1
兵者，先王所以威天下，而折奪奸宄、戡定禍亂者也。 三代之制遠矣，漢、唐而下，其法變更不一。 大抵用得其道，則兵力富，而國勢強； 用失其宜，則兵力耗，而國勢弱。 故兵制之得失，國勢之盛衰系焉。
Warfare is what the sage kings of old employed to overawe the realm, to subdue treachery and villainy, and to quell rebellion and disorder. The military institutions of the Three Dynasties lie far in the past; from the Han and Tang dynasties onward, regulations changed repeatedly and without fixed pattern. When military power is applied rightly, forces grow plentiful and the state grows strong; when it is misapplied, forces are drained and the state grows weak. Thus the soundness of military institutions and the rise or fall of national power are inseparably linked.
2
考之國初，典兵之官，視兵數多寡，為爵秩崇卑，長萬夫者為萬戶，千夫者為千戶，百夫者為百戶。 世祖時，頗修官制，內立五衛，以總宿衛諸軍，衛設親軍都指揮使； 外則萬戶之下置總管，千戶之下置總把，百戶之下置彈壓，立樞密院以總之。 遇方面有警，則置行樞密院，事已則廢，而移都鎮撫司屬行省。 萬戶、千戶、百戶分上中下。 萬戶佩金虎符，符趺為伏虎形，首為明珠，而有三珠、二珠、一珠之別。 千戶金符，百戶銀符。 萬戶、千戶死陣者，子孫襲爵，死病則降一等。 總把、百戶老死，萬戶遷他官，皆不得襲。 是法尋廢，後無大小，皆世其官，獨以罪去者則否。
At the founding of the dynasty, military commanders were ranked by the size of the forces they led: commanders of ten thousand men held the title Commander of Ten Thousand Households; those of a thousand, Commander of a Thousand Households; those of a hundred, Commander of a Hundred Households. Under Emperor Shizu, the government substantially reorganized its institutions: five palace guards were established within the capital to command all imperial guard forces, each guard headed by a commander-in-chief of personal troops; in the field, chief administrators served under commanders of ten thousand households, chief captains under commanders of a thousand, and suppressors under commanders of a hundred; a Bureau of Military Affairs was created to supervise the whole system. When a frontier emergency arose, a traveling Bureau of Military Affairs was set up; once the crisis passed it was dissolved, and the Metropolitan Pacification Commission was placed under the traveling Secretariat. Commanders of ten thousand, a thousand, and a hundred households were each ranked in upper, middle, and lower grades. Commanders of ten thousand households carried golden tiger tallies: the base was shaped as a crouching tiger, the head bore a luminous pearl, and grades were distinguished by three, two, or one pearl. Commanders of a thousand households carried gold tallies; commanders of a hundred households carried silver tallies. When commanders of ten thousand or a thousand households fell in battle, their descendants inherited the rank; death from illness reduced the rank by one grade. Chief captains and commanders of a hundred households who died of old age, and commanders of ten thousand households who were transferred to other posts, could not pass their offices to heirs. This law was soon abandoned; thereafter offices at every rank became hereditary, except when an incumbent was removed for a crime.
3
若夫軍士，則初有蒙古軍、探馬赤軍。 蒙古軍皆國人，探馬赤軍則諸部族也。 其法，家有男子，十五以上、七十以下，無眾寡盡簽為兵。 十人為一牌，設牌頭，上馬則備戰鬥，下馬則屯聚牧養。 孩幼稍長，又籍之，曰漸丁軍。 既平中原，發民為卒，是為漢軍。 或以貧富為甲乙，戶出一人，曰獨戶軍，合二三而出一人，則為正軍戶，余為貼軍戶。 或以男丁論，嘗以二十丁出一卒，至元七年十丁出一卒。 或以戶論，二十戶出一卒，而限年二十以上者充。 士卒之家，為富商大賈，則又取一人，曰余丁軍，至十五年免。 或取匠為軍，曰匠軍。 或取諸侯將校之子弟充軍，曰質子軍，又曰禿魯華軍。 是皆多事之際，一時之制。
As for the soldiery, the dynasty initially fielded Mongol armies and tamachi cavalry. The Mongol armies were drawn from the ruling people; the tamachi from the various tribal confederations. Under this system, every household with males between fifteen and seventy was conscripted in full, regardless of how many sons it had. Ten men formed a platoon under a platoon head: mounted, they stood ready for combat; dismounted, they camped together to herd and raise livestock. As boys grew older they were registered again as gradually-maturing troops. After the conquest of China proper, Chinese subjects were drafted as soldiers—these were the Han armies. Households were sometimes graded by wealth: a single household supplying one soldier was a sole-household levy; when two or three households together supplied one man, one became the principal military household and the others supplementary military households. Sometimes the levy was calculated by adult males: originally one soldier per twenty males; in the seventh year of the Zhiyuan era, one per ten. Sometimes one soldier was levied from every twenty households, limited to men aged twenty or older. Soldier households that were wealthy merchants supplied an additional man as a surplus-male soldier, exempted after fifteen years of service. Artisans were sometimes conscripted as artisan soldiers. Sons and younger brothers of princely commanders were sometimes conscripted as hostage troops, also known as tulughachi troops. All of these were expedients of a turbulent age, not enduring institutions.
4
天下既平，嘗為軍者，定入尺籍伍符，不可更易。 詐增損丁產者，覺則更籍其實，而以印印之。 病死戍所者，百日外役次丁； 死陣者，復一年。 貧不能役，則聚而一之，曰合並； 貧甚者、老無子者，落其籍。 戶絕者，別以民補之。 奴得縱自便者，俾為其主貼軍。 其戶逃而還者，復三年，又逃者杖之，投他役者還籍。 其繼得宋兵，號新附軍。 又有遼東之糺軍、契丹軍、女直軍、高麗軍，雲南之寸白軍，福建之畬軍，則皆不出戍他方者，蓋鄉兵也。 又有以技名者，曰炮軍、弩軍、水手軍。 應募而集者，曰答剌罕軍。
Once the realm was pacified, former soldiers were entered permanently in military household registers and platoon tallies and could not be reassigned. Anyone who fraudulently altered the count of males or property was, when discovered, re-registered according to the true figures and marked with an official seal. If a soldier died of illness at a garrison, the next adult male in the household took his place after a hundred days. If he fell in battle, the household received a year's reprieve before the next male was called up. Households too poor to furnish a soldier were consolidated into one levy, called consolidation. The destitute and the elderly without sons were removed from the military register. When a military household died out, ordinary civilians were assigned to replace it. Slaves granted personal freedom were required to serve as supplementary soldiers for their former masters. Fugitive households that returned were granted three years' reprieve; a second flight brought corporal punishment; those who had taken up other labor service were restored to the military register. Song troops who submitted later were called the newly-submitted armies. In Liaodong there were Jiu, Khitan, Jurchen, and Korean troops; in Yunnan the Cunbai; in Fujian the She—all local forces that did not serve garrisons elsewhere, essentially militia. Others were named for specialized skills: artillery troops, crossbow troops, and naval troops. Volunteers who answered the call to arms were called darqan troops.
5
其名數，則有憲宗二年之籍、世祖至元八年之籍、十一年之籍，而新附軍有二十七年之籍。 以兵籍系軍機重務，漢人不閱其數。 雖樞密近臣職專軍旅者，惟長官一二人知之。 故有國百年，而內外兵數之多寡，人莫有知之者。
Their rolls included the register of the second year of Emperor Xianzong, those of the eighth and eleventh years of the Zhiyuan era under Emperor Shizu, and for the newly-submitted armies a register of the twenty-seventh year. Because military registers touched vital state secrets, Han officials were not permitted to review the troop counts. Even among the Bureau of Military Affairs' inner circle, whose sole charge was the armies, only one or two senior officials knew the true numbers. Thus for a century of rule, no one outside a tiny circle knew how large or small the dynasty's forces truly were.
6
今其典籍可考者，曰兵制，曰宿衛，曰鎮戍，而馬政、屯田、站赤、弓手、急遞鋪兵、鷹房捕獵，非兵而兵者，亦以類附焉，作《兵志》。 ○兵制
The surviving records are organized under military institutions, palace guard, and frontier garrisons; horse administration, military colonies, relay stations, archers, express couriers, and falconry hunting—matters not strictly military yet bound to it—are appended by category in these Military Treatises. ○ Military Institutions
7
七年七月，簽宣德、西京、平陽、太原、陜西五路人匠充軍，命各處管匠頭目，除織匠及和林建宮殿一切合幹人等外，應有回回、河西、漢兒匠人，並劄魯花赤及劄也、種田人等，通驗丁數，每二十人出軍一名。
In the seventh month of the seventh year, artisans from the circuits of Xuande, Western Capital, Pingyang, Taiyuan, and Shaanxi were drafted as soldiers. Local artisan overseers were ordered to register all Muslim, Hexi, and Han craftsmen, together with darughachi, zhalughachi, and farmers—excluding weavers and those building palaces at Karakorum—and to levy one soldier from every twenty adult males.
8
八年七月，詔：「燕京路保州等處，每二十戶簽軍一名，令答不葉兒統領出軍。 真定、河間、邢州、大名、太原等路，除先簽軍人外，於斷事官忽都虎新籍民戶三十七萬二千九百七十二人數內，每二十丁起軍一名，亦令屬答不葉兒領之。」
In the seventh month of the eighth year, an edict declared: "In Baozhou and elsewhere in the Yanjing Circuit, levy one soldier from every twenty households and place them under Tabuyir's command for campaign. In the circuits of Zhending, Hejian, Xingzhou, Daming, Taiyuan, and others, apart from men already conscripted, levy one soldier from every twenty adult males among the 372,972 persons in the new civilian register of the judicial officer Huduhu, and assign them likewise to Tabuyir's command."
9
十三年八月，諭總管萬戶劉黑馬，據斜烈奏，忽都虎等元籍諸路民戶一百萬四千六百五十六戶，除逃戶外，有七十二萬三千九百一十戶，隨路總簽軍一十萬五千四百七十一名，點數過九萬七千五百七十五人，余因近年蝗旱，民力艱難，往往在逃。 有旨，今後止驗見在民戶簽軍，仍命逃戶復業者免三年軍役。
In the eighth month of the thirteenth year, Chief Administrator Commander Liu Heima was instructed that, per Xielie's memorial, Huduhu had originally registered 1,004,656 civilian households across the circuits; excluding fugitives, 723,910 remained. A total of 105,471 soldiers were conscripted, but muster rolls showed only 97,575 present—the rest, worn down by recent locust plagues and drought, had fled. The throne ordered that henceforth conscription would be based only on households actually present, and fugitives who returned to farming would be exempt from military service for three years.
10
三年三月，詔：「真定、彰德、邢州、洺磁、東平、大名、平陽、太原、衛輝、懷孟等路各處，有舊屬按劄兒、孛羅、笑乃<角┦>、闊闊不花、不裏合拔都兒等官所管探馬赤軍人，乙卯歲籍為民戶，亦有簽充軍者。 若壬寅、甲寅兩次簽定軍，已入籍冊者，令隨各萬戶依舊出征； 其或未嘗為軍，及蒙古、漢人民戶內作數者，悉簽為軍。」 六月，以軍士訴貧乏者眾，命貧富相兼應役，實有不能自存者優恤三年。 十月，諭山東東路經略司：「益都路匠軍已前曾經簽把者，可遵別路之例，俾令從軍。」 以鳳翔府屯田軍人準充平陽軍數，仍於鳳翔屯田，勿遣從軍。 刁國器所管重簽軍九百一十五人，即日放罷為民。 陜西行省言：「士卒戍金州者，諸奧魯已嘗服役，今重勞苦。」 詔罷之。 並罷山東、大名、河南諸路新簽防城戍卒。
In the third month of the third year, an edict declared: "In Zhending, Zhangde, Xingzhou, Luoci, Dongping, Daming, Pingyang, Taiyuan, Weihui, Huaimeng, and other circuits, tamachi soldiers formerly under commanders such as Anzar, Boluo, Xiaonaijiao, Kuokuobuhua, and Bulihebaduer had been registered as civilians in the yimao year; some had also been drafted as soldiers. Those entered in the registers from the renyin and jiayin conscriptions should march under their respective commanders of ten thousand households as before; those who have never served, and any counted within Mongol or Han civilian households, are all to be conscripted." In the sixth month, because many soldiers petitioned about poverty, the court ordered that rich and poor households share the burden of service, and those genuinely unable to support themselves received three years' relief. In the tenth month, the Eastern Shandong Pacification Commission was told: "Artisan soldiers of the Yidu Circuit previously drafted as platoon heads should follow other circuits' precedent and be required to serve on campaign." Military-colony troops of Fengxiang Prefecture were counted toward Pingyang's quota but were to remain at Fengxiang on colony duty and not be sent on campaign. The 915 men doubly conscripted under Diao Guoqi were immediately discharged and restored to civilian status. The Shaanxi Branch Secretariat reported: "The soldiers garrisoning Jinchuan—their home ordu have already served; they are now doubly overburdened." An edict ordered the arrangement discontinued. Newly conscripted wall-defense garrisons in Shandong, Daming, Henan, and other circuits were also abolished.
11
四年二月，詔：「統軍司及管軍萬戶、千戶等，可遵太祖之制，令各官以子弟入朝充禿魯花。」 其制：萬戶，禿魯花一名，馬一十匹，牛二具，種田人四名。 千戶見管軍五百或五百已上者，禿魯花一名，馬六匹，牛一具，種田人二名。 雖所管軍不及五百，其家富強子弟健壯者，亦出禿魯花一名，馬匹、牛具、種田人同。 萬戶、千戶子弟充禿魯花者，挈其妻子同至，從人不拘定數，馬匹、牛具，除定去數目已上，復增余者聽。 若有貧乏不能自備者，於本萬戶內不該出禿魯花之人，通行津濟起發，不得因而科及眾軍。 萬戶、千戶或無親子、或親子幼弱未及成人者，以弟侄充，候親子年及十五，卻行交換。 若委有親子，不得隱匿代替，委有氣力，不得妄稱貧乏，及雖到來，氣力卻有不完者，並罪之。 是月，帝以太宗舊制，設官分職，軍民之事，各有所司。 後多故之際，不暇分別，命阿海充都元帥，專於北京、東京、平灤、懿州、蓋州路管領見管軍人，凡民間之事毋得預焉。 五月，立樞密院，凡蒙古、漢軍並聽樞密節制。 統軍司、都元帥府，除遇邊面緊急事務就便調度外，其軍情一切大小公事，並須申覆。 合設奧魯官，並從樞密院設置。 七月，詔免河南保甲丁壯、射生軍三千四百四十一戶雜泛科差，專令守把巡哨。 八月，諭成都路行樞密院：「近年軍人多逃亡事故者，可於各奧魯內盡實簽補，自乙卯年定入軍籍之數，悉簽起赴軍。」 十一月，女直、水達達及乞烈賓地合簽鎮守軍，命亦裏不花簽三千人，付塔匣來領之； 並達魯花赤官之子及其餘近上戶內，亦令簽軍，聽亦裏不花節制。
In the second month of the fourth year, an edict declared: "The Army Command and all commanders of ten thousand and a thousand households shall follow the Grand Ancestor's institution and send their sons and younger brothers to court as tulughachi hostages." The regulations: each commander of ten thousand households supplied one tulughachi, ten horses, two teams of oxen, and four farmers. A commander of a thousand households with five hundred or more troops under him supplied one tulughachi, six horses, one team of oxen, and two farmers. Even commanders with fewer than five hundred troops, if their families were wealthy and their sons robust, also supplied one tulughachi with the same horses, oxen, and farmers. Sons serving as tulughachi brought their wives and children; attendants were unlimited; horses and oxen beyond the stipulated quota were permitted. If a family could not afford the equipment, others in the same command of ten thousand households who were not required to supply tulughachi were to assist them—but no levy could be imposed on the rank and file. Commanders without sons, or whose sons were still minors, sent younger brothers or nephews in their place; when a son reached fifteen, the exchange was made. Those who concealed a son and sent a substitute, falsely claimed poverty when able-bodied, or arrived unfit for service—all were to be punished. That month the Emperor restored Taizong's practice of separate offices for military and civilian administration. Later, amid constant emergencies, the distinction lapsed; Ahai was appointed Grand Marshal to command troops in the circuits of Northern Capital, Eastern Capital, Pingluan, Yizhou, and Gaizhou alone, with no authority over civilian affairs. In the fifth month the Bureau of Military Affairs was established; all Mongol and Han forces came under its authority. The Army Command and Grand Marshal's headquarters could act on their own only in frontier emergencies; all other military business required approval from above. Ordu officials were to be established under the Bureau of Military Affairs. In the seventh month, an edict exempted 3,441 Henan baojia and shooting-troop households from miscellaneous levies, assigning them solely to garrison and patrol duty. In the eighth month, the traveling Bureau at Chengdu was told: "Many soldiers have fled or died in recent years; each ordu should make up the full quota from those entered in the military register in the yimao year and send them to the armies." In the eleventh month, Jurchen, Suichen, and Qiliebin territories jointly conscripted garrison troops; Yilibuhua was ordered to draft three thousand men for Taxialai to command; sons of darughachi officials and other leading households were also conscripted, all under Yilibuhua's authority.
12
至元二年八月，陜西五路西蜀四川行省言：「新簽軍七千人，若發民戶，恐致擾亂。 今鞏昌已有舊軍三千，諸路軍二千，余二千人亦不必發民戶，當以便宜起補。」 從之。 十一月，省院官議，收到私走間道、盜販馬匹、曾過南界人三千八百四戶，悉令充軍，以一千九百七十八人與山東路統軍司，一千人與蔡州萬戶，余八百二十六戶，有旨留之軍中。
In the eighth month of the second year of Zhiyuan, the Branch Secretariat for Shaanxi's five circuits and Western Shu and Sichuan reported: "The seven thousand newly conscripted soldiers—if we levy civilian households, we fear widespread disruption. Gongchang already has three thousand veteran troops and the circuits two thousand; the remaining two thousand need not come from civilians but should be filled as circumstances permit." The court approved. In the eleventh month, provincial and central officials decided that 3,804 persons caught smuggling horses along secret routes and crossing the southern border would all be conscripted—1,978 to the Shandong Army Command, 1,000 to the Caizhou commander of ten thousand households; the remaining 826 households were ordered kept in military service.
13
三年七月，添內外巡軍，外路每百戶選中產者一人充之，其賦令余戶代輸，在都增武衛軍四百。
In the seventh month of the third year, patrol forces were expanded: in the provinces one man of middle means was selected per hundred households, with other households paying his taxes; four hundred Martial Guard troops were added in the capital.
14
四年正月，簽蒙古軍，每戶二丁、三丁者一人，四丁、五丁者二人，六丁、七丁者三人。 二月，詔遣官簽平陽、太原人戶為軍，除軍、站、僧、道、也裏可溫、答失蠻、儒人等戶外，於系官、投下民戶、運司戶、人匠、打捕鷹房、金銀鐵冶、丹粉錫碌等，不以是何戶計，驗酌中戶內丁多堪當人戶，簽軍二千人，定立百戶、牌子頭，前赴陜西五路西蜀四川行中書省所轄東川出征。 復於京兆、延安兩路簽軍一千人，如平陽、太原例。 五月，詔：「河南路驗酌中戶內丁多堪當軍人戶，簽軍四百二十名，歸之樞密院，俾從軍，復其徭役。 南京路，除邳州、南宿州外，依中書省分間定應簽軍人戶，驗丁數，簽軍二千五百八十名，管領出征。」 十二月，簽女直、水達達軍三千人。
In the first month of the fourth year, Mongol troops were conscripted: households with two or three adult males supplied one soldier; with four or five, two; with six or seven, three. In the second month, officials were sent to draft soldiers from Pingyang and Taiyuan. Exempt were military, relay, monastic, Nestorian, Muslim, and Confucian households; from government, appanage, transport, artisan, hunting, mining, and similar households—regardless of category—two thousand men were selected from middle households with the most able-bodied sons, organized under commanders of a hundred households and platoon heads, and sent to campaign in Eastern Chuan under the Shaanxi-Sichuan Branch Secretariat. Another thousand were drafted from the Jingzhao and Yan'an circuits on the same terms as Pingyang and Taiyuan. In the fifth month, an edict declared: "In the Henan Circuit, select 420 soldiers from middle households with the most able-bodied sons, assign them to the Bureau of Military Affairs for campaign, and restore their corvée obligations. In the Nanjing Circuit, excluding Pizhou and Nansuzhou, levy 2,580 soldiers from households designated by the Secretariat, verified by adult male count, and lead them on campaign." In the twelfth month, three thousand Jurchen and Suichen troops were conscripted.
15
五年閏正月，詔益都李亶元簽軍，仍依舊數充役。 二月，詔諸路奧魯毋隸總管府，別設總押所官，聽樞密院節制。 六月，省臣議：「簽起禿魯花官員，皆已遷轉，或物故黜退者，於內復有貧難蒙古人氏，除隨路總管府達魯花赤、總管及掌兵萬戶，合令應當，其次官員禿魯花，宜放罷，其自願留質者聽之。」 十月，禁長軍之官不得侵漁士卒，違者論罪。 十一月，簽山東、河南沿邊州城民戶為軍，遇征進，則選有力之家同元守邊城漢軍一體出征，其無力之家代守邊城及屯田勾當。
In the intercalary first month of the fifth year, an edict ordered that Li Tan's originally conscripted Yidu troops continue serving at their former strength. In the second month, an edict placed all circuit ordu under separate chief-guard offices answerable to the Bureau of Military Affairs, not to general administrations. In the sixth month, provincial ministers recommended: "Among tulughachi previously conscripted, many officers have been transferred, died, or dismissed, leaving poor Mongols in hardship. Only darughachi, chief administrators, and commanders of ten thousand households should remain obliged; other officials' tulughachi should be released, though those who wish to stay as hostages may do so." In the tenth month, officers were forbidden to exploit their soldiers; violators were prosecuted. In the eleventh month, frontier civilian households in Shandong and Henan were conscripted: on campaign, wealthy households marched with the original Han frontier garrisons; poor households garrisoned the walls and worked military colonies in their place.
16
六年二月，簽懷孟、衛輝路丁多人戶充軍，益都、淄萊所轄登、萊州李鋋舊軍內，起簽一萬人，差官部領出征。 其淄萊路所轄淄、萊等處有非李鋋舊管者，簽五百二十六人，其餘諸色人戶，亦令酌驗丁數，簽軍起遣，至軍前赴役。 十月，從山東路統軍司言，應系逃軍未獲者，令其次親丁代役，身死軍人亦令親丁代補，無親丁則以少壯驅丁代之。
In the second month of the sixth year, soldiers were drafted from households with many sons in the Huaimeng and Weihui circuits; ten thousand men were raised from Li Zhen's old Deng and Laizhou troops under Yidu and Zilai, and officials were sent to lead them on campaign. In Zibo, Laizhou, and elsewhere in the Zilai Circuit outside Li Zhen's former command, 526 men were drafted; other households of every category were likewise to furnish soldiers according to their adult male count and send them to the front. In the tenth month, following the Shandong Army Command's recommendation, fugitives not yet captured were replaced by the next closest adult male relative; dead soldiers were likewise replaced by relatives, or by young bonded servants if no relatives were available.
17
七年三月，定軍官等級，萬戶、千戶、百戶、總把以軍士為差。 六月，成都府括民三萬一千七十五戶，簽義士軍八千六十七人。 七月，分揀隨路炮手軍。 始太祖、太宗征討之際，於隨路取發，並攻破州縣，招收鐵木金火等人匠充炮手，管領出征，壬子年俱作炮手附籍。 中統四年揀定，除正軍當役外，其餘戶與民一體當差。 後為出軍正戶煩難，至元四年取元充炮手民戶津貼，其間有能與不能者，影占不便，至是分揀之。
In the third month of the seventh year, military ranks were fixed: commanders of ten thousand, a thousand, and a hundred households and chief captains were graded by the number of troops under their command. In the sixth month, Chengdu Prefecture registered 31,075 civilian households and drafted 8,067 volunteer soldiers. In the seventh month, artillery soldiers from the various circuits were sorted and reassigned. When the Grand Ancestor and Taizong first campaigned, artillerymen were levied from each circuit; captured towns supplied ironworkers, carpenters, metallurgists, and pyrotechnicians who marched with the armies. In the renyi year all were registered as artillery households. In the fourth year of Zhongtong the rolls were fixed: apart from principal military households on active duty, the rest bore corvée like ordinary civilians. Later, because principal campaign households found the burden onerous, in the fourth year of Zhiyuan subsidies were drawn from former artillery households; since some were skilled and others not, and false registration caused trouble, they were now sorted and reassigned.
18
八年二月，以瓜州、沙州鷹房三百人充軍。
In the second month of the eighth year, three hundred falconry keepers from Guazhou and Shazhou were conscripted as soldiers.
19
九年正月，河南省請益兵，敕諸路簽軍三萬，詔元帥府、統軍司、總管萬戶府閱實軍籍。 二月，命阿術典行省蒙古軍，劉整、阿裏海牙典漢軍。 四月，詔：「諸路軍戶驅丁，除至元六年前從良入民籍者當差。 七年後，凡從良文書寫從便為民者，亦如之。 余雖從良，並令津助本戶軍役。」 七月，閱大都、京兆等處探馬赤戶名籍。 九月，詔樞密：「諸路正軍貼戶及同籍親戚僮奴，丁年堪役，依諸王權要以避役者，並還之軍，惟匠藝精巧者以名聞。」 十二月，命府州司縣達魯花赤及治民長官，不妨本職，兼管諸軍奧魯。 各路總管府達魯花赤、總管，別給宣命印信，府州司縣達魯花赤長官止給印信，任滿則別具解由，申樞密院。
In the first month of the ninth year, Henan Province requested reinforcements; thirty thousand soldiers were conscripted from the circuits, and the Marshal's headquarters, Army Command, and commanders of ten thousand households were ordered to verify the military registers. In the second month, Aju was placed in command of the Branch Secretariat's Mongol forces, and Liu Zheng and Alihaiya in command of the Han forces. In the fourth month, an edict declared: "Bonded servants of military households in the various circuits, except those who obtained freedom and entered civilian registers before the sixth year of Zhiyuan, shall bear corvée. After the seventh year, those who obtained freedom with documents permitting civilian status were treated the same way. The rest, even if freed, were still required to support their original households' military obligations." In the seventh month, tamachi household registers in the Great Capital, Jingzhao, and elsewhere were reviewed. In the ninth month, the Bureau of Military Affairs was ordered: "Principal and supplementary military households, and relatives, servants, and slaves on the same register, of serviceable age, who evaded duty under princely protection—all are to be returned to the armies; only those with exceptional artisan skill may be reported by name." In the twelfth month, darughachi and civil administrators at prefectural and county level were ordered, without neglecting their regular duties, to oversee military ordu as well. Darughachi and chief administrators of circuit general administrations received separate imperial appointment seals; prefectural and county darughachi received seals only; on completing their terms they filed discharge documents with the Bureau of Military Affairs.
20
十年正月，合剌請於渠江之北雲門山及嘉陵西岸虎頭山立二戍，以其圖來上，仍乞益兵二萬，敕給京兆新簽軍五千人益之。 陜西京兆、延安、鳳翔三路諸色人戶，約六萬戶內，簽軍六千。 五月，禁乾討虜人，其願充軍者，於萬戶、千戶內結成牌甲，與大軍一體征進。 八月，禁軍吏之長舉債，不得重取其息，以損軍力，違者罪之。 九月，襄陽生券軍至都釋械系免死，聽自立部伍，俾征日本，仍於蒙古、漢人內選官率領之。
In the first month of the tenth year, Hela proposed two garrisons at Yunmen Mountain north of the Qu River and Hutou Mountain on the Jialing's west bank, submitted his map, and requested twenty thousand reinforcements; five thousand newly conscripted soldiers from Jingzhao were ordered as reinforcement. From roughly sixty thousand households of every category in the Jingzhao, Yan'an, and Fengxiang circuits, six thousand soldiers were drafted. In the fifth month, freebooting was forbidden; those willing to enlist were organized into platoons under commanders of ten thousand and a thousand households and marched with the main armies. In the eighth month, military officers were forbidden to lend money at usurious rates to their men, weakening the forces; violators were prosecuted. In the ninth month, Xiangyang life-certificate troops reached the capital, were disarmed and spared execution, allowed to form their own units for the Japan campaign, with Mongol and Han officers selected to lead them.
21
十一年正月，初立軍官以功升散官格。 五月，便宜總帥府言：「本路軍經今四十年間，或死或逃，無丁不能起補，見在軍少，乞選擇堪與不堪丁力，放罷貧乏無丁者，於民站內別選充役。」 從之。 詔延安府、沙井、凈州等處種田白達達戶，選其可充軍者，簽起出征。 六月，潁州屯田總管李珣言：「近為簽軍事，乞依徐、邳州屯田例，每三丁內，一丁防城，二丁納糧，可簽丁壯七百餘人，並元撥保甲丁壯，令珣通領，鎮守潁州，代見屯納合監戰軍馬別用。」 從之。
In the first month of the eleventh year, regulations were first established for promoting military officers to honorary ranks according to merit. In the fifth month, the Convenient Grand Marshal's headquarters reported: "Over forty years our circuit's troops have died or fled; without sons we cannot fill the ranks, and our forces are thin. We ask to assess fitness, release poor households without sons, and select replacements from civilian relay households." The court approved. An edict ordered that farming White Tatar households in Yan'an, Shajing, Jingzhou, and elsewhere who were fit for service be drafted and sent on campaign. In the sixth month, Li Xun, chief of the Yingzhou military colony, reported: "Because of recent conscription, we ask to follow the Xu and Pizhou precedent: of every three adult males, one garrisons the walls and two pay grain tax. We can draft over seven hundred able-bodied men plus the assigned baojia men, place them under my command to garrison Yingzhou, replace present colony grain payments, and supply war horses separately." The court approved.
22
十二年三月，遣官往遼東，簽揀蒙古達魯花赤、千戶、百戶等官子弟出軍。 詔隨處所置襄陽生券軍之為農者，或自願充軍，具數以聞。 五月，正陽萬戶劉復亨言：「新下江南三十餘城，俱守以兵，及江北、淮南、潤、揚等處未降，軍力分散，調度不給，以致鎮巢軍、滁州兩處復叛。 乞簽河西等戶為軍，並力剿除，庶無後患。」 有旨，命肅州達魯花赤，並遣使同往驗各色戶計物力富強者簽起之。 六月，簽平陽、西京、延安等路達魯花赤弟男為軍。 萊州酒稅官王貞等上言：「國家討平殘宋，吊伐為事，何嘗以賄利為心。 彼不紹事業小人，貪圖貨利，作乾討虜名目，侵掠彼地，所得人口，悉皆貨賣，以充酒食之費，勝則無益朝廷，敗則實為辱國。 其招討司所收乾討虜人，可悉罷之，第其高下，籍為正軍，命各萬戶管領征進，一則得其實用，二則正王師吊伐之名，實為便益。」 從之。
In the third month of the twelfth year, officials were sent to Liaodong to draft the sons and younger brothers of Mongol darughachi, thousand-household commanders, hundred-household commanders, and other officers. An edict ordered that Xiangyang life-certificate soldiers farming throughout the realm who wished to enlist report their numbers. In the fifth month, Liu Fuheng, the Zhengyang commander of ten thousand households, reported: "Over thirty newly taken Jiangnan cities are all under garrison. With north-of-the-River, Huainan, Runzhou, and Yangzhou still unredeemed, our forces are spread thin and supplies cannot keep pace, and Zhenchao Army and Chuzhou have rebelled again. We ask to draft households from Hexi and elsewhere as soldiers, combine forces to wipe them out, and forestall further trouble." The throne ordered the Suzhou darughachi and envoys to inspect households of every category, assess their means, and draft the wealthy. In the sixth month, younger brothers and sons of darughachi in the Pingyang, Xijing, Yan'an, and other circuits were drafted. Wang Zhen and other Laizhou wine-tax officials memorialized: "The state campaigned against the remnant Song to punish wrongdoing—never to chase bribes and profit. Petty men who betray the enterprise, greedy for gain, raid under the name of freebooting captors and sell every captive for wine and food. Victory brings the court no benefit; defeat brings real disgrace upon the realm. The freebooters under the Pacification Commission should all be disbanded, ranked, registered as regular soldiers, and placed under commanders of ten thousand households for campaign—both to make them useful and to restore the royal army's name as a punitive force. The benefit would be real." The court approved.
23
十四年正月，詔：「上都、隆興、西京、北京四路編民捕獵等戶，簽選丁壯軍二千人，防守上都。」 中書省議：「從各路搭配，二十五戶內取軍一名，選善騎射者充，官給行資中統鈔一錠，仍自備鞍馬衣裝器仗，編立牌甲，差官部領，前來赴役。」 十二月，樞密院臣言：「收附亡宋州城，新附請糧官軍，並通事馬軍人等，軍官不肯存恤，多逃散者，乞招誘之。」 命左丞陳巖等，分揀堪當軍役者，收系充軍，依舊例月支錢糧。 其生券不堪當軍者，官給牛具糧食，屯田種養。
In the first month of the fourteenth year, an edict ordered two thousand able-bodied soldiers drafted from registered civilian and hunting households in the Shangdu, Longxing, Xijing, and Bejing circuits to garrison Shangdu. The Secretariat proposed drafting one soldier from every twenty-five households across the circuits, selecting skilled riders and archers, granting one ingot of Zhongtong paper money for travel, requiring them to furnish saddles, horses, gear, and arms, organizing them into platoons under appointed officers, and sending them to serve. In the twelfth month, officials of the Bureau of Military Affairs reported: "In newly taken former Song cities, grain-requisition troops, interpreter cavalry, and others have scattered because officers failed to care for them. We ask permission to recruit them back." Left Assistant Director Chen Yan and others were ordered to sort out those fit for service, enroll them as soldiers, and pay monthly stipends and grain as before. Life-certificate holders unfit for military duty were given oxen, tools, and grain by the state and assigned to military-colony farming.
24
十五年正月，定軍官承襲之制。 凡軍官之有功者升其秩，元受之職，令他有功者居之，不得令子侄復代。 陣亡者始得承襲，病死者降一等。 總把、百戶老病死，不在承襲之例。 凡將校臨陣中傷、還營病創者，亦令與陣亡之人一體承襲。 禁長軍之官不恤士卒，及士卒亡命避役，侵擾初附百姓者，俱有罪。 雲南行省言：「雲南舊屯駐蒙古軍甚少，遂取漸長成丁怯困都等軍，以備出征。 雲南闊遠，多未降之地，必須用兵，已簽爨、僰人一萬為軍，續取新降落落、和泥等人，亦令充軍。 然其人與中原不同，若赴別地出征，必致逃匿，宜令就各所居一方未降處用之。」 九月，並軍士。 初，至元九年簽軍三萬，止擇精銳年壯者，不復問其貲產，且無貼戶之助，歲久多貧乏不堪。 樞密院臣奏，宜縱為民，遂並為一萬五千。 諸軍戶投充諸侯王怯憐口、人匠，或托為別戶以避其役者，復令為軍，有良匠則別而出之。 樞密臣又言：「至元八年，於各路軍之為富商大賈者一百四十三戶，各增一軍，號余丁軍。 今東平等路諸奧魯總管府言，往往人死產乏，不能充二軍，乞免余丁充役者。」 制可。 十二月，樞密院官議：「諸軍官在軍籍者，除百戶、總把權準軍役，其元帥、招討、萬戶、總管、千戶或首領官，俱合再當正軍一名。」
In the first month of the fifteenth year, regulations governing hereditary succession for military officers were established. Meritorious officers were promoted in rank, but their original posts went to other men of merit; sons and nephews could not succeed them. Hereditary succession was granted only to those killed in battle; death from illness reduced the inheritable rank by one grade. Platoon leaders and hundred-household commanders who died of old age or illness were not eligible for hereditary succession. Officers wounded in battle or who died of wounds after returning to camp were granted the same hereditary succession as those killed in action. Senior officers who failed to care for their men, and soldiers who deserted to evade service and harassed newly submitted civilians, were all subject to punishment. The Yunnan Branch Secretariat reported: "Very few Mongol troops had been stationed in Yunnan, so gradually maturing men from the Qiedundu and other units were drafted for campaign. Yunnan is vast and remote, with much territory still unredeemed, so troops are essential. Ten thousand Cuan and Bo people have already been drafted, and newly submitted tribes and Hemi people were also ordered to serve. But these people differ from those of the Central Plains; if sent to campaign elsewhere they will surely desert. They should be used against unsubjugated territory near their own homes." In the ninth month, troops were consolidated. Initially, in the ninth year of Zhiyuan thirty thousand soldiers had been drafted, selecting only the elite and young without regard to property and without supplementary household support. Over the years many had fallen into poverty and could not sustain service. Officials of the Bureau of Military Affairs recommended releasing them to civilian status, and the rolls were consolidated to fifteen thousand. Military households who had entered princely service as qielian dependents or artisans, or who registered under other households to evade duty, were returned to military service; skilled artisans were separately exempted. Officials of the Bureau of Military Affairs added: "In the eighth year of Zhiyuan, one hundred forty-three wealthy merchant military households across the circuits each had an additional soldier added, called surplus-adult soldiers. Now the ordu chief administrators of Dongping and other circuits report that deaths and depleted estates often leave households unable to supply two soldiers, and ask that surplus-adult service be waived." The court approved. In the twelfth month, officials of the Bureau of Military Affairs ruled: "Officers on the military registers—except hundred-household commanders and platoon leaders, who provisionally count as fulfilling service—marshals, pacification commissioners, commanders of ten thousand households, chief administrators, thousand-household commanders, and chief officers must each additionally supply one principal soldier."
25
十六年正月，罷五翼探馬赤重役軍。 三月，括兩淮造回回炮新附軍匠六百人，及蒙古、回回、漢人、新附人能造炮者，至京師。 五月，淮西道宣慰司官昂吉兒請招諭亡宋通事軍，俾屬之麾下。 初，亡宋多招納北地蒙古人為通事軍，遇之甚厚，每戰皆列於前行，願效死力。 及宋亡，無所歸。 朝議欲編入版籍未暇也，人人疑懼，皆不自安。 至是，昂吉兒請招集，列之行伍，以備征戍。 從之。 九月，詔河西地未簽軍之官，及富強戶有物力者，簽軍六百人。 十月，壽州等處招討使李鐵哥，請召募有罪亡命之人充軍，其言：「使功不如使過。 始南宋未平時，蒙古、諸色人等，因得罪皆亡命往依焉，今已平定，尚逃匿林藪。 若釋其罪而用之，必能效力，無不一當十者矣。」 十一月，罷太原、平陽、西京、延安路新簽軍還籍。
In the first month of the sixteenth year, the heavy-corvée troops of the five tamachi wings were abolished. In the third month, six hundred newly submitted Two Huai artisans who made Muslim artillery were rounded up, along with Mongols, Muslims, Han, and newly submitted men skilled in artillery-making, and sent to the capital. In the fifth month, Angir of the Huaixi Circuit Pacification Commission asked to recruit former Song interpreter troops and place them under his command. Formerly the fallen Song had widely recruited northern Mongols as interpreter troops, treated them generously, placed them in the front ranks in every battle, and they fought willingly unto death. When the Song fell, they had nowhere to go. The court had planned to enroll them in the registers but had not yet done so; they were all anxious and unsettled. At this point Angir asked to gather them, organize them into ranks, and prepare them for campaign and garrison duty. The court approved. In the ninth month, an edict ordered officials in Hexi not yet drafted and prosperous households with means to supply six hundred soldiers. In the tenth month, Li Tiege, Pacification Commissioner of Shouzhou and elsewhere, asked to recruit convicted fugitives as soldiers, saying: "It is better to use a man's fault than his merit. Before the Southern Song was pacified, Mongols and men of every category who had offended fled north to join them. Now the realm is settled, yet they still hide in the wilds. If their crimes are pardoned and they are put to use, they will serve with all their strength—each worth ten ordinary men." In the eleventh month, newly drafted soldiers from the Taiyuan, Pingyang, Xijing, and Yan'an circuits were released and returned to their home registers.
26
十七年七月，詔江淮諸路招集答剌罕軍。 初平江南，募死士願從軍者，號答剌罕，屬之劉萬戶麾下。 南北既混一，復散之，其人皆無所歸，率群聚剽掠。 至是，命諸路招集之，令萬奴部領如故，聽範左丞、李拔都二人節制。
In the seventh month of the seventeenth year, an edict ordered the Jianghuai circuits to gather the darqan troops. When Jiangnan was first pacified, volunteers willing to die for the cause were recruited as darqan and placed under Commander Liu of ten thousand households. Once north and south were unified, they were dispersed again; with nowhere to go, they banded together to plunder. At this point the circuits were ordered to gather them; Wan Nu was to lead them as before, under the supervision of Left Assistant Director Fan and Li Badu.
27
十八年二月，並貧乏軍人三萬戶為一萬五千，取帖戶津帖正軍充役。 四月，置蒙古、漢人、新附軍總管。 六月，樞密院議：「正軍貧乏無丁者，令富強丁多帖戶權充正軍應役，驗正軍物力，卻令津濟貼戶，其正軍仍為軍頭如故。 或正軍實系單丁者，許傭雇練習之人應役，丁多者不得傭雇，軍官亦不得以親從人代之。」
In the second month of the eighteenth year, thirty thousand impoverished military households were consolidated to fifteen thousand, with supplementary households subsidizing principal soldiers on active duty. In the fourth month, chief administrators were appointed for the Mongol, Han, and newly submitted armies. In the sixth month, the Bureau of Military Affairs ruled: "Where principal soldiers are poor and without sons, prosperous supplementary households with many adult males may provisionally serve in their place; the principal soldier's property is assessed and used to subsidize the supplementary household, while the principal soldier remains the military head. Where a principal soldier truly has only one adult male, he may hire a trained substitute; those with many sons may not hire substitutes, and officers may not use relatives or followers in their place."
28
十九年二月，諸侯王阿只吉遣使言：「探馬赤軍凡九處出征，各奧魯內復征雜泛徭役，不便。」 詔免之，並詔有司毋重役軍戶。 六月，禁長軍之官，毋得占役士卒。 散定海答剌罕軍還各營，及歸戍城邑。 十月，簽發漸丁軍士。 遵舊制，家止一丁者不作數，凡二丁至五丁、六丁之家，止存一人，餘皆充軍。
In the second month of the nineteenth year, Prince Ajiji reported through envoys: "Tamachi troops have campaigned in nine places, yet each ordu still levies miscellaneous corvée—this is burdensome." An edict granted the exemption and ordered officials not to impose heavy corvée on military households. In the sixth month, senior officers were forbidden to press soldiers into private service. The Dinghai darqan troops were dispersed to their camps and returned to garrison duty in cities and towns. In the tenth month, gradually maturing adult males were drafted for military service. Under the old regulations, single-son households did not count; households with two to five or six adult males kept one son at home and drafted the rest.
29
二十年二月，命各處行樞密院造新附軍籍冊。 六月，從丞相伯顏議，所括宋手號軍八萬三千六百人，立牌甲，設官以統之。 十月，定出征軍人亡命之罪，為首者斬，余令減死一等。
In the second month of the twentieth year, regional bureaus of military affairs were ordered to compile registers of newly submitted troops. In the sixth month, following Chancellor Bayan's proposal, eighty-three thousand six hundred rounded-up Song hand-marked troops were organized into platoons under appointed officers. In the tenth month, penalties for desertion on campaign were fixed: ringleaders were beheaded, the rest had their death sentences reduced by one grade.
30
二十一年八月，江東道僉事馬奉訓言：「劉萬奴乾討虜軍，私相糾合，結為徒黨，張弓挾矢，或詐稱使臣，莫若散之各翼萬戶、千戶、百戶、牌甲內管領為便。」 省院官以聞，有旨，可令問此軍：「欲從脫歡出征虜掠耶？ 欲且放散還家耶？」 回奏：「眾軍皆言，自圍襄樊渡江以來，與國效力，願令還家少息。」 遂從之。 籍亡宋手記軍。 宋時有是軍，死則以兄弟若子承代。 有旨，依漢軍例籍之，毋涅其手。
In the eighth month of the twenty-first year, Ma Fengxun, Commissioner of the Jiangdong Circuit, reported: "Commander Liu's freebooting troops band together, draw bows, and sometimes pose as envoys. They should be dispersed among the wings, commanders of ten thousand, thousand, and hundred households, and platoons for proper control." Provincial and bureau officials reported this; the throne ordered the troops asked: "Do you wish to follow Toghon on campaign to plunder? Or do you wish to be dispersed and sent home for now?" They reported back: "The troops say that since the siege of Xiangyang and Fan and the crossing of the River they have served the state faithfully and ask to be sent home for a brief rest." The court approved. The former Song hand-record troops were registered. Under the Song this corps existed; when a soldier died, a brother or son took his place. An edict ordered them registered under Han army regulations, without hand-tattooing.
31
二十二年正月，立行樞密院於江南三省，其各處行省見管軍馬悉以付焉。 九月，詔福建黃華畬軍，有恒產者放為民，無恒產與妻子者編為守城軍。 征交趾蒙古軍五百人、漢軍二千人，除留蒙古軍百人、漢軍四百人，為鎮南王脫歡宿衛，余悉遣還，別以江淮行樞密院蒙古軍戍江西。 十月，從月的迷失言，以乾討虜軍七百人，籍名數，立牌甲，命將官之無軍者領之。 十一月，御史臺臣言：「昔宋以無室家壯士為鹽軍，內附之初，有五千人，除征占城運糧死亡者，今存一千一百二十二人。 此徒皆性習凶暴，民患苦之，宜給以衣糧，使屯田自贍，庶絕其擾。」 從之。 十二月，從樞密院請，嚴立軍籍條例，選壯士及有力之家充軍。 舊例，丁力強者充軍，弱者出錢，故有正軍、貼戶之籍。 行之既久，而強者弱，弱者強，籍亦如故。 其同戶異居者，私立年期，以相更代，故有老稚不免從軍，而強壯家居者，至是革焉。 江浙省募鹽徒為軍，得四千七百六十六人，選軍官麾下無士卒者，相參統之，以備各處鎮守。
In the first month of the twenty-second year, a regional bureau of military affairs was established in the three Jiangnan provinces, and all troops under the branch secretariats were placed under its command. In the ninth month, an edict ordered that among the Fujian Huang Hua She troops, those with fixed property be released to civilian status, and those without property, together with their wives and children, be enrolled as wall-garrison troops. For the Jiaozhi campaign there were five hundred Mongol and two thousand Han troops; one hundred Mongols and four hundred Han were kept as personal guards for Prince of Zhennan Toghon, the rest were sent home, and Jianghuai regional bureau Mongol troops were posted to garrison Jiangxi. In the tenth month, following Yede Shi's proposal, seven hundred freebooting troops were registered, organized into platoons, and assigned to officers who had no troops under command. In the eleventh month, Censorate officials reported: "The Song once made unmarried strong men into salt troops; when they first submitted there were five thousand; excluding those who died transporting grain on the Champa campaign, one thousand one hundred twenty-two remain. These men are habitually violent and brutal, and the people suffer under them. They should be given clothing and rations and put on garrison farms to support themselves, so as to end their harassment." The court approved. In the twelfth month, at the Bureau of Military Affairs' request, strict military register regulations were enacted, and strong men and wealthy households were selected for conscription. Under the old system, households with strong adult males supplied soldiers while weaker ones paid subsidies, producing registers of principal military households and supplementary military households. After long enforcement, the strong had weakened and the weak grown strong, yet the registers were left unchanged. Household members who lived apart privately arranged fixed terms of rotation, so the elderly and young were conscripted while able-bodied men stayed home—this was now abolished. The Jiangzhe Branch Secretariat recruited salt convicts as soldiers, mustering four thousand seven hundred sixty-six men, and assigned officers who had no troops under command to supervise them jointly for garrison duty throughout the province.
32
二十四年閏二月，樞密院臣言：「諸軍貼戶，有正軍已死者，有充工匠者，放為民者，有元系各投下戶回付者，似此歇閑一千三百四十戶，乞差人分揀貧富，定貼戶、正軍。」 制可。
In the intercalary second month of the twenty-fourth year, Bureau of Military Affairs officials reported: "Among supplementary military households, some principal soldiers are dead, some serve as artisans, some were released to civilian status, and some were appanage households returned to the rolls—altogether one thousand three hundred forty idle households. We ask that officials be sent to sort them by wealth and fix supplementary and principal household assignments." The court approved.
33
二十六年八月，樞密院議：「諸管軍官萬戶、千戶、百戶等，或治軍有法、鎮守無虞、鎧仗精完、差役均平、軍無逃竄者，許所司薦舉以聞，不次擢用。 諸軍吏之長，非有上司之命，毋擅離職。 諸長軍者，及蒙古、漢軍，毋得妄言邊事。」
In the eighth month of the twenty-sixth year, the Bureau of Military Affairs ruled: "Officers from commanders of ten thousand households down to commanders of a hundred households who govern troops well, garrison without incident, keep arms in good order, distribute duties fairly, and suffer no desertions may be recommended by their superiors for exceptional promotion. Head clerks of military units must not leave their posts without orders from a superior. Senior officers and Mongol and Han troops alike must not speak recklessly about frontier affairs."
34
成宗大德二年十二月，定各省提調軍馬官員。 凡用隨從軍士，蒙古長官三十名，次官二十名，漢人一十名； 萬戶、千戶、百戶人等，俱不得占役。 行省鎮撫止用聽探外，亦不得多余役占。
In the twelfth month of the second year of Dade under Emperor Chengzong, regulations were set for provincial officials authorized to dispatch and command troops. Attendant soldiers were limited to thirty for Mongol senior officials, twenty for deputy officials, and ten for Han officials; commanders of ten thousand, thousand, and hundred households alike were forbidden to press them into private service. Branch secretariat pacification commissioners, apart from scouts and listeners, were likewise forbidden to press soldiers into excess private service.
35
十一年四月，詔禮店軍還屬土番宣慰司。 初，西川也速叠兒、按住奴、帖木兒等所統探馬赤軍，自壬子年屬籍禮店，隸王相府，後王相府罷，屬之陜西省，桑哥奏屬土番宣慰司，咸以為不便，大德十年命依壬子之籍，至是復改屬焉。
In the fourth month of the eleventh year, an edict returned the Lidian garrison to the Tufan Pacification Commission. Originally the tamachi troops under Yesudiar, Anzhunu, Temür, and others in Western Sichuan had been registered to Lidian in the renzi year and placed under the prince-chancellor's office. After that office was abolished they passed to the Shaanxi Branch Secretariat; Sangge then proposed assigning them to the Tufan Pacification Commission, which all regarded as unsuitable. In the tenth year of Dade an order restored the renzi registration; now they were reassigned once again.
36
武宗至大元年正月，以通惠河千戶劉粲所領運糧軍九百二十人，屬萬戶赤因帖木爾兵籍。 十二月，丞相三寶奴等言：「國制，行省佐貳及宣慰使不得提調軍馬，若遙授平章、揚州宣慰使阿憐帖木兒者，嘗與成宗同乳母，故得行之，非常憲也。 今命沙的代之，宜遵國制，勿令提調。」 制可。
In the first month of the first year of Zhida under Emperor Wuzong, the nine hundred twenty grain-transport troops under Tonghui Canal commander of a thousand households Liu Can were transferred to the military register of commander of ten thousand households Chiyin Temür. In the twelfth month, Chancellor Sanbaonu and others reported: "By national law, branch secretariat deputies and pacification commissioners may not dispatch and command troops. Arin Temür, the remotely commissioned grand councillor and Yangzhou pacification commissioner, had been allowed to do so only because he shared a wet nurse with Chengzong—it was not regular practice. Shadi has now been appointed in his place; national law should be followed, and he must not be allowed to dispatch and command troops." The court approved.
37
仁宗皇慶元年三月，中書省臣奏李馬哥等四百戶為民。 初，李馬哥等四百戶屬諸侯王脫脫，乙未年定籍為民，高麗林衍及乃顏叛，皆嘗簽為軍。 至元八年置軍籍，以李馬哥等非七十二萬戶內軍數，復改為民。 至大四年，樞密院復奏為軍。 至是，省官以為言，命遵乙未年已定之籍。 後樞密復奏，竟以為軍戶。 十二月，省臣言：「先是樞密院奏準，雲南省宜遵各省制，其省官居長者二員，得佩虎符，提調軍馬，余佐貳者不得預，已受虎符者悉收之。 今雲南省言，本省籍軍士之力，以辦集錢谷，遇有調遣，則省官親率眾上馬，故舊制雖牧民官亦得佩虎符，領軍務，視他省為不同。 臣等議，已受虎符者依故事，未受者宜頒賜之。」 制可。
In the third month of the first year of Huangqing under Emperor Renzong, Central Secretariat officials memorialized that the four hundred households of Limaoge and others be restored to civilian status. Originally the four hundred households of Limaoge and others had belonged to Prince Toto; in the yimi year they were registered as civilians, but during the Koryo Lin Yan and Nayan rebellions they had all been conscripted. In the eighth year of Zhiyuan, when military registers were established, Limaoge and others were excluded from the military quota drawn from the seven hundred twenty thousand registered households and again made civilians. In the fourth year of Zhida the Bureau of Military Affairs again memorialized to conscript them. On this occasion provincial officials raised the issue, and an order directed that the register fixed in the yimi year be followed. The Bureau of Military Affairs memorialized again later, and they were ultimately registered as military households. In the twelfth month, provincial officials reported: "The Bureau of Military Affairs had earlier been approved in ruling that Yunnan should follow other provinces' regulations: its two senior officials might wear tiger tallies and dispatch and command troops, while deputies might not participate; all tiger tallies already issued were to be collected. The Yunnan Branch Secretariat now replied that the province relied on registered soldiers to collect revenue and grain, and that when troops were dispatched provincial officials personally led them into the field; under the old system even civil administrators had worn tiger tallies and commanded military affairs, making Yunnan unlike other provinces. We recommend that those who already hold tiger tallies retain them under precedent, and that those who do not should be issued them." The court approved.
38
二年正月，詔：「雲南省鎮遠方，掌邊務，凡事涉軍旅者，自平章至僚佐須同署押，其長官二員，復與哈必赤。」
In the first month of the second year, an edict ordered: "The Yunnan Branch Secretariat guards a distant frontier and handles border affairs; all military matters, from the grand councillor down to the staff, require joint signature and seal; its two senior officials are also granted qabichi status."
39
延祐元年二月，四川省軍官闕員，詔：「依民官遷調之制，差人與本省提調官及監察御史同銓註。」
In the second month of the first year of Yanyou, with military officer vacancies in the Sichuan Branch Secretariat, an edict ordered: "Following the transfer system for civilian officials, envoys are to be dispatched to select and appoint candidates jointly with the province's troop-dispatch officials and the surveillance censor."
40
三年三月，命伯顏都萬戶府及紅胖襖總帥府各調軍九千五百人，往諸侯王所，更代守邊士卒。 其屬都萬戶府者，軍一名，馬三匹； 屬總帥府者，軍一名，馬二匹。 令人自為計，其貧不能自備者，則命行伍之長及百戶、千戶等助之。 悉遣精銳練習騎射之士。 每軍一百名，百戶一員； 五百名，千戶一員。 復命買住、囊加<角┦>二人分左右部領之。
In the third month of the third year, the Bayan Chief Commander of Ten Thousand Households Office and the Hongpang'ao Marshal's Headquarters were each ordered to mobilize nine thousand five hundred troops to the princes' posts to relieve border garrisons on rotation. Troops from the chief commander of ten thousand households office were to supply one soldier and three horses each; those from the marshal's headquarters, one soldier and two horses each. Each man was to equip himself; those too poor to do so were to be assisted by squad leaders and commanders of a hundred and a thousand households. Only elite troops trained in mounted archery were sent. For every hundred soldiers there was to be one commander of a hundred households; for every five hundred, one commander of a thousand households. Buyiju and Nangjiadai were appointed to command the left and right divisions respectively.