，無後悔！」

Uija was filial toward his parents and cordial with his brothers. Men of the time called him "Zengzi of the Eastern Sea." The next year he joined Goguryeo against Silla, seized more than forty towns, and garrisoned them. He also aimed to take Tangxiang and sever the road by which Silla sent tribute. Silla cried for help. The emperor sent Xiangli Xuanjiang of the Court of Imperial Granaries with an edict commanding both sides to stand down. When he learned that the throne was newly at war with Goguryeo, he snatched seven Silla towns on the sly; and after a time seized more than ten more. He stopped sending tribute altogether. When Gaozong came to the throne, Uija sent envoys again. The emperor wrote to him: "The three kingdoms of the Eastern Sea are old realms whose lands fit together like a dog's teeth. Lately your feuds and raids have left no year at peace. You have swallowed Silla's Gao Castle and its great strongholds until they have nowhere left to turn but to Me. I ask you to give their lands back. Even Duke Huan of Qi, no more than one feudal lord among many, still restored fallen kingdoms. How can I, lord of all beneath heaven, turn away from their distress? Return the cities you have taken. Silla must hand back the captives it holds from you as well. If you refuse, choose your battle. I will raise the Khitan and the other northern peoples, cross the Liao, and march deep into your country. Think on this, and do not rue it later!"

永徽六年，新羅訴百濟、高麗、靺鞨取北境三十城。顯慶五年，乃詔左衛大將軍蘇定方爲神丘道行軍大總管，率左衛將軍劉伯英、右武衛將軍馮士貴、左驍衛將軍龐孝泰發新羅兵討之，自城山濟海。百濟守熊津口，定方縱擊，虜大敗。王師乘潮帆以進，趨真都城一舍止。虜悉衆拒，復破之，斬首萬餘級，拔其城。義慈挾太子隆走北鄙，定方圍之。次子泰自立爲王，率衆固守，義慈孫文思曰：「王、太子固在，叔乃自王，若唐兵解去，如我父子何？」與左右縋而出，民皆從之，泰不能止。定方令士超堞立幟，泰開門降，定方執義慈、隆及小王孝演、酋長五十八人送京師，平其國五部、三十七郡、二百城，戶七十六萬。乃析置熊津、馬韓、東明、金漣、德安五都督府，擢酋渠長治之。命郎將劉仁願守百濟城，左衛郎將王文度爲熊津都督。九月，定方以所俘見，詔釋不誅。義慈病死，贈衛尉卿，許舊臣赴臨，詔葬孫皓、陳叔寶墓左，授隆司稼卿。文度濟海卒，以劉仁軌代之。

In the sixth year of Yonghui Silla reported that Baekje, Goguryeo, and the Mohe had seized thirty northern towns. In the fifth year of Xianqing the throne named Su Dingfang, general of the Left Guard, Grand Marshal of the Spirit-Mound campaign. With Liu Boying, Feng Shigui, and Pang Xiaotai he led Silla levies against Baekje and put to sea from Chengshan. Baekje held the mouth of the Ungjin River. Dingfang struck and broke them utterly. The imperial fleet rode tide and wind toward Sabi and halted one day's march from the capital. The enemy massed every man to resist and was broken again. More than ten thousand heads were taken and the city fell. Uija fled north with Crown Prince Yong. Dingfang closed round them. The second son, Tae, set himself up as king and held the city with the army. Uija's grandson Mun-ui said, "The king and the crown prince are still alive, yet my uncle crowns himself. When the Tang armies leave, what will they do to my grandfather and father?" He and his men let themselves down by rope and went out. The townspeople streamed after them, and Tae could not hold them back. Dingfang had his men plant banners on the walls. Tae opened the gates and submitted. Dingfang sent Uija, Yong, the young prince Hyoyŏn, and fifty-eight chieftains to the capital. He pacified the realm: five departments, thirty-seven commanderies, two hundred cities, and seven hundred sixty thousand households. The land was carved into five protectorates—Ungjin, Mahan, Dongming, Geumnyeon, and Deok-an—and local chiefs were raised to govern them. Colonel Liu Renyuan was left to hold the Baekje capital; Wang Wendu of the Left Guard was named protector of Ungjin. In the ninth month Dingfang presented his prisoners at court. An edict spared them from death. Uija died of illness. He was posthumously named Commandant of the Palace Guards, and his former ministers were allowed to come to the rites. An edict had him buried to the left of the tombs of Sun Hao and Chen Shubao—the last kings of Wu and Chen—and Yong was made Director of Field Grain. Wendu died on the crossing. Liu Rengui took his place.

璋從子福信嘗將兵，乃與浮屠道琛據周留城反，迎故王子扶餘豐於倭，立爲王。西部皆應，引兵圍仁願。龍朔元年，仁軌發新羅兵往救，道琛立二壁熊津江，仁軌與新羅兵夾擊之，奔入壁，爭梁墮溺者萬人，新羅兵還。道琛保任孝城，自稱領軍將軍，福信稱霜岑將軍，告仁軌曰：「聞唐與新羅約，破百濟，無老孺皆殺之；畀以國。我與受死，不若戰。」仁軌遣使齎書答說，道琛倨甚，館使者于外，嫚報曰：「使人官小，我，國大將，禮不當見。」徒遣之。仁軌以衆少，乃休軍養威，請合新羅圖之。福信俄殺道琛，并其兵，豐不能制。二年七月，仁願等破之熊津，拔支羅城，夜薄真峴，比明入之，斬首八百級，新羅餉道乃開。仁願請濟師，詔右威衛將軍孫仁師爲熊津道行軍總管，發齊兵七千往。福信顓國，謀殺豐；豐率親信斬福信，與高麗、倭連和。仁願已得齊兵，士氣振，乃與新羅王金法敏率步騎，而遣劉仁軌率舟師，自熊津江偕進，趨周留城。豐衆屯白江口，四遇皆克，火四百艘；豐走不知所在。偽王子扶餘忠勝、忠志率殘衆及倭人請命，諸城皆復。仁願勒軍還，留仁軌代守。

Zhang's nephew Fukushin, once a field commander, joined the Buddhist monk Dochim in seizing Zhouliu and rising in revolt. They brought back the former prince Buyeo Pung from Wa and set him on the throne. The western districts rose with them, and their columns closed round Renyuan. In the first year of Longshuo, Rengui called up Silla troops to relieve the siege. Dochim threw up two stockades on the Bear Ford River. Rengui and the Silla army struck from both banks. The rebels fled into the stockades; ten thousand were trampled on the bridge and drowned in the water. The Silla troops then withdrew. Dochim held Renshou and called himself General of the Vanguard Army; Fukushin took the title General of Frost Ridge. They sent word to Rengui: "We hear that Tang and Silla have agreed: once Baekje falls, not even the aged or infants are to be spared; and the kingdom is to be handed to Silla; We would rather die fighting than submit to slaughter. Rengui sent an envoy with a letter of reply and persuasion. Dochim was insufferably proud. He quartered the envoy outside the walls and answered with contempt: "Your man's office is petty. I am this state's great general. Propriety does not require me to see him." He sent the man off and would not admit him. Rengui's force was thin. He halted the army to recover its strength and asked to concert plans with Silla. Soon Fukushin killed Dochim and took his soldiers under his own banner. Pung could no longer command him. In the seventh month of the second year Renyuan and the others routed them at Bear Ford and took Jurira. By night they pressed True Cliff; at first light they were inside. Eight hundred heads were taken, and Silla's supply line at last lay open. Renyuan asked for reinforcements from across the sea. An edict made Sun Renshi of the Right Awesome Guard commander-in-chief on the Bear Ford route and dispatched seven thousand men from Qi. Fukushin seized the reins of power and plotted to kill Pung; Pung rallied his trusted men, struck Fukushin down, and made common cause with Goguryeo and Wa. Renyuan now had the Qi reinforcements, and the army's spirit rose. He marched with Silla's King Kim Beopmun at the head of foot and horse, while Liu Rengui led the fleet. Up the Bear Ford River they went together, bearing down on Zhouliu. Pung's forces held White River Mouth. In four clashes they were broken every time; four hundred ships were put to the torch; Pung fled. No one could say where he had gone. The pretender princes Buyeo Jungseung and Jungji brought the survivors and the Wa troops to sue for quarter. City after city submitted again. Renyuan marched home and left Rengui behind as his replacement.

帝以扶餘隆爲熊津都督，俾歸國，平新羅故憾，招還遺人。麟德二年，與新羅王會熊津城，刑白馬以盟。仁軌爲盟辭曰：「往百濟先王，罔顧逆順，不敦鄰，不睦親，與高麗、倭共侵削新羅，破邑屠城。天子憐百姓無辜，命行人脩好，先王負險恃遐，侮慢弗恭。皇赫斯怒，是伐是夷。但興亡繼絕，王者通制，故立前太子隆爲熊津都督，守其祭祀，附杖新羅，長爲與國，結好除怨，恭天子命，永爲籓服。右威衛將軍魯城縣公仁願，親臨厥盟，有貳其德，興兵動衆，明神監之，百殃是降，子孫不育，社稷無守，世世毋敢犯。」乃作金書鐵契，藏新羅廟中。

The emperor named Buyeo Yong protector of Bear Ford and sent him home to rule. Old scores with Silla were laid to rest, and scattered people were called back. In the second year of Linde he met the king of Silla at Bear Ford. They slew a white horse and swore the covenant. Rengui pronounced the oath of alliance: "Former kings of Baekje, blind to what was just, would not honor their neighbors or keep faith with kin. With Goguryeo and Wa they joined to strip Silla of its lands, razing towns and putting cities to the sword. The Son of Heaven pitied the innocent people and sent envoys to make peace. The late king trusted his cliffs and his distance from the court, and answered with scorn and insolence. The Emperor in his blazing anger marched forth to strike them down. Yet to raise up what has fallen and to carry on a broken line is the way of a true king. For this reason the former crown prince Yong was set up as Protector of Bear Ford, to tend the ancestral rites, to lean on Silla as on a staff, and to stand forever as her ally—burying old hatred, binding new friendship, honoring the Son of Heaven's command, and remaining forever a vassal land. Right Awesome Guard General Renyuan, Duke of Lu County, stood witness to this oath. Whoever turns against its bond and takes up arms—the bright spirits are watching. A hundred disasters will fall; their line will fail; their altars will stand empty. Let no generation dare to break this pact." They drew up the pact in letters of gold on plates of iron and laid it up in Silla's ancestral shrine.

仁願等還，隆畏衆攜散，亦歸京師。儀鳳時，進帶方郡王，遣歸籓。是時，新羅強，隆不敢入舊國，寄治高麗死。武后又以其孫敬襲王，而其地已爲新羅、渤海靺鞨所分，百濟遂絕。

Renyuan and his officers went home. Yong, afraid his people would melt away, followed them to the capital. In the Yifeng period he was raised to Prince of Daifang Commandery and sent home to his domain. Silla was then at the height of her power. Yong did not dare return to his ancestral lands. He lived as a guest in Goguryeo territory and died there. Empress Wu later installed his grandson Gyeong as king in name, but the country had already been carved up between Silla and the Mohe of Bohai. Baekje was no more.

新羅，弁韓苗裔也。居漢樂浪地，橫千里，縱三千里，東拒長人，東南日本，西百濟，南瀕海，北高麗。而王居金城，環八里所，衛兵三千人。謂城爲侵牟羅，邑在內曰喙評，外曰邑勒。有喙評六，邑勒五十二。朝服尚白，好祠山神。八月望日，大宴齎官吏，射。其建官，以親屬爲上，其族名第一骨、第二骨以自別。兄弟女、姑、姨、從姊妹，皆聘爲妻。王族爲第一骨，妻亦其族，生子皆爲第一骨，不娶第二骨女，雖娶，常爲妾媵。官有宰相、侍中、司農卿、太府令，凡十有七等，第二骨得爲之。事必與衆議，號「和白」，一人異則罷。宰相家不絕祿，奴僮三千人，甲兵牛馬豬稱之。畜牧海中山，須食乃射。息谷米於人，償不滿，庸爲奴婢。王姓金，貴人姓朴，民無氏有名。食用柳杯若銅、瓦。元日相慶，是日拜日月神。男子褐褲。婦長襦，見人必跪，則以手據地爲恭。不粉黛，率美髮以繚首，以珠彩飾之。男子翦發鬻，冒以黑巾。市皆婦女貿販。冬則作灶堂中，夏以食置冰上。畜無羊，少驢、驘，多馬。馬雖高大，不善行。

Silla sprang from the line of Byeonhan. They held the old Han territory of Lelang—roughly a thousand li across and three thousand from north to south. On the east lay the Long People; to the southeast, Japan; Baekje to the west; the sea to the south; Goguryeo to the north. The king kept court at Geumseong, a walled circuit of some eight li, with three thousand guards at his gate. Their capital they named Seorabeol. Towns within the walls were hyeolpyeong; those beyond were eupnok. Six hyeolpyeong and fifty-two eupnok made up the realm. White was the color of court dress. They were devoted to the worship of mountain gods. On the full moon of the eighth month they gave a great banquet, rewarded their officers with gifts, and held an archery contest. In appointing officials, blood kin came first. The nobility divided themselves into the First Bone and the Second Bone. A man might marry his sisters, his father's sisters, his mother's sisters, and his female cousins on either side. The royal house was First Bone. Its wives came from the same bone-rank, and every child born to them was First Bone. They did not wed Second Bone women; if one was taken, she remained a concubine only. Their offices ran from Chancellor and Palace Attendant to Director of the Granaries and Grand Treasury Director—seventeen ranks in all, open to the Second Bone. Every weighty matter had to pass the council called hwabaek. A single dissenting voice was enough to set the proposal aside. Chancellor families drew stipends without end and kept three thousand bond-servants, with arms, cattle, horses, and swine in proportion. They raised herds on islands in the sea and hunted only when meat was wanted. Grain lent at interest, if not repaid in full, was collected in the labor of bondmen and maidservants. The royal line was Kim; the great families were Pak. Ordinary people carried no clan name, only personal names. They ate from willow cups shaped like bronze or earthenware vessels. On New Year's Day the people feast together, and on that day they worship the spirits of the sun and moon. Men dress in brown hemp trousers. Women wear long jackets; when they meet anyone they kneel and press their hands to the ground in deference. They wear no powder or rouge; as a rule they coil their fine hair about the head and deck it with pearls and colored trinkets. Men cut their hair short and sell it, then cover their heads with black kerchiefs. Women handle all commerce in the markets. In winter they build hearths in the main hall; in summer they chill food on ice. They keep no sheep, few donkeys or mules, and many horses. Though their horses are tall and powerful, they are poor travelers.

長人者，人類長三丈，鋸牙鉤爪，黑毛覆身，不火食，噬禽獸，或搏人以食；得婦人，以治衣服。其國連山數十里，有峽，固以鐵闔，號關門，新羅常屯弩士數千守之。

The Long Men are a people three zhang in height, with saw-edged teeth and hooked claws, their bodies shrouded in black fur; they eat no cooked food but tear apart birds and beasts, and sometimes seize human beings for food. When they take women captive, they set them to making garments. Their land stretches along the mountains for dozens of li; a pass there is barred with an iron gate called the Barrier Gate, which Silla keeps garrisoned with several thousand crossbowmen.

初，百濟伐高麗，來請救，悉兵往破之，自是相攻不置。後獲百濟王殺之，滋結怨。武德四年，王真平遣使者入朝，高祖詔通直散騎侍郎庾文素持節答齎。後三年，拜柱國，封樂浪郡王、新羅王。

Earlier, when Baekje attacked Goguryeo and appealed for help, Silla marched out in full force and routed them; thereafter the two states warred without respite. Later Silla captured the king of Baekje and put him to death, and the hatred between them only grew. In the fourth year of Wude, King Jinpyeong sent envoys to court, and Emperor Gaozu ordered Yu Wensu, Supervising Cavalry Attendant-in-Ordinary, to return the visit with imperial credentials and gifts. Three years later Jinpyeong was made Grand General-in-Chief and enfeoffed as Prince of Lelang Commandery and King of Silla.

貞觀五年，獻女樂二。太宗曰：「比林邑獻鸚鵡，言思鄉，丐還，況於人乎？」付使者歸之。是歲，真平死，無子，立女善德爲王，大臣乙祭柄國。詔贈真平左光祿大夫，賻物段二百。九年，遣使者冊善德襲父封，國人號聖祖皇姑。十七年，爲高麗、百濟所攻，使者來乞師，亦會帝親伐高麗，詔率兵以披虜勢。善德使兵五萬入高麗南鄙，拔水口城以聞。二十一年，善德死，贈光祿大夫，而妹真德襲王。明年，遣子文王及弟伊贊子春秋來朝，拜文王左武衛將軍，春秋特進。因請改章服，從中國制，內出珍服賜之。又詣國學觀釋奠、講論，帝賜所制《晉書》。辭歸，敕三品以上郊餞。

In the fifth year of Zhenguan they presented two female musicians to the court. Emperor Taizong said, "Not long ago Lin Yi sent us a parrot that spoke of homesickness and begged to go home—how much more is this true of human beings?" He handed the women over to the envoys to take home. That year Jinpyeong died without a son, and his daughter Queen Seondeok was enthroned while the great minister I Jipyeong wielded the government. An edict posthumously honored Jinpyeong as Left Grand Master of the Splendorous Hall and granted two hundred bolts of silk as funeral gifts. In the ninth year the court sent envoys to invest Queen Seondeok in her father's titles, and her people hailed her as the Sacred Ancestress and Imperial Aunt. In the seventeenth year, as Goguryeo and Baekje pressed their attack, Silla's envoys came pleading for troops; the timing also matched the emperor's own expedition against Goguryeo, and an edict ordered Silla to march and scatter the enemy's strength. Queen Seondeok dispatched fifty thousand men into Goguryeo's southern borderlands, took Shuikou Fortress, and sent word of the victory. In the twenty-first year Queen Seondeok died and was posthumously honored as Grand Master of Splendorous Affairs; her younger sister Queen Jindeok succeeded to the throne. The following year she sent her son Munwang and her younger brother Ija's son Kim Chunchu to court; Munwang was appointed Left Martial Guard General and Chunchu was granted the honorary rank of Special Advance. They asked to adopt Chinese court dress, and the palace issued them splendid robes from the imperial wardrobe. They also went to the Imperial Academy to witness the Confucian sacrifice and attend lectures, and the emperor gave them his own compilation of the Book of Jin. As they prepared to depart, an edict commanded all officials of the third rank and above to give them a farewell feast outside the capital.

高宗永徽元年，攻百濟，破之，遣春秋子法敏入朝。真德織錦爲頌以獻，曰：「巨唐開洪業，巍巍皇猷昌。止戈成大定，興文繼百王。統天崇雨施，治物體含章。深仁諧日月，撫運邁時康。幡旗既赫赫，鉦鼓何鍠鍠。外夷違命者，翦覆被天殃。淳風凝幽顯，遐邇競呈祥。四時和玉燭，七耀巡萬方。維嶽降宰輔，維帝任忠良。三五成一德，昭我唐家唐。」帝美其意，擢法敏太府卿。

In the first year of Yonghui under Emperor Gaozong, Silla attacked Baekje, defeated it, and sent Chunchu's son Beopmin to court. Queen Jindeok wove a brocade hymn of praise and presented it, reading: "Great Tang opens its vast enterprise; august is the royal design in splendor. When the weapons are laid down, great peace is secured; when learning is exalted, the hundred kings live again. Heaven is embraced and rain's grace exalted; all things are governed, their inner pattern made manifest. Deep benevolence brings sun and moon into harmony; ruling the age, he surpasses the peace of his time. Banners blaze in splendor; bells and drums thunder and clang. Outland peoples who defy the throne are cut down and cast under, smitten by Heaven's wrath. Pure customs settle over seen and unseen realms; near and far alike rush to offer auspicious signs. The four seasons keep the jade candle's harmony; the seven luminaries wheel through the ten thousand realms. From the sacred peak ministers descend; the emperor entrusts the loyal and able. The sages of the Three and Five ages unite in one virtue—glory to the House of Tang!" The emperor admired the sentiment and promoted Beopmin to Director of the Court of the Imperial Granaries.

五年，真德死，帝爲舉哀，贈開府儀同三司，賜彩段三百，命太常丞張文收持節弔祭，以春秋襲王。明年，百濟、高麗、靺鞨共伐取其三十城。使者來請救，帝命蘇定方討之，以春秋爲隅夷道行軍總管，遂平百濟。龍朔元年，死，法敏襲王。以其國爲雞林州大都督府，授法敏都督。

In the fifth year Queen Jindeok died; the emperor mourned her in person, posthumously honored her as Grand Steward with Privileges Equal to the Three Dukes, granted three hundred bolts of colored silk, and sent Zhang Wenshou, Vice Director of Court Ceremonies, with credentials to perform the condolence rites; Chunchu succeeded to the throne. The following year Baekje, Goguryeo, and Mohe joined forces and captured thirty of Silla's cities. Envoys came pleading for aid; the emperor ordered Su Dingfang to chastise the invaders and made Chunchu Campaign Commander-in-Chief on the Xieyi Road, and Baekje was pacified. In the first year of Longshuo Chunchu died, and Beopmin succeeded to the throne. Silla was made the Greater Area Command of Jilin Prefecture, and Beopmin was appointed its Area Commander.

玄宗開元中，數入朝，獻果下馬、朝霞紬、魚牙紬、海豹皮。又獻二女，帝曰：「女皆王姑姊妹，違本俗，別所親，朕不忍留。」厚賜還之。又遣子弟入太學學經術。帝間賜興光瑞文錦、五色羅、紫繡紋袍、金銀精器。興光亦上異狗馬、黃金、美髢諸物。初，渤海靺鞨掠登州，興光擊走之，帝進興光甯海軍大使，使攻靺鞨。二十五年死，帝尤悼之，贈太子太保，命邢璹以鴻臚少卿弔祭。子承慶襲王，詔璹曰：「新羅號君子國，知《詩》、《書》。以卿惇儒，故持節往，宜演經誼，使知大國之盛。」又以國人善棋，詔率府兵曹參軍楊季鷹爲副。國高弈皆出其下，於是厚遺使者金寶。俄冊其妻朴爲妃。承慶死，詔使者臨吊，以其弟憲英嗣王。帝在蜀，遣使溯江至成都朝正月。

During the Kaiyuan era of Emperor Xuanzong they came to court repeatedly, presenting pony horses, Chaoxia silk, fish-tooth silk, and seal pelts. They again presented two women; the emperor said, "These women are the king's paternal aunts and sisters. To tear them from their kin defies their own customs; I cannot bear to keep them." He gave them rich gifts and sent them home. They also sent royal sons and younger kinsmen to the Grand Academy to study the classics. From time to time the emperor granted Xingguang brocades of auspicious weave, five-colored gauzes, purple embroidered robes, and fine gold and silver wares. Xingguang likewise sent tribute of rare dogs and horses, gold, fine wigs, and other goods. Earlier, Mohe from Bohai had raided Dengzhou; Xingguang struck and drove them back. The emperor advanced him to ambassador of the Ninghai Army and ordered him to attack the Mohe. In the twenty-fifth year he died; the emperor grieved for him deeply, posthumously honored him as Grand Guardian of the Heir Apparent, and sent Xing Suo, Vice Director of the Court for State Guest Ceremonies, to perform the condolence rites. His son Seonggyeong succeeded to the throne. An edict told Suo, "Silla is called the Land of Gentlemen; its people know the Book of Poetry and the Book of Documents. Because you are sincere and steeped in the classics, you go bearing credentials. Expound the meaning of the canon and let them know the grandeur of the great empire." Moreover, because the countrymen excel at chess, an edict named Yang Jiying, Army-Cavalry Participating Officer of the Pitcher Palace Office, as his deputy. The kingdom's finest players were all beneath him; the court then lavished gold and treasures on the envoys. Soon afterward his wife, of the Pak clan, was invested as royal consort. When Seonggyeong died, an edict ordered the envoy to attend the mourning, and his younger brother Heonnyeong succeeded to the throne. While the emperor was in Shu, envoys went upriver to Chengdu for the New Year's court audience.

大曆初，憲英死，子乾運立，甫丱，遣金隱居入朝待命。詔倉部郎中歸崇敬往吊，監察御史陸珽、顧愔爲副冊授之，并母金爲太妃。會其宰相爭權相攻，國大亂，三歲乃定。於是，歲朝獻。建中四年死，無子，國人共立宰相金良相嗣。貞元元年，遣戶部郎中蓋塤持節命之。是年死，立良相從父弟敬信襲王。十四年，死，無子，立嫡孫俊邕。明年，遣司封郎中韋丹持冊，未至，俊邕死，丹還。子重興立，永貞元年，詔兵部郎中元季方冊命。後三年，使者金力奇來謝，且言：「往歲冊故主俊邕爲主，母申太妃，妻叔妃，而俊邕不幸，冊今留省中，臣請授以歸。」又爲其宰相金彥升、金仲恭、王之弟蘇金添明丐門戟，詔皆可。凡再朝貢。七年死，彥升立，來告喪，命職方員外郎崔廷吊，且命新王，以妻貞爲妃。長慶、寶曆間，再遣使者來朝，留宿衛。彥升死，子景徽立。大和五年，以太子左諭德源寂冊吊如儀。開成初，遣子義琮謝，願留衛，見聽，明年遣之。五年，鴻臚寺籍質子及學生歲滿者一百五人，皆還之。

Early in the Dali era Heonnyeong died; his son Geonun succeeded, still a child just come of age, and sent Kim Eunggeo to court to await imperial orders. An edict sent Gui Chongjing of the Ministry of Revenue to offer condolences, with Supervising Censors Lu Ting and Gu Yin as deputies to invest the new king; his mother, of the Kim clan, was made Grand Consort as well. Just then the chief ministers fought one another for power; the realm fell into turmoil and was not settled until three years had passed. After that they sent tribute to court every year. In the fourth year of Jianzhong he died without an heir; the people together raised the chief minister Kim Yangsang to succeed him. In the first year of Zhenyuan the court sent Gai Xun of the Ministry of Revenue with credentials to invest him. That same year he died; Yangsang's younger cousin Gyeongsin succeeded to the throne. In the fourteenth year he died without an heir; his eldest grandson Junyeong was enthroned. The following year Wei Dan of the Ministry of Civil Appointments was sent with the investiture patent; before he arrived Junyeong died, and Dan turned back. His son Junggung succeeded; in the first year of Yongzhen an edict sent Yuan Jifang of the Ministry of War to invest him. Three years later the envoy Kim Irlyeok came to give thanks and said, "In former years the late lord Junyeong was invested as king; his mother was made Grand Consort Shin and his wife Consort Sok; but Junyeong met an untimely end. The patent still rests in your ministry; I beg leave to receive it and carry it home." He also petitioned for ceremonial gate-halberds for the chief ministers Kim Eomsung and Kim Jung-gong and for the king's younger brother Su Kim Cheonmyeong; the edict granted every request. In all they presented tribute at court twice. In the seventh year he died; Eomsung succeeded and came to announce the mourning. Cui Ting, Auxiliary Director in the Ministry of Works, was sent to condole and invest the new king; Eomsung's wife Jeong was made royal consort. Between the Changqing and Baoli reigns they twice sent envoys to court, who were kept on as palace guards. When Eomsung died, his son Gyeonghui succeeded. In the fifth year of Dahe, Yuan Ji, Left Tutor of the Heir Apparent, was dispatched to invest the new king and perform the condolence rites in due form. Early in the Kaicheng era the king sent his son Eichong to give thanks and asked that he remain on palace guard; the request was granted, and the next year he was sent home. In the fifth year the Court for State Guest Ceremonies listed one hundred five royal hostages and students whose term was complete; all were sent home.

有張保皋、鄭年者，皆善鬥戰，工用槍。年復能沒海，履其地五十里不噎，角其勇健，保皋不及也。年以兄呼保皋，保皋以齒，年以藝，常不相下。自其國皆來爲武甯軍小將。後保皋歸新羅，謁其王曰：「遍中國以新羅人爲奴婢，願得鎮清海，使賊不得掠人西去。」清海，海路之要也。王與保皋萬人守之。自大和後，海上無鬻新羅人者。保皋既貴于其國，年饑寒客漣水，一日謂戍主馮元規曰：「我欲東歸，乞食于張保皋。」元規曰：「若與保皋所負何如？奈何取死其手？」年曰：「饑寒死，不如兵死快，況死故鄉邪！」年遂去。至，謁保皋，飲之極歡。飲未卒，聞大臣殺其王，國亂無主。保皋分兵五千人與年，持年泣曰：「非子不能平禍難。」年至其國，誅反者，立王以報。王遂召保皋爲相，以年代守清海。會昌後，朝貢不復至。

There were Zhang Baogao and Zheng Nian, both expert fighters and masters of the spear. Nian could also dive beneath the sea and walk fifty li along the seabed without drawing breath; matched for boldness and strength, Baogao was not his equal. Nian called Baogao "elder brother"; Baogao claimed precedence by age, Nian by skill—and neither would yield to the other. Both had come from Silla to serve as junior officers in the Wuning Army. Later Baogao returned to Silla and said to the king, "All across China Silla people are sold into bondage; grant me command of Cheonghae so pirates may no longer carry our people westward into slavery." Cheonghae commands the sea lanes. The king gave Baogao ten thousand men to hold it. From the Dahe era onward, Silla people were no longer sold on the seas. Once Baogao had grown powerful at home, Nian, hungry and in rags, was staying at Lianshui; one day he told the garrison commander Feng Yuangui, "I mean to go east and beg a meal of Zhang Baogao." Yuangui said, "What of the score you owe Baogao? Why go seek your death at his hands?" Nian said, "To die of hunger and cold is slower than to die by the sword—and what better place to die than one's own country!" With that Nian set out. When he arrived he visited Baogao, who feasted him with the greatest warmth. Before the cups were empty, word came that great ministers had killed the king; the realm was in turmoil and leaderless. Baogao gave Nian five thousand men, took his hand, and wept: "Only you can end this calamity." Nian reached Silla, executed the rebels, enthroned a king, and sent word back. The king then summoned Baogao to serve as chief minister and had Nian hold Cheonghae in his place. After the Huichang era tribute missions ceased to arrive.

贊曰：杜牧稱：「安思順爲朔方節度時，郭汾陽、李臨淮俱爲牙門都將，二人不相能，雖同盤飲食，常睇相視，不交一言。及汾陽代思順，臨淮欲亡去，計未決。旬日，詔臨淮分汾陽半兵東出趙、魏，臨淮入請曰：『一死固甘，乞免妻子。』汾陽趨下，持手上堂，曰：'今國亂主遷，非公不能東伐，豈懷私忿時邪？ '及別，執手泣涕，相勉以忠義，訖平劇盜，實二公之力。知其心不叛，知其心，難也；忿必見短，知其材，益難也。此保皋與汾陽之賢等耳。年投保皋必曰：'彼貴我賤，我降下之，不宜以舊忿殺我。 '保皋果不殺，人之常情也。臨淮請死於汾陽，亦人之常情也。保皋任年，事出於己，年且寒饑，易爲感動。汾陽、臨淮，平生亢立，臨淮之命，出於天子。榷於保皋，汾陽爲優。此乃聖賢遲疑成敗之際也。世稱周、邵爲百代之師，周公擁孺子而邵公疑之，以周公之聖，邵公之賢，少事文王，老佐武王，能平天下，周公之心，邵公且不知之。苟有仁義之心，不資以明，雖邵公尚爾，況其下哉！」嗟乎，不以怨毒相槊，而先國家之憂，晉有祁奚，唐有汾陽、保皋，孰謂夷無人哉！

The commentator says: Du Mu wrote, "When An Sishun held Shuofang as military commissioner, Guo Ziyi and Li Guangbi were both headquarters gate-generals; the two were at odds. Though they ate from the same dish, they would glare across it and never speak a word to each other. When Guo Ziyi succeeded An Sishun as commissioner, Li Guangbi wanted to abscond but could not make up his mind. Ten days later the throne ordered Li Guangbi to take half of Guo Ziyi's army and advance east against Zhao and Wei. Li Guangbi came in person to plead: "I would willingly die—only spare my wife and children." Guo Ziyi rushed down, seized his hand, and led him upstairs. "The empire is in chaos and the Son of Heaven has fled the capital," he said. "No one but you can lead the eastern campaign. How can this be a time for private grudges?" At their leave-taking they grasped hands and wept, exhorting each other to serve with loyalty and honor. The final defeat of the great rebellion was, in truth, the work of these two men. To know that a man will not turn traitor—to know his heart—is hard; anger lays bare a man's faults; to know his true ability is harder still. Here Zhang Baogao and Guo Ziyi were men of equal wisdom. Every year when he placed himself in Zhang Baogao's hands, Nian would say, "He is high and I am low; I have made myself submissive. He should not kill me for an old grudge." Zhang Baogao in fact did not kill him. That is human nature. Li Guangbi begging Guo Ziyi to take his life is human nature as well. Zhang Baogao held Nian's fate in his own hands, and Nian was cold and starving besides—he was easily swayed. Guo Ziyi and Li Guangbi had been proud equals all their lives, yet Li Guangbi's orders came from the emperor himself. Compared with Zhang Baogao's case, Guo Ziyi comes out the better. Such is the very moment when the wise waver between triumph and disaster. The world hails the Duke of Zhou and Duke of Shao as masters for all ages. The Duke of Zhou held the young ruler in his arms, and the Duke of Shao suspected him. For all the Duke of Zhou's sanctity and the Duke of Shao's excellence—for all their service to King Wen in youth and King Wu in age, and their power to pacify the realm—the Duke of Shao still could not read the Duke of Zhou's mind. Even with a heart full of benevolence and righteousness, without clear insight one cannot see through another soul. If the Duke of Shao was liable to such error, what hope for lesser men? Ah! To forgo mutual hatred and put the nation first: Jin had Qi Xi; Tang had Guo Ziyi and Zhang Baogao. Who will say that among the "barbarians" there are no great men?

倭，日本

Wa, or Japan.

日本，古倭奴也。去京師萬四千里，直新羅東南，在海中，島而居，東西五月行，南北三月行。國無城郛，聯木爲柵落，以草茨屋。左右小島五十餘，皆自名國，而臣附之。置本率一人，檢察諸部。其俗多女少男，有文字，尚浮屠法。其官十有二等。其王姓阿每氏，自言初主號天御中主，至彥瀲，凡三十二世，皆以「尊」爲號，居築紫城。彥瀲子神武立，更以「天皇」爲號，徙治大和州。次曰綏靖，次安寧，次懿德，次孝昭，次天安，次孝靈，次孝元，次開化，次崇神，次垂仁，次景行，次成務，次仲哀。仲哀死，以開化曾孫女神功爲王。次應神，次仁德，次履中，次反正，次允恭，次安康，次雄略，次清寧，次顯宗，次仁賢，次武烈，次繼體，次安閒，次宣化，次欽明。欽明之十一年，直梁承聖元年。次海達。次用明，亦曰目多利思比孤，直隋開皇末，始與中國通。次崇峻。崇峻死，欽明之孫女雄古立。次舒明，次皇極。其俗椎髻，無冠帶，跣以行，幅巾蔽後，貴者冒錦；婦人衣純色裙，長腰襦，結髮於後。至煬帝，賜其民錦線冠，飾以金玉，文布爲衣，左右佩銀蘤長八寸，以多少明貴賤。

Japan is ancient Wa. Fourteen thousand li from the capital, it lies due southeast of Silla, in the ocean, on island shores. A voyage from east to west takes five months; from north to south, three. The country has no walled towns. Villages are timber palisades; roofs are thatched. Some fifty-odd lesser isles to either side each claims the name of a realm and renders submission. A single supreme overseer is set over the districts to inspect them all. Women outnumber men. They have a script and honor the Buddhist teaching. There are twelve ranks of office. Kings bear the surname of the Ame clan. They claim their first ruler was called Heaven's Central Lord. Down to Hatsuse there were thirty-two reigns, each styled "Sovereign," with the seat at Tsukushi Castle. Hatsuse's son Jimmu came to the throne, adopted the title "Emperor of Heaven," and moved the capital to Yamato. There followed Suizei, Annei, Itoku, Kōshō, Ten'an, Kōrei, Kōgen, Kaika, Sujin, Suinin, Keikō, Seimu, and Chūai. At Chūai's death, Kaika's great-granddaughter—the empress Jingū—was enthroned. There followed Ōjin, Nintoku, Richū, Hanzei, Ingyō, Ankō, Yūryaku, Seinei, Kenzō, Ninken, Buretsu, Keitai, Ankan, Senka, and Kinmei. Kinmei's eleventh year fell in the first year of Liang Chengsheng. Next came Haitatsu. Next came Yōmei, also known as Mutsuhitoshihiko. At the close of Kaihuang in Sui, they first opened contact with China. Next came Sushun. At Sushun's death, Kinmei's granddaughter Kōgoku—the female sovereign—came to the throne. Next came Emperor Shōmei, then Empress Saimei. Men wear topknots, neither cap nor belt, and walk barefoot. A cloth wraps the back of the head; the noble wind brocade about it; Women dress in solid-colored skirts with long hip-length jackets, hair gathered at the back. Under Emperor Yang they were given brocade caps set with gold and jade, patterned cloth for dress, and silver floral ornaments eight inches long worn on either side—rank shown by how many one might wear.

太宗貞觀五年，遣使者入朝。帝矜其遠，詔有司毋拘歲貢。遣新州刺史高仁表往諭，與王爭禮不平，不肯宣天子命而還。久之，更附新羅使者上書。

In the fifth year of Taizong's Zhenguan era, Japan sent envoys to court. The emperor, moved by how far they had come, ordered officials not to bind them to yearly tribute. The court dispatched Gao Renbiao, prefect of Xinzhou, to instruct them. He disputed ceremonial precedence with the king, refused to deliver the imperial message, and came back. After some years they once more submitted memorials through Silla's embassy.

永徽初，其王孝德即位，改元曰白雉，獻虎魄大如斗，碼硇若五升器。時新羅爲高麗、百濟所暴，高宗賜璽書，令出兵援新羅。未幾孝德死，其子天豐財立。死，子天智立。明年，使者與蝦蛦人偕朝。蝦蛦亦居海島中，其使者須長四尺許，珥箭於首，令人戴瓠立數十步，射無不中。天智死，子天武立。死，子總持立。咸亨元年，遣使賀平高麗。後稍習夏音，惡倭名，更號日本。使者自言，國近日所出，以爲名。或云日本乃小國，爲倭所并，故冒其號。使者不以情，故疑焉。又妄誇其國都方數千里，南、西盡海，東、北限大山，其外即毛人云。

Early in Yonghui, King Kōtoku came to the throne, proclaimed the era Hakuchi, and sent tribute: a mass of amber the size of a bushel measure and agate the size of a five-pint jar. Silla was then suffering assault from Koguryŏ and Paekche. Emperor Gaozong issued a sealed edict ordering Japan to march and aid Silla. Soon Kōtoku died, and his son Ten Hōzai succeeded him. He died in turn, and his son Tenchi took the throne. The following year their envoys arrived at court alongside men of the Emishi. The Emishi too live on islands in the sea. Their envoys wore beards nearly four feet in length and stuck arrows through their earlobes. They set a man wearing a gourd on his head tens of paces off and never missed with a shot. Tenchi died, and his son Tenmu ascended the throne. Tenmu died in turn, and his son Jito took the throne. In the first year of Xianhe, Japan sent envoys to congratulate the court on the conquest of Goguryeo. In time they learned Chinese speech, came to loathe the name Wa, and adopted the title Japan instead. The envoys themselves explained that their realm lay where the sun first rises, and that they had taken this as their name. Some held that Japan was a petty domain swallowed up by Wa and had merely stolen the grander name. Because the envoys would not speak plainly, skepticism remained. They also falsely claimed a capital domain thousands of li across—sea to the south and west, great mountains to the east and north—and said that beyond those mountains lived the hairy peoples.

長安元年，其王文武立，改元曰太寶，遣朝臣真人粟田貢方物。朝臣真人者，猶唐尚書也。冠進德冠，頂有華蘤四披，紫袍帛帶。真人好學，能屬文，進止有容。武后宴之麟德殿，授司膳卿，還之。文武死，子阿用立。死，子聖武立，改元曰白龜。開元初，粟田復朝，請從諸儒受經。詔四門助教趙玄默即鴻臚寺爲師，獻大幅布爲贄，悉賞物貿書以歸。其副朝臣仲滿慕華不肯去，易姓名曰朝衡，曆左補闕，儀王友，多所該識，久乃還。聖武死，女孝明立，改元曰天平勝寶。天寶十二載，朝衡復入朝。上元中，擢左散騎常侍、安南都護。新羅梗海道，更繇明、越州朝貢。孝明死，大炊立。死，以聖武女高野姬爲王。死，白壁立。建中元年，使者真人興能獻方物。真人，蓋因官而氏者也。興能善書，其紙似繭而澤，人莫識。貞元末，其王曰桓武，遣使者朝。其學子橘免勢、浮屠空海願留肄業，曆二十餘年。使者高階真人來請免勢等俱還，詔可。次諾樂立，次嵯峨，次浮和，次仁明。仁明直開成四年，復入貢。次文德，次清和，次陽成。次光孝，直光啟元年。

In the first year of Chang'an, King Monmu came to the throne, proclaimed the Taihō era, and sent the courtier Awata no Mahito to present local products. The title 'courtier Mahito' ranked much like a Tang minister of state. He wore the Crown of Advancing Virtue, its apex hung with four floral sprays, a purple robe, and a silken girdle. Mahito was eager to learn, skilled at composition, and graceful in every movement. Empress Wu entertained him in Linde Hall, made him Director of Palace Provisions, and let him return. Monmu died, and his son Ahe succeeded him. Ahe died in turn; his son Shōmu took the throne and proclaimed the Hakki era. Early in Kaiyuan, Awata returned to court and asked leave to study the classics under the court scholars. The throne ordered Zhao Xuanmo, assistant instructor at the Four Gates Academy, to instruct him at the Honglu Temple. Awata offered great bolts of cloth as tribute gifts; the court repaid him entirely in books and trade goods for the journey home. His deputy, Nakamaro of the courtier clan, so loved Chinese civilization that he would not leave. He took the name Chaoheng, rose to Left Reminder and Friend of the Prince of Yi, and mastered many branches of learning before he went home at last—after many years. Shōmu died, and his daughter Kōmyō became sovereign, proclaiming the Tenpyō-Shōhō era. In the twelfth year of Tianbao, Chaoheng presented himself at court once more. In the Shangyuan years he was raised to Left Regular Attendant and Protector-General of Annan. When Silla blocked the sea lane, Japanese embassies were rerouted through Ming and Yue prefectures. Kōmyō died, and Ōtomo took the throne. Ōtomo died in turn, and Shōmu's daughter Takano no hime was installed as ruler. She died as well, and Shirakabe succeeded her. In the first year of Jianzhong, the envoy Ōneng Mahito brought tribute to court. Mahito, it seems, was a family name derived from rank. Ōneng was a fine calligrapher; his paper felt like silk cocoons, glossy and strange—none at court had seen its like. Late in Zhenyuan, King Kanmu sent ambassadors to court. Students Kibi no Makibi and the monk Kūkai asked to stay on for study, and remained more than twenty years. The envoy Takashina no Mahito asked that Makibi and his fellows all be returned; the throne agreed. Noraku followed, then Saga, then Fūwa, then Nimmei. Under Nimmei, in the fourth year of Kaicheng, tribute came again. Montoku succeeded him, then Seiwa, then Yōzei. Kōkō came next, reigning into the first year of Guangqi.

其東海嶼中又有邪古、波邪、多尼三小王，北距新羅，西北百濟，西南直越州，有絲絮、怪珍云。

The eastern archipelago also held three lesser kings—Yegu, Boxie, and Duoni—lying north of Silla, northwest of Baekje, and due southwest of Yue Prefecture, where silk floss and curious treasures were found, or so it was said.

流鬼去京師萬五千里，直黑水靺鞨東北，少海之北，三面皆阻海，其北莫知所窮。人依嶼散居，多沮澤，有魚鹽之利。地蚤寒，多霜雪，以木廣六寸、長七尺系其上，以踐冰，逐走獸。土多狗，以皮爲裘。俗被發。粟似莠而小，無蔬蓏它穀。勝兵萬人。南與莫曳靺鞨鄰，東南航海十五日行，乃至。貞觀十四年，其王遣子可也余莫貂皮更三譯來朝。授騎都尉，遣之。

Liugui lay fifteen thousand li from the capital, northeast of the Heishui Mohe and north of the Lesser Sea. Sea hemmed it on three sides; to the north no one knew how far the land ran. The people lived on scattered islets amid widespread marshes, with fishing and salt to sustain them. The country was bitterly cold and snowbound. They lashed planks six inches wide and seven feet long to their feet to run over ice in pursuit of game. Dogs were plentiful; their pelts made winter clothing. The people wore their hair unbound. Their grain was a millet small and coarse as barnyard grass; they grew no vegetables, melons, or other crops. They could field ten thousand warriors. To the south lay the Moyie Mohe; from the southeast one reached them by sea in fifteen days. In the fourteenth year of Zhenguan the king sent his son Kayo with sable furs, the tribute relayed through three rounds of interpretation before it reached the throne. The court named him Cavalry Commandant and sent him back.

龍朔初，有儋羅者，其王儒李都羅遣使入朝，國居新羅武州南島上，俗樸陋，衣大豕皮，夏居革屋，冬窟室。地生五穀，耕不知用牛，以鐵齒杷土。初附百濟。麟德中，酋長來朝，從帝至太山。後附新羅。

Early in Longshuo there appeared Danluo. King Yuli Duduo sent envoys to court. The kingdom stood on an island south of Silla's Muzhou; life there was rough and plain. Men wrapped themselves in boar hides, lived in leather shelters in summer and burrowed dwellings in winter. The five grains grew there, yet the people plowed without oxen, breaking the earth with iron-toothed mattocks. At first they owed allegiance to Baekje. In the Linde era a chieftain came to court and accompanied the emperor to Mount Tai. Later they fell under Silla's sway.

開元十一年，又有達末婁、達妒二部首領朝貢。達末婁自言北扶餘之裔，高麗滅其國，遺人度那河，因居之，或曰他漏河，東北流入黑水。達姤，室韋種也，在那河陰，凍末河之東，西接黃頭室韋，東北距達末婁云。

In the eleventh year of Kaiyuan two chieftains, Damolou and Dazu, likewise came bearing tribute. Damolou claimed descent from Northern Buyeo: when Goguryeo wiped out their kingdom, refugees forded the Na River and settled there—though some call it the Talou River, which runs northeast into the Black Water. The Daji were a Shiwei people living south of the Na River and east of the Dongmo. Westward they met the Yellow-head Shiwei; to the northeast lay Damolou—or so the account runs.

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