2
Taizong, styled the Emperor Wenying, bore the personal name Ögedei (Wokuotai) and was Taizu's third son. His mother was Empress Guangxian of the Hongirad clan. When Taizu campaigned against the Jin and pacified the Western Regions, Ögedei's share of the work—storming cities and seizing land—was the greatest. When Taizu died, he came from Khobdo to attend the funeral.
3
In the first year (jichou), that summer he reached Qurma-jusin. His brother Tolui came to pay his respects. In the eighth autumn month, on jiwei, princes and officials of every rank assembled at Qudiao Alan on the Kerulen River, and by Taizu's testamentary edict Ögedei took the throne at Kütemü Alari. Court ceremony was established for the first time, and the senior kinsmen of the imperial house all bowed. The Great Yasa was promulgated. In Chinese this means the Great Statutes. Jin sent Ahu Dai to return funerary gifts for Taizu. The Emperor said, "Your ruler long refused to submit and kept the Former Emperor aging in war—how could I forget that? What use are funerary gifts!" He refused them. Thereupon they deliberated on campaigning against Jin. An edict made it permanent law that Mongol households with a hundred horses must contribute one mare, those with a hundred cattle one cow, and those with a hundred sheep one ram. Granaries were established and courier relay stations set up. Han subjects north of the Yellow River were ordered to pay household-based levies under Yelü Chucai; and Western Region people to pay levies counted by adult males under Mahmud Yalavach. The rulers of India and Mulahi came to court. A chief of the Western Region city of Isfahan submitted. That year Jin again sent envoys seeking alliance. The court refused to receive them.
4
In the second year (gengyin), on the first month of spring, an edict declared that past offenses would no longer be pursued. Tax levies for all circuits were fixed: the wine tax at one-tenth of verified profits, and miscellaneous taxes at one-thirtieth. That spring the Emperor hunted with Tolui on the Onon River, then sent troops to besiege Jingzhao. The Jin emperor led an army to relieve the city; the relief force was defeated, and soon the city fell. In summer he took refuge from the heat on the Tamir River. Duohulu fought the Jin army and was routed; Subutai was ordered to reinforce him.
5
In autumn the Emperor personally led a southern campaign, with his brother Tolui and his nephew Möngke following at the head of their armies. They took Tiancheng and other forts, crossed the river, and attacked Fengxiang. In the eleventh month of winter, tax-collection commissioners were first appointed for ten circuits: Chen Shike and Zhao Fang for Yanjing; Liu Zhong and Liu Huan for Xuande; Zhou Lihe and Wang Zhen for Xijing; Lü Zhen and Liu Zizhen for Taiyuan; Yang Jian and Gao Tingying for Pingyang; Wang Jin and Jia Cong for Zhending; Zhang Yu and Wang Rui for Dongping; Wang Deheng and Hou Xian for Beiping; Jiagu Yong and Cheng Tai for Pingzhou; and Tianmuxi and Li Tianyi for Jinan. That month the army attacked Tong Pass and Lan Pass but could not take them. In the twelfth month Tian Sheng stronghold, Hancheng, and Pucheng were taken.
6
In the third year (xinmao), in the second month of spring, Fengxiang was taken; Luoyang, Hezhong, and other cities were attacked and reduced. In the fifth month of summer he took refuge from the heat at the Ninety-nine Springs. Tolui was ordered to lead an army out from Baoji. Subuhan was sent as envoy to Song to request a corridor of passage; the Song killed him. Li Guochang was sent again as envoy to Song to request grain. In the eighth month of autumn he visited Yunzhong. The Secretariat was established for the first time and the titles of attendant officials were changed: Yelü Chucai was made Secretariat Director, Nianhe Chongshan Left Chancellor, and Zhenhai Right Chancellor. That month, because Goryeo had killed envoys, Sartaq was ordered to lead an army against it and took more than forty cities. King Hao of Goryeo sent his younger brother, the Duke of Huai'an, to sue for surrender. Sartaq, acting under imperial commission, appointed officials to garrison the country in divisions, then returned. In the tenth month of winter, on yimao day, the Emperor besieged Hezhong. In the twelfth month, on jiwei day, the city was taken.
7
四年壬辰春正月戊子，帝由白坡渡河。 庚寅，拖雷渡漢江，遣使來報，即詔諸軍進發。 甲午，次鄭州。 金防城提控馬伯堅降，授伯堅金符，使守之。 丙申，大雪。 丁酉，又雪。 次新鄭。 是日，拖雷及金師戰於鈞州之三峰，大敗之，獲金將蒲阿。 戊戌，帝至三峰。 壬寅，攻鈞州，克之，獲金將合達，遂下商、虢、嵩、汝、陝、洛、許、鄭、陳、亳、潁、壽、睢、永等州。 三月，命速不台等圍南京，金主遣其弟曹王訛可入質。 帝還，留速不台守河南。 夏四月，出居庸，避暑官山。 高麗叛，殺所置官吏，徙居江華島。 秋七月，遣唐慶使金諭降，金殺之。 八月，撒禮塔復征高麗，中矢卒。 金參政完顏思烈、恆山公武仙救南京，諸軍與戰，敗之。 九月，拖雷薨，帝還龍庭。 冬十一月，獵于納蘭赤剌溫之野。 十二月，如太祖行宮。
In the fourth year (renchen), on wuzi day of the first month of spring, the Emperor crossed the river at Baipo. On gengyin day Tolui crossed the Han River and sent envoys with word of it; an edict at once ordered all armies to advance. On jiawu day the army halted at Zhengzhou. Ma Bojian, Jin's garrison defense controller, surrendered; he was given a golden tally of office and ordered to hold the place. On bingshen day there was heavy snow. On dingyou day it snowed again. The army halted at Xinzheng. That day Tolui fought the Jin army at Sanfeng in Junzhou and routed them utterly, capturing the Jin general Pu'a. On wuxu day the Emperor reached Sanfeng. On renyin day Junzhou was attacked and taken, and the Jin general Heda was captured. Thereupon Shang, Guo, Song, Ru, Shan, Luo, Xu, Zheng, Chen, Bozhou, Ying, Shou, Sui, Yong, and other prefectures fell. In the third month Subutai and others were ordered to besiege Nanjing; the Jin emperor sent his younger brother Prince Cao, Wo-ke, as hostage. The Emperor returned, leaving Subutai to hold Henan. In the fourth month of summer he passed through Juyong and took summer refuge at Guan Mountain. Goryeo rebelled, killed the officials set over them, and withdrew to Ganghwa Island. In the seventh month of autumn Tang Qing was sent as envoy to Jin to demand surrender; the Jin killed him. In the eighth month Sartaq again campaigned against Goryeo and died of an arrow wound. The Jin cavalier-attendant Wanyan Silie and Duke Wu Xian of Hengshan came to relieve Nanjing; the Mongol armies fought them and won. In the ninth month Tolui died, and the Emperor returned to court. In the eleventh month of winter he hunted on the plains of Naran Chalavun. In the twelfth month he went to Taizu's traveling palace.
8
五年癸巳春正月庚申，金主奔歸德。 戊辰，金西面元帥崔立殺留守完顏奴申、完顏習捏阿不，以南京降。 二月，幸鐵列都之地。 詔諸王議伐萬奴，遂命皇子貴由及諸王按赤帶將左翼軍討之。 夏四月，速不台進至青城，崔立以金太后王氏、後徒單氏及梁王從恪、荊王守純等至軍中，速不台遣送行在，遂入南京。 六月，金主奔蔡，塔察兒率師圍之。 詔以孔子五十一世孫元措襲封衍聖公。 秋八月，獵於兀必思地。 以阿同葛等充宣差勘事官，括中州戶，得戶七十三萬餘。 九月，擒萬奴。 冬十一月，宋遣荊鄂都統孟珙以兵糧來助。 十二月，諸軍與宋兵合攻蔡，敗武仙於息州，金人以海、沂、萊、濰等州降。 是冬，帝至阿魯兀忽可吾行宮。 大風霾七晝夜。 敕修孔子廟及渾天儀。
In the fifth year (guisi), on gengshen day of the first month of spring, the Jin emperor fled to Guide. On wuchen day Cui Li, Jin's western-area commander, killed the garrison commanders Wanyan Nushen and Wanyan Xinie'abu and surrendered Nanjing. In the second month he visited Tieliedu. An edict summoned the princes to deliberate on campaigning against Wannu; thereupon Prince Güyük and Prince Alchidai were ordered to lead the left wing against him. In the fourth month of summer Subutai advanced to Qingcheng. Cui Li sent the Jin empress dowager Lady Wang, the empress of the Tuo'anshi clan, Prince Liang Congke, Prince Jing Shouchun, and others to the army. Subutai sent them on to the Emperor and then entered Nanjing. In the sixth month the Jin emperor fled to Cai; Tachar led an army to besiege it. An edict granted Kong Yuan Cuo, fifty-first-generation descendant of Confucius, succession to the title Duke Yansheng. In the eighth month of autumn he hunted at Wubusi. Atongge and others were appointed imperial commissioners for investigation; households in Central China were registered, yielding more than 730,000 households. In the ninth month Wannu was captured. In the eleventh month of winter Song sent Meng Gong, commander-in-chief of Jing and E, with troops and grain as aid. In the twelfth month the allied armies and Song forces jointly attacked Cai; Wu Xian was defeated at Xizhou; and Jin surrendered Haizhou, Yizhou, Laizhou, Weizhou, and other prefectures. That winter the Emperor reached the traveling palace at Aru Ughuq. A great wind-blown dust hung for seven days and nights. An edict ordered repair of the Temple of Confucius and the armillary sphere.
9
六年甲午春正月，金主傳位於宗室子承麟，遂自經而焚。 城拔，獲承麟，殺之。 宋兵取金主餘骨以歸，金亡。 是春，會諸王，宴射於斡兒寒河。 夏五月，帝在達蘭達葩之地，大會諸王百僚，諭條令曰：「凡當會不赴而私宴者，斬。 諸出入宮禁，各有從者，男女止以十人為朋，出入毋得相雜。 軍中凡十人置甲長，聽其指揮，專擅者論罪。 其甲長以事來宮中，即置權攝一人、甲外一人，二人不得擅自往來，違者罪之。 諸公事非當言而言者，拳其耳； 再犯，笞； 三犯，杖； 四犯，論死。 諸千戶越萬戶前行者，隨以木鏃射之。 百戶、甲長、諸軍有犯，其罪同。 不遵此法者，斥罷。 今後來會諸軍，甲內數不足，於近翼抽補足之。 諸人或居室，或在軍，毋敢喧呼。 凡來會，用善馬五十匹為一羈，守者五人，飼羸馬三人，守乞烈思三人。 但盜馬一二者，即論死。 諸人馬不應絆於乞烈思內者，輒沒與畜虎豹人。 諸婦人制質孫燕服不如法者，及妒者，乘以驏牛徇部中，論罪，即聚財為更娶。」 秋七月，以胡土虎那顏為中州斷事官。 遣達海紺卜征蜀。 是秋，帝在八里裏答闌答八思之地，議自將伐宋，國王查老溫請行，遂遣之。 冬，獵于脫卜寒地。
In the sixth year (jiawu), in the first month of spring, the Jin emperor abdicated in favor of the clansman Chenglin, then hanged himself and was burned. When the city fell, Chenglin was captured and killed. Song troops took the Jin emperor's remaining bones and returned home; the Jin dynasty perished. That spring the princes were assembled for feasting and archery on the Onon River. In the fifth month of summer the Emperor was at Dalandaba. He convened a great assembly of princes and officials and proclaimed regulations, saying, "Whoever, when required to attend an assembly, fails to come and instead holds a private feast shall be executed. Those entering and leaving the palace precincts shall each have attendants; men and women shall form parties of no more than ten and shall not mingle in going in or out. In the army, every ten men shall have a squad leader whom they obey; those who act on their own authority shall be punished according to law. When a squad leader comes to the palace on business, one deputy shall be appointed in his place and one man left outside the squad; the two shall not visit each other without authorization—violators shall be punished. In public business, whoever speaks when he ought not shall have his ears boxed. A second offense shall be punished by flogging. A third offense shall be punished by beating with the rod. A fourth offense shall be punished by death according to law. A commander of one thousand who passes ahead of a commander of ten thousand shall be shot with a wooden-tipped arrow. Commanders of one hundred, squad leaders, and common soldiers who commit offenses shall bear the same guilt. Whoever does not obey this law shall be expelled. For armies arriving hereafter at assembly, if a squad falls short in numbers, men shall be drawn from the nearest wing to make it up. Whether at home or in camp, none shall raise loud shouts. For each assembly, fifty good horses shall form one tether; five men shall guard them, three shall tend weak horses, and three shall guard the ger-yurt. Theft of even one or two horses shall be punished by death. Any horse that should not be tethered inside the ger-yurt but is so tethered shall be confiscated and given to the tiger-and-leopard keepers. Any woman who makes a zhisun banquet garment improperly, or who is jealous, shall be paraded through the camp on a gelded ox and punished; then a collection shall be taken up for the husband to marry again." In the seventh month of autumn Hutuhu Noyan was made judge of Central China. Dohai Qobuq was sent to campaign against Shu. That autumn the Emperor was at Balyan Dalan Bash. Deliberating a personal campaign against Song, he yielded when King Chalaun asked to go and dispatched him. In winter he hunted at Töb Hami.
10
In the seventh year (yiwei), in spring, the city of Karakorum was built and the Wan'an Palace constructed. Prince Batu, Prince Güyük, and the imperial nephew Möngke were sent to campaign in the Western Regions; Prince Köten against Qin and Gong; Prince Kölü and Hutuhu against Song; and Tangu against Goryeo. In the ninth month of autumn Prince Köten Buqa captured Song's Grand Marshal He. In the tenth month of winter Kölü besieged Zaoyang, took it, then swept through Xiang and Deng, entered Ying, and returned with several tens of thousands of captives, cattle, and horses. In the eleventh month Köten attacked Shimen; Wang Shixian, Jin's acting commander of the capital district, surrendered. Secretariat officials requested verification of the Great Ming Calendar; the request was granted.
11
In the eighth year (bingshen), in the first month of spring, the princes each prepared provisions and came to the assembly feast. The Wan'an Palace was completed. An edict ordered paper currency to be printed and put into circulation. In the second month Guo Sheng of Yingzhou, Li Shulu Jiuzhu of Junzhou, and Zhao Xiang of Dengzhou were ordered to join Kölü as vanguard in campaigning against Song. In the third month the Temple of Confucius and the Directorate of Astronomy were repaired again. In the sixth month of summer households in Central China were registered again, yielding more than 1.1 million additional households. Yelü Chucai requested establishment of a Compilation Office at Yanjing and a Classics Repository at Pingyang to collect and edit the classics and histories; the Confucian Liang Zhi was summoned as chief, with Wang Wanqing and Zhao Zhu as deputies.
12
秋月，命陳時可閱刑名、科差、課稅等案，赴闕磨照。 詔以真定民戶奉太后湯沐，中原諸州民戶分賜諸王、貴戚、斡魯朵：拔都，平陽府； 茶合帶，太原府； 古與，大名府； 孛魯帶，邢州； 果魯干，河間府； 孛魯古帶，廣寧府； 野苦，益都、濟南二府戶內撥賜； 按赤帶，濱、棣州； 斡陳那顏，平、灤州； 皇子闊端、駙馬赤苦、公主阿剌海、公主果真、國王查剌溫、茶合帶、鍛真、蒙古寒劄、按赤那顏、圻那顏、火斜、術思，並于東平府戶內撥賜有差。 耶律楚材言非便，遂命各位止設達魯花赤，朝廷置官吏收其租頒之，非奉詔不得徵兵賦。 闊端率汪世顯等入蜀，取宋關外數州，斬蜀將曹友聞。 冬十月，闊端入成都。 詔招諭秦、鞏等二十餘州，皆降。 皇子曲出薨。 張柔等攻郢州，拔之。 襄陽府來附，以遊顯領襄陽、樊城事。
In autumn Chen Shike was ordered to review cases of criminal law, corvée levies, and tax assessments and to travel to court for verification. An edict assigned Zhending households to support the Empress Dowager's private revenues and divided Central Plains households among princes, noble kin, and ordus: Batu received Pingyang Prefecture; Chahedai, Taiyuan Prefecture; Guyu, Daming Prefecture; Bolotai, Xing Prefecture; Gholughan, Hejian Prefecture; Bolughu-tai, Guangning Prefecture; Yeku, drawn from the households of Yidu and Jinan and granted accordingly; Alchi-tai, Bin and Di prefectures; Ochen Noyan, Ping and Luan prefectures; The prince Koden, the imperial son-in-law Chiku, Princess Alaqai, Princess Guozhen, King Chalaghun, Chahedai, Duanzhen, Mongol Hanja, Achi Noyan, Qi Noyan, Huoxie, and Shusi were each granted shares, in varying allotments, from the households of Dongping Prefecture. Yelü Chucai argued that the arrangement was unwise. Each appanage was therefore limited to a single darughachi, while court officials collected the rents and disbursed them; no prince might levy troops or taxes without an imperial command. Koden led Wang Shixian and others into Shu, seized several prefectures beyond the Song frontier passes, and killed the Shu commander Cao Youwen. That winter, in the tenth month, Koden entered Chengdu. An edict called upon Qin, Gong, and more than twenty other prefectures to surrender; all complied. Prince Köchü died. Zhang Rou and his commanders attacked Ying Prefecture and captured it. Xiangyang Prefecture submitted, and You Xian was put in charge of Xiangyang and Fancheng.
13
In the spring of the ninth year, dingyou, the Emperor hunted at Jiejiechaha Marsh. Möngke marched against the Qipchaq tribes, broke them, and took their chieftain Bachman prisoner. In the fourth summer month they built Saolin City and erected the Qiajianchahan Hall. In the sixth month the left-wing tribes spread word that commoners' daughters were being seized; enraged, the Emperor had girls rounded up and given to his men. In the eighth autumn month Shihu Nai and Liu Zhong were ordered to test Confucian scholars on every circuit. Four thousand and thirty who passed were made deliberative officers in their home districts. That winter, in the tenth month, he hunted at Yema River, visited the Dragon Court, and then went on to the traveling palace. That winter Köten Buqa and others invested Guang Prefecture. Zhang Rou, Gong Yanhui, and Shi Tianze were ordered to storm it, then struck Qi Prefecture, accepted the surrender of Suizhou, and raided as far as Huang Prefecture. Frightened, the Song sued for peace, and the army withdrew.
14
In the spring of the tenth year, wuxu, Tasi's army reached Beixia Pass, and the Song commander Wang Tongzhi surrendered. That summer Liu Yi, deputy commander at Xiangyang, rebelled, seized You Xian and his colleagues, and defected to the Song. Song forces retook Xiangyang and Fancheng. The Emperor hunted at Jiejiechaha Marsh. They built Tusu Lake City and erected the Yingjia Hall to receive the imperial visit. In the eighth autumn month Chen Shike, Gao Qingmin, and others reported drought and locusts across the circuits. An edict remitted the year's land tax and suspended unpaid arrears until a harvest year, when they would be reconsidered.
15
In the spring of the eleventh year, jihai, he hunted again at Jiejiechaha Marsh. Prince Koden's army returned from western Shu. In the seventh autumn month You Xian fled the Song and returned. Tax grain was remitted in the Shandong circuits on account of disaster. That winter, in the eleventh month, Möngke invested the As fortress of Miqiasi and, after three months, took it. In the twelfth month the merchant Oqtai bought the tax-farming contract for Central Plains silver levies at twenty-two thousand ingots; the quota was fixed at forty-four thousand, and the arrangement was approved.
16
In the first spring month of the twelfth year, gengzi, Oqtai was made chief officer of the office overseeing tax collection on all circuits. Prince Güyük reduced the still-unsubdued tribes of the western regions and sent envoys bearing news of victory. Zhang Rou and the other commanders of eighty-thousand-household regiments were ordered to campaign against the Song. That winter, in the twelfth month, an edict recalled Güyük's army. An order declared that when prefectures and districts failed to recover stolen goods, official property would make restitution. At the founding of the dynasty the people had been forced to pay such compensation themselves, and many had fled; now that practice was abolished. That year, because officials and commoners who borrowed Uighur gold to repay the state faced debts doubled every year — the so-called "lamb interest," whose harm was grievous — an edict ordered repayment from official stores, seventy-six thousand ingots in all. It was further decreed that on all long-standing loans collection should stop once interest matched principal, and this rule was written into law. Men and women captured by princes and great ministers were registered as common subjects.
17
In the second spring month of the thirteenth year, xinchou, he hunted at Jiejiechaha Marsh. The Emperor fell ill, and an edict pardoned prisoners throughout the realm. He recovered. That autumn the king of Goryeo, Wang Ho, sent his clansman Chon as hostage. That winter, in the tenth month, Yalavach was put in charge of Han commoners' affairs. In the eleventh month, on dinghai day, a great hunt was held. On gengyin day he returned to E'tie Gonghulan Mountain. Oqtai brought wine; the Emperor drank with pleasure and did not leave off until deep in the night. On xinmao day, near dawn, the Emperor died in the traveling hall. He had reigned thirteen years and lived fifty-six. He was buried at Qinian Valley. Posthumously he was styled Emperor Wenying, with the temple name Taizong.
18
帝有寬弘之量，忠恕之心，量時度力，舉無過事，華夏富庶，羊馬成群，旅不齎糧，時稱治平。
The Emperor bore a magnanimous spirit and a loyal, forgiving heart. He measured times and forces alike, and in all he did kept within what was fitting. The Central Plains grew wealthy; sheep and horses thronged the pastures; travelers needed carry no grain. Men called the age one of good order.
19
20
In the first spring month of guimao, Zhang Rou split his force to garrison and farm at Xiangcheng. In the fifth summer month Mars entered the Fang asterism. That autumn the Empress ordered Zhang Rou to take overall command of the garrison at Qi. In the fifth summer month of jiachen, Secretariat Director Yelü Chucai died. In the autumn of yisi the Empress ordered the infantry-and-cavalry commander-in-chief Chaghan and others to lead thirty thousand horsemen with Zhang Rou to raid west of the Huai, storm Shou Prefecture, and then strike Si, Xuyi, and Yang. The Song commissioner Zhao Cai sued for peace, and the army withdrew.
22
Dingzong, the Emperor Jianping, bore the personal name Güyük and was Taizong's eldest son. His mother was the Sixth Empress of the Töregene clan; she bore him in the bingyin year. Taizong once ordered the princes under Ajai-tai to campaign against Jin; Güyük followed as crown prince, took a Jin imperial prince captive, and returned. He also marched with Batu on the western campaign. In As territory he invested a palisaded mountain fort and, with little more than thirty men, went into the fight — Güyük and Möngke were both there. Taizong had once decreed that the imperial grandson Shiremün should succeed him. When Taizong died the Empress assumed the regency, summoned princes and officials of every rank to Dalan Baligh, and there the question of enthroning Güyük was broached.
23
In the first spring month of the first year, bingwu, Zhang Rou came to audience at Karakorum. In the seventh autumn month he took the throne at Wangjisumietuli. Though Güyük now wore the crown, it is said that court governance still flowed from the Sixth Empress. That winter he hunted argali at Yema River. The acting ten-thousand-household commander Shi Quan and others paraded their strength south of the Huai, stormed the Hutou Pass stronghold, and pressed on to invest Huang Prefecture.
24
In the spring of the second year, dingwei, Zhang Rou attacked Si Prefecture. That summer he took his rest at Qulühuaiheihasu. That autumn he made a western tour. In the eighth month Yelü Zhijidai was ordered to lead Suosiman tribal troops westward. That same month an edict required one baturu from every hundred Mongol households. In the ninth month half of Taizong's imperial guard was detached and placed under Yeke Möngke. That winter, in the tenth month, a household census was conducted.
25
In the third spring month of the third year, wushen, the Emperor died at Hengxiangyier. He had reigned three years and lived forty-three. He was buried at Qinian Valley. Posthumously he was styled Emperor Jianping, with the temple name Dingzong. That year drought ravaged the land: rivers dried to their beds, wild grasses burst into flame, eight or nine of every ten oxen and horses perished, and the people could barely endure. Princes and tribes alike sent envoys to the prefectures south of Yanjing to demand goods, bows, arrows, saddles, and bridles; some sought pearls and gems from the western Uighurs, others took hawks and falcons from Haidonglou. Relay riders streamed without pause day and night, and the people's strength was drained ever further. Yet from renyin onward standards diverged, court and camp lost their unity, and the order Ögedei had built fell into decay.
26
己酉年。
The year jiyou.
27
庚戌年。
The year gengxu.