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卷七 本紀第七: 世祖四

Volume 7 Annals 7: Shizu 4

Chapter 7 of 元史 · History of Yuan
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1
使 使 使使使使使 使 西 西 使西
In the seventh year, on the xinchou new moon of the first month of spring, King Wang Chŏn of Goryeo sent envoys with greetings. On bingwu day Yelü Zhu and Lian Xixian were removed from office. The Ministry of Revenue was established and the state revenues commission abolished. Grand councillor Hududar became left chancellor of the Central Secretariat; imperial academy chancellor Xu Heng became left associate; state revenues commissioner Ahmad became grand councillor over Ministry of Revenue affairs; associate controller Zhang Yi became concurrent grand councillor over Ministry of Revenue affairs; and deputy commissioner Zhang Hui, controller Li Yaozi, and Maimutding all became vice grand councillors of Ministry of Revenue affairs. On jiyou day the moon infringed upon Bi. An edict placed officials of every appanage under the Central Secretariat. On renzi day an edict forbade travel on post relay unless the document bore an official seal. On jiayin day King Wang Chŏn of Goryeo sent envoys saying, "Since receiving the edict I have been restored to the throne, and I now wish to come to court with seven hundred followers. An edict allowed four hundred to come; the rest were to remain at the Western Capital. An edict placed Goryeo's Western Capital under direct rule, renamed it Dongning Prefecture, and drew the border at Ciji Ridge. On dingsi day Menggudu was appointed pacification commissioner for Goryeo, given a tiger tally, and sent with troops to garrison the western border. On wuwu day Sun Si, zongguan of Jun and Fang Prefectures, captured Song commander Zhu Xingzu and others. On bingyin day paper money was issued to relieve Ulugh civilian households. On dingmao day the document formats of the secretariat, commissions, and censorate were standardized.
2
使
On the xinwei new moon of the second month the former right chancellor Bayan was made deputy privy councillor. On jiaxu day Zhaoying Palace was built on the Gaoliang River. On bingzi day the Emperor went to the traveling palace to watch the court ritual Liu Bingzhong, Boluo, Xu Heng, and Xu Shilong of the Court of Imperial Sacrifices had devised. Greatly pleased, he raised a cup and rewarded them. On dingchou day, citing famine that year, corvée labor on the palace city was halted. On jiashen day offices of the Ministry of Revenue were set up. On yiyou day the paper armor bureau was established. The ban on livestock trampling grain, mulberry, and fruit was strictly enforced. On renchen day the agriculture commission was established under vice grand councillor Zhang Wenqian, with four circuit offices to tour the countryside and encourage farming. On yiwei day Xiangyang sent more than ten thousand foot and horse soldiers and over one hundred warships toward Wanshan Fort. Wanhu Zhang Hongfan and qianhu Tuotuo beat them back and routed them. When word reached court, each was rewarded with gold-patterned brocade according to merit. King Wang Chŏn of Goryeo came to court and asked to see Prince Yan. An edict replied, "You are king of a country; seeing the Emperor is enough. Chŏn asked that his son Chŏm be received in audience, and the request was granted. An edict told Chŏn, "Because you submitted later, your place ranks below the princes. In the Grand Ancestor's day Protector Yidu submitted first and was ranked above the princes; Aslan came later and was ranked below them. You should understand this. Another edict ordered Prince Touliangge and others to march into Goryeo's old capital. Tuoduo'er and Jiao Tianyi were made darughachi of the country, and Chŏn was escorted home. A further edict declared, "Lin Yan's deposition and enthronement are unpardonable crimes. Prince of Anqing Chŏ acted under compulsion and is to be broadly forgiven. Whoever captures Yan and delivers him up, even if once among his faction, will receive a substantial promotion. Crown Prince Chŏm asked to remain at court and marry an imperial princess. The request was refused, and he was ordered to return with his father.
3
西西 西
On the gengzi new moon of the third month the sun was eclipsed. Branch secretariats in Henan and other routes, the Shaanxi Five Routes, Western Shu, Sichuan, and Dongjing and other routes were converted to branch ministries of revenue. Ministry of Revenue officials reported that in Hexi government grain purchases should apply equally to Buddhist clergy, powerful officials, and wealthy households. The proposal was approved. On jiayin day the Emperor traveled to Shangdu. On bingchen day the imperial canal at Wuqing County was dredged. On dingsi day the ranks of medical officials were fixed. On wuwu day locusts and drought struck Yidu, Deng, and Lai; an edict cut this year's household silver levy in half. Aju and Liu Zheng argued that to hold Xiangyang under siege, training the navy and building war vessels had to come first. An edict approved the plan. More than seventy thousand men were trained for the navy and five thousand war vessels built.
4
使
On renyang day in the fourth month of summer black frost fell at Tan Prefecture for two nights. Professors were appointed for Mongol script schools on every route. An edict ordered that on every route sons of darughachi should inherit posts as darughachi of scattered prefectures and subordinate prefectures, sons of those darughachi should fill county darughachi posts, and sons of county darughachi should become patrol inspectors. The censorate clerk's title was changed to secretary. On guiwei day military officer grades were fixed: wanhu, zongguan, qianhu, baihu, and zongba were ranked by the number of soldiers under command. On jichou day Zhongnan County was merged into Zhouzhi, and Zanhuang County in Zhending and Leping County in Taiyuan were restored. The Goryeo branch secretariat sent envoys reporting that powerful minister Lin Yan was dead, his son Weimao had seized the commandery duke's post on his own authority, and Minister Song Zongli had killed him. The island's people had all surrendered and were already being moved to the old capital. Yan's followers, Pei Zhongsun and others, rallied the remnant forces, enthroned Chŏn's collateral kinsman the Marquis of Chenghua as king, and fled to Jin Island."
5
西西 祿 使 祿使祿使
On xinchou day in the fifth month Henan County in Huai Prefecture was struck by heavy hail. On guimao day Shaanxi branch officials Yesudai'er and Yan Zhongfan, with the eastern and western Chuan army commands, fought Song forces at Jiading, Chongqing, Diaoyu Mountain, and the Ma River, defeated them all, took three stockades, captured commander Niu Xuan, and seized untold numbers of people, horses, cattle, and war vessels. On jiachen day eight thousand households of the Rufeng River Fan tribes in Weizhou submitted; their chieftains came to court, received imperial patents, and were given gold tallies. On dingwei day famine struck the Dongjing route, which was also exhausted by grain transport and shipbuilding labor; this year's silk and silver levies were cut by three-tenths. Associate privy councillor Heda was made grand councillor. On yimao day Funing County in Pingluan Route was restored, with Haishan and Changli placed under it. On bingchen day households throughout the realm were registered. Ministry of Revenue officials reported that annual revenue from all routes totaled fifty thousand ingots of silver and feared this exhausted the people; it should be cut by one-tenth. Transport commission salaries should match civilian officials'; depot officials should receive measured rations, and offices were forbidden to overcharge the people. At year's end results would be compared and officials promoted or demoted accordingly. Because Shangdu lay far inland and travel was hard for merchants, taxes there were specially waived, except that market trade in houses, land, slaves, and livestock still paid the usual deed and stamp fees. Civilian officials had rotated every thirty months, and the constant change bred carelessness; henceforth transfers were set at sixty months. When princes sent envoys to demand goods, relay horses, and the like, written documents would henceforth be required and oral commands forbidden. All proposals were approved. The palace provision commission became the Office of Imperial Entertainments, rank 3a, with palace provision commissioner Xianzhen as its director. On gengshen day the Privy Council was ordered to verify troop numbers. On renxu day Dongping Prefecture presented auspicious wheat, one stalk each with two, three, and five ears. The capital falconry and hunting commission was merged into the Ministry of Works. Silkworms and mulberry failed in Daming, Dongping, and other routes, and locusts struck Nanjing, Henan, and other routes; this year's silver and silk levies were cut by three-tenths.
6
西
On bingzi day in the sixth month an edict ordered five hundred horses purchased at the Zhongxing market in Western Xia. On gengchen day an edict ordered that when garrison troops returned, those without food or those who fell ill were to receive food and medicine from the heads of the states, cities, villages, and wards they passed through. On dinghai day smelting directorates on all routes were abolished and their duties assigned to transport commissions. Artisans of Qian Prefecture were moved to Songshan and given oxen and tools. Prince Namuhem received six thousand horses, three thousand oxen, and ten thousand sheep. Northern frontier garrison troops received twenty thousand horses, one thousand oxen, and fifty thousand sheep. On bingshen day sacrificial fields were established southeast of the capital. Private raids into Song territory were forbidden.
7
On xinchou day in the seventh month of autumn the Superior Forest Office was established. On yimao day Prince Baidaham received a seal and two gyrfalcons and two gold tallies. On gengshen day military officers received salaries for the first time. On renxu day Muslim troops on every circuit were conscripted. On yichou day catapult-household registers on every route were verified. Grand marshal Yesudai'er and others raided Guang Prefecture and defeated Song troops at Jingang Terrace. The Liaodong Kaiyuan and other route zongguan offices were ordered to run their route transport commissions concurrently. Drought and locusts struck the Shandong routes. Land rent for military households was remitted, and frontier garrison troops were issued grain. Darughachi Uryangqadai was ordered to issue grain for the hunting retinue at Shangdu.
8
On the wuchen new moon of the eighth month encircling walls were built to tighten the siege of Xiangyang. On jisi day famine relief was issued in Yingchang Prefecture. Prince Baidaham's retainers reported famine. Those with horses and carts were moved to Huanghu'er Yuliang and given grain by head count; those without were sent to find food in Su, Sha, and Gan Prefectures. On wuyin day Cila Ot, zongguan of Longxing Prefecture, was dismissed for embezzling government funds. On gengchen day censor-in-chief Tachar became associate privy councillor, and vice censor-in-chief Tiezhi became censor-in-chief. Goryeo crown prince Wang Chŏm came to congratulate the Emperor on his birthday. On xinsi day officials were established for Yingchang Prefecture. On xinmao day prolonged rain in Baoding Route damaged the crops.
9
西 退 西
On gengzi day in the ninth month an edict ordered Buddhist clergy, Daoist clergy, and Nestorian Christians who kept wives and families and ignored discipline to be registered as civilians. On dingsi day the moon infringed upon Jing. On bingyin day Hexi households were registered and field taxes fixed. Song general Fan Wenhu came with two thousand warships to relieve Xiangyang. Aju, Heda, and Liu Zheng met him at Guanzitan, killed and plundered more than one thousand men, captured thirty vessels, and Wenhu withdrew. With famine at Xijing, an edict sent Prince Azhiji's forces to forage at Taiyuan. With famine in Shandong, an edict directed that twenty percent of Yidu and Jinan wine revenues be turned into grain purchases.
10
On the wuchen new moon of the tenth month of winter, both secretariats were ordered to report all submitted business to the Censorate. On gengwu day Venus crossed You Zhifa (Right Law Enforcer). On guiyou day an edict required ancestral temple sacrifice prayers to be written in the national script. On yihai day Song forces attacked Juzhou. On yiyou day the court offered sacrifice at the imperial ancestral temple. On dinghai day drought and locusts in the Nanjing and Henan circuits brought a sixty-percent reduction in this year's levies. The court dispatched 240,000 jin of salt from Qing and Cang, transported 100,000 shi of Nanjing rice, and sent both to the Xiangyang army. On jichou day an edict directed that next year's temple sacrifices use wild boar instead of domestic pigs and that seasonal fruit come from the imperial gardens rather than the market. The Emperor returned from Shangdu. Xingzhong Superior Prefecture was downgraded to a regular prefecture. Famine relief was issued to Zilai circuit in Shandong.
11
西 西 使 使 西 西
On renyin day in the eleventh month Mars crossed the Western Rampart General in the Supreme Palace Enclosure. On renzi day various princes encamped throughout Hexi, with monks and civilians jointly supplying their needs. On dingsi day two thousand more troops were ordered, bringing the total sent for garrison farming in Goryeo to six thousand. Xindu and former Left Wing commander Shi Shu were both appointed military commissioners of Goryeo's Jin Prefecture region, given tiger tallies, and placed in charge of garrison farming. An edict also ordered the Goryeo king to establish a ceremonial protocol office. King Chen Guangbing of Annam sent tribute envoys and received a generous edict in reply. Zilai circuit received famine relief again. On the dingmao new moon of the intercalary month the Goryeo crown prince Wang Sim returned, and King Wang Chon was granted the eighth-year Zhiyuan calendar. On wuchen day brocade bearing sun, moon, dragon, and tiger motifs was banned, as was rhinoceros-horn saddle decoration. On jisi day the Hexi branch secretariat received ten thousand ingots of paper money for its annual expenses. Yizhou was placed under Pansha Prefecture. On guiwei day an edict directed Western Xia's surveillance officials over civil administrators to forbid monks from illegally occupying civilian farmland. On renchen day regulations for rewarding and punishing agricultural promotion were clarified. An edict ordered relay inspectors (tuotuohesun) established on every route.
12
使 西使使使 西
On the bingchen new moon of the twelfth month the Directorate of Agriculture was upgraded to the Grand Directorate of Agriculture, with four additional traveling agricultural promotion commissioners and four deputies; Censorate Vice Director Boluo was also made grand director of agriculture. Antong observed that Boluo's concurrent appointment as both a censorate official and agricultural director had no precedent. An imperial directive read, "Agricultural affairs are no small matter; I understand this well — let Boluo take overall charge." Zhao Liangbi, pacification commissioner of Shaanxi and other routes, was made director of the imperial library and appointed state envoy to Japan. An edict ordered annual sacrifices to the Grand Community Altar, the Grand Grain Altar, and the Wind, Rain, and Thunder Lords. On wuxu day more than eighteen hundred newly resettled households from Huaimeng were relocated west of the Yellow River. On renyin day the censor-in-chief's rank was raised to second grade. Shaozhou in Henan was downgraded to Mianchi County. Zhu Xisu, Song military commissioner of Chongqing, sent spies with letters and placards to win over pacification commissioner Zhang Dayue and others; Dayue left the seals unbroken and sent the spies and their documents to the Eastern Sichuan military command. On dingwei day chieftains Anuofu, Leding, and Anuzhao of the three Jinyu and Piaoguo tribes submitted, presenting three tame elephants and nineteen horses. On jiyou day Yuy Road prefect Gao Yuyishi captured a Song spy and was rewarded by edict. On xinyou day the directorate of waterways was placed under the grand directorate of agriculture. Prince Bohu'er was made chief of the jarghuchi. The Great State-Protecting Benevolent King Temple was built on the Gaoliang River. An edict revised regulations for Buddhist monastic vestment colors. That year registered households throughout the realm totaled 1,929,449. Former empresses and consorts and the various princes received gold, silver, currency, and silk as in the annual custom. Forty-four persons were sentenced to death.
13
便 西 使 宿 西 西西西西 使 西使 退 西 西 祿 使 西 使 西 使 西 調 西西 西 殿 使 沿
In the eighth year, on the yichou new moon of the first month of spring, King Wang Chon of Goryeo sent his secretariat director Bak Heng and lang jiang Cui Youyan with greetings and the annual tribute. On bingyin day the moon crossed Bi. On jimao day Alihaiya, associate intendant of the Henan branch secretariat, was made vice director of the Ministry of Works. Central Secretariat officials reported, "We were formerly ordered to consult the Privy Council and Censorate on the garrison-farming fields Alibo and others had set up at Nanyang and elsewhere in Henan. We hold that garrison-farming households are productive inland commoners who lose their livelihoods when moved far away and should be returned to their original domiciles. Civilian levies from Nanjing, Nanyang, Guide, and other places should henceforth be converted to grain payments, stored at convenient nearby sites, to feed the Xiangyang army. As for the earlier garrison farms, Alibo himself admitted they had failed; local prefectures and districts should recruit civilians to lease and farm them." The court approved. Shi Tianze asked to retire; the request was denied. An edict ordered, "When the capital was built earlier, 382 resident households were relocated; calculate fair compensation and pay them." Judicial officials were established at the Privy Council. Wuduman was sent to lead Mongol troops garrisoning Tangdang in the west. On bingxu day Goryeo pacification commissioner Ahai raided Jin Island, met rebel forces, and suffered heavy losses. Central Secretariat officials reported, "Intelligence indicates that remaining supplies on Jin Island are nearly exhausted; we should attack while the rebels are weak." An edict refused permission and ordered patrols of strategic points with standing readiness. On dinghai day Gu Ruren and Fei Zhengyin put state secrets into writing and plotted to send Cui Jichun, Jia Kaoshan, and Lu Kun into Song territory; when the plot was exposed they were fully investigated. Zhengyin, Ruren, and Jichun were all executed; Kaoshan and Kun were exiled to distant regions. An edict ordered, "On every route, widows, orphans, the solitary, the aged, and the sick who cannot support themselves shall receive government lodging and provisions." King Wang Chon of Goryeo sent envoys with a memorial requesting marriage for crown prince Wang Sim. An edict forbade frontier generals from taking bribes to release soldiers or imposing illegal levies. Famine relief was issued to Beijing and Yidu. On the yiwei new moon of the second month marriage betrothal gifts for commoners were regulated, with distinctions by rank. On dingyou day more than twenty-eight thousand commoners from the Central Capital, Zhending, Shuntian, Hejian, and Pingluan were mobilized to build the palace city. On jihai day transport commissioners on every route were abolished and merged into circuit chief commissions. Regulations drawn up by the Ministry of Works and approved by the Ministry were promulgated throughout the realm. The Shaanxi-Sichuan branch secretariat was moved to Xingyuan. On guimao day Yesudai'er of the Sichuan branch secretariat reported, "Famine has lately brought a great increase in banditry; harsher punishment should be applied." An edict ordered the ministers to deliberate; Antong argued, "Executing all strong and petty thieves alike would probably be inappropriate. Cases warranting death should still await imperial approval as before." Zhao Bi, left vice director of the Central Secretariat and administrator of branch ministry affairs in Dongjing and other routes, was made right vice director of the Central Secretariat. On jiachen day six additional supervising censors were appointed. Hududar was ordered to carry an edict winning over Pei Zhongsun, a remnant of Lin Yan's Goryeo faction. On yisi day Baoheding, regional commander-in-chief of pacification at Dali, Prince Tutor Kuokuodai, and others conspired to poison the Prince of Yunnan; Huonichi and Cao Zhen exposed the plot. Baoheding, Kuokuodai, Alawading, and Yisufu were all executed; Cao Zhen, Huonichi, and the witnesses were rewarded with gold and silver in varying amounts. Three hundred falconers from Shazhou and Guazhou were conscripted as soldiers. On wushen day an edict issued administrative schedules to officials throughout the realm. An edict ordered purchase of ten thousand shi of rice in the Uighur markets. On gengxu day the ban on Eastern Sichuan well salt was sharply reinforced. On jiwei day military officers were ordered to carry gold and silver tally tokens; tokens held by civilian officials and artisans were confiscated and not reissued. An edict required sea-eagle tally tokens to bear the founding emperor's personal seal. On gengshen day Palace Attendant Jiu Zhu, who had long served the Taizu with a comb and preserved the hair that fell from it, was ordered to enshrine the comb in a casket in a side chamber of the imperial ancestral temple. An edict ordered, "In all lawsuits, those who go into hiding or falsely accuse others shall receive the penalty for the crime they alleged." Guide was made a separate prefecture, with Su, Bo, Pi, and Xu detached and placed under it. Shen Prefecture was elevated to Nanyang Prefecture, with Tang, Deng, Yu, Song, and Ru placed under it. Famine relief was issued to Xijing. On yichou day in the third month the Hedong-Shanxi surveillance commission was expanded, the Hedong-Shaanxi circuit was renamed Shaanxi-Sichuan circuit, and the Northern Mountains East-West circuit was renamed Northern Mountains Liaodong circuit. An edict ordered, "At New Year's Day, the imperial birthday, and court assemblies, all officials' memorials, foreign tribute, and envoys' audience and farewell ceremonies shall be handled by the Ceremonial Protocol Office." On bingzi day the salt revenue chief transport commissions of Shandong, Hejian, and Shaanxi circuits were renamed chief salt transport commissions. On yimao day central secretariat officials reported, "The Goryeo rebel Pei Zhongsun asks that our armies withdraw before he submits; Xindu did not grant his request, and now he wishes to receive Jeolla Circuit to live in and come directly under the court." An edict, citing his evasive language and months of delay, refused. On xinsi day Xiayi County was restored, with Dangshan incorporated into it. Gushu was merged into Suiyang. Han Shi'an, wanhu of Bin-Di, was charged with hoarding grain, destroying military equipment, falsely using relay horses, and on his own authority requesting Prince Tachar's allotment of four Yidu counties, among other offenses; responsible offices had repeatedly reported him. An edict ordered his execution and confiscation of his property. On jiashen day the Emperor went to Shangdu. On yiyou day Xu Heng resigned secretariat duties citing old age and illness; he was made chancellor of the imperial academy and director of the imperial university. Heng returned his old salary, and an edict granted a new salary separately. An order established the national university, adding one vice director, one erudite, and one assistant erudite each, and selecting as students the sons and grandsons of Mongol and Han officials at court and of close attendants, together with outstanding youths. On dinghai day Mars crossed the Western Rampart General in the Supreme Palace Enclosure. On jichou day the Western Xia Zhongxing branch secretariat and other routes were established, with Chanhai made associate administrator of branch ministry affairs. An order directed the Ministry of Revenue to verify household registers empire-wide, issue regulations, and proclaim them throughout the realm. Relief was sent to famine-stricken Yidu and other routes. An edict declared: "Officials must not hold prisoners and delay lawsuits so that cases are appealed upward; officials and commoners alike who violate this shall be punished." Nurse Zhao, wet nurse to the Prince of Yan, was enfeoffed as Lady of Bin State, and her husband Gong Delu was posthumously enfeoffed as Duke of Deyu. In summer, the fourth month, on renyin day Xindu of Goryeo's Fengzhou pacification commission reported: "The rebel Pei Zhongsun has detained envoys and stubbornly refuses to submit; I ask to advance with Hulinci and Wang Guochang by separate routes to attack him." The request was granted. In Changli County, Pingluan Route, a commoner woman gave birth at midnight amid a glow of light; an edict ordered that the child be specially nurtured. Some thought it improper, but the Emperor said: "How fortunate to have produced a worthy person — let no one harbor jealousy." Goryeo was ordered to levy troops for the campaign against Jin Island. On guimao day five hundred thousand taels of silver were allocated for the Henan branch secretariat's annual expenses, and Xiangyang and Fancheng troops were ordered four dou of grain per man per month from then on. On jiachen day able-bodied men were conscripted in readiness against Song. On wuwu day Aju led the wanhu Alahan and others to battle at Tuan Beach against Song generals Fan Wenhu and others, routed them, captured more than one hundred men including commander Zhu Sheng, seized their weapons, and rewarded Aju, Alahan, and the rest with graded gifts of gold and silk. Because of disasters throughout the routes in Zhiyuan 7, this year's silk tax was remitted in varying degrees. In the fifth month, on yichou day, eastern-route troops were ordered to besiege Xiangyang; Saiyid Ajall and Zheng Ding were commanded to lead forces by land and water toward Jiading; Wang Liangchen and Peng Tianxiang were to advance from Chongqing, Jala Buqa from Luzhou, and Qulijisi from Ruzhou to pin the enemy down. Branch secretaries Yesudai'er and Zheng Ding were reassigned to conduct branch secretariat affairs with the field army; Saiyid Ajall was to administer branch secretariat affairs at Xingyuan and relay military grain. On bingyin day Laoyu State sent tribute. On jisi day Buddhist rites were performed on Qionghua Island. On xinwei day Dali's thirty-seven departments were divided into three circuits; as the eight tribal chiefs of Dali had newly submitted, an edict was issued to comfort and instruct them. On renshen day inner and outer ceremonial regalia were manufactured. On dingchou day relief was sent to famine-stricken Wei Prefecture. On yimao day Shi Tianze was appointed pacification commissioner for military and state affairs of the first rank. The Palace Storehouse Directorate was promoted to rank 3A. Xindu and Shi Shu reported that the Jin Island rebels had been scattered in defeat and the remnant band had fled into Tamna. On xinsi day the Hexi branch secretariat was granted one gold tally and one silver gerfalcon tally. Mongol officials' sons who showed aptitude for study were ordered also to learn arithmetic. On guimei day Jizhou was elevated to Jining Prefecture. The Jade Hall directorate was placed under the Palace Service directorate. King Wang Chŏn of Goryeo sent envoys bearing tribute goods. In the sixth month, on jiawu day the Privy Council was ordered: "All military matters may be reported directly to the throne without going through the Ministry of Revenue; cases touching funds and grain are to be discussed with that ministry." Locusts afflicted Shangdu, Zhongdu, Hejian, Jinan, Zilai, Zhending, Weihui, Mingci, Shunde, Daming, Henan, Nanjing, Zhangde, Yidu, Shuntian, Huaimeng, Pingyang, Guide, and other prefectures and counties. On guimao day Song general Fan Wenhu led Su Liuyi, Xia Song, and others with a fleet of one hundred thousand to relieve Xiangyang; Aju led the generals to intercept, seized more than one hundred warships, and the enemy fled in defeat. Pacification Commissioner Heda also sent the wanhu Xie Ruji and others to ambush them, captured commanders Zhu Rixin and Zheng Gao, and inflicted a major defeat. On xinhai day an edict ordered: "All revenue and grain accounts under civilian administrators shall await year-end assessment for comparison." On yimao day residents were summoned to settle in Hexi, Waduan, Angiha, and other regions. On jiwei day Tachu and Dong Wenbing of the Shandong army command learned that Song intended to hold Whekou and requested to build fortifications; they then missed the opportunity, and Song troops had already built palisades there. When the matter was reported, an edict ordered differentiated corporal punishment for Tachu, Wenbing, and others. Locust nymphs appeared in Heshun County, Liaozhou, and Wenxi County, Jiezhou. In autumn, the seventh month, on the first day (renxu), the Ministry of Revenue requested that Taiyuan's salt levy be increased to an annual quota of one thousand ingots of paper money and that the local route administer it concurrently; the request was granted. Staff were appointed to the Muslim directorate of astronomy, with Jamaluddin as superintendent. Jurchen and Suiban troops were conscripted. Zheng Yuan was put in charge of sacrifices at the mountains and rivers and granted the title director of rites for the altar. On dingmao day the southerner Li Zhong memorialized that Vice Minister Zhang Dayue of Yunshan had once communicated with Song; finding the allegation unsubstantiated, an edict reassured Dayue: "Song is skilled at subversion — I do not lightly believe it; harbor no doubt or fear." Prince Touliangge was assigned to conduct branch secretariat affairs in Beijing, Liaodong, and other routes. On xinwei day left, right, and central directorates for the guard armies were established. On yihai day frost destroyed the grain in Gongchang, Lintao, Pingliang Prefecture, Hui, Lan, and other prefectures. On yiyou day Song general Lai Xingguo attacked the Baizhangshan camp; Aju routed him, pursued to Tuan Beach, and took more than two thousand heads. Goryeo crown prince Wang Chŏm came as a hostage, and coerced households from Jin Island came to surrender. In the eighth month, on the first day (renchen), there was a solar eclipse. On guisi day an edict ordered: "Relay-station households holding four qing or more of land shall pay rent according to regulation." On jihai day an edict was issued to summon and instruct Song's Xiangyang defender Lü Wenhuan. On renzi day the Emperor returned from Shangdu. The Chengdu army command was moved to Meizhou. On jiwei day, the Emperor's birthday, inner and outer guard formations and positions for the Cloud-and-Harmony Office musicians were established for the first time. The Dongchuan army command led troops against Song's Tongbo Fort; fort commander Li Qing and others surrendered, and Qing was made military administrator of Liangshan. In the ninth month, on the first day (renxu), Grand Marshal Aju was ordered to raid Han lands south of the Han River with his troops. On guihai day Goryeo crown prince Wang Chŏm took leave to return home; King Wang Chŏn was granted western brocades and comforted by a gracious edict. On jiazi day Liu Zheng was granted five hundred ingots of paper money and five hundred qing of land in Zheng Prefecture; Zheng declined, and he was instead given three hundred civilian households' fields, with the usual levies unchanged. Twenty-eight thousand six hundred ingots of paper money were allocated for the Henan branch secretariat's annual expenses. On bingyin day the Shaanxi Five-Routes and Xichuan Sichuan branch secretariats were abolished; Yesudai'er was assigned to conduct Sichuan branch secretariat affairs at Xingyuan; Jingzhao and other routes were placed directly under the central secretariat. Song forces were defeated at the Wo River. On wuchen day Deyang County in Chengdu Prefecture was elevated to De Prefecture, and Guo Prefecture was downgraded to Guolue County. On renshen day ten noble youths including Tuotuomu'er were selected to study at the National University. On guiyou day Jizhou in Yidu Prefecture presented two specimens of auspicious fungus. On jiaxu day Xixia Muslim troops were conscripted. Columns in the Imperial Ancestral Temple hall rotted and collapsed; the censor impeached Liu Jing of the Waterworks for negligent supervision, and Jing died from grief. Zhang Yi requested advance notice at the temple before completing repairs; the request was granted. On bingzi day an edict ordered that no sacrificial oxen be used at this year's offerings in the Imperial Ancestral Temple. The moon transited the Bi constellation. On gengchen day Hududu and others of the Right Guard army command reported: "The Whekou fortifications are built, but barracks remain unfinished; all timber and tiles must come from Song territory; we request to lead elite troops on separate raids." The request was granted. On renwu day the Shandong route army command reported that Song troops attacked Jiaozhou; the qianhu Jiang De and others fought them off and defeated them, capturing more than fifty men including commander Fan Guang and seizing one hundred warships. On guimei day an edict exempted the tax on more than five thousand shi of grain lost from Mang'an granary and forbade princes from making unreasonable demands. An edict declared that because the people of Sichuan were exhausted, tea and salt levies and other taxes were remitted, and military and civilian field rents would supply frontier troops' rations. Further ordered: "From now on, officials who speak of profiting from tea and salt shall be charged with violation of imperial orders." In winter, the tenth month, on guisi day the Minister of Agriculture reported: "Huduna, darughachi of Gaotang, prefect Zhang Tingrui, and vice-prefect Chen Siji were effective in promoting agriculture; Wang Zai, county magistrate of Shaan in Henan Prefecture, was remiss in promoting agriculture — promotions and demotions should be applied as encouragement and warning." The recommendation was accepted. On dingyou day sacrifice was offered at the Imperial Ancestral Temple. On jiwei day storms and flooding destroyed the crops in Tan, Shun, and other prefectures. Goryeo was granted the Zhiyuan 9 calendar. In the eleventh month, on the first day (xinyou), ranked officials' descendants were ordered to serve guard duty, and Aru Te'er and others were dispatched to pacify Dali. On renxu day the directorate-generals for paper currency in all routes were abolished. On yihai day Liu Bingzhong, Wang Pan, Tushan Gonglu, and others submitted: "At New Year's Day, court assemblies, imperial birthdays, amnesties, and all hundred-official proclamations, officials should don formal robes to greet and perform obeisance." The proposal was accepted. Use of the Jin dynasty's Taihe Code was prohibited. The dynastic name Great Yuan was established; the edict read:
14
Having received the glorious mandate, I embrace all within the four seas and dwell in supremacy; A worthy name is necessary to continue the hundred kings and record the succession. This began from high antiquity and is not unique to my house alone. Moreover, tang means "expansive," and Yao won renown thereby; yu means "rejoicing," and Shun took it as his style. Down to Yu's rise and Tang's founding, they alternately named themselves Xia the Great and Yin the Central. As generations declined, the practice differed from antiquity. Though they seized the moment to hold the realm, they did not craft their titles from profit. Those called Qin and Han took names from the lands where they first rose; Those called Sui and Tang drew from the fiefs they had been enfeoffed with. All of these catered to the people's familiar habits and served as stopgap measures for a time — weighed against perfect impartiality, they fall somewhat short.
15
輿 宿
Our Taizu, the sage and martial emperor, grasped the mandate of Heaven and rose in the northern lands, took the imperial design through divine martial prowess, shook the four quarters with Heaven's thunder, and greatly expanded the realm — the breadth of the map is without precedent in history. Recently venerable elders came to court and submitted memorials asking that, the great enterprise already accomplished, the august name should be fixed early. By ancient custom this is only fitting; in my own heart what objection could there be? Let the dynastic name be established as Great Yuan, taking the meaning of "Qian yuan" from the Book of Changes. Now the great forge pours form into every creature — who could name the primordial source's merit? I alone bring peace to every realm, and am all the more intent on embodying benevolence. Government follows what is inherited and what must be changed; the Way keeps heaven and humanity in accord. Alas! To name the dynasty by its rightful meaning is certainly not to lavish undue praise; May trust in blessings endure forever — and still not fall short in the hardship we have undertaken. Rejoice with all under heaven and together exalt the great dynastic name.
16
西 殿
On bingxu day Sichuan province was established at Chengdu. The Wanyan Pavilion at Shangdu was completed. On the xinmao new moon of the twelfth month an edict ordered national-script schools established throughout the realm. The palace attendants bureau asked to assign stray and unregistered households to gold-panning; the Emperor said, "Stop for now — do not burden Our people further." On yisi day officials' salaries were reduced. Fields in Western Xia were surveyed. Tachu and Dong Wenbing were summoned to court. On xinhai day the Court of Imperial Sacrifices was merged into the Hanlin Academy and the palace repairs directorate into the directorate for imperial manufacturers. On jiayin day an edict ordered the ministry of state moved into the Central Secretariat. That year registered households numbered 1,946,270. Former consorts and the princes received gold, silver, notes, and cloth as in annual custom; the Nangjia and others were granted 11,167 ingots of notes for sheep and horse prices. One hundred five persons were sentenced to death.
17
西禿禿 西禿 使 使
In the ninth year, on the gengshen new moon of the first month of spring, King Wang Chŏn of Goryeo sent Rites Reception Director Xuan Wenie with congratulations and the annual tribute. On jiazi day the ministry of state was merged back into the Central Secretariat; Ahmad and Zhang Yi, equal-in-rank ministers of the ministry of state, were both made equal-in-rank grand councillors of the Central Secretariat; Zhang Hui became left associate of the Central Secretariat, and Li Yaozi and Maisuding became associate administrators of Central Secretariat affairs. Supervising secretaries, secretariat drafters, and reviewers were abolished; left and right sections were kept; the six ministries were cut to four; and everything was renamed under the Central Secretariat. On bingyin day an edict sent Buqa and Ma Lin to tell Goryeo to supply ships and grain for the Tamna campaign. Henan province asked for more troops; the court ordered thirty thousand men levied from the routes. On dingchou day an edict ordered Prince Orluk of Xi Ping, Aruq Temür, Töge, and Prince Tulu of Nan Ping, together with Yesu Dai'er's Sichuan branch secretariat command, Mangudai's eighteen tribes, and the Tibetan troops under Yisuqongnong, to campaign jointly against Jiandu. Xin'an Prefecture, formerly subordinate to Xiong Prefecture, was made a county under Shuntian. On gengchen day branch ministries at the Beijing, Zhongxing, Sichuan, and Henan routes were renamed branch secretariats. A branch secretariat was reestablished at Jingzhao and Prince Jibiytemür was ordered to appoint secretariat adjudication officers. Prince Orluk of Xi Ping received bows and arrows paid for at horse price; Prince Tulu of Nan Ping was granted five silver seals and five each of gold and silver tallies. On xinsi day garrison-farming at Feng Prefecture was moved to Yan and Bai prefectures. An edict ordered Dong Wenbing to patrol and raid the south periodically so the Song could not establish fortresses. An edict stated, "In land disputes between military and civilian households, surplus civilian land goes to soldiers and surplus military land to civilians. Competent officials were still to assess fair purchase prices, and soldier-slaves wrongly entered in civilian registers were to be restored." An edict ordered the Prince of Yan to send envoys with incense banners to sacrifice at the mountains and rivers, Earth Lord, and Xingguo Temple on Wutai. Liu Zheng was placed in overall command of the Han armies. On renwu day the eastern Shandong route grand marshal's army command was converted into a branch privy council; Yesu Dai'er and Tachu were both made its deputy commissioners. On yiyou day the ceremony for officials receiving imperial patents and edicts was fixed. An edict ordered grand marshals' headquarters, army commands, and wanhu commands to verify military registers.
18
使 西
On the gengyin new moon of the second month Zhao Liangbi, envoy to Japan, sent document clerk Zhang Tuo with twenty-six Japanese to the capital seeking audience. On xinmao day an edict stated, "The jarquchi post was created at Taizu's founding and ranks above all offices; grant it a silver seal and establish left and right sections." On renchen day King Wang Chŏn of Goryeo sent Qi'an Marquis Wang Shu to congratulate the change of dynastic name. Central Capital was renamed Great Capital (Dadu). On jiawu day Aju was placed in command of the Mongol armies and Liu Zheng and Ariq Haiya of the Han armies. On wuxu day rents and levies were remitted in Dongping and Western Capital prefectures and counties afflicted the previous year by drought, locusts, and flooding. On gengzi day Biyang County in Tang Prefecture was restored. A Central Secretariat office was built at Dadu. On wushen day sacrifice to the First Farmer began, using the same rites as the Earth Altar. An edict ordered waterways dredged throughout the routes. The Emperor traveled to Shangdu.
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使 使 使
In the third month, on yichou day, the Central Secretariat was instructed to decide quickly on sending the Japanese envoys home. Antong said, "Zhao Liangbi asks to transfer the Jin Prefecture garrison so Japan does not take needless alarm. We think the Jin Prefecture garrison is known to them; moving it again would probably be unwise. Only explain openly to the envoys that this garrison was set up temporarily for Tamna, and that they need not fear." The Emperor approved. On jiaxu day copies of the Four Teachings Scripture among the people were seized and burned. Grand Marshal Aju of the Mongol armies and Grand Marshals Liu Zheng and Ariq Haiya of the Han armies led their forces in breaching Fan's outer wall, killing two thousand, capturing sixteen officers, and tightening the siege. Famine relief was sent to Jinan route. An edict exempted physician households from corvée and miscellaneous levies.
20
西 西
In the fourth summer month, on jichou day, an edict ordered Ninghe Post set up on the Tibetan-western Chuan border. On xinmao day horses were granted to Prince Aiyachi's command. On bingwu day grain was issued to Prince Orluk of Xi Ping's command. On jiayin day famine relief was sent to Dadu route.
21
使使 鹿 西禿 西
On the wuwu new moon of the fifth month the Karakorum transport commission was established, with Xiao Yunshibie as commissioner and concurrent superintendent of note circulation. On jiwei day Kököchü received two silver tallies for hunting hawks. On xinyou day the draft of Hui troops was abolished. On guihai day an edict ordered Batu's army to dig canals and farm at Qielunan. On bingyin day ten thousand able-bodied men from Xu and Pi prefectures were levied to garrison Pi Prefecture. On gengwu day iron-smelting households were reduced, and gold and silver mining households in Tibetan Tulugan and elsewhere were abolished and returned to civilian status. Han crowds brawling with Mongols were forbidden. An edict ordered deliberation on seizing Tamna and Jeju. On xinsi day an edict ordered construction of the capital walls at full official expense with no levies on the people, and taxes on woodcutting laborers were remitted. On jiashen day an edict addressed soldier-household attendants in all routes: only those freed and entered in civilian registers before Zhiyuan 7 owed corvée; the rest, though freed, still had to assist their original households' military service. On yiyou day Venus passed the spacing star of Bi. The palace city first built the Eastern and Western Hua gates and the Left and Right Flanking gates. An edict ordered the resettlement of displaced people under Darib.
22
西
On renchen day of the sixth month the darughachis of Goryeo's Western Capital and its dependent cities, with hostages including Jin Yi, were sent home. Rents from the Qirghiz garrison farm were reduced, and one hundred southerners were sent with oxen and tools. That night a great storm in the capital destroyed walls and houses and killed many. On guisi day grain from the ceremonial field stores was issued for relief; when that proved insufficient nearby official granaries were opened as well. On jiawu day Goryeo reported famine, and twenty thousand shi of Dongjing grain was sent for relief. On jihai day Tachu of the eastern Shandong branch privy council reported that on the thirteenth of the fourth month he had sent infantry and cavalry toward Lian Prefecture, taken four fortresses at Shelonggou, Wugangkou, the salt works, and Baitou River, killed more than three hundred Song troops, captured people and cattle by the ten thousand, and graded rewards accordingly. On xinhai day King Wang Chŏn of Goryeo asked to campaign against remaining Tamna bandits.
23
沿沿便
On the dingji new moon of the seventh month Henan provincial officials said, "Frontier resettlement and garrison farming had sent people back home in poverty. People in Tang, Deng, Cai, Xi, Xu, and Pi preferred their own fields, stayed at their old garrison farms, and offered to pay grain levies in silk or silver; inland prefectures and counties supplying troops by grain transport found the burden heavy. We propose that frontier prefectures keep delivering grain as before, while inland prefectures, by household count, pay notes to buy grain on the frontier — easing the burden on both sides." The Emperor replied, "Approved." Unregistered households in Kaiyuan, Dongjing, and other routes were rounded up and registered. Private sale of the Hui calendar was forbidden. Famine relief was sent to the Udaid tribe. On wuyin day the princes of the Babu tribe received paper notes. Monks in the capital were assembled for nine sessions of reciting the Great Canon. On renwu day Huluhuosun memorialized, "National-script schools exist, but Han officials' sons are not enrolling, and government documents still use Uighur script." An edict ordered that henceforth all edicts use the Mongol script exclusively and that officials' sons be sent to school. On yiyou day relocation of residents from Daluo Fort was canceled; they were ordered to pay double rent-grain to the hawk offices instead. An edict ordered a separate review of tammaqchi slave-household registers in Dadu, Jingzhao, and elsewhere.
24
西 調
On the bingxu new moon of the eighth month there was a solar eclipse. On wuzi day the herd directorate was established to manage pasture horses and imperial saddlery. On renchen day an edict ordered fifty thousand shi stored in advance at Mangan Granary and Jing Prefecture to feed newly relocated Hongjila tribespeople and newly submitted westerners. Troops were redeployed to reinforce the garrison at Jeonla. On yiwei day it was forbidden to use the supreme imperial title in private disputes. On dingyou day an ordu office was established. On jihai day Prince Kuokuochu asked that his allotted Ninghai, Deng, and Lai prefectures be made a separate circuit; like other princes his annual levy would go only to Ninghai, not Yidu, and the court approved. On guimao day wanhu Cui Song defeated Song relief troops for Xiangyang, beheaded their general Zhang Shun, and Cui Song and his officers received silver and silk rewards in varying amounts. On yisi day the Emperor returned from Shangdu. On dingwei day Yan Prefecture was made Yanjin County and, together with Yangwu, placed under Nanjing. On guichou day relief was issued for famine in Liaodong and other routes.
25
使
On jiazi day of the ninth month Song Xiangyang general Zhang Gui led paddle-wheel ships out of the city in a downstream attack; Aju, Ala Haiya, and others raised beacons and fires until the river shone like day, then led the fleet fifty li in battle to Guimen Pass and captured Zhang Gui alive with more than two thousand officers and soldiers. On bingyin day an edict to the Privy Council ordered that adult males among regular military households and registered kin and slaves in all routes who had used princely influence to evade service be returned to the army; only those with exceptional craft skills might be reported by name. On guiyou day Cui Bin, associate signatory of the Henan branch secretariat, accused right vice director Ali of falsely reporting twenty thousand troops; an edict ordered Ali beaten with the staff and dismissed. On jiaxu day the naval marshal's headquarters was abolished. Eastern Chuan marshal Li Ji and others raided Kai Prefecture, took Shiyang Stockade, and captured a Song general. Army commander Hela and others raided He Prefecture and the Qijiang estuary, seizing fifty war vessels; silver and silk rewards were granted in varying amounts. On bingzi day three thousand laborers were sent to cut giant timber in Liaodong, and their families' corvée and levies were remitted. On wuyin day the moon infringed upon the Woman asterism. Relief was issued for famine in Yidu.
26
西 使 使
On the bingxu new moon of the tenth month of winter Prince Manggalai was enfeoffed as Prince of Anxi, given Jingzhao as his fief, and ordered to garrison Liupan Mountain. Envoys were sent with an edict to instruct Banbu and Xindu. On renchen day sacrifice was performed at the Imperial Ancestral Temple. On guisi day Zhao Bi was made grand councillor and Zhang Yi vice director of the Privy Council. On yiwei day the Hun River embankment was built. On wuxu day Mars infringed upon Saturn. On jihai day an edict permitted hunting from the seventh through the eleventh month and forbade it in the remaining months. On guimao day Wen Prefecture was established. The Huitong Hostel was established for the first time.
27
使 使
On the yimao new moon of the eleventh month an edict granted Goryeo the calendar for the tenth year of Zhiyuan. On renxu day six thousand Beijing laborers were sent to cut timber at Qianshan, and their families' corvée and levies were remitted. Prince Zhibi Temür's newly built city was completed and named Yongchang Prefecture. On bingyin day official debts owed by Cila Ot's ordu office were remitted. On dingmao day the moon infringed upon Bi. Guang Prefecture was fortified. Unregistered troops were sent to raid Song territory. On jisi day an edict mobilized two thousand garrison-farming troops, two thousand Han troops, six thousand Goryeo troops, and two thousand additional Wuwei Guard troops to campaign against Tamra. On xinwei day the Gaoling Confucian Yang Gongyi was summoned but refused to come. On guiyou day, for merit in taking Fancheng's outer wall, wanhu Liu Shen and others received gold and silver tally seals. On jimao day the Central Secretariat's left and right bureaus were merged into one. Song Jinghu military commissioner Li Tingzhi wrote to Liu Zheng and sent a Yongning monk with a gold seal and ivory tally to appoint him military commissioner of the Lulong Army and enfeoff him as Prince of Yan Commandery. When the monk reached Yongning the plot was discovered and reported; an edict ordered Zhang Yi and Yao Shu to conduct a joint inquiry. Liu Zheng, just arrived from the army, said, "The Song resented my operations at Xiangyang and meant to use this to kill me; I truly knew nothing of it." An edict ordered Liu Zheng to write a reply, rewarded him, and sent him back to the army; the Yongning monk and his accomplices were put to death. Branch secretariat associate Ali Haiya argued, "Xiangyang has been besieged long without falling; we should first attack Fancheng and cut off its relief." The court approved. The Muslim engineer Ismail invented a counterweight trebuchet and presented it; it required little effort yet cast very far, and an order sent it to the Xiangyang front for use.
28
使 退 使 使
On the yiyou new moon of the twelfth month an edict ordered route darughachis of prefectures, departments, and counties, while overseeing civilian chiefs, also to administer all army ordus. On dinghai day post stations were established at Suzhou and elsewhere. More than fifty thousand Dongping households were restored as Dongping Route. On xinchou day Prince Hulachu registered fugitive civilians in Goryeo; Goryeo's darughachi reported it, and an edict forbade the practice, saying Goryeo's people were still not settled. Song envoys discussing mutual trade were sent home to the south. On wuwu day Prince Nanmuhe of Beiping received twelve thousand nine hundred ninety-one army horses and sixty-one thousand five hundred thirty-one sheep, and Prince Tachar received military silks and cloth. On xinhai day Song general Zan Wanshou attacked Chengdu; branch secretariat Yan Zhongfan fought and lost, withdrew to the inner city, and associates Wang Shiying and seven others abandoned the city and fled. An edict declared that with the border city lost the fault lay with the chief commander; though Wang Shiying had fled he was pardoned, and only Yan Zhongfan was bound and brought to the capital. On guichou day the Arch Guard Office was promoted to the Arch Guard Direct Command Headquarters. That year registered households empire-wide numbered one million nine hundred fifty-five thousand eight hundred eighty. Empresses of former reigns and princes received gold, silver, silks, and cloth according to the annual precedent. Thirty-nine persons were sentenced to death. The Great Sage Longevity Wan'an Temple was built.
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