1
○宿衛
○ Palace Guard
2
宿衛者，天子之禁兵也。 元制，宿衛諸軍在內，而鎮戍諸軍在外，內外相維，以制輕重之勢，亦一代之良法哉。 方太祖時，以木華黎、赤老溫、博爾忽、博爾術為四怯薛，領怯薛歹分番宿衛。 及世祖時，又設五衛，以象五方，始有侍衛親軍之屬，置都指揮使以領之。 而其後增置改易，於是禁兵之設，殆不止於前矣。 夫屬枿，列宮禁，宿衛之事也，而其用非一端。 用之於大朝會，則謂之圍宿軍； 用之於大祭祀，則謂之儀仗軍； 車駕巡幸用之，則曰扈從軍； 守護天子之帑藏，則曰看守軍； 或夜以之警非常，則為巡邏軍； 或歲漕至京師用之以彈壓，則為鎮遏軍。 今總之為宿衛，而以餘者附見焉。
The palace guard constituted the emperor's personal forbidden army. Under Yuan regulations, palace-guard forces were stationed inside the capital while frontier garrison forces were posted outside; the inner and outer establishments supported each other to balance military power—a sound institutional arrangement for the dynasty. In the era of Genghis Khan, Muqali, Chilaun, Boroghul, and Borokhula were appointed the Four Qeshig, commanding qeshig troops in rotating palace-guard duty. Under Kublai Khan, five guards were additionally established to represent the five directions, giving rise to the personal guard armies headed by commanders-in-chief. Subsequent additions and reorganizations meant that forbidden-troop establishments soon exceeded what had existed earlier. Posting guards and securing the palace compounds were palace-guard functions, but their uses were manifold. When deployed for major court assemblies, they were called encampment guard troops; When deployed for major state sacrifices, they were called ceremonial guard troops; When the emperor traveled, they served as escort troops; When guarding the imperial treasuries, they were called watch troops; When employed at night to guard against emergencies, they became patrol troops; When the annual grain convoy reached the capital and they were used to keep order, they became restraint troops. These are here grouped under palace guard, with the other categories noted where relevant.
3
四怯薛：太祖功臣博爾忽、博爾術、木華黎、赤老溫，時號掇裏班曲律，猶言四傑也，太祖命其世領怯薛之長。 怯薛者，猶言番直宿衛也。 凡宿衛，每三日而一更。 申、酉、戌日，博爾忽領之，為第一怯薛，即也可怯薛。 博爾忽早絕，太祖命以別速部代之，而非四傑功臣之類，故太祖以自名領之。 其雲也可者，言天子自領之故也。 亥、子、醜日，博爾術領之，為第二怯薛。 寅、卯、辰日，木華黎領之，為第三怯薛。 巳、午、未日，赤老溫領之，為第四怯薛。 赤老溫後絕，其後怯薛常以右丞相領之。
The Four Qeshig: Genghis Khan's great ministers Boroghul, Borokhula, Muqali, and Chilaun, known collectively as Jebegun Küreg—the Four Heroes—were commanded to have their lineages lead the qeshig chiefs in perpetuity. Qeshig meant, in effect, rotating palace-guard duty. Palace guards rotated every three days. On the shen, you, and xu days, Boroghul's shift served as the First Qeshig, also called the Great Qeshig. Boroghul died young, and Genghis Khan had the Besü tribe replace him; because they were not among the Four Heroes, the khan personally assumed the title of its leader. Yeke signified that the emperor led this qeshig himself. On the hai, zi, and chou days, Borokhula led the Second Qeshig. On the yin, mao, and chen days, Muqali led the Third Qeshig. On the si, wu, and wei days, Chilaun led the Fourth Qeshig. After Chilaun's line ended, the Fourth Qeshig was usually headed by the right chancellor.
4
凡怯薛長之子孫，或由天子所親信，或由宰相所薦舉，或以其次序所當為，即襲其職，以掌環衛。 雖其官卑勿論也，及年勞既久，則遂擢為一品官。 而四怯薛之長，天子或又命大臣以總之，然不常設也。 其它預怯薛之職而居禁近者，分冠服、弓矢、食飲、文史、車馬、廬帳、府庫、醫藥、卜祝之事，悉世守之。 雖以才能受任，使服官政，貴盛之極，然一日歸至內庭，則執其事如故，至於子孫無改，非甚親信，不得預也。
Qeshig chiefs' descendants—whether personally trusted by the emperor, recommended by the grand councillor, or next in hereditary order—inherited the post and commanded the encircling guard. No matter how modest their rank at first, after long service they could be promoted to first-grade posts. The Four Qeshig chiefs might occasionally be supervised by senior ministers appointed by the emperor, but such oversight was not permanent. Other qeshig attendants stationed close to the throne hereditarily managed caps and robes, bows and arrows, food and drink, records, carriages and horses, tents, treasuries, medicine, and divination. Even when promoted to high civil office, they resumed their palace duties on returning to the inner court, and their descendants held the same posts; only the most trusted were admitted.
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其怯薛執事之名：則主弓矢、鷹隼之事者，曰火兒赤、昔寶赤、怯憐赤。 書寫聖旨，曰紥裏赤。 為天子主文史者，曰必阇赤。 親烹飪以奉上飲食者，曰博爾赤。 侍上帶刀及弓矢者，曰雲都赤、闊端赤。 司閽者，曰八剌哈赤。 掌酒者，曰答剌赤。 典車馬者，曰兀剌赤、莫倫赤。 掌內府尚供衣服者，曰速古兒赤。 牧駱駝者，曰帖麥赤。 牧羊者，曰火你赤。 捕盜者，曰忽剌罕赤。 奏樂者，曰虎兒赤。 又名忠勇之士，曰霸都魯。 勇敢無敵之士，曰拔突。 其名類蓋不一，然皆天子左右服勞侍從執事之人，其分番更直，亦如四怯薛之制，而領於怯薛之長。
Qeshig offices included: those in charge of bows and arrows and hunting birds were called quiver-bearers, falconers, and falcon keepers. Those who drafted imperial edicts were called jarguchi. Those who kept the emperor's records were called bitüchi. Those who prepared the emperor's meals were called boilüchi. Those who attended the ruler with sword, bow, and arrows were called sword-bearers and quiver attendants. Gatekeepers were called doorkeepers. Those in charge of wine were called cupbearers. Those in charge of carriages and horses were called carriage masters and horse masters. Those who managed imperial robes in the inner wardrobe were called robe attendants. Camel herders were called camel keepers. Sheep herders were called sheep keepers. Bandit catchers were called bandit catchers. Musicians were called musicians. Loyal and brave warriors were also called baatur. Fearless champions were called batu. Their titles were numerous, but all were attendants who served the emperor at close hand, rotating in three-day shifts under the qeshig chiefs like the Four Qeshig themselves.
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若夫宿衛之士，則謂之怯薛歹，亦以三日分番入衛。 其初名數甚簡，後累增為萬四千人。 揆之古制，猶天子之禁軍。 是故無事則各執其事，以備宿衛禁庭； 有事則惟天子之所指使。 比之樞密各衛諸軍，於是為尤親信者也。
Palace-guard soldiers proper were called qeshig soldiers and likewise rotated every three days. They began as a small corps but were eventually expanded to fourteen thousand men. By ancient standards they remained the emperor's forbidden army. In peacetime each man performed his assigned duty within the palace; in wartime they answered only to the emperor's orders. Among all forces of the Bureau of Military Affairs and the guards, they were the most trusted.
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然四怯薛歹，自太祖以後，累朝所禦斡耳朵，其宿衛未嘗廢。 是故一朝有一朝之怯薛，總而計之，其數滋多，每歲所賜鈔幣，動以億萬計，國家大費每敝於此焉。
Yet from Genghis Khan onward each reign maintained its own qeshig for the royal ordos, and palace guard was never discontinued. Each reign thus accumulated its own qeshig; counted together their numbers swelled, and annual grants of paper money often ran to hundreds of millions— a major drain on state finances.
8
左衛、中衛：並至元八年侍衛親軍改立。
The Left Guard and Central Guard were both established in 1271 by reorganizing the personal guard army.
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前衛：至元十六年，以侍衛親軍創置前、後二衛，掌宿衛扈從，兼營屯田，國有大事，則調度之，置都指揮使。 後衛：亦至元十六年置。
The Forward Guard: in 1279 the personal guard army was split to create forward and rear guards responsible for palace guard and escort, garrison farming, and mobilization in national emergencies, each under a commander-in-chief. The Rear Guard was likewise established in 1279.
10
武衛：至元二十五年，尚書省奏，那海那的以漢軍一萬人，如上都所立虎賁司，營屯田，修城隍。 二十六年，樞密院官暗伯奏，以六衛六千人，塔剌海孛可所掌大都屯田三千人，及近路迤南萬戶府一千人，總一萬人，立武衛親軍都指揮使司，掌修治城隍及京師內外工役之事。
Martial Guard: in 1288 the Secretariat reported that Naihai and Nadi would lead ten thousand Han troops, modeled on the Tiger Guard Office at Shangdu, to farm garrison lands and repair fortifications. In 1289 Anbo of the Bureau of Military Affairs proposed combining six thousand men from the six guards, three thousand capital garrison farmers under Talahai Boke, and one thousand from nearby route and wanhu commands—ten thousand in all—to form the Martial Guard Personal Army Command for wall repair and capital construction.
11
右都威衛：國初，木華黎奉太祖命，收紥剌兒、兀魯、忙兀、納海四投下，以按察兒、孛羅、笑乃䴙、不裏海拔都兒、闊闊不花五人領探馬赤軍。 既平金，隨處鎮守。 中統三年，世祖以五投下探馬赤立蒙古探馬赤總管府。 至元十六年，罷其軍，各於本投下應役。 十九年，仍令充軍。 二十一年，樞密院奏，以五投下探馬赤軍俱屬之東宮，復置官屬如舊。 二十二年，改蒙古侍衛親軍指揮使司。 三十一年，改隆福宮右都威衛使司。
Right Capital Guard: at the dynasty's founding Muqali, by Genghis Khan's order, assembled the Jalair, Uru, Mangγut, and Naihai appanages; Anchar, Bolu, Sain Nökö, Bulghai Badghur, and Kököbüqa led the reconnaissance cavalry. After the Jin were subdued, they garrisoned wherever required. In 1262 Kublai Khan formed the Mongol Reconnaissance Cavalry Headquarters from the five appanage reconnaissance units. In 1279 this force was disbanded and men returned to their appanage obligations. In 1282 they were again conscripted for military service. In 1284 the bureau proposed placing all five appanage reconnaissance units under the heir apparent and restoring their former command structure. In 1285 it was renamed the Mongol Personal Guard Army Command. In 1294 it became the Longfu Palace Right Capital Guard Command.
12
唐兀衛：至元十八年，阿沙、阿束言：「今年春，奉命總領河西軍三千人，但其所帶虎符金牌者甚眾，征伐之重，若無官署，何以防閑之。」 樞密院以聞，遂立唐兀衛親軍都指揮使司以總之。
Tangut Guard: in 1281 Asha and Azu reported: "This spring I was ordered to command three thousand Hexi troops, but many bear tiger tallies and gold plaques; for major campaigns, without a headquarters, how can they be controlled?" The Bureau of Military Affairs relayed the request, and the Tangut Guard Personal Army Command was established.
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貴赤衛：至元二十四年立。
Imperial Yellow Guard: established in 1287.
14
右阿速衛：至元九年，初立阿速拔都達魯花赤，後招集阿速正軍三千餘名，復選阿速揭只揭了溫怯薛丹軍七百人，扈從車駕，掌宿衛城禁，兼營潮河、蘇沽兩川屯田，並供給軍儲。 二十三年，為阿速軍南攻鎮巢，殘傷者眾，遂以鎮巢七百戶屬之，並前軍總為一萬戶，隸前後二衛。 至大二年，始改立右衛阿速親軍都指揮使司。
Right Asud Guard: in 1272 the Asud Badghur darughachi was first appointed; later over three thousand regular Asud troops and seven hundred selected Asud royal-guard qeshig soldiers were assigned to escort the emperor, guard the capital, farm along the Chao and Su rivers, and supply provisions. In 1286 the Asud army suffered heavy casualties attacking Zhenchao in the south; seven hundred Zhenchao households were attached to it, bringing the combined force to ten thousand households under the forward and rear guards. In 1309 the Right Asud Personal Army Command was formally established.
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左阿速衛：亦至大二年改立。
The Left Asud Guard was likewise established in 1309.
16
右衛率府：延祐五年，以詹事禿滿叠兒所管速怯那兒萬戶府，及迤東、女直兩萬戶府，右翼屯田萬戶府兵，合為右衛率府，隸皇太子位下。
Right Guard Rate Command: in 1318 the Sükenär wanhu under Household Superintendent Tumanjir, the Eastern Route and Jurchen wanhu commands, and right-wing garrison farmers were merged into the Right Guard Rate Command under the heir apparent.
17
康禮衛：武宗至大三年，定康禮軍籍。 凡康禮氏之非者，皆別而黜之，驗其實，始得入籍。 及諸侯王阿只吉、火郎撒所領探馬赤，屬康禮氏者，令樞密院康禮衛遣人乘傳，往置籍焉。
Kangli Guard: in 1310 Wuzong fixed the Kangli military registers. Non-Kangli claimants were struck from the rolls; only verified Kangli were enrolled. Reconnaissance cavalry of princes Azigi and Huolangsa claimed by the Kangli were registered by dispatch from the Kangli Guard under the Bureau of Military Affairs.
18
宗仁衛：至治二年，右丞相拜住奏：「先脫別鐵木叛時，沒入亦乞列思人一百戶，與今所收蒙古子女三千戶，清州徹匠二千戶，合為行軍五千，請立宗仁衛以統之。」 於是命右丞相拜住總衛事，給降虎符牌面，如右衛率府，又置行軍千戶所隸焉。
Zongren Guard: in 1322 Chancellor Bayan proposed: "When Töge Temür rebelled, one hundred Yiqilieis households were confiscated; with three thousand Mongol dependents now gathered and two thousand Qingzhou artisans, five thousand marching troops should form a Zongren Guard." Bayan was appointed to command the guard, issued tiger tallies like the Right Guard Rate Command, and subordinate marching-thousandhousehold offices were created.
19
右欽察衛：至元二十三年，依河西等衛例，立欽察衛。 至治二年，分為左右兩衛。 天歷二年，以本衛屬大都督府。
Right Qangli Guard: in 1286, following the Hexi guard precedent, the Qangli Guard was established. In 1322 it was split into left and right guards. In 1329 it was placed under the Grand Council.
20
右翊蒙古侍衛親軍都指揮使司。 宣忠斡羅思扈衛親軍都指揮使司。 威武阿速衛親軍都指揮使司。 東路蒙古侍衛親軍都指揮使司。
Right Assistant Mongol Personal Guard Army Command. Loyal Oros Guard Personal Army Command. Martial Asud Personal Army Command. Eastern Route Mongol Personal Guard Army Command.
21
女直侍衛親軍萬戶府。 高麗女直漢軍萬戶府管女直侍衛親軍萬戶府。 鎮守海口侍衛親軍屯儲都指揮使司。 宣鎮侍衛。
Jurchen Personal Guard Army Wanhu Office. The Koryo-Jurchen-Han Army Wanhu Office oversaw the Jurchen Personal Guard Wanhu Office. Haikou Garrison Personal Guard Garrison Storage Command. Xuanzhen Personal Guard.
22
世祖中統元年四月，諭隨路管軍萬戶，有舊從萬戶三哥西征軍人，悉遣至京師充防城軍：忙古䴙軍三百一十九人，嚴萬戶軍一千三百四十五人，濟南路軍一百四十人，脫赤剌軍一百四十九人，糺查剌軍一百四十五人，馬總管軍一百四十四人。
In April 1260 Kublai Khan ordered route commanders: troops who had followed Wanhu Sange on the western campaign were to report to the capital as city-defense forces—319 Mangγut soldiers, 1,345 under Yan Wanhu, 140 from Jinan Route, 149 under Toγolcha, 145 under Jochal, and 144 under Commander Ma.
23
三年十月，諭益都大小管軍官及軍人等：「先李鋋懷逆，蒙蔽朝廷恩命，驅駕爾等以為己惠，爾等雖有效過功勞，殊無聞報，一旦泯絕，此非爾等不忠之愆，實李鋋懷逆之罪也。 今侍衛親軍都指揮使董文炳來奏其詳，言爾等各有願為朝廷出力之語，此復見爾等存忠之久也。 今命董文炳仍為山東東路經略使，收集爾等，直隸朝廷，充武衛軍近侍勾當。 比及應職，且當守把南邊，堤防外隙，庶內境軍民各得安業。 爾等宜益盡心，以圖勛效。」
In October 1262 the emperor addressed Yidu's military officers and troops: "Li Tan once rebelled and hid the court's favor, driving you to fight for his private ends; though you earned merit, he never rewarded you. His fall was not your disloyalty but Li Tan's treason. Commander Dong Wenbing now reports that you have pledged renewed loyalty to the throne. Dong Wenbing is reappointed Eastern Route Pacification Commissioner to gather you under direct court authority as Martial Guard for palace service. Until regular assignment, you are to hold the southern frontier so civilians inland may live in peace. Serve with all your heart and win merit."
24
至元二年十二月，增侍衛親軍一萬人，內選女直軍三千，高麗軍三千，阿海三千，益都路一千。 每千人置千戶一員，百人置百戶一員，以領之。 仍選丁力壯銳者，以應役焉。
In December 1265 the personal guard was expanded by ten thousand men—three thousand Jurchen, three thousand Koryo, three thousand Ahai, and one thousand from Yidu Route. Each thousand had a chiliarch; each hundred a centurion. The fittest men were chosen for active duty.
25
三年五月，帝謂樞密臣曰：「侍衛親軍，非朕命不得發充夫役。 修瓊華島士卒，即日放還。」
In May 1266 the emperor told the Bureau of Military Affairs: "Personal guard troops may not be assigned corvée labor without my order. The troops working on Qionghua Island were to be released and sent home at once."
26
四年七月，諭東京等路宣撫司，命於所管戶內，以十等為率，於從上第三等戶，簽選侍衛親軍一千八百名。 若第三等戶不敷，於第二等戶內簽補。 仍定立千戶、百戶、牌子頭，並其家屬同來，赴中都應役。
In July 1267 the Eastern Capital pacification commission was ordered to draft 1,800 personal guard soldiers from households ranked third grade or higher on the ten-grade scale. If third-grade households could not supply enough men, second-grade households were to fill the quota. Chiliarchs, centurions, and squad leaders were appointed, and families accompanied the men to the capital for duty.
27
十四年五月，以蒙古軍與漢軍相參，備都城內外及萬壽山宿衛，仍以也速不花領圍宿事。
In May 1277 Mongol and Han troops were combined to guard the capital, its outskirts, and Wanshou Mountain, with Yisubuhua continuing to command encampment guard.
28
十五年五月，總管胡翔請還侍衛軍。 先是，宿州蘄縣等萬戶府士卒百人，有旨俾充侍衛軍，後從僉省嚴忠範征西川，既而嘉定、重慶、夔府皆下，忠範回軍，留西道。 翔上言，從之。 九月，以總管張子良所匿軍二千二百三十二人，充侍衛軍士。
In May 1278 Commander Hu Xiang petitioned for the return of guard soldiers. Earlier, a hundred men from the Su and Qi wanhu office had been assigned as guards, then followed Yan Zhongfan into Sichuan; after Jiading, Chongqing, and Kuizhou fell, Zhongfan withdrew but stayed in the west. Hu Xiang's request was granted. In September 2,232 soldiers hidden by Commander Zhang Ziliang were enrolled as guards.
29
十六年四月，選揚州省新附軍二萬人，充侍衛親軍，並其妻子，遷赴京師。
In April 1279 twenty thousand newly submitted troops from Yangzhou, with families, were enrolled as personal guards and relocated to the capital.
30
二十四年十月，總帥汪惟和選麾下銳卒一千人，請擇昆弟中一人統之，以備侍衛，從之。
In October 1287 Commander Wang Weihe selected 1,000 elite troops and asked that a brother command them as guards; the request was approved.
31
成宗元貞四年八月，詔：「蒙古侍衛所管探馬赤軍人子弟，投充諸王位下身役者，悉遵世祖成憲，發還元役充軍。」 大德六年二月，調蒙古侍衛等軍一萬人，往官山住夏。
In August 1300 Chengzong ordered sons of Mongol Guard reconnaissance cavalry serving princes returned to military duty under Kublai's regulations. In February 1302 ten thousand Mongol guard and other troops were sent to summer quarters at Guanshan.
32
仁宗延祐六年九月，知樞密院事塔失鐵木兒言：「諸漢人不得點圍宿軍士，圖籍系軍數者，雖御史亦不得預知，此國制也。 比者，領圍宿官言，中書命司計李處恭巡視守倉庫軍卒，有曠役者則罪之，以懲其後，使無怠而已。 而李司計擅取軍數，箠士卒，在法為過。 臣等議，宜自中書與樞密遣人案之，驗實以聞。」 制可。 七年六月，以紅城中都威衛系掌軍務之司，屬徽政院不便，命遵舊制，俾樞密總之。
In September 1319 Chief Tash Temür of the Bureau of Military Affairs stated: "Han officials may not select encampment guards, and even censors may not see troop registers in advance—this is national law. Recently the encampment commander reported the Secretariat had sent Li Chugong to inspect warehouse guards and punish absentees as a deterrent. But Li had seized troop rolls and beaten soldiers, which was itself unlawful. We propose that the Secretariat and Bureau of Military Affairs jointly investigate and report." Approved. In June 1320 the Red City Central Capital Guard was returned from the Imperial Household Directorate to Bureau of Military Affairs control under the former system.
33
△圍宿軍
△ Encampment Guard Troops
34
世祖至元二十六年七月，命大都侍衛軍內，復起一萬人赴上都，以備圍宿。
In July 1289 Kublai Khan ordered another ten thousand capital personal guards to Shangdu for encampment duty.
35
成宗元貞二年十月，樞密院臣言：「昔大朝會時，皇城外皆無墻垣，故用軍環繞，以備圍宿。 今墻垣已成，南北西三畔皆可置軍，獨禦酒庫西，地窄不能容。 臣等與丞相完澤議，各城門以蒙古軍列衛，及於周橋南置戍樓，以警昏旦。」 從之。
In October 1296 the bureau noted that before city walls existed, troops had encircled the palace at great assemblies. Walls now allowed guards on three sides, but the area west of the imperial wine store was too narrow. They and Chancellor Oljei proposed Mongol guards at every gate and a watchtower south of Zhou Bridge for day-night alerts. Approved.
36
武宗至大四年正月，省臣等傳皇太子命，以大朝會調蒙古、漢軍三萬人備圍宿，仍遣使發山東、河北、河南、淮北諸路軍至京師。 復命都府、左右翼、右都威衛整器仗車騎。 六月，以諸侯王、駙馬等來朝，命發各衛色目、漢軍八百二十六人至上京，復命指揮使也幹不花領之。
In January 1311, by the crown prince's order, 30,000 Mongol and Han troops were mobilized for encampment guard, with armies summoned from Shandong, Hebei, Henan, and north Huai. The Capital Command, left and right wings, and Right Capital Guard were told to prepare arms and transport. In June 1311, as princes and imperial sons-in-law arrived, 826 colored-troop and Han soldiers per guard went to Shangdu under Commander Yegenbuhua.
37
仁宗皇慶元年六月，命衛率府軍士備圍宿，守隆福宮內外禁門。 十一月，樞密院臣言：「皇太后有旨，禁掖門可嚴守衛。 臣等議，增置百戶一員，及於欽察、貴赤、西域、唐兀、阿速等衛調軍士九十人，增守諸掖門，復命千戶一員，帥領百戶一員，備巡邏。」 從之。 延祐三年十月以諸侯王來朝，命圍宿軍士六千人增至一萬人； 復命也了幹、禿魯分左右部領其事。 十一月，詔圍宿軍士，除舊有者，更增色目軍萬人，以備禁衛。 十二月，樞密院臣言：「圍宿軍士不及數，其已發各衛者，地遠至不能如期，可遷刈葦草及青塔寺工役軍先備守衛。 其各衛還家軍士，亦發二萬五千人，令備車馬器械，俱會京師。」 制可。 六年閏八月，命知樞密院事眾嘉領圍宿，發五衛軍代羽林軍士，仍以千戶二員、百戶十員，擇士卒精銳者二百人屬之。
In June 1312 Guard Rate troops were assigned encampment guard at Longfu Palace gates. In November the bureau reported the empress dowager's order for stricter inner-palace security. They proposed adding a centurion and ninety men from Qangli, Imperial Yellow, Western Region, Tangut, and Asud guards for side gates, plus a chiliarch-led patrol. Approved. In October 1316, with princes attending court, encampment guards were raised from 6,000 to 10,000; Yeleghan and Tulu were appointed to command the left and right sections. In November another 10,000 colored-troop soldiers were added to the encampment guard. In December the bureau noted shortfalls: distant guards could not arrive on time, so reed-cutting and Qingta Temple labor troops should fill in. Another 25,000 home-returning soldiers were to bring arms and assemble at the capital. Approved. In intercalary August 1319 Zhongjia took encampment command; five-guard troops replaced Forest Guards, with 200 picked elites under two chiliarchs and ten centurions.
38
文宗天歷二年二月，樞密院臣言：「去歲嘗奉旨，依先制調軍守把圍宿，此時各翼軍人，皆隨處出征，亦有潰散者，故不及依次調遣，止於右翼侍衛及右都威衛內，發軍一千一百二十六名以備圍宿。 今歲車駕行幸，臣等議於河南、山東兩都府內，起遣未差軍士一千三名，以備扈從。」 制可。 五月，樞密臣又言：「比奉令旨，放散軍人。 臣等議，常制以三月一日放散，六月一日赴限，今放散既遲，可令於八月一日赴限。」 從之。
In February 1329 the bureau explained that last year's encampment mobilization had fallen short because troops were on campaign; only 1,126 men from the right wing and Right Capital Guard were available. For this year's tour they proposed 1,003 undispatched soldiers from Henan and Shandong commands as escort. Approved. In May they reported a recent order releasing guard soldiers. Normally soldiers were released on March 1 and reported June 1; because release was late, reporting was set for August 1. Approved.
39
△儀仗軍
△ Ceremonial Guard Troops
40
世祖至元十二年十二月，上尊號、受冊，告祭天地宗廟，調左、右、中三衛軍五十人為蹕街清路軍。
In December 1275, at the assumption of the honorific title and temple sacrifices, fifty men from the left, right, and central guards served as street-clearing escort.
41
武宗至大二年十二月，上尊號，百官行朝賀禮，樞密院調軍一千人備儀仗。 三年十月，上皇太后尊號，行冊寶禮，用內外儀仗軍數，及防護五色甲馬軍二百人。 四年二月，合祭天地、太廟、社稷，用蹕街清道及守內外壝門軍一百八十人，命以圍宿軍為之，事畢還役。 七月，以奉迎武宗玉冊祔廟，用清路蹕街軍一百五十人，管軍千戶、百戶各一員。 九月，以祭享太廟，用蹕街清路軍一百五十人，千戶、百戶各一員。
In December 1309 Wuzong's honorific ceremony used 1,000 troops as ceremonial guard. In October 1310 the empress dowager's investiture used full ceremonial guard plus 200 five-colored armored cavalry. In February 1311 joint sacrifices used 180 street-clearing and rampart guards drawn from encampment troops, then released. In July 1311 welcoming Wuzong's jade register used 150 escort troops under a chiliarch and centurion. In September the Grand Temple sacrifice used 150 street-clearing troops with a chiliarch and centurion.
42
仁宗皇慶元年三月，天壽節行禮，用內外儀仗軍一千人。
In March 1312 the Heavenly Longevity Festival used 1,000 ceremonial guards.
43
致和元年六月，以享太廟，用蹕街清路軍一百名，看糝盆軍一百名，管軍官千戶、百戶各一員。 九月，行大禮，用擎執儀仗蒙古、漢軍一千名。
In June 1328 the Grand Temple sacrifice used 100 street-clearing and 100 grain-basin guards with officers. In September the great ceremony used 1,000 Mongol and Han troops bearing regalia.
44
文宗天歷元年十一月，親祭太廟，內外用儀仗並五色甲馬軍一千六百五十名，仍命指揮青山及洪副使攝折沖都尉提調。 二年，正旦行禮，用儀仗軍一千人。 享太廟，用蹕街清路軍一百名，看守糝盆軍一百名，管軍千戶、百戶各一員。 天壽節行禮，用儀仗軍一千名。 皇后冊寶擎執儀仗，用軍一千二百名，軍官四員。
In November 1328 Wenzong's personal temple sacrifice used 1,650 ceremonial and armored troops under Qingshan and Vice Commissioner Hong as acting mobile-corps commandants. In 1329 New Year's rites used 1,000 ceremonial guards. The Grand Temple sacrifice used 100 street-clearing and 100 grain-basin guards with officers. The Heavenly Longevity Festival used 1,000 ceremonial guards. The empress's investiture bearers used 1,200 troops under four officers.
45
△扈從軍
△ Escort Troops
46
世祖至元十七年三月，發忙古䴙、抄兒赤所領河西軍士，及阿魯黑麾下二百人，入備扈從。
In March 1280 Mangγut and Cha'erchi's Hexi troops and 200 men under Arugh joined the imperial escort.
47
武宗至大二年，太后將幸五臺，徽政院官請調軍扈從。 省臣議：「昔大太后嘗幸五臺，於住夏探馬赤及漢軍內，各起扈從軍三百人，今遵故事。」 從之。 十一月，樞密院臣言：「去歲六衛漢軍內，以諸處興建工役，故用六千軍士於上都。 臣等議，來歲車駕行幸，復令騎卒六千人，備車馬器仗，與步卒二千人扈從。」 制可。
In 1309, as the empress dowager planned a Wutai pilgrimage, the Imperial Household Directorate requested escort troops. Provincial officials cited precedent: the grand empress dowager had taken 300 escorts each from summer reconnaissance cavalry and Han troops. Approved. In November the bureau noted 6,000 Han guard troops had been diverted to Shangdu construction the previous year. For the coming tour they proposed 6,000 cavalry with equipment and 2,000 infantry escorts. Approved.
48
△看守軍
△ Watch Troops
49
世祖至元二十五年十一月，以軍守都城外倉。 初，大都城內倉敖有軍守之，城外豐閏、豐實、廣貯、通濟四倉無守者。 至是收糧頗多，丞相桑哥以為言，乃依都城內倉例，每倉發軍五人守之。 十二月，中書省臣言：「樞密院公廨後，有倉貯糧，乞調軍五人看守。」 從之。
In November 1288 troops were assigned to guard granaries outside the capital. Capital granaries already had guards, but the four suburban depots—Fengrun, Fengshi, Guangchu, and Tongji—did not. As harvests grew, Chancellor Sangge arranged five guards per suburban depot, matching inner-city practice. In December the Secretariat requested five soldiers for the bureau's rear granary. Approved.
50
成宗大德四年二月，調軍五百人，於新浚河內看閘。
In February 1300 five hundred troops were posted to the newly dredged river sluices.
51
武宗至大四年六月，帝御大安閣，樞密院官奏：「嘗奉旨，令各門置軍守備。 臣等議，探馬赤軍士去其所戍地遠，卒莫能至，擬發阿速、唐兀等軍，參漢軍用之，各門置五十人。」 制可。
In June 1311, at the Great Peace Pavilion, the bureau cited an edict requiring guards at every gate. Reconnaissance cavalry could not reach in time; they proposed fifty Asud, Tangut, and Han soldiers per gate instead. Approved.
52
△巡邏軍
△ Patrol Troops
53
△鎮遏軍
△ Restraint Troops
54
△鎮戍
△ Garrison Defense
55
元初以武功定天下，四方鎮戍之兵亦重矣。 然自其始而觀之，則太祖、太宗相繼以有西域、中原，而攻取之際，屯兵蓋無定向，其制殆不可考也。 世祖之時，海宇混一，然後命宗王將兵鎮邊僥襟喉之地，而河洛、山東據天下腹心，則以蒙古、探馬赤軍列大府以屯之。 淮、江以南，地盡南海，則名藩列郡，又各以漢軍及新附等軍戍焉。 皆世祖宏規遠略，與二三大臣之所共議，達兵機之要，審地理之宜，而足以貽謀於後世者也。 故其後江南三行省，嘗以遷調戍兵為言，當時莫敢有變其法者，誠以祖宗成憲，不易於變更也。 然卒之承平既久，將驕卒惰，軍政不修，而天下之勢遂至於不可為，夫豈其制之不善哉，蓋法久必弊，古今之勢然也。 今故著其調兵屯守之制，而列之為鎮戍焉。
The Yuan dynasty was founded by force of arms, and frontier garrisons were likewise a major concern. In the conquest era of Genghis and Ögedei Khan, armies had no fixed posting pattern and early arrangements are hard to trace. After Kublai unified the realm, princes garrisoned key frontiers while Mongol and reconnaissance cavalry held the strategic heartland of the Yellow River basin and Shandong. South of the Huai and Yangzi to the sea, fiefs and prefectures held Han and newly submitted garrisons. This was Kublai's grand strategy, devised with senior ministers who understood military geography well enough to guide later reigns. Later the three Jiangnan circuits often debated troop rotation, but none dared alter ancestral statute. Yet prolonged peace bred arrogant commanders and lax troops; administration decayed until the realm was beyond remedy—not because the system was flawed, but because institutions inevitably decay over time. Their troop deployment and garrison system is therefore recorded here under garrison defense.
56
世祖中統元年五月，詔漢軍萬戶，各於本管新舊軍內摘發軍人，備衣甲器仗，差官領赴燕京近地屯駐：萬戶史天澤一萬四百三十五人，張馬哥二百四十人，解成一千七百六十人，糺叱剌四百六十六人，斜良拔都八百九十六人，扶溝馬軍奴一百二十九人，內黃鐵木兒一百四十四人，趙奴懷四十一人，鄢陵勝都古六十五人。 十一月，命右三部尚書怯烈門、平章政事趙璧領蒙古、漢軍，於燕京近地屯駐； 平章塔察兒領武衛軍一萬人，屯駐北山； 漢軍、質子軍及簽到民間諸投下軍，於西京、宣德屯駐。 復命怯烈門為大都督，管領諸軍勾當，分達達軍為兩路，一赴宣德、德興，一赴興州。 其諸萬戶漢軍，則令赴潮河屯守。 後復以興州達達軍合入德興、宣德，命漢軍各萬戶悉赴懷來、縉山川中屯駐。
In May 1260 Han wanhu were ordered to equip troops and garrison near Yanjing: Shi Tianze 10,435; Zhang Mage 240; Xie Cheng 1,760; Jochal 466; Xieliang Badu 896; Fugou cavalry slaves 129; Neihuang Temür 144; Zhao Nu Huai 41; Yanling Shengdu Gu 65. In November Qieliemen of the Right Three Departments and Pacification Commissioner Zhao Bi led Mongol and Han troops to garrison near Yanjing; Pacification Commissioner Tachar led 10,000 Martial Guard troops to North Mountain; Han, hostage, and conscripted appanage troops garrisoned Xijing and Xuande. Qieliemen became Grand Commander; Dada troops split between Xuande-Dexing and Xingzhou. Han wanhu troops were posted along the Chao River. Later Xingzhou Dada troops joined Dexing-Xuande garrisons, and Han wanhu moved to the Huailai-Jinyun mountains.
57
三年十月，詔田德實所管固安質子軍九百十六戶，及平灤州劉不裏剌所管質子軍四百戶，還元管地面屯駐。
In October 1262 Tian Deshi's 916 Gu'an hostage households and Liu Bulie's 400 Pingluan hostages returned to home territories.
58
至元七年，以金州軍八百隸東川統軍司，還成都，忽朗吉軍戍東川。 十一年正月，以忙古帶等新舊軍一萬一千人戍建都。 調襄陽府生券軍六百人、熟券軍四百人，由京兆府鎮戍鴨池，命金州招討使欽察部領之。 十二月，調西川王安撫、楊總帥軍與火尼赤相合，與醜漢、黃兀剌同鎮守合答之城。
In 1270 eight hundred Jinzhou troops joined the Eastern Sichuan command, returned to Chengdu, and Hulanggi troops garrisoned eastern Sichuan. In January 1274 Mangγudai's 11,000 new and old troops garrisoned Jiandu. Xiangyang furnished 600 raw-ticket and 400 seasoned-ticket soldiers; Jingzhao garrisoned Yachi Pool under the Jinzhou Qangli pacification commissioner. In December Wang's Western Sichuan pacification force and Yang's command were merged with Huonichi's troops, joining Chou Han and Huang Ula to garrison Heda.
59
十二年二月，詔以東川新得城寨，逼近夔府，恐南兵來侵，發鞏昌路補簽軍三千人戍之。 三月，海州丁安撫等來降，選五州丁壯四千人，守海州、東海。
In February 1275, fearing Song incursions near new Eastern Sichuan fortresses by Kuizhou, 3,000 Gongchang conscripts were posted as garrison. In March Haizhou pacification commissioner Ding surrendered; 4,000 men from five prefectures were drafted to guard Haizhou and Donghai.
60
十三年十月，命別速䴙、忽別列八都兒二人為都元帥，領蒙古軍二千人、河西軍一千人，守斡端城。
In October 1276 Biesu and Hubielie Badur were made grand marshals with 2,000 Mongol and 1,000 Hexi troops for Khotan.
61
十五年三月，分揚州行省兵於隆興府。 初，置行省，分兵諸路調遣，江西省軍為最少，至是以南廣地闊，阻山溪之險，命鐵木兒不花領兵一萬人赴之，合元帥塔出軍，以備戰守。 四月，詔以伯顏、阿術所調河南新簽軍三千人，還守廬州。 六月，命荊湖北道宣慰使塔海調遣夔府諸軍士。 七月，詔以塔海征夔軍之還戍者，及揚州、江西舟師，悉付水軍萬戶張榮實將之，守禦江中。 八月，命江南諸路戍卒，散歸各所屬萬戶屯戍。 初，渡江所得城池，發各萬戶部曲士卒以戍之，久而亡命死傷者眾，續至者多不著行伍，至是縱還各營，以備屯戍。 安西王相府言：「川蜀既平，城邑山寨洞穴凡八十三所，其渠州禮義城等處凡三十三所，宜以兵鎮守，餘悉撤去。」 從之。 九月，詔發東京、北京軍四百人，往戍應昌府，其應昌舊戍士卒，悉令散歸。 十一月，定軍民異屬之制，及蒙古軍屯戍之地。 先是，以李鋋叛，分軍民為二，而異其屬，後因平江南，軍官始兼民職，遂因之。 凡以千戶守一郡，則率其麾下從之，百戶亦然，不便。 至是，令軍民各異屬，如初制。 士卒以萬戶為率，擇可屯之地屯之，諸蒙古軍士，散處南北及還各奧魯者，亦皆收聚。 令四萬戶所領之眾屯河北，阿術二萬戶屯河南，以備調遣，餘丁定其版籍，編入行伍，俾各有所屬，遇征伐則遣之。
In March 1278 Yangzhou provincial troops were redeployed at Longxing. When the circuit was created Jiangxi had the fewest troops; now Temür Buqa led 10,000 men south to join Marshal Tachu's force for the broad, rugged Guang region. In April 3,000 newly conscripted Henan troops under Bayan and Aju were sent back to garrison Luzhou. In June Tahi, pacification commissioner of northern Jinghu, mobilized Kuizhou forces. In July returning Kuizhou veterans and Yangzhou-Jiangxi fleets were placed under Naval Wanhu Zhang Rongshi for river defense. In August Jiangnan garrison troops were sent back to their wanhu camps. Early Yang garrisons used wanhu retinues, but desertion and casualties left rolls incomplete; troops were now returned to home camps. The Anxi prince's office reported 83 Sichuan strongpoints; 33 including Quzhou's Liyi Fort should be garrisoned, the rest withdrawn. Approved. In September 400 Eastern and Northern Capital troops garrisoned Yingchang, replacing the old garrison. In November separate military-civilian jurisdiction and Mongol garrison zones were codified. After Li Tan's rebellion military and civilians had been separated; pacifying Jiangnan led officers to hold civil posts as well. Chiliarchs and centurions had brought entire retinues to prefectural posts, which proved unwieldy. Military and civilian affiliation was now separated again under the original system. Troops were organized by wanhu on suitable garrison land; scattered Mongol soldiers and ordos returnees were regrouped. Four wanhu encamped in Hebei, Aju's 20,000 households in Henan for mobilization; other men were registered and called up for campaigns.
62
十六年二月，命萬戶孛術魯敬，領其麾下舊有士卒守湖州。 先是，以唐、鄧、均三州士卒二百八十八人屬敬麾下，後遷戍江陵府，至是還之。 四月，定上都戍卒用本路元籍軍士。 國制，郡邑鎮戍士卒，皆更相易置，故每歲以他郡兵戍上都，軍士罷於轉輸。 至是，以上都民充軍者四千人，每歲令備鎮戍，罷他郡戍兵。 六月，碉門、魚通及黎、雅諸處民戶，不奉國法，議以兵戍其地。 發新附軍五百人、蒙古軍一百人、漢軍四百人，往鎮戍之。 七月，以西川蒙古軍七千人、新附軍三千人，付皇子安西王。 命阇裏鐵木兒以戍杭州軍六百九十人赴京師，調兩淮招討小廝蒙古軍，及自北方回探馬赤軍代之。 八月，調江南新附軍五千駐太原，五千駐大名，五千駐衛州。 又發探馬赤軍一萬人，及夔府招討張萬之新附軍，俾四川西道宣慰使也罕的斤將之，戍斡端。
In February 1279 Wanhu Börü Jing was ordered to guard Huzhou with his original troops. 288 Tang, Deng, and Jun soldiers once under Jing, later at Jiangling, were now returned to him. In April Shangdu garrisons were ordered to use locally registered troops. By custom, garrison troops rotated annually, so other routes' men served at Shangdu at heavy transport cost. Now 4,000 local Shangdu soldiers garrisoned annually, ending outside rotations. In June households in Diaomen, Yutong, and Li-Ya districts defied law; troop garrisons were proposed. 500 new-subject, 100 Mongol, and 400 Han troops were sent to garrison them. In July 7,000 Western Sichuan Mongol and 3,000 new-subject troops were assigned to Prince Anxi. Jelme Temür brought 690 Hangzhou garrison troops to the capital; Huai-South and northern reconnaissance cavalry replaced them. In August 5,000 Jiangnan new-subject troops each were posted at Taiyuan, Daming, and Weizhou. Another 10,000 reconnaissance cavalry and Zhang Wan's Kuizhou new-subject troops were sent under Yeqin to garrison Khotan.
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十七年正月，詔以他令不罕守建都，布吉䴙守長河西之地，無令遷易。 三月，同知浙東道宣慰司事張鐸言：「江南鎮戍軍官不便，請以時更易置之。」 國制，既平江南，以兵戍列城，其長軍之官，皆世守不易，故多與富民樹黨，因奪民田宅居室，蠹有司政事，為害滋甚。 鐸上言，以為皆不遷易之弊，請更其制，限以歲月遷調之。 庶使初附之民，得以安業也。 五月，命樞密院調兵六百人，守居庸關南、北口。 七月，敕更代廣州鎮戍士卒。 初以丞相伯顏等麾下合必赤軍二千五百人，從元帥張弘範征廣王，因留戍焉。 歲久皆貧困，多死亡者。 至是，命更代之。 復以揚州行省四萬戶蒙古軍，更戍潭州。 十月，發炮卒千人入甘州，備戰守。 十二月，八番羅甸宣慰司請增戍卒。 先是，以三千人戍八番，後征亦奚不薛，分摘其半。 至是師還，宣慰司復請益兵，以備戰守，從之。
In January 1280 Teginbahan was fixed at Jiandu and Buqij on the Changxihe—no transfers. In March Zhang Duo of eastern Zhejiang urged periodic rotation of Jiangnan garrison officers. After the conquest, hereditary garrison commanders had allied with local magnates, seized property, and corrupted administration. Zhang Duo blamed the harm on permanent tenure and asked for term-limited transfers. So newly submitted populations could live in peace. In May 600 troops were assigned to Juyong Pass north and south gates. In July Guangzhou garrison troops were ordered rotated. Originally 2,500 Kebek troops under Bayan had followed Zhang Hongfan against the Guang prince and stayed as garrison. Years of service left them impoverished with many dead. Rotation was now ordered. Yangzhou's 40,000-household Mongol force was rotated to Tanzhou. In October 1,000 artillery troops entered Ganzhou for defense. In December the Eight Tribes Luodian office requested more garrison troops. Originally 3,000 garrisoned the Eight Tribes; half were diverted to the Yixi Busi campaign. After the campaign the office requested reinforcements; approved.
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十八年正月，命萬戶張珪率麾下往就潭州，還其祖父所領亳州士卒，並統之。 二月，以合必赤軍三千戍揚州。 十月，高麗王並行省皆言，金州、合浦、固城、全羅州等處，沿海上下，與日本正當沖要，宜設立鎮邊萬戶府屯鎮，從之。 十一月，詔以征東留後軍，分鎮慶元、上海、澉浦三處上船海口。
In January 1281 Wanhu Zhang Gui went to Tanzhou, recovered his grandfather's Bozhou troops, and took unified command. In February 3,000 Kebek troops garrisoned Yangzhou. In October Koryo and the circuit reported coastal prefectures faced Japan; a frontier guard wanhu office was approved. In November eastern campaign rear guards were split among Qingyuan, Shanghai, and Ganpu embarkation ports.
65
十九年二月，命唐兀䴙於沿江州郡，視便宜置軍鎮戍，及諭鄂州、揚州、隆興、泉州等四省，議用兵戍列城。 徙浙東宣慰司於溫州，分軍戍守江南，自歸州以及江陰至三海口，凡二十八所。 四月，調揚州合必赤軍三千人鎮泉州。 又潭州行省以臨川鎮地接占城及未附黎洞，請立總管府，一同鎮戍，從之。 七月，以隆興、西京軍士代上都戍卒，還西川。 先是，上都屯戍士卒，其奧魯皆在西川，而戍西川者，多隆興、西京軍士，每歲轉餉，不勝勞費，至是更之。
In February 1282 Tanggu was to post Yangzi garrisons as needed; Ezhou, Yangzhou, Longxing, and Quanzhou were to plan city garrisons. The Eastern Zhejiang office moved to Wenzhou; 28 garrison posts were set from Guizhou to the three sea mouths. In April 3,000 Yangzhou Kebek troops garrisoned Quanzhou. Tanzhou sought a joint garrison headquarters because Linchuan bordered Champa and Li territory. In July Longxing and Xijing troops replaced Shangdu garrisons and returned west. Previously Shangdu garrisons' families were in Sichuan while Sichuan garrisons came from Longxing and Xijing, causing costly rotation—now reversed.
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二十年八月，留蒙古軍千人戍揚州，餘悉縱還。 揚州所有蒙古士卒九千人，行省請以三分為率，留一分鎮戍。 史塔剌渾曰：「蒙古士卒悍勇，孰敢當，留一千人足矣。」 從之。 十月，發乾討虜軍千人，增戍福建行省。 先是，福建行省以其地險，常有盜負固為亂，兵少不足戰守，請增蒙古、漢軍千人。 樞密院議以劉萬奴所領乾討虜軍益之。
In August 1283 Yangzhou kept 1,000 Mongol troops; the rest were released. Of 9,000 Yangzhou Mongol troops, the circuit asked to keep one-third on garrison. Shi Talahun said Mongol troops were so fierce that 1,000 sufficed. Approved. In October 1,000 Qan-toghrach troops reinforced Fujian. Fujian had cited rugged terrain and banditry to request 1,000 more Mongol and Han troops. The bureau approved Liu Wannu's Qan-toghrach force.
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二十一年四月，詔潭州蒙古軍依揚州例，留一千人，餘悉放還諸奧魯。 十月，增兵鎮守金齒國，以其地民戶剛狠，舊嘗以漢軍、新附軍三千人戍守，今再調探馬赤、蒙古軍二千人，令藥剌海率赴之。
In April 1284 Tanzhou Mongols, like Yangzhou, kept 1,000; the rest went home. In October Gold Teeth garrison was reinforced: 3,000 Han and new-subject troops had been insufficient against fierce locals; 2,000 more reconnaissance and Mongol troops under Yilaqai were sent.
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二十二年二月，詔改江淮、江西元帥招討司為上、中、下三萬戶府，蒙古、漢人、新附諸軍，相參作三十七翼。 上萬戶：宿州、蘄縣、真定、沂郯、益都、高郵、沿海，七翼。 中萬戶：棗陽、十字路、邳州、鄧州、杭州、懷州、孟州、真州，八翼。 下萬戶，常州、鎮江、潁州、廬州、亳州、安慶、江陰水軍、益都新軍、湖州、淮安、壽春、揚州、泰州、弩手、保甲、處州、上都新軍、黃州、安豐、松江、鎮江水軍、建康，二十二翼。 每翼設達魯花赤、萬戶、副萬戶各一人，以隸所在行院。
In February 1285 Jiang-Huai and Jiangxi marshal offices became upper, middle, and lower wanhu commands with 37 mixed wings. Upper wanhu wings: Suzhou, Qi, Zhending, Yitan, Yidu, Gaoyou, coastal—seven. Middle wanhu: Zaoyang, Shizi Road, Pizhou, Dengzhou, Hangzhou, Huai, Meng, Zhen—eight wings. Lower wanhu: twenty-two wings including Changzhou, Yangzhou, Taizhou, militia, naval units, and others. Each wing had a darughachi, wanhu, and vice wanhu under its circuit.
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二十四年五月，調各衛諸色軍士五百人於平灤，以備鎮戍。 十月，詔以廣東系邊僥之地，山險人稀，兼江西、福建賊徒聚集，不時越境作亂，發江西行省忽都鐵木兒麾下軍五千人，往鎮守之。
In May 1287 500 soldiers from each guard were sent to Pingluan. In October 5,000 troops under Hudutemür of Jiangxi were sent to garrison Guangdong against border bandits.
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二十五年二月，調揚州省軍赴鄂州，代鎮戍士卒。 三月，詔黃州、蘄州、壽昌諸軍還隸江淮省。 始三處舊置鎮守軍，以近鄂州省，嘗分隸領之，至是軍官以為言，遂仍其舊。 遼陽行省言，懿州地接賊境，請益兵鎮戍，從之。 四月，調江淮行省全翼一下萬戶軍，移鎮江西省。 從皇子脫歡士卒及劉二拔都麾下一萬人，皆散歸各營。 十一月，增軍戍咸平府，以察忽、亦兒思合言其地實邊僥，請益兵鎮守，以備不虞故也。
In February 1288 Yangzhou troops replaced Ezhou garrisons. In March Huangzhou, Qizhou, and Shouchang forces returned to Jiang-Huai jurisdiction. These three posts had been temporarily under Ezhou; officers now restored Jiang-Huai control. Liaoyang reported Yizhou bordered bandit country and received reinforcements. In April one Jiang-Huai lower wanhu wing moved to Jiangxi. 10,000 men under Prince Toγon and Liu Er Badu were dispersed to their camps. In November Xianping garrison was reinforced as a true frontier post.
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二十六年二月，命萬戶劉得祿以軍五千人，鎮守八番。
In February 1289 Wanhu Liu Delu garrisoned the Eight Tribes with 5,000 men.
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二十七年六月，調各行省軍於江西，以備鎮戍，俟盜賊平息，而後縱還。 九月，以元帥那懷麾下軍四百人守文州。 調江淮省下萬戶府軍於福建鎮戍。 十一月，江淮行省言：「先是丞相伯顏及元帥阿術、阿塔海等守行省時，各路置軍鎮戍，視地之輕重，而為之多寡，厥後忙古䴙代之，悉更其法，易置將吏士卒，殊失其宜。 今福建盜賊已平，惟浙東一道，地極邊惡，賊所巢穴，請復還三萬戶以鎮守之。 合剌帶一軍戍沿海、明、臺，亦怯烈一軍戍溫、處，劄忽帶一軍戍紹興、婺州。 其寧國、徽州初用士兵，後皆與賊通，今盡遷之江北，更調高郵、泰州兩萬戶漢軍戍之。 揚州、建康、鎮江三城，跨據大江，人民繁會，置七萬戶府。 杭州行省諸司府庫所在，置四萬戶府。 水戰之法，舊止十所，今擇瀕海沿江要害二十二所，分後閱習，伺察諸盜。 錢塘控扼海口，舊置戰艦二十艘，今增置戰艦百艘，海船二十艘。」 樞密院以聞，悉從之。
In June 1290 circuit troops were sent to Jiangxi until banditry subsided. In September 400 of Marshal Nahuai's troops guarded Wenzhou. Jiang-Huai lower wanhu troops garrisoned Fujian. In November Jiang-Huai reported Bayan, Aju, and Atahai had sized garrisons to local needs, but Mangγut's replacement of all commanders had upset the balance. With Fujian pacified, Eastern Zhejiang alone needed 30,000 households restored. Qaradai garrisoned the coast, Ming, and Tai; Yeqile held Wen and Chu; Jaqutai held Shaoxing and Wuzhou. Ningguo and Huizhou local troops had colluded with bandits and were replaced by Gaoyou and Taizhou Han wanhu. Yangzhou, Jiankang, and Zhenjiang on the Yangzi received a 70,000-household command. Hangzhou, seat of provincial offices, received a 40,000-household command. Naval posts increased from ten to twenty-two key coastal and river stations. Qiantang's fleet grew from 20 to 100 warships plus 20 sea vessels. The Bureau of Military Affairs approved all proposals.
73
二十八年二月，調江淮省探馬赤軍及漢軍二千人，於脫歡太子側近揚州屯駐。 二十九年，以咸平府、東京所屯新附軍五百人，增戍女直地。
In February 1291 2,000 Jiang-Huai reconnaissance and Han troops encamped near Prince Toγon at Yangzhou. In 1292 500 new-subject troops from Xianping and Eastern Capital reinforced Jurchen garrisons.
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三十年正月，詔西征探馬赤軍八千人，分留一千或二千，餘令放還。 皇子奧魯赤、大王術伯言，切恐軍散釁生，宜留四千，還四千，從之。 五月，命思播黃平、鎮遠拘刷亡宋避役手號軍人，以增鎮守。 七月，調四川行院新附軍一千人，戍松山。
In January 1293 of 8,000 western campaign reconnaissance cavalry, 1,000–2,000 were retained locally; the rest went home. Prince Orγoch and King Shibo feared dispersal would cause unrest; 4,000 were kept, 4,000 released—approved. In May Sibao, Huangping, and Zhenyuan were to conscript escaped Song labor troops for garrison. In July 1,000 Sichuan new-subject troops garrisoned Songshan.
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二年五月，江浙行省言：「近以鎮守建康、太平保定萬戶府全翼軍馬七千二百一十二名，調屬湖廣省，乞分兩淮戍兵，於本省沿海鎮遏。」 樞密院官議：「沿江軍馬，系伯顏、阿術安置，勿令改動，止於本省元管千戶、百戶軍內，發兵鎮守之。」 制可。 九月，詔以兩廣海外四州城池戍兵，歲一更代，往來勞苦。 給俸錢，選良醫，往治其疾病者。 命三二年一更代之。
In May 1295 Jiang-Zhe reported 7,212 Jiankang-Taiping-Baoding garrison troops had been sent to Huguang and asked Huai-South troops for coastal defense. The bureau ruled Yangzi garrisons placed by Bayan and Aju must not be altered; only existing Jiang-Zhe chiliarch and centurion troops could be used. Approved. In September an edict noted that garrison troops in the four overseas prefectures of the two Guang circuits were rotated yearly at great hardship. They were granted pay, and skilled physicians were sent to treat the sick. Rotation was set at two or three years.
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三年二月，調揚州翼鄧新萬戶府全翼軍馬，分屯蘄、黃。
In February 1296 Yangzhou's Deng Xin wanhu full wing was split to garrison Qi and Huang.
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大德元年三月，陜西平章政事脫烈伯領總帥府軍三千人，收捕西番回，詔留總帥軍百人及階州舊軍、禿思馬軍各二百人守階州，餘軍還元翼。 湖廣省請以保定翼萬人，移鎮郴州，樞密院官議：「此翼乃張柔所領征伐舊軍，宜遷入鄂州省屯駐，別調兵守之。」 七月，招收亡宋左右兩江土軍千人，從思明上思等處都元帥昔剌不花言也。 十一月，河南行省言：「前揚州立江淮行省，江陵立荊湖行省，各統軍馬，上下鎮遏。 後江淮省移於杭州，荊湖省遷於鄂州，黃河之南，大江迤北，汴梁古郡設立河南江北行省，通管江淮、荊湖兩省元有地面。 近來並入軍馬，通行管領，所屬之地，大江最為緊要，兩淮地險人頑，宋亡之後，始來歸順。 當時沿江一帶，斟酌緩急，安置定三十一翼軍馬鎮遏，後遷調十二翼前去江南，餘有一十九翼，於內調發，止存元額十分中一二。 況兩淮、荊襄自古隘要之地，歸附至今，雖即寧靜，宜慮未然。 乞照沿江元置軍馬，遷調江南翼分，並各省所占本省軍人，發還元翼，仍前鎮遏。」 省院官議，以為沿江安置三十一翼軍馬之說，本院無此簿書，問之河南省官孛魯歡，其省亦無樞密院文卷，內但稱至元十九年，伯顏、玉速鐵木兒等共擬其地安置三萬二千軍，後增二千，總三萬四千，今悉令各省差占及逃亡事故者還充役足矣。 又孛魯歡言，去年伯顏點視河南省見有軍五萬二百之上，又若還其占役事故軍人，則共有七八萬人。 此數之外，脫歡太子位下有一千探馬赤、一千漢軍，阿剌八赤等哈剌魯亦在其地，設有非常，皆可調用。 據各省占役，總計軍官、軍人一萬三千八百八十一名，軍官二百九名，軍人一萬三千六百七十二名，內漢軍五千五百八十名，新附軍八千二十八名，蒙古軍六十四名。 江浙省占役軍官、軍人四千九百五十七名，湖廣省占役軍官、軍人七千六百三名，福建省占役軍官、軍人一千二百七十二名，江西省出征收捕未回新附軍四十九名，悉令還役。」 江浙省亦言：「河南行省見占本省軍人八千八百三十三名，亦宜遣還鎮遏。」 有旨，兩省各差官赴闕辨議。
In March 1297 Teliebo of Shaanxi led 3,000 headquarters troops against western rebels; 100 headquarters men and 200 each from Jiezhou and Tusima garrisoned Jiezhou; the rest returned home. Huguang asked to move 10,000 Baoding-wing troops to Chenzhou; the bureau ruled they were Zhang Rou's old campaign force and should camp at Ezhou while other troops guarded Chenzhou. In July 1,000 Song Two Rivers native troops were recruited at Sirap Buka's request. In November Henan reported that Yangzhou had once headed Jiang-Huai and Jiangling Jing-Hu, each commanding troops for mutual restraint. Jiang-Huai later moved to Hangzhou and Jing-Hu to Ezhou; Bianliang then became Henan-Jiangbei, governing both former circuits' lands south of the Yellow River and north of the Yangzi. Troops were now merged under one command; the Yangzi was the most critical sector, and the stubborn two Huai region had submitted only after Song's fall. Thirty-one wings had once guarded the river; twelve were later sent to Jiangnan, leaving barely a tenth of the original nineteen. The two Huai and Jing-Xiang remained strategically vital; though calm since submission, future trouble had to be anticipated. They asked to restore original river garrisons, return borrowed Jiangnan wings, and recover provincial troops for restraint duty. Provincial and bureau officials found no record of thirty-one wings; Bolughan cited Kublai's 1282 plan for 34,000 river troops and said shortages could be filled from deserters and casualties. Bolughan added Bayan had counted over 52,000 Henan troops last year, rising to 70–80,000 if borrowed and casualty men returned. Besides those, Prince Toγon had 1,000 reconnaissance cavalry and 1,000 Han troops, with Qarluq forces nearby—all available in emergency. Occupied-service troops totaled 13,881: 209 officers and 13,672 soldiers—5,580 Han, 8,028 new-subject, and 64 Mongol. Jiang-Zhe held 4,957, Huguang 7,603, Fujian 1,272; Jiangxi's 49 campaigning new-subject troops were also recalled. Jiang-Zhe added Henan held 8,833 of its troops and should return them for garrison duty. Both circuits were ordered to send officials to court for adjudication.
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二年正月，樞密院臣言：「阿剌䴙、脫忽思所領漢人、女直、高麗等軍二千一百三十六名內，有稱海對陣者，有久戍四五年者，物力消乏，乞於六衛軍內分一千二百人，大同屯田軍八百人，徹裏臺軍二百人，總二千二百人往代之。」 制可。 三月，詔各省合並鎮守軍，福建所置者合為五十三所，江浙所置者合為二百二十七所，江西元立屯軍鎮守二百二十六所，減去一百六十二所，存六十四所。
In January 1298 the bureau proposed replacing 2,136 exhausted Arigh and Toghos troops—some veterans of four or five years' garrison—with 2,200 fresh men from the six guards, Datong farms, and Cherigten units. Approved. In March garrison posts were consolidated: Fujian to 53, Jiang-Zhe to 227, Jiangxi from 226 to 64.
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三年三月，沅州賊人嘯聚，命以毗陽萬戶府鎮守辰州，鎮巢萬戶府鎮守沅州、靖州，上均萬戶府鎮守常德、澧州。
In March 1299 Yuanzhou unrest led to posting Piyang wanhu at Chenzhou, Zhenchao at Yuan and Jing, and Shangjun at Changde and Li.
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五年三月，詔河南省占役江浙省軍一萬一千四百七十二名，除洪澤、芍陂屯田外，餘令發還元翼。 七年四月，調碉門四川軍一千人，鎮守羅羅斯。
In March 1301 Henan was ordered to return 11,472 borrowed Jiang-Zhe troops except Hongze and Shaobei farm detachments. In April 1303 1,000 Diaomen Sichuan troops garrisoned Luolusi.
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八年二月，以江南海口軍少，調蘄縣王萬戶翼漢軍一百人、寧萬戶翼漢軍一百人、新附軍三百人守慶元，自乃顏來者蒙古軍三百人守定海。
In February 1304, with few sea-mouth troops, 100 Wang-wanhu Han, 100 Ning-wanhu Han, and 300 new-subject troops guarded Qingyuan; 300 of Nayan's Mongols guarded Dinghai.
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武宗至大二年七月，樞密院臣言：「去年日本商船焚掠慶元，官軍不能敵。 江浙省言，請以慶元、臺州沿海萬戶府新附軍往陸路鎮守，以蘄縣、宿州兩萬戶府陸路漢軍移就沿海屯鎮。 臣等議，自世祖時，伯顏、阿術等相地之勢，制事之宜，然後安置軍馬，豈可輕動。 前行省忙古䴙等亦言，以水陸軍互換遷調，世祖有訓曰：『忙古䴙得非狂醉而發此言！ 以水路之兵習陸路之伎，驅步騎之士而從風水之役，難成易敗，於事何補。』 今欲禦備奸宄，莫若從宜於水路沿海萬戶府新附軍三分取一，與陸路蘄縣萬戶府漢軍相參鎮守。」 從之。
In July 1309 the bureau reported Japanese merchant raiders had burned Qingyuan the year before and government troops could not stop them. Jiang-Zhe proposed swapping coastal new-subject troops inland and moving Qi and Suzhou Han wanhu to the coast. The ministers replied that Bayan and Aju had placed troops according to terrain and should not be lightly rearranged. Former governor Mangγut had proposed swapping naval and land troops; Kublai had rebuked him: "Is Mangγut drunk mad to say this! Training sailors for land warfare and sending cavalry to naval duty succeeds with difficulty and fails easily—it helps nothing." For coastal defense they proposed taking one-third of coastal new-subject naval troops to join Qi county Han wanhu in mixed garrison. Approved.
83
四年十月，以江浙省嘗言：「兩浙沿海瀕江隘口，地接諸蕃，海寇出沒，兼收附江南之後，三十餘年，承平日久，將驕卒惰，帥領不得其人，軍馬安置不當，乞斟酌沖要去處，遷調鎮遏。」 樞密院官議：「慶元與日本相接，且為倭商焚毀，宜如所請，其餘遷調軍馬，事關機務，別議行之。」 十二月，雲南八百媳婦、大、小徹裏等作耗，調四川省蒙古、漢軍四千人，命萬戶囊加䴙部領，赴雲南鎮守。 其四川省言：「本省地方，東南控接荊湖，西北襟連秦隴，阻山帶江，密邇蕃蠻，素號天險，古稱極邊重地，乞於存恤歇役六年軍內，調二千人往。」 從之。
In October 1311 Jiang-Zhe cited thirty years of peace, arrogant commanders, and poor postings along the Zhe coast and asked redeployment at key passes. The bureau approved changes for Japan-facing Qingyuan but deferred other transfers. In December Yunnan unrest led to 4,000 Sichuan Mongol and Han troops under Wanhu Nangaji. Sichuan argued it was a vital frontier and asked 2,000 men from troops rested six years after relief. Approved.
84
仁宗皇慶元年十一月，詔江西省瘴地內諸路鎮守軍，各移近地屯駐。
In November 1312 Renzong ordered Jiangxi malarial-zone garrisons moved to healthier stations.
85
延祐四年四月，河南行省言：「本省地方寬廣，關系非輕，所屬萬戶府俱於臨江沿淮上下鎮守方面，相離省府，近者千里之上，遠者二千餘里，不測調度，卒難相應。 況汴梁系國家腹心之地，設立行省，別無親臨軍馬，較之江浙、江西、湖廣、陜西、四川等處，俱有隨省軍馬，惟本省未蒙撥付。」 樞密院以聞，命於山東河北蒙古軍、河南淮北蒙古軍兩都萬戶府，調軍一千人與之。 十一月，陜西都萬戶府言：「碉門探馬赤軍一百五十名，鎮守多年，乞放還元翼。」 樞密院臣議：「彼中亦系要地，不宜放還，止令於元翼起遣一百五十名，三年一更鎮守。 元調四川各翼漢軍一千名，鎮守碉門、黎、雅，亦令一體更代。」
In April 1317 Henan complained its wanhu were posted 1,000–2,000 li from the capital along the Huai, hindering emergency response. Bianliang was the dynastic heartland, yet Henan alone lacked dedicated circuit troops unlike other provinces. The bureau ordered 1,000 troops from the Shandong-Hebei and Henan-Huaibei metropolitan wanhu commands. In November Shaanxi's metropolitan wanhu asked to release 150 long-serving Diaomen reconnaissance cavalry. The bureau refused release but ordered triennial rotation of 150 replacements from home wings. The 1,000 Sichuan Han troops at Diaomen, Li, and Ya were likewise put on rotation."
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泰定四年三月，陜西行省嘗言：「奉元建立行省、行臺，別無軍府，唯有蒙古軍都萬戶府，遠在鳳翔置司，相離三百五十餘里，緩急難用。 乞移都萬戶府於奉元置司，軍民兩便。」 及後陜西都萬戶府言：「自大德三年命移司酌中安置，經今三十餘年，鳳翔離大都、土番、甘肅俱各三千里，地面酌中，不移為便。」 樞密議：「陜西舊例，未嘗提調軍馬，況鳳翔置司三十餘年，不宜移動。」 制可。 十二月，河南行省言：「所轄之地，東連淮、海，南限大江，北抵黃河，西接關陜，洞蠻草賊出沒，與民為害。 本省軍馬俱在瀕海沿江安置，遠者二千，近者一千餘里，乞以炮手、弩軍兩翼，移於汴梁，並各萬戶府摘軍五千名，設萬戶府隨省鎮遏。」 樞密院議：「自至元十九年，世祖命知地理省院官共議，於瀕海沿江六十三處安置軍馬。 時汴梁未嘗置軍，揚州沖要重地，置五翼軍馬並炮手、弩軍。 今親王脫歡太子鎮遏揚州，提調四省軍馬，此軍不宜更動。 設若河南省果用軍，則不塔剌吉所管四萬戶蒙古軍內，三萬戶在黃河之南、河南省之西，一萬戶在河南省之南，脫別臺所管五萬戶蒙古軍俱在黃河之北、河南省東北，阿剌鐵木兒、安童等兩侍衛蒙古軍在河南省之北，共十一衛翼蒙古軍馬，俱在河南省周圍屯駐。 又本省所轄一十九翼軍馬，俱在河南省之南，沿江置列。 果用兵，即馳奏於諸軍馬內調發。」 從之。
In March 1327 Shaanxi noted Fengyuan's circuit lacked nearby troops; the Mongol metropolitan wanhu at Fengxiang was 350 li away. It asked to move the metropolitan wanhu bureau to Fengyuan for convenience. Later the metropolitan wanhu argued Fengxiang had been centrally placed since 1299 and should not move. The bureau ruled Shaanxi had never centrally mobilized troops and the Fengxiang bureau should stay. Approved. In December Henan reported bandits between the Huai, Yangzi, Yellow River, and Guan-Long frontiers harming the people. Henan asked to move artillery and crossbow wings to Bianliang and create a 5,000-man circuit wanhu from existing units. The bureau cited Kublai's 1282 plan placing troops at sixty-three coastal and river posts. Bianliang then had no garrison; vital Yangzhou had five wings plus artillery and crossbow troops. Prince Toγon now commanded Yangzhou and four circuits' troops, which should not be moved. If needed, 110,000 Mongol troops in eleven guard wings already surrounded Henan under Notaghachi, Tögetei, and the personal guards. Henan's own nineteen wings also lined the river south of the province. Any deployment could be ordered by urgent memorial from these forces. Approved.